Woah Ekonomiks.docx

EKONOMIKS CLASSICAL (Free Market)

Agham ng Pagpili Mga Gawaing Pang-ekonomiya - Produksyon - Pamamahagi (Distribusyon) - Pagkonsumo - Pagpapalitan Apat na Sektor ng Ekonomiya - Sambahayan - Bahay-Kalakal (Bisnes) - Pamahalaan - Panlabas na Sektor PAGLAGANAP NG KAISIPAN NG EKONOMIKS

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Matatamo ang pag-unlad ng ekonomiya ay nakabatay sa isang malayang sistema ng pamilhihan na hindi pinakikiaalaman ng pamahalaan – free market.

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laissez faire – polisiya ng malayang daloy ng ekonomiya

Adam Smith •

Father of Modern Economics

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“An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations”

Tradisyunal na Ekonomiya Merkantilismo Greece Physiocrat Classical Neo-Classical

Aristotle •

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marginal thinking – matatamo ang ang pakinabang ng isang produkto sa bawat karagdagang gastusin.

Espesyalisasyon – The Republic

Pribadong pagmamay-ari

SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

Physiocrat Matatamo ang kaunlaran kung pauunlarin ang sektor ng agrikultura Isinulong ni François Quesnay

François Quesnay (1694-1774 ) Tableau Economique – ang ekonomiya ay pinatatakbo ng tatlong panunahing uri: poprietor, productive, sterile

Paghahati sa paggawa - Division of labor

Ang tao ay may mapanuring pag-iisip at angking katwiran na siyang nagpapasya sa pakinabang ng isang produkto batay sa panahon, pinagkukunang yaman, kasanayan, kapaligiran at sariling pagpapahalaga

Mabuting pamamahala at pamumuno

Aristotle

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Plato •

ang isang ekonomiya ay dapat hayaan upang makinabang ang lahat ng tao sa mga kayamanan

NEO-CLASSICAL (Marginal Thinking)

Mga Griyego •

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William Stanley Jevons •

Value depends entirely upon utility David Ricardo (1772-1823 )

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Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns – ang patuloy na paggamit ng tao sa likas na yaman ay nagiging dahilan ng pagliit ng nakukuha mula sa mga ito

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946 ) •

Father of Modern Theory of Employment

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Ang pamahalaan ay may mas malaking gampanin sa pagpapanatili ng kabalansehan sa ekonomiya sa pamamagitan ng paggastos ng pamahalaan.

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Dito pumapasok ang personal na opinyon o pagtingin sa mga kondisyong nakaaapekto sa ekonomiya, kung kaya, sinasabi itong subhetibo (subjective)

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Nakatuon sa pagbibigay ng konlusyon at mungkahi batay sa mga resulta ng pagsusuri ngunit isinasaalang-alang ang mga pagpapahalaga sa lipunan

Karl Marx (1818-1883) •

Ama ng Komunismo

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Naniniwala sa pagkakapantay ng tao sa lipunan

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Naniniwala na ang estado ang dapat na nagmamy-ari ng mga salik ng produksyon .

Tinitingnan ang kaangkupan ng bawat mungkahi sa pagbuo ng mga patakarang pang-ekonomiya.

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Pagpapayo ng nararapat gawin o magaganap sa lipunan

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Das Kapital - foundational theoretical text in materialist philosophy, economics and politics.[

Thomas Robert Malthus •

Binigyang diin ang epekto ng mabilis na paglago ng populasyon – Malthusian Theory SANGAY NG EKONOMIKS MICROECONOMICS - pag-aaral sa maliit na yunit na bumubuo sa ekonomiya MACROECONOMICS - pag-aaral sa pangkalahatang ikinikilos ng ekonomiya

Halimbawa Positibong Ekonomiks

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Tataas ang kita ng pamahalaan kung magpapataw ng karagdagang buwis sa mga mamamayan. Ang pagbibigay ng basic healthcare sa lahat ng mamamayan ay magdudulot ng karagdagang gastusin sa pamahalaan. Normatibong Ekonomiks

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DALAWANG URI NG PAGTINGIN SA EKONOMIKS Positibong Ekonomiks •

Nagpapaliwanag kung ano ang nangyayari at nakikita sa ekonomiya na walang anumang bahid na opinyon o pagpuna.

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Naglalahad ng pananaw na obhetibo (objective).

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Nakatuon sa pagbibigay ng konklusyon at mungkahi ayon ayon sa siyentipikong pagsusuri.

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Simpleng pahayag ng katotohanan o reyalidad

Normatibong Ekonomiks

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Hindi makatarungan ang pagpataw ng karagdagang buwis sapagkat ito ay magdudulot ng mas mababang kita at pagtaas sa presyo ng mga bilihin Ang pamahalaan ay kailangang magbigay ng basic healthcare sa lahat ng mamamayan.

Ang pag-aaral ng ekonomiks ay hindi tungkol sa pagpapatunay ng kalakasan o kahinaan ng mga teorya o modelong binalangkas ng mga ekonomista. Habang patuloy na nagbabago at umuunlad ang ekonomiya, patuloy ring nadaragdagan ang mga bagay o salik na maaaring makaapekto sa mga desisyon ng tao

PAKSA: KONSEPTO NG DEMAND    

nito habang ang ibang salik ng demand ay hindi nagbabago.

Kahulugan ng Demand Batas ng Demand Iskedyul ng Demand Demand Equation

Kahulugan ng Demand - Dami ng produkto o serbisyo na nais at kayang bilhin ng mamimili sa takdang presyo sa isang lugar at panahon.

Batas ng Demand - Nagsasaad na kapag mataas ang presyo ng produkto, bababa ang dami g demand at kapag mababa ang presyo tataas ang dami ng demand habang walang pagbabago sa ibang salik ng demand (ceterus paribus assumption). Batas ng Demand

P P

Qd Qd

Punsyon ng Demand (Demand Function) Ang matematikal na paglalarawan ng relasyon ng presyo at dami ng demand y = a + bx y = presyo (p) a = intercept b = slope x = dami ng demand (Qd)

p = a + bQd Pampamilihang Demand - Pinagsama-sama o kabuuan ng mga indibidwal na demand.

Iskedyul ng Demand -Isang talahanayan ng dami ng handa at kayang bilhin ng mamimili sa iba’t ibang presyo sa takdang panahon.

MGA TERMINOLOHIYA

Kurba ng Demand - Isang grapikong paglalarawan ng relasyon ng presyo ng produkto o serbisyo at ang dami ng demand

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ceteris paribus – salitang Latin na nangangahulugang “all other things remain constant

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substitution effect – kapag tumaas ang presyo ng produktong dating bibibili, hahanap ang konsyumer ng mas murang pamalit

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income effect – kapag bumaba ang presyo ng produkto, nadadagdagan ang nabibili ng konsyumer kahit walang pagbabago sa kanyang kita; nababawasan naman ang kanyang nabibili kapag tumaas ang presyo

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normal goods – mga produktong tumataas ang demand habang lumalaki ang kita ng konsyumer.

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inferior goods – mga produktong bumababa ang demand habang lumaki ang kita ng konsyumer

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giffen goods – produktong tumataas ang demand kapag tumataas ang presyo ng produkto.

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substitute goods – produktong pareho ang kapakinabangan.

• complimentary goods - mga produktong magkasamang kinukonsumo.

Anyo ng istrukturang pamilihan

Ganap na Kompetisyon

Monopolistikong kompetisyon

Oligopolyo

Monopolyo

Dami ng Nagtitinda Uri ng Produkto

Napakarami Makakatulad ( Homogenous)

Marami Magkakaiba (Differentiated)

Iisa Walang kaugnay o kapalit (Unique)

Pagtatakda ng Presyo

Wala ( Price Taker)

May kaunting kontrol

Kalayaan sa pagpasok at paglabas sa pamilihan Paggamit ng Dipresyong kumpetisyon Halimbawa

Malayang Malaya

Malaya

Iilan Magkakatulad Magkakaiba (Differentiated) Depende sa kasunduan ng mga oligopolista Mahirap

Wala

Brandnames Trademarks Pag-aanunsyo Personal Care Products

Brandnames Trademarks Pag-aanunsyo Produktong Petrolyo

Wala; pag-aanunsyo (serbisyo publiko)

Produktong Agrikultural

May kapangyarihan (Pricemaker) Napakahirap; Nakasara

Pampublikong Serbisyo (Tubig at elektrisidad)

ISTRUKTURA NG PAMILIHAN PAKSA: KONSEPTO NG SUPLAY     

Batas ng Suplay Iskedyul ng Suplay Supply Equation Kurba ng Suplay Pagbabago sa Demand (ΔD)  Pagbabago sa Dami ng Demand (ΔQd)

Batas ng Suplay P Qs P

Qs

Supply Equation y = a + bx y = presyo ng produkto a = intercept b = slope b = dami ng suplay

PAKSA: KONSEPTO NG SUPLAY

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Batas ng Suplay Iskedyul ng Suplay Supply Equation Kurba ng Suplay Pagbabago sa Demand (ΔD) Pagbabago sa Dami ng Demand (ΔQd)

PAGBABAGO SA DAMI NG SUPLAY (ΔQs)

Sanhi: Presyo ng Produkto 

Pagtaas ng Dami ng Suplay(↑Qs) Pagtaas sa presyo ng produkto

Gastos ng produksyon Ekspektasyon sa presyo Presyo ng hilaw na sangkap Bilang ng mga supplier Klima at kapaligiran Buwis Tulong ng Pamahalaan Teknolohiya

Pagsubok: Tukuyin kung ano ang magiging epekto ng mga sumusunod sa sitwasyon: Produkto: Ipagpalagay na ang produkto ay laruan

1. Panahon ng Kapaskuhan 2. Nagpataw ang pamahalaan ng buwis sa mga ibinibentang laruan 3. Tumaas ang presyo ng laruan 4. Naimbento ang pinakabagong paraan sa paggawa ng laruan 5. Bumaba ang presyo ng laruan 6. Tumaas ang presyo ang inaangkat na materyales gamit sa paggawa ng laruan 7. Tumaas ang pasahod ng mga manggagawa 8. Pinakayagan ng pamahalaan ang importasyon ng mga laruan mula China. 9. Inaasahan ang pagtaas sa presyo ng mga laruan sa susunod na linggo. 10. Dahil nauso ang ilang alternatibong panregalo bukod sa laruan lalo pang tumaas ang presyo ng mga ito.

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Pagbaba ng Dami ng Suplay (↓Qs) Pagbaba sa presyo ng produkto

PAKSA: KONSEPTO NG PAMILIHAN PAGBABAGO SA DEMAND (ΔD)

Interaksyon ng Demand at Supply

MGA SALIK NA NAKAAAPEKTO SA DEMAND  Presyo ng alternatibong produkto

PAMILIHAN- regular na ugnayan ng konsyumer at prodyuser

Batas ng Demand at Suplay

p = a + bQd

↑P ↓Qd ↑Qs ↓P ↑Qd ↓Qs

Supply Equation y = a + bx y = presyo (p) a = intercept b = slope x = dami ng suplay (Qs) p = a + bQs

Demand Equation y = a + bx y = presyo (p) a = intercept b = slope x = dami ng demand (Qd)

Pag sas ana y

1. Qd=30-3p Qs= 20+2p 2. Qd=50-5p Qs= 30+5p 2. Qd=30-2p Qs= 10+2p LABIS O KULANG Labis, Kulang o Sakto Suriing mabuti ang mga pahayag sa ibaba. Tukuyin kung ang sumusunod na pang ngusap ay nagsasaad ng surplus, shortage, o ekwilibriyo. 1.Kailangan ni Chiello ng isang dosenang rosas para sa kaarawan ng kaniyang ina ngunit siyam na rosas lamang ang natitira sa flower shop. 2. Nagkasundo ang prodyuser at konsyumer sa halagang Php50 at sa dami na 30. 3. May 100 sako ng palay si Isko ngunit 70 sako lamang ang handang bilhin ng bumibili nito. 4. Naubos kaagad ni Mang Kiko ang kaniyang paninda nang bilihin lahat ng mga turista ang mga ito. 5. Napanis lamang ang mga nilutong ulam ni Mrs. Garcia dahil sa suspensiyon ng klase kaninang umaga.

stuffs to realize 1. Mahalaga na laging nagkakasundo ang mamimili at nagtitinda.

2. Kapag mataas ang presyo ng bilihin nahihikat ang mga suplayer na pagbenta ng mas maraming produkto.

3. Sa ating buhay, tayo ay nakararanas ng mga shortage at surplus

Payak na Larawan ng Ekonomiya

PAMILIHANG PAMPINANSYAL (Financial Market)-tumutulong na mamuhunan pa ang mga bahay-kalakal at magtipid ang sambahayan

MAKROEKONOMIKS

PAMILIHANG PAMPRODUKTO-supplier na distributor ng mga produkto at serbisyo

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Sangay na Ekonomiks na may kinalaman sa pag-aaral sa pangkalahatang ikinikilos ng ekonomiya  pag-aaral sa ugnayan, sambahayan, pamahalaan at bahay-kalakalak KASAYSAYAN John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946 ) Ang pamahalaan ay may mas malaking gampanin sa pagpapanatili ng kabalansehan sa ekonomiya sa pamamagitan ng paggastos ng pamahalaan  

Father of Macroeconomics Father of Modern Theory of Employment

Great Depression - Krisis pangkabuhayan na naranasan ng mga bansang Kanluranin noong dekada 30 PANGUNAHING TAGAPAGGANAP SA PAMBANSANG EKONOMIYA PAIKOT NA DALOY NG EKONOMIYA (CIRCULAR FLOW) - Dayagram na naglalarawan ng interaksyon ng iba’t ibang sektor at pamilihan sa ekonomiya SAMBAHAYAN -namamay-ari ng lahat ng salik ng produksyon

PAMILIHAN NG SALIK NG PRODUKSYON (Factor Market)-pamilihan na pinatatakbo ng mga supplier

MGA KAGAMITAN SA PAIKOT NA DALOY NG EKONOMIYA KITA-perang tinanggap ng mga manggagawa GASTUSIN-salaping ginamit upang tustusan ang mga pangangailangan PAGKONSUMO-Paggamit ng mga produkto at serbisyo bilang pagtugon sa pangangailangan BUWIS- singil na ipinapataw ng pamahalaan kapalit ng sebisyo sa mamamayan SERBISYO- tulong na ibinibigay ng pamahalaan para sa pambansang ekonomiya EPEKTO NG PAGLABAS NG KITA SA PAIKOT NA DALOY NG EKONOMIYA PAGBUBUWIS PAG-IIMPOK PAG-AANGKAT EKILIBRIYO SA MAKROEKONOMIYA LEAKAGES (Kabawasan) Pagiimpok (S) Pagbubuwis (T) Pag-aangkat (M) INJECTIONS (Idinagdag)

BAHAY-KALAKAL-nagpapasya kung gaano karaming produkto at serbisyo ang ibebenta

Pamumuhunan (I) Gugulin ng Pamahalaan (G) Eksport (X)

PAMAHALAAN- nagpapatupad ng mga polisiyang magpapanatili sa balanseng ekonomiya

S+T+M=I+G+X

LEAKAGES (Kabawasan)

- salaping lumalabas sa paikot na daloy

PAIKOT NA DALOY NG KITA

INJECTIONS (Idinagdag) - salaping naidadagdag sa paikot na daloy Patakaran sa Pananalapi (Monetary Policy) •

Patakarang ipinatutupad kaugnay ng sa pananalapi upang magpantay ang dami ng naimpok at puhunan.

Patakarang Piskal (Fiscal Policy) •

Patakarang ipinatutupad sa pagkalap ng mapagkukunan ng pondong publiko

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Polisiyang kinabibilangan ng paggastos at kita

Patakaran sa Panlabas na Kalakalan (Trade Policy) •

Patakaran sa pag-aangkat at pagluluwas ng mga produkto

Mga Kagamitan ng Paikot na Daloy ng Ekonomiya •

Kita – salaping tinatanggap ng manggagawa

MGA LAYUNING PANG-MAKROEKONOMIYA Full Employment-Ganap na kapakinabangan sa lahat ekonomikong pinagkukunang-yaman Mabilis na Paglago ng Ekonomiya-Kailangang mas mabilis ang ang paglago ng ekonomiya kaysa sa populasyon upang tumaas ang kita ng bawat mamamayan MGA SULIRANIN NG MAKROEKONOMIYA

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Sahod – kita ng mga mangagagawa 1. KAWALAN NG TRABAHO

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Revenue – kita ng mga negosyo

Gastusin – perang ginamit upang tustusan ang pangangailanagn ng bahay-kalakal at sambahayan

Structural Unemployment-Kawalan ng kasanayang kinakailangan Frictional Unemployment-Paglipat ng ibang trabaho

Pagkonsumo – resulta ng sahod na tinanggap ng sambahayan upang matustusan ang pangangailangan

Seasonal Unemployment-Hindi pa kailangan ang kanilang serbisyo

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Buwis – singil na ipinapataw ng pamahalaan

Cyclical Unemployment -Kawalan ng kasanayang kinakailangan

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Serbisyo – serbisyo sa tulong ng pamahalaan

EPEKTO NG KAWALAN NG TRABAHO Malaki ang nawawala sa produksyon Pagbaba ng kabuuang demand Pumupurol ang kasanayang nalalaman Nakakasira ng loob Tumataas ang kriminalidad Mababang uri ng nutrisyon

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Tanggulang pambansa (national defense), pagpapatupad ng batas (law enforcement), pagpaparehistro ng mamamayan (national registry)

MGA SULIRANIN NG MAKROEKONOMIYA 2. HINDI MATATAG NA PRESYO Implasyon Demand-pull inflation-Maraming pera ng umiikot sa pamilihan Cost-push inflation-Mataas na gastos ng namumuhunan Deplasyon- matinding pagbaba ng presyo ng maraming produkto GREAT DEPRESSION •

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Nagkaroon ng matinding deplasyon sa buong mundo noong huling bahagi ng 1920’s. Bumagsak ang pamumuhunan at gayundin ang pagkonsumo sa mga aplayanses, kotse, bahay, at iba pa. Ang pagbaba sa pagkonsumo ay dulot ng negatibong pananaw ng mga konsyumer atkawalan ng katiyakan sa kalagayang ekonomiko at lumalalang kondisyong pinansyal

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3. PAGHINA NG PRODUKSYON

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Ang paglago ng ekonomiya ay sinusukat sa pamamgitang ng GNP (GNI) at GDP

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Ito ay nangyayari ang hindi paglago kapag: •

Hindi sapat ang kagamitan sa produksyon

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Walang sapat na kasanayan ang manggagawa

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Hindi gumagamit ng makabagong teknolohiya

Marami nang job fair na napuntahan si John ngunit walang tumatanggap sa kanya dahil kanyang kwalipikasyon STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT Isa sa naapektuhan ng pagsara ng pabrika sa Calamba ay ang magulang ni Chelsea. CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT Nagkakatrabaho lang si Mang Carlo kapag panahon ng anihan ng palay. SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT Nag-resign sa trabaho si Kris para mag-apply sa ibang bansa. FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT Nag-aalala ang nanay ni Steff matapos magdeklara ng bankruptcy ang bangko na kanyang pinapasukan. CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT Kaka-graduate lang Karl sa kolehiyo at sana makakita agad siya ng magandang trabaho. FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT Kailangan ng libu-libong nurse ang job opening sa New Zealand ngunit hindi naman makapag-apply si Jessica dahil hindi naman ito ang tinapos niya. STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT Balik bansa si Clare matapos ang dalawang taong kontrata sa Dubai. SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT Lumipat ang ilang dayuhang mamuhunan sa ibang bansa dahil sa banta ng terorismo na nagdulot ng pagkawala ng trabaho ng ilan sa ating mga kababayan. FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT Maraming mga call center agent ang kailangan ngunit kunti lang ang natatanggap dahil hindi pumapasa sa interview ang mga aplikante. STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT

4. HINDI PABORABLENG BALANSE SA KALAKALAN •

Balance of trade (X=M)

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Favorable balance of trade (X>M)

IMPLASYON

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Unfavorable balance of trade (M>X)

IMPLASYON – pagtaas sa presyo ng mga bilihin

URI NG IMPASYON •

demand-pull inflation – implasyon bunga ng pagtaas ng demand

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cost-push inflation – implasyon dulot ng pagtaas ng halaga ng produksyon

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hyperinflation – labis-labis ang salaping umiikot sa pamilihan

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structural inflation – implasyon bunga ng pagbabago sa estruktura ng pamilihan

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stagflation - nagaganap kapag ang kabuuang produksyon ay bumababa habang tumataas ang presyo.

𝑇𝑊𝑃 2016 𝑥 100 𝑇𝑊𝑃 2015

𝐶𝑃𝐼2016=

935

= 870 𝑥 100 𝑪𝑷𝑰𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟒𝟕 𝑇𝑊𝑃 2017 𝑥 100 870

𝐶𝑃𝐼2017=

=

1,090 𝑥 100 870

𝑪𝑷𝑰𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟗

2. Inflation Rate PAGTUTUOS SA IMPLASYON 𝑰𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆= 1. Price of Basic Commodities 2. Weighted Price

𝐼𝑅2016 =

𝐶𝑃𝐼 2016 −𝐶𝑃𝐼 2015 𝑥 100 𝐶𝑃𝐼 2015

3. Consumer Price Index (CPI) 4. Inflation Rate

𝑪𝑷𝑰 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 −𝑪𝑷𝑰 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑷𝑰 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒔

=

107.47 −100 𝑥 100 100

𝐼𝑅2016= 7.47%

5. Purchasing Power of Peso (PPP) 𝐼𝑅2017 =

𝐶𝑃𝐼 2017 −𝐶𝑃𝐼 2016 𝑥 100 𝐶𝑃𝐼 2016

=

125.29 −107.47 𝑥 100 107.47

𝐼𝑅2017= 16.58%

Weighted Price

3. Purchasing Power of Peso (PPP)

WP = Timbang x Presyo

𝑷𝑷𝑷= 𝑪𝑷𝑰 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Laspeyres Formula

𝑃𝑃𝑃= 𝐶𝑃𝐼 𝑥 100

𝟏

1

1. Consumer Price Index (CPI) (base year: 2015) 𝑪𝑷𝑰=

𝑻𝑾𝑷 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑻𝑾𝑷 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑇𝑊𝑃 2015

𝐶𝑃𝐼2015= 𝑇𝑊𝑃 2015 𝑥 100 870

= 870 𝑥 100

𝑪𝑷𝑰𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑃𝑃𝑃2017 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃2017 =

1 𝑥 100 𝐶𝑃𝐼2017 1

𝟏𝟐𝟓.𝟐𝟗

𝑥 100

𝑃𝑃𝑃2017 = 00.79 Laspeyres Formula Tandaan: 1. Ang CPI ng basehang taon ay laging 100 Laspeyres index, index proposed by German economist Étienne Laspeyres (1834–1913) for measuring current prices or quantities in relation to those of a selected base period. A Laspeyres price index is computed by taking the ratio of the total cost of purchasing a specified group of commodities at current prices to the cost of that same group at base-period prices and multiplying by 100. The base-period index number is thus 100, and periods with higher price levels have index numbers greater than 100. Mga Nakikinabang sa Implasyon

Community Tax-Ito ay kilala sa tawag na sedula. Binabayaran ito ng mga mamayan may hanapbuhay o wala na nasa edad na 18 pataas. Buwis sa Ari-arian-Ang lahat ng ari-arian na namana, binili, at tinanggap bilang regalo o donasyon ay pinapatawan ng buwis na ito ayon sa market value ng ari-arian, tulad ng bahay at lupa.

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Mga Nangungutang Tuwing may mababang inflation rate

Excise Tax-Ipinapataw ang buwis na ito sa mga piling produkto.

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Mga nagnenegosyo ng buy and sell

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Mga taong kumikita batay sa antas ng implasyon

Ad Valorem Tax-Ang buwis ay ibinabatay sa presyo ng produkto.

Mga Hindi Nakikinabang sa Implasyon •

Mga taong nagpapautang

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Mga taong nag-iimpok

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Mga taong may tiyak na kita

Mga Paraan sa Pagtugon sa Implasyon •

Pagtugon sa deman-pull inflation

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Pagtugon sa cost-pull inflation

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Pagtugon sa structural inflation

PAGBUBUWIS •

BUWIS (tax) – pangunahing pinagmumulan ng pondo ng pamahalaan

URI NG BUWIS Sales Tax-Pangkalahatang buwis na ipinapataw sa binibiling produkto at serbisyo tulad ng Tariff o Import Duty-Ito ang buwis na ipinapataw sa mga binibiling imported na produkto.

Specific Tax-Ang buwis na ito ay inaayon sa volume ng produktong ginagawa at ipinagbibili. Percentage Tax-Ang buwis na ipinapataw sa tao o negosyo na nagbibili o bumibili ng mga produkto, ari-arian, at serbisyo . Value Added Tax-Ito ang buwis na ipinapataw sa halaga ng produkto at serbisyo na kinukonsumo ng mga tao. Buwis sa Kita-Ito ang buwis na ipinapataw sa kita ng tao o kompanya. PATAKARANG PISKAL-Tumutukoy sa paggamit ng pamahalaan sa pagbubuwis at paggasta nito upang mapatatag ang ekonomiya. Ipinapatupad ito upang impluwensyahan ang ekonomiya sa kasalukuyan nitong katayuan at makontrol ang interes o tubo gayundin ang suplay ng salapi. Bureau of Internal Revenue(BIR)- pangunahing ahensya ng pamahalaan na nangangasiwa sa pangongolekta ng taunang buwis sa mga mamamayan

Metro Manila (CNN Philippines) — A vaccine aimed at protecting hundreds of thousands of school children from dengue may have put their lives at risk.

Then-Health Secretary Janette Garin negotiates with Sanofi to reduce the cost of buying the vaccines.

October 29, 2015 Around 10 percent of over 800,000 students who were immunized with Dengvaxia, but did not have a prior dengue infection, now face contracting a "severe disease," according to the vaccine's manufacturer Sanofi Pasteur.

Following the announcement, the Department of Health (DOH) halted its nationwide dengue immunization program and has demanded billions in pesos as a refund for the vaccines.

Sanofi Pasteur applies at the DOH for Dengvaxia to be included in the Philippine National Formulary, a list of drugs that all pharmacies in the Philippines must carry, pending approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

December 1, 2015 Aquino and Garin meet Sanofi officials during the UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris, France.

Meanwhile, both Congress and the Justice Department are digging deeper into the controversy, with officials from the current and previous administrations pointing fingers at each other.

December 10, 2015

Here's how it happened:

December 22, 2015

2014

The Philippines grants marketing approval to Dengvaxia, making it the first vaccine to be licensed for the prevention of dengue in Asia.

Dengvaxia successfully completes its two parallel Phase 3 clinical studies, which compare the safety and effectiveness of the new treatment.

The Philippines was among the 10 countries that took part in the study.

Garin submits a proposal to the Budget Department to buy three million doses of Dengvaxia.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the drug for the prevention of disease caused by all four dengue types in individuals from nine to 45 years old living in high-risk areas.

December 28, 2015 November 9, 2014 Then-President Benigno Aquino III meets Sanofi Senior Vice President in Asia Region Jean-Luc Lowinski at the Philippine Embassy in Beijing, China.

June 9, 2015

The DOH-Family Health Office submits a request to Garin to exempt Dengvaxia from being included in the Philippine National Formulary. This excludes it from review by the Formulary Executive Council (FEC), which determines what drugs are included on the list.

December 29, 2015

The Budget Department issues a ₱3.5-billion Special Allotment Release Order to Garin's office to purchase the vaccines.

The PCMC issues its purchase order to Zuellig Pharma, the distributor of Dengvaxia.

April 4, 2016 January 21, 2016 The Philippine Children's Medical Center (PCMC) makes a ₱3-billion purchase order for the vaccines without approval from the FEC.

The government kicks off its ₱3.5-billion, schoolbased dengue immunization program. The health department says students would be given three doses, which would be administered every six months.

February 3, 2016 Read: DOH starts dengue vaccination program Garin issues a Certificate of Exemption for Dengvaxia vaccines to be utilized in the pilot implementation in the National Capital Region, Region III, and Region IV-A.

February 11, 2016 The Philippines, under Health Secretary Janette Garin, hosts the nationwide launch of Dengvaxia.

Read: World's first dengue vaccine now available in PH

July 2016 The WHO releases another paper, saying Dengvaxia "may act as a silent natural infection that primes seronegative vaccinees to experience a secondary-like infection upon their first exposure to dengue virus."

In other words, the body says the vaccine "may be ineffective or may theoretically even increase the future risk of hospitalized or severe dengue illness in those who are seronegative at the time of first vaccination regardless of age."

March 2016 The World Health Organization (WHO) releases a paper saying Dengvaxia "may be ineffective or may even increase that risk in those who are seronegative at the time of first vaccination."

Seronegative pertains to people who have not yet had dengue.

The WHO calls for more studies into the vaccine.

That same month, former Health Secretary Paulyn Ubial issues a Resolution temporarily suspending the school-based dengue immunization program.

Only the 489,003 pupils who received the first dose would take the second and third doses.

September 2016 The health department moves to continue the vaccination program.

March 8, 2016 Garin issues a ₱3-billion disbursement voucher to the PCMC to fund the purchase of the vaccines.

March 9, 2016

That same month, the Medical Research Council Center FOR Outbreak Analysis and Modelling at Imperial College London releases a study saying Dengvaxia could lead to an increase in the number

of cases of the disease if not implemented correctly.

Read: New dengue vaccine could instead cause more cases, experts warn

"Unlike most diseases, the second time you get dengue, it's much more likely to be severe than the first time you get it," said the center's director Neil Ferguson.

Related: House body resumes probe of schoolbased dengue vaccine program

December 2016 The Senate launches its own investigation into the vaccines, saying the project cost was too big and was approved without congressional approval.

Read: Senate probes dengue vaccine program October 2016 The Singapore Health Sciences Authority flags "postulated risk" of Dengvaxia.

"As the vaccine is more effective in those who had previous dengue infection, and that there is a postulated risk of severe dengue in those who do not have past dengue infections when they become infected," it said.

November 2016 The House of Representatives probes the allegedly anomalous purchase of the Dengvaxia vaccines.

Its draft report of the Committee on Health, the DOH reported there were 30 cases from March 18 to August 20, 2016 that were "considered as serious cases that needed hospitalization."

Of the three deaths it monitored, two were not related to the immunization program.

The panel directed the DOH to check the medical records of Christine de Guzman who died months after taking the vaccine.

November 29, 2017 Sanofi Pasteur announces the results of new clinical data analysis, which found that Dengvaxia is more risky for people not previously infected by the virus.

Read: Drug firm warns of 'severe disease' from dengue vaccine for people with no prior infection

"For those not previously infected by dengue virus, however, the analysis found that in the longer term, more cases of severe disease could occur following vaccination upon a subsequent dengue infection," it said.

"For individuals who have not been previously infected by dengue virus, vaccination should not be recommended," it added.

December 1, 2017 Following Sanofi Pasteur's announcement, Health Secretary Francisco Duque III orders the temporary suspension of the dengue vaccination program.

Read: Gov't halts dengue vaccination program due to health risk It also recommended that the DOH temporarily suspend the expansion of the vaccination program, pending completion of data collection, evaluation, and analyses on "adverse effects."

Duque says 733,713 children from Central Luzon, the region of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon, and Metro Manila were administered Dengvaxia. Eight to 10 percent or about 70,000 children have not had dengue yet, the DOH added.

December 7, 2017

December 4, 2017

Read: Health Department to return ₱1.4 billion worth of Dengvaxia vaccines

The Justice Department orders the National Bureau of Investigation to look into the dengue vaccination program.

Read: DOJ orders probe of dengue vaccine program

December 5, 2017

The Health Department says it will return around 800,000 leftover Dengvaxia vaccines, worth P1.4billion, to Sanofi.

December 8, 2017 The health department calls for a refund of the P3.5 billion it paid for the vaccines, adding it has created a task force to look into the program.

Read: DOH to demand from Sanofi full refund of P3.5 billion spent on Dengvaxia

The FDA suspends the sale and distribution of Dengvaxia.

Read: FDA suspends sale, distribution of dengue vaccine Dengvaxia

The WHO says it never recommended to countries the use Dengvaxia in their national immunization programs.

That same day, the House and the Senate announce they will again investigate the dengue vaccination program. It begins on Monday, December 11.

Read: Senate to open probe on dengue vaccine scare

December 11, 2017 Read: WHO denies recommending Dengvaxia for nat'l immunization programs

December 6, 2017 The health department says more than 800,000 students received the vaccine, up from the 733,713 figure mentioned by Duque.

The Senate starts its probe into the Dengvaxia issue. Former Health Secretaries Janette Garin and Paulyn Ubial, as well as Health Secretary Francisco Duque III and Sanofi officials, are among those present.

Before the start of the hearing, former Health Secretary Enrique said Garin, his successor, was "solely responsible" for the Dengvaxia issue.

It is now monitoring 40 cases of children who fell seriously ill, up from 30 in 2016, and nine deaths. Read: Ex-DOH Sec. Ona: Garin solely responsible for Dengvaxia 'nightmare' Read: DOH: More than 800,000 children vaccinated with Dengvaxia Meanwhile, Garin says the purchase of the vaccines was "above board."

Read: Ex-DOH Secretary Garin: No corruption in Dengvaxia purchase

However, Duque clarified the reimbursement does not put the French pharmaceutical company off the hook, adding the investigation continues on whether Sanofi withheld significant information on possible risks.

December 14, 2017 Aquino, under whose administration the deal was approved, attends the Senate hearing on the vaccine program.

READ: Sanofi refunds P1.16-B for unused Dengvaxia vaccines

January 4, 2018 Aquino claims no one advised him against procuring Dengvaxia, with health reform advocate Dr. Anthony Leachon saying that the former President cannot be faulted if he was given "misleading" information on Dengvaxia.

Read: Ex-President Aquino: No one advised me against Dengvaxia

Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque says that President Rodrigo Duterte believes the program was done "in good faith," adding that Duterte would have done the same.

Sanofi Pasteur says it has complied with international and local laws and regulations when it launched Dengvaxia, saying it will continue to cooperate with the country's FDA.

January 10, 2018 The Public Attorney's Office (PAO) conducts an autopsy on five vaccinated children who died.

Dr. Erwin Erfe, director of the PAO Forensic Laboratory, says while the findings are inconclusive, signs and symptoms - as well as the death - occurred within six months after the last Dengvaxia injection.

Read: Duterte thinks Dengvaxia purchase done in 'good faith' - Roque READ: PAO forensic consultant finds pattern in 5 severe dengue deaths Meanwhile, Ubial reveals that Garin's husband, Rep. Oscar Garin Jr., pressured her to continue the roll out of the vaccine program.

Read: Ex-DOH Sec. Ubial: Janette Garin's husband asked me to buy more Dengvaxia

January 10, 2018 A former DOH official claims 19 officials, including former Health Secretary Garin, were part of a "mafia" in the department. The "mafia" allegedly benefited from the Dengvaxia purchase, saying that 90 percent of the funds goes back to the DOH, while 10 percent is given to a supposed "financier."

January 19, 2018 At an event in San Fernando, Pampanga, Health Secretary Francisco Duque III confirmed Sanofi Pasteur has refunded P1.16 billion worth of unused Dengvaxia vaccines.

READ: Ex-Health Dept. consultant bares 'mafia' operating in DOH

Garin denies the allegations.

January 19, 2018 At an event in San Fernando, Pampanga, Health Secretary Francisco Duque III confirms Sanofi Pasteur has refunded P1.16 billion worth of unused Dengvaxia vaccines.

However, Duque clarifies the reimbursement does not put the French pharmaceutical company off the hook, adding the investigation continues whether Sanofi withheld significant information on possible risks.

READ: Sanofi refunds P1.16-B for unused Dengvaxia vaccines

January 26, 2018 Duque reveals health officials did not wait for the results of clinical trials of the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) on Dengvaxia to know its risks before launching the nationwide immunization program.

READ MORE: Health Chief: Vaccine program should have waited for Dengvaxia clinical trial result

He also suggests Executive Order 674, which establishes the RITM, should be reviewed to include possible conflicts of interest in its research activities in partnership with pharmaceutical companies.

The Health Chief also sends a letter to Sanofi Pasteur formally requesting for a full refund of all the used and unused vaccines.

READ: Duque: DOH formally demands full refund of Dengvaxia vaccines

January 31, 2018 Some parents in Zamboanga refuse the DOH's deworming program due to the Dengvaxia scare.

READ MORE: Health Chief: Vaccine program should have waited for Dengvaxia clinical trial result

During Duque's confirmation hearing before the Commission on Appointments, committee members question him over the existence of the DOH "mafia." Duque denies the claims, along with two other health officials who were supposedly involved.

READ MORE: Duque on Dengvaxia controversy: No 'mafia' at DOH

Health officials add the unused budget for the dengue vaccination program, worth P556 million, is still with the PCMC.

February 2, 2018 The University of the Philippines - Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) experts' panel reports that out of 14 autopsies they conducted, three died due to complications of dengue. Two of those three dengue deaths could possibly be related to Dengvaxia failure, they say.

READ MORE: 2 deaths may be due to Dengvaxia failure - experts

However, the panel members suggest to have more tissue analyses on the bodies to come up with conclusive findings. They also call on parents of dengue victims to have the remains of their children to be examined only by legitimate forensic pathologists.

A group of doctors from the East Avenue Medical Center also points out a decline in children's vaccinations against other diseases such as flu, polio, and measles.

READ: Doctors: Parents refusing vaccines due to Dengvaxia scare

Senate Blue Ribbon committee chair Richard Gordon says he may recommend the filing of charges against Aquino, Garin and other former officials over the Dengvaxia controversy.

The doctors attribute this decline to the Dengvaxia scare, but they maintain other vaccines are safe. Read: Gordon: Aquino, Garin may face charges over Dengvaxia mess February 5, 2018 Sanofi Pasteur turned down the Health Department's demand to refund used dengue vaccine vials. It said agreeing to the demand will mean Dengvaxia does not work. The Dengvaxia maker also rejected the Department of Health's request to financially support hospitalized vaccinated children.

Meanwhile, Duque tells lawmakers that it will up to the Justice Department to consolidate and reconcile the findings of the Public Attorney's Office (PAO) and University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital's (UP-PGH) panel of experts.

Read: DOJ to consolidate PAO, experts' Dengvaxia findings - DOH

PAO's findings state the deaths showed "strong links" to Dengvaxia, although it added the results are inconclusive. Meanwhile, the findings by the UP-PGH found no direct link between the deaths and the vaccine.

The PAO also files a civil case against Garin, former Undersecretary Kenneth Uy, and other health officials of implementing the program in undue haste even if "the product has no proven safety and efficacy."

Also included in the case are Sanofi and distributor Zuellig Pharma Philippines for failing to inform the public of the vaccine's risks. All in all, the PAO is seeking at least P4 million in damages.

February 6, 2018

"Ang linaw ng paper trail and there is a direct causal connection," Gordon said in an interview following the panel's Tuesday hearing.

[Translation: The paper trail is clear and there is a direct causal connection.]

Gordon noted the haste in the purchase of the dengue vaccine Dengvaxia, which the government used for the ?3.5-billion dengue vaccination program it kicked off in April 2016.

"Yung lumalabas talaga, tuwing lalakad sa abroad, bumibilis yung papeles," Gordon said. "Nagmamadali dun sa pagkuha ng FDA (Food and Drug Administration) permit. Pati yung (Philippine National) Formulary, ini-influence."

[Translation: What's really emerging is that when there are trips abroad, the papers move faster. There is a rush to get the FDA permit. And even the Formulary is being influenced.]

For questions or concerns regarding the Dengvaxia program, you may call the DOH at 711-1001 or 711-1002.

KUWAIT CITY — Kuwait’s foreign minister on Tuesday condemned what he called an “escalation” by Manila after the Philippines expanded a ban on its nationals working in Kuwait.

He also alleged Arab employers routinely raped their Filipino maids, forced them to work 21 hours each day and fed them scraps. He asked Kuwait: “Is there something wrong with your culture? Is there something wrong with your values?” ADVERTISEMENT

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Manila on Monday announced a “total ban” on new employment in Kuwait, including Filipinos who had already obtained employment permits but had not yet left for the Gulf country. The measure came after President Duterte angrily lashed out at Kuwait over reports of Filipino workers suffering abuse and exploitation. ADVERTISEMENT

“This escalation will not serve the relationship between Kuwait and the Philippines,” Foreign Minister Sheikh Sabah Khaled Al-Sabah told reporters in Kuwait City. “We condemn the statements of the Philippine President, especially since we are in contact with the Philippines at the highest level to fully explain the state of the Filipino workforce in Kuwait,” he said. ‘Isolated incidents’ “We have 170,000 Filipino nationals living a decent life here,” Khaled said. “They have one of the least number of problems out of all expatriate communities. Isolated incidents unfortunately happen. We share all of our findings and investigations with the Philippine authorities.” There was no immediate comment from Malacañang on Wednesday. On Friday, Mr. Duterte brandished photos purporting to show a Filipino maid found in a freezer, saying she had been “roasted like a pig.”

On Tuesday, Mr. Duterte warned Kuwait of karma if it did not do anything to stop abuses against Filipinos. Mr. Duterte also reminded Kuwait that the Philippines sent troops to help the US Army defend it when it was invaded by Iraq in 1989. “Is this the way you repay us? What did we do, what did the Filipinos do to you? They serve you, but you abuse them, slap them,” Mr. Duterte said in a speech at Ninoy Aquino International Airport after meeting 116 migrant workers repatriated from Kuwait. “You know, Kuwait, the earth is round. Sometimes it moves fast, you might meet what is called karma. When the time comes, you will remember us,” he said. No protection Authorities say 252,000 Filipinos work in Kuwait, many as maids. They are among more than 2 million employed in the region, whose remittances are a lifeline to the Philippine economy. Domestic workers in Kuwait are not covered by ordinary labor legislation. Human Rights Watch and other rights groups have documented widespread abuses, including nonpayment of wages, long working hours with no rest days, physical and sexual assault, and no clear channels for redress. The Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) said on Monday authorities were repatriating 10,000 overstaying Filipinos from Kuwait, taking advantage of an amnesty program arranged with the Kuwaiti government. Alternative markets

Officials added they were eyeing China and Russia as “alternative markets” for overseas workers. The arrival of the 116 migrants on Tuesday brought to 522 the number of workers repatriated by the government from Kuwait. Mr. Duterte told the migrants who came home on Tuesday that he would go to China for a conference and would ask Beijing to take in Filipino workers. The repatriated migrants each received P15,000 in financial assistance from the government. They also received bags of groceries and a gift pack. One hundred-fifty migrants were supposed to come home on Tuesday, but 12 did not show up and 22 were held by Kuwaiti police over some offenses. The migrants were undocumented or overstaying workers who accepted amnesty and returned home on government expense. The amnesty program began on Jan. 29 and would end on Feb. 22. — Ang kolusyon o pakikipagsabwatan (Ingles: collusi on) ang kasunduan sa pagitan ng dalawa o maraming mga indibidwal na minsan ay ilegal at sikretibo upang limitahan ang bukas na kompetisyon sa pamamagitan ng pandaraya, panliligaw o panloloko ng ibang mga tao sa kanilang mga legal na karapatan, o upang magkamit ng obhektibong pinagbababawal na batas sa pamamagitan ng pandaraya o pagkakamit ng hindi patas na kalamangan.

Statistical Discrepancy (SD) Ito ay ang pagkakaroon ng labis o kulang sa pagsukat ng GNP. Ang kartel(Ingles: cartel) ay isang pormal(hayagang) kasunduan sa mga magkakatunggaling kompanya(firm). Ito ay isang pormal na organisasyon ng mga prodyuser at manupakturer na nagkakasundong manipulahin ang mga presyo, pagtitinda at produksiyon. Ang patent ay isang uri ng intellectual property right na prumoprotekta sa mga imbensiyon at pagpapunlad sa mga imbensiyon sa loob ng limitadong panahon. Ito ay ipinagkakaloob ng gobyerno ng isang bansa sa isang imbentor upang mapagbawalan ang iba na

gawin, gamitin, ibenta, iangkat at iluwas ang imbensiyon niya sa nasabing bansa kapalit ng pagsisiwalat sa publiko ng mga detalye ng kanyang imbensiyon. Ang impormasyong ito ay maaaring gamitin sa hinaharap para magkaroon ng inobasyon at pag-unlad.

Ito ay ang tulong na ibinibigay ng gobyerno sa mga maliliit na negosyante upang matugunan ang ilan sa mga pangangailangan ng kanilang negosyo.