What We Are Going To Do? - Sara San Kyaw Tun

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(1) ed'gef;/ Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av; (2) ig&kd@ ZmawmfvSef&D;eef@ awmfvSefuwfzkd@av; (3) &ckdifh trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;orkdif;a=umif; (u) r[m ya'o&kdufe,fcsJ@ ukdawmfvSef+cif; (c ) +Adwdo# t⇔o#ife,fcsJ@ ukdawmfvSefjcif; (* ) +Adwdo# tdEdN,qkda& pddD;yGm;&D;pm;csufukdazG@ap;jcif; (C) 1937 ckESpf +Adwdo#Am;rm; ukdcGJxkwfjcif;eef@ e,fedrdwfrsOf; (0g) (McMahan line)owfrSwfjcif; (4)&ckdifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif; a&mxDG;vm;jcif; (u) yxr &ckdif0HomEkacwf Zmykdifav;? (c ) 20 &mpk yxrykdif; awmfvSef&D;rsm; Zmykdifav; (5) u|efykef;ckduf (u) 'kwd, &ckdif0HomEkacwf (trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; ap;&kH;&D;umv) (c ) &ckdifh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; tazG@tap;rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;/ (6) trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ESifh awmfvSefar/ r[mAsL[m enf;AsL[m cH,lcsufrsm; (7) aumufpkdufcsufrsm; (8) vkyfief;ykdif;

(1) Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av; av;? 1? o#Kdufaw &Jabmftaygif;&kd@ atedef@ ig&kd@ Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;

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atEkdifiH&D;/ awmfvSef&D;/ oHo&m0Jukd pkdif;pm;,if; /pkdif;pm;,if;/ atrD;cGef;&m wpfckxGufay:vma&// ukd,fh zmom ukd,favh t}udrf}udrf/ rD;jref;rda&// ukd,fh&Jabmfwdukdavh a'rD;cGef;ukd pdwfeef@ tacgufacguftcgcg rD;jref@ =unfha&// igpdwful;=unfha&// pkdif;pm;=unfha&// a0zea=uha&// igZmvkyf&zkd@av;? ig&kd@Zmvkyf&zkd@av;? tajzum; ig&kd@vGwfvyf&D; &atmifvkyf&zkd@// vGwfvyf&D;&atmif baZmifvkyf&zkd@av;? vGwfvyf&D; &atmifawmfvSef&zkd@// [kwf,m/ baZmif vGwfvyf&D;rsKd;ukd ig&kd@vkda&av;// zdESdyfjcif;uif;a& (vlrsKd;&D; t&zdESdyfjcif; uif;a&/ vl wef;pm;t& zdEdSyfjcif;uif;a&) vGwfvyf&D;rsKd;ukd ig&kd@vkdvm;a&// t*a,mifhyif pif=u,f jrifhjrwfaw/ zdESdyfjcif;uif; a& vGwfvyf&D;twGuf ig&kd@ awmfvSef wkdufckduf&ar// a'umvrm vGwfvyf&D; wkdufayG;ukd jyjyif&D; eef@ prf;vkd@rwGd@// zufqpftm%m twGif;rm jyjyif&D;a& zsufqD;a& ud&d,mwpfck òzdufeDuwfaw// awmfvSef&D; atmifjrifvma&cg ae;AsL[m ykdif;rm òyjyif&D;ukd vkdtyfau axhokH; &zkd@òzdufauavh a'tcsdefrm atmifayG;ukd vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;ukd òyjyif&D;eef@ r&,lEkdif// Oya'wGif; v_yf&Sm;&D;ukd vkyfzkd@qkdau òzdufEkdifa&// ,auavh Oya'wGif; v_yf&Sm;&D; t+cDteD ukd&m yD;Ekdifvdrfhar// tqkH;tjzwfudkum; yD;Ekdifzkd@r[kwf// ,if;eef@&m vGwfvyf&D; twGuf awmfvSwf&D;&m t"du// &ckdifh vGwfvyf&D; twGuf &ckdifh awmfvSef&D;&m t"du// ,au baZmif awmfvSef&D;vkyfzkd@av;// awmfvSef&D; qkdpGm tqifh(3) qifh[da&// ywr tqifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; (National revolution) 'kwd, wef;tqifh ajyol@ 'Drkdu a&pD awmfvSef&D; (Class revolution) wwd, tqifhqkdacsvpfawmfvSef&D; (socialist revolution) &kd@yifòzdufuwfaw// ,au atedef@ &ckdifajy trsKd;om; taeeef@ ZmawmfvSef&D; pcef;tqifhukd qifEGJ&zkdk@av;// pmtkyf}uD;rm pcef;qifhukd &Smvk@d rrSefuefEdkif// Om%fynm xufjrufr_eef@ &Smvkd@rrSefuefEkdif// vuf0JtpGef;/ vuf,m tpGef;&kd@rm &Smvkd@avh rrSefEkdif// ig&kd@ &ckdifh&kyfb0 orkdif;rm&m&Sm&zkdk@// aemuf+rD;qGJ0g' &kd@eef@ &Smvkd@&zkd@r[kwf// ody`Hae;us awmf vSef&D; oabmw&m;eef@&m &Smvkd@&Ekdifzkd@// &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;. &kyfb0/ &kyforkdif;ukd vSnfh=unfhau ukdvkdeDb0/ ukdvkdeD orkdif;ukd wGd@&zkd@trSef// ukdvkdeDrmawmifu zkH;uG,fcH u|efykef;ukdvkdeD (Hidden colony) òzdufeDa&// ukdvkdeD &ckdifhvlr_tazG@tap;rm ukdvkdeD &ckdif trsKd;om;eef@ Arme,fcsJ@&kd@. t"du yÉdyuQ tòzdufwGd@&a&// yxr pcef;tqihf+zdKufaw trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd ukdifwG,f&zkd@yif +zdKufaw// ,if;rSwyg; tjcm;r[d// rsufarSmufumvrm Arm zufqpfe,fcsJ@&kd@ukd trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;eef@ &ckdifajru ESifxkwfykduf&zkd@yif òzdufaw// a'pif=u,frGefjrwfaw tvkyfukd ig&kd@vkyf&zkd@òzdufaw// ig&kd@ ,l&zkd@wm0ef+zdKufaw// ukdvkdeD EkdifiH wpfckrm trsdK;om; vGwfvyf&D; r[dab;/ vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufr_r[dEkdif// trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D;r[dbJ Zmvlr_wkd; wuf&D;ukdrS rvkyfaqmifEkdif// ,if;eef@&m ukdvkdeD&ckdifajrrm ig&kd@ &ckdfif trsKd;om; wpf&yfvkH;taeeef@ yxrqkH; trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D;ukd qifEGJvm;&zkd@// wcsdefaw;rm ukd,fh&ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;wGif; yÉdyuQ/ vlwef;pm;csif; yÉdyuQ/ rsKd;EG,fpkcsif; yÉdyuQ/ a'oEW& yÉdyuQ/ EkdifiH&D;tkyfpkcsif; yÉdyuQ/ tm;vkH;a& vufatmufcH yÉdyuQ òzdufeDodvkd@// ,if; yÉdyuQukd trsKd;om;&D;ukd OD;wnfvkd@ rdwfquftoGifajz&Sif;vm;&zkd@// (2)ig&kd@ ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;eef@ awmfvSefuwf&zkd@av;? av; csKdufaw&D;az:taygif;&kd@ ated ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;eef@awmfvSef&zkd@av;? av; a'rD;cGef;ukd txufuawm@cg wqdwfauavmuf aqG;aEG;c,m+zKdufaw? a,au taus acs@vkd@raqG;EG;cif &SD;txufu trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif=uD;wd ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;ukd vkyfcuwfawav; qkdpGmukd wcsufavmuf vdvma=uhuwfOD;ar? ,if;apmf&@dk a& 2

ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;ukd vkyfcuwfawav; awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifh (3) qifh [dpGmrm yxr pcef;qifhukd vkyfcuwfawvm;// r[kwfau 'kwd, tqifhukd vkyfcuwfawvm;? wwd, qifhukd vkyfcuwfawvm;´ wae; trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd vkyfcuwfawvm; r[kwfau vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;ukd vkyfcuwf awvm;´ r[kwfau qkda,Svdwf awmfvSef&D;ukd vkyfcuwfawvm;´ &ckdifh vlr_tazG@tap; &kyforkdif;eef@ &ckdif awmfvSef&D;orkdif;ukd vdvma=uhvkdufau yxr pcef;qifh/ trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; qifaEG;ca=umif;wdG@c&zkd@yif +zKdufaw? ig&kd@ tz &ckdif ajya& AD1784 (AC.1146) uyif vGwfvyfaw /rSdckduif;a&/ tcsKyftcsmtm%m ykdifqkdifa& / trsKd;om; EkdifiHb0u vGwfvyfr_ rSDcdkuif;r/_ tcsKyftmcsmtm%mykdifqkdifr_wd vkH;0qkH;,SKH;vcjyD;au ukdvkdedD uGsefb0ukd usa&mufvcpGm *edxufxd vGwfvyf&D; r&od// trSDdtckduif;a& tcsKyftcsmtm%m ykdifqkdifa& trsKd;om; EkKdifiHb0ukd ra&mufEkdifod// ,if;a=umifh uGsef+zKdufvca& (1146 ck jymokdvqkyf 7 &uf) eduyif ok@d r[kwf Armh ya'o&kdufaeacs@&dk@ &ckdifajyukd pvkd@0ifvma& 1146 ck ewfawmf vqef; (4) &ufeduyif awmfvSef&D;. zcif}uD; ausmfxDG; pwifqifaEG;ca& &ckdifajy trsKdom; awmfvSef&D;um; tqkH;owf atmifayG;ukd *edxd ra&mufod// ,if;a=umifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; tqkH;owf atmifayG;+zKdufaw trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;twGuf &ckdifajy trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd qufvufqifaEG; uwf&zkd@?

(3)&ckdif trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif; (u) Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@ ukdawmfvSefjcif; yxrykdif; (1784-1788) AD 1638 (&ckdifESKduf-1000-ajy@) ck od&dok"rRbk&if uG,fvGefvm;c aw &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;rm ap;&kH;&D; tiftm; avsm@qif;pjyKvmvwfaw ,if;tcsdefxd &ckdif ya'o&kduf +rDo#if pEkdufrm tm&pPwkdua&pD (ARIATOCRACY) ac: okcrdefxdef;uGyf&D; pEkduf ckdifaemif;auav@ aemufykdif;umv vltkyf0g'ac: armfbkdua&pD (Mobcracy) xGef;um;p jyKvma&? ukd,f&Hawmfwyfrsm;u tcsKyftcsm tm%m ukd }uKd;aqG;vmvwfaw? +rKd@pm;/ &Gmpm;rsm; (feurallordo) u eef;vkvmvwfaw// rif;rsKd; rif;aEG trsm;pkeef@ ukd,f&Hawmf wyfom;trsm;pka& &ckdifajy tpGeftzsm;+zKdufaw uHom/ &Da=ua'owkd@ wdrf;a,Smifvm;vwfaw// ,if;tcsdefum; &ckdifh tustqif;umvyif+zKdufaw/ &ckdiftrsKd;om; tap;t&kH;&D;t+ydKtqif; umv+zKdufaw? 1784 (AC.1146) txd qlqlylyl/ vSKyfvSKyf,Sm;,Sm; +zdKufeDa&? &ckdifjrDo#if ya'o&kdufpEkKduf. tqkd;qkH; umvyif+zKdufaw? AD.1784.u Armaeacs@ ya'o&kdufbk&if armif0kdif;a& &ckdifajyukd usL;ausmfwkdufckdufjyD;au odrf;,lvDa&// tpu &ckdifrif;nD rif;om;tcsKd@eef@ armif0kdif;&kd@ r[mrdwfazG@uwfjyD;au &ckdifrif;om; [&Dukd ajrmufOD;rSm eef;wifzkd@ armif0kdif;ukd tcGefb¾mqufz@dk avmuf&m tpDtpkDif[dca&? ,if;eef@Zk vuf[d&ckdifrif;ukd raxmufcHab; rif;om; [&Dukd axmufcHa& &ckdif+rKd@pm;/ &Gmpm;tcsK@d armif0dkif;wyf usL;ausmfvmpGmukd }uKdqkdcuwfoda&? aemufjyD;rS&m armif0kdif;. r[mrdwf okdufpmazmufzsufa=umif;ukd &ckdifacgifaqmifwd &dyfrduwfaw? ,if;ykdif &dyfrdvma& acgifaqmifrsm;ax;u Akdvfcsif;jyef. +rKd@ol=uD; OD;oHa'av@ tygt0if+zKdufaw? ,if;tcguum; armif0dkif;wyf&@dk vufOD;r_&vm;c,m+zKdufaw? aemufjrD;aqG; pdwfeef@ olwyg;tm;ukd;pdwf[da& vlwkdif; a'trSm;rsKd;ukd usL;vGefuwfawacs;kyif +zKdufaw? a'ckduf vl}uD;/ vli,fwd =uyf=uyf owdxm;p&myif+zKdufaw? Armarmif0kdif;a& &ckdifajy ajrmufOD;+rKd@ukd atmifjrifauav@ &ckdifwajyvkH;ukdum; rodrf;,lEdkifc? wpdyfwa'oukd&m odrf;,lEkdifca&// ewf+rKduf taemufzuf b*Fg 12 +rKd@ / Akdvfrif;axmif / zvHaxmif / jrKHaxmif&kd@ukdum; olr&vD? t*Fvdyf oHwrH uy`wdef uefedef; (captain canning) tif;0+rKd@ukd a&mufawtcg armif0kdif;a& &ckdifajy useftpdyftykdif;+zKdufaw b*Fvm;a'oudk wkdufckdufodrf;,lzkd@ =uHpDeDa=umif; wGDc&a&vkd@ uy`wdef uefedef;. rSwfwrf;uwGd@&a&? a,auav@ armif0kdif;a& ewf+rKduf taemufzufudk vkH;0r&c/ ol +rKdufukdul;zkd@=uHwkdif; &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif&kd@. ckcHwkdufckdufpGmukd tvSL;tavS;cHpm;c&a&? armif0kdif;wyf&kd@a& &ckdifjrDudk vkdcsifpGmxuf ,if;a'orm ckdatmif;eDa& &ckdifwdudk vkdcsifpGmu tm;=uD;vkd@+zKdufaw? ,if;&ckdifwdukd xkwfyD;zkd@pGmukdav@ t*Fvdyfeef@ qufqHvm&a&tcg armif0kdif;&kd@ t=udrf=udrf awmif;cHcuwfaw? ,if;tcg Armaeacs@&kd@. a=uG;a=umfoHu “usLyifckwf usLikwfr# rusefapeef@” vk@d qkda& aqmifyk'f+zKdufaw?

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&ckdifajyukd usL;ausmfzkd@ Armaeacs@&kd@ &ckdifajyem;okd@ 0ifvma&cg awmifukwfaeu wef;avG;pm; usm;&D0wf/ awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxDG; pwifckcHwkdufxkwfca&? 1146ck/ ewfawmf vqef; (4) &ufu Armaeacs@wyfa& &ckdifajyukd xkd;0ifa&mufvma& // ,if;ESKduf ,if;v/ vqef; (9)&uf peDedu awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD; ckcHwdkufxkwfvkdufaw? aemufwacguf ,Skdif;vma&tcgav@ wkdufzsufvkdufaw? 1146ck ewfawmfvqef;u Armaeacs@ tvkH;t&if;eef@ 0ifvma&cg awmifrif;=uD;a& ajrmufOD; rif;bm;u 4if;/ &rf;ajy@uGsef;u tdrf&Sdrif;a[mif; oufpHa&$&kd@yg;u 4if;/ rmefatmif+rKd@pm; AdkvfxGef;atmifausmf &kd@yg;u4if; /pkduful awmif;vkdufaw? a,tcg tcsif;csif; oH,0ifeDuwfvkd@ pkpk/ap;ap; aeacs@ukdckcHz@kd pdwf"mwf ra&mufEkdifcuwf? wauG; wjym;pDd +zKdufeDuwfaw? (1)// ajrmufOD;bk&if r[morRw&mZm tjyif (2)// ia=u;awmifu "g;rEkdifwrif; (3)// yaEM; acsmif;uGsef;u aumif;nGef@&efwkdif wrif; (4)// =uyfpifuGsef;u "g;ykdif=uD;oHa'wrif; (5)// &kd;uGsef;u ukvm;a&$pmwrif; (6)// wef;avG;u awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD;wrif; (7)// rmefatmifuGsef;u owkd;jzLwrif;&kd@yif+zKdufaw// tpktaitrsm;tjym; yif[deDuwfaw? ,if;eef@Zk Armaeacs@&k@d a& wckjyD;wck wkdufckduf csKd;ESKdrf@zkd@ avGulvm;ca&// Armaeacs@ ya'o&kdufum; y&da,t&mu ajywef;qmykdif avS@zsm;wwfawtwkdif;/ &ckdif okdufpmazmufwdu &Sduwif,lcjyD;au ajyol vlxkukd wywf&kdufcoda&? ,if;eef@Z ktcsKd@tcsKd@ &GmZm;rsm; oDrif;}uKdqkdayG;wdukd vkyfrdcuwfoda&? awmifrif;=uD;a& &ckdiftrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif;u aeacshukd yxrqkH; ayG;OD;eif; wkduf xkwfcol+zKdufaw? pkduftiftm;rr#vkd@ wef;avG;acsmif;u qkwfjyD;au &rf;ajy@/ oHawG;/ rmefatmifaeu acgif; aqmifwdukd wyfaygifpkzkd@/ Armaeacs@ukd wkdufxkwfzdk@}uKd;pm;ca&// rSefuefa& r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[myif jzKufaw? awmifrif;=uD;a& aemifawmf"g;ykdif}uD; pHay:&D$ &rf;ajy@pm; AkdvfaygvkH;/ vrkpm; AkdvfvSckdif/ &rf;ajy@pm; AkdvfxGef;atmif &kd@eef@ vltiftm; (3) aomif;ausmf pkap;jyD;au wkH;ausmufqdyf wkdufayG;u Armaeacs@ukd tEkdif,lvkdufaw? 'kwd, w=udrf jyif;jyif;xefxef wkduf&a&// ,SKH;edr@f vk@d ,if;u wzefqkwfjyd;au ya*;acsmif;uGsef;u acgifaqmif aumif;nGef@&efwkdif /AkdvfxGef;ay:a0&kd@eef@ yl;aygifjyefa& // ,if;utm;eef@ Armaeacs@ukd wkdufckdufvDa&? ,if;wcgtm;rr#vkd@ r,lurf;okd@ qkwfcH&a&? ,if;aemufykdif;ESKdufuyif r[m"rR&mZmrif;/ om;awmftdfrf&Sdrif;/ armif;oufpHa&$a& a,mufzawmf pkdufuGyfAkdvfacs@apG eef@twl &rf;ajy@+rKduf0wkdufayG;u Armaeacs@wyfwfdudk jyif;jyif;xef;xef; wkdufxkwfcuwfaw? ,if;wkdufayG;u Akdvfacs@apGusqkH;vkd@ &ckdifwyfysufum aemufqkwfvD&a&? Armaeacs@&kd@av@ ,if;tcg tdrf&Sdrif; oufpHa&$. Zifacsmif;aeukd odrf;ykdufvdkufuwfaw? awmifykdif;u &cdkif Akdvfrif;wyfrif;&kd@ z&kdz&D;+yKdauG;vDau Armaeacs@&kd@a& &ckdifajyajrmufykdif;okd@ csD;wufvmuwfjyD;au (1146) ck jymokdvfvqkwf (6) &ufu avmif;=uuf +rKd@a[mif;u wyfawjyD;au ajrmufOD;+rKd@awmfukd wdkufckdufvDa&? ,if;eduyif &ckdif Akdvfrif;wyfrif;&kd@av@ avmif;=uufwyfukd xGufwkdufvDa&tcg ,SKH;edrf@ca&? ,if;eef@Zk wkduf*sDawmf (30) eef@ ajrmufOD;bk&if r[m orRw&mZm rif;a& ,if;ed okdif;acgiftcsdefu &rf;ajy@uGsef;udk qkwfvD&a&? aemufw&uf jymokdvqkwf (7) &uf peDedu (1784 ck 'Dzifbmv) ajrmufOD;a&$+rKd@awmfukd Armaeacs@&kd@ odrf;ykdufvDa&? jymokdvauG we*FEGDded (1785jymokdv) uGsef;om,mu &ckdif rif;w&m;ukd Armaeacs@&kd@ vuf&zrf;qD;rdvkd@ tr&yl&+rKd@awmfokd@ ykd@vkdufuwfaw? txufu qkdca&twkdif; Armaeacs@&kd@a& &ckdifrif;om; [&Dukdeef;wifzkd@vkd@ Oyg,fwrnf vkyfxm;vkd@ ajyoltrsm;pku xifwvkH;eef@ ar#mfukd;eDcuwfaw? rif;om; [&D auGvGefa&cg rkwfqdwf wykwfrif;om;ukd eef;wiffzkd@vkd@ avS@pm;xm;jyD;au ajyolukd csKyfukdifvkdufaw? ,if;tcsdefcgu Armaeacs@ukd aZG;owWd tajy@eef@ awmfvSefeDa& &ckdif acgifaqmif=uD;uum; awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD;yif+zKdufaw? ,if;eef@Zk Armaeacs@&kd@u ol&kd@vufwGif;okd@ usa&mufor# &ckdif trsKd;om;tm;vkH;ukd okH;yef;t+zKduf owfrSwfjyD;au “aexGufbk&if uGsefawmfrsKd;” qkda&pmwef;ukd yD&Guf/ xef;&Guf/ 0g;jcrf; &kd@rm &GD;jyD;au vkdifyif;rSm aqG;xm;pDa&? aqG;rxm;a&vlukd awmifrif;=uD;vlvkd@ ,lqjyD;au owfykdufuwfaw? 1146 ck wykdawG; vqef; (13) &uf /we*FEGDedu uwnSawmifxdyfu r[mrked &kyf&Sifawmf. ukd,fpm;awmfukd Armaeacs@&kd@ yifhaqmifodrf;,l vm;cuwfaw? &ckdifajy t&yf&yfu "mwfawmf/ rGDawmf aygif;utp [email protected];/ 0efqef/ auGs;EGm;/ =uuf0uf/ tqkH;xd&or#odrf;,lum Armajyokd@jyefvDuwfaw? ajrmufOD; +rKd@awmfu eENyusefukd +rKd@apmifh/ ajyapmifh/ t+zKduf Armaeacs@uxm;ykdufcuwfaw? +rKd@0ef eENyusefvufxufu &ckdif wajyvkH; ajyol&kd@a& &&mvufeufukdaqG;jyD;au wGD@a&aeacs@ukdqufvuf awmfvSefuwfaw? ajyol&@dk . jyef@a=u;eDa& awmfvSef&D; oDG;uefukd pkpkap;ap;vkyfyD;zkd@ acgifaqmifaumif; tvkdtyfqkH; tcsdefyif+zKdufauav@ tm,weef@ *kd%f*ew&m; jyif;xefeDvkd@ wOD;wa,mufav@ wkd;wufcGifhr&c// tcsif;csif; auG;auG;jym;jym; awmfvSefvkd@yif [duwfaw? rSwfcsuf? ?atedxufwdkif at'%fukd cHeDuwf&oda& pkdufrSefa& awmfvSef&D; tazG@tap;wkdif;a& *kd%f*evd_if;udk vkH;0 ayzsufjyD;au ajyolvkdif;ukd t"du t&kHpkdufuwfau nDnGwfpkap;&D;qkdpGm csufcsif; +zKdufvm&vdrfhar? *kd%f;*e tmemukd t+cDcHpGma& twWukd tjcDcHpGm+zKdufjyD;au trsKd;om; w&yfvHk; b0ukd tajccHol&m pkdufrSefa& awmfvSef&D; orm; (0g) tazG@ +zKdufvdrfar? attazG@ukd&m trsKd;om;w&yfvkH;av@ axmufcHvmvdrfar?

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5

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6

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7

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Akdvf csif;jyeffrSm ,if;ESKdfuf wrkd;vkH; &ckdifajyukd xdef;xm;Ekdifuyif +Adwdo#wyfu xGufeDuwfaw tdEN, trsKd;om; pkdufom;rsm; rdrdwkyfwGif;wkd@ 0ifzkd@aqG;aEG;vDa&? vufeuf&duQukd cufcufcJcJ pkvD&a&? rkd;ukefau Arm aeacs@eef@ &ifqkdif&zdk@yif +zdKuftwkdif; pkdufr_pkduf&mudpP&kd@ukd pD;pD;pkdufpkduf jyifqifxm;vDa&? a,auav@ vufeuf ac;,rf; / rD;ausmufeef@ pkdufynmzufrSm aumif;aumif;=uD; tm;eJeDa&? tcsKd@ wyfom;&kd@rSm 0g;cGsefukdyif vufeuf ukdifaqmif&a& pkdufynm vdusifh&D;ukdav@ pkdufayG;wGif;rSm vkyf&a&vkd@ qkd&zkd@yif Zm+zdKufvkd@av;qkdau pkdufwaumif; aezufu ap;&kH;&D; vkyfpkdfifuav; +Adwdo#&@dk rodatmif jrDatmuf ap;&kH;&D;ukd&m vkyfEkdifca&? a,jyD;au pkdufcsDvm&a& wrkd;wGif;vkH;rSmav@ vdusifhzkd@ aumif;aumif;r&Edkdif? tkd;ykduf/ tdrfydkuf jyD;v$m;eD&a& &ckdifvltazG;tap;a& aeacs 2 wkdif =um;rSm &kef;uefeD&pGmu avGa&tvkyfr[kwf? Zmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf Akdvfcsif;jyef. awmfvSef&D;a& aeacs@qef@usif&D; tpkduftrSefyif+zKddfufaw? 1811 ck 'DZifbmvukd a&mufvwfawtcg Armaeacs@ ya'o&dkuf armif0kdif;a& a=u;a=umif;/ &Da=umiff;pkduf 2 a=umif;u &ckdifjywkd@ v$wfvkdufaw rtDacsmif;wkdufayG;rSm &ckdif&kd@,SH;edrf@vkd@ awmifykdif;u &dDwyftm;vkH;a& pae;cHwyf[m pkap;eD&a&? yifava=umif;wkdufayG;rSm ,SH;edrf@&jyefa& pkdufvSD 300 vlwaomif; teuf 200 ysufpD;vD&a&? ,if;a=umif; Akdvfcsif;jyefa& wyftm;vkH;udk pkap;jyD;au usdef;uGsef;ucHkcHjyefa&? tif;tm;rr#vkd@ aZ0wDcHwyf +rKd@wkd@ xyfqifhqkwfcGm&jyefa& 1812 ZEM0g&DvavmufrSm (1173 ckjymokdvajy@ A'l;ed) &ckdfif wjyvkH;u vlaygif; 90000 (ukd;aomif;)ukd odrf;,lac:aqmifjyD;au pkdufwaumif; aezufwkd@ ckd0ifvD&a&? Arm aeacs@&kd@um; xuf=uyfvkdufygvmjyD;au armifawm+rKd@ cJwyfucs&yfvDuwfaw? ,if;aemuf Arm aeacs@&kd@a& +Adwdo#ukr`%Dyg;wkd@ oHpmurf;vSrf;jyD;au Akdvfcsif;jyef vuf&kHef;Akdvfeef@ wuG &ckdifajyol&kd@ukd jyefawmif;vDa& &ckdif bk&if tqufquf. Ykdifeuf aejrD+zKdufaw pkdufwaumif;'*g;&kd@ukd jrefrm rif;bm;yD;tyf&ef awmif;vDa&? ryD;tyfau pkdufjyKzkd@ vkd@jcdrf;ajcmufvDa&? 1812 ck (1174 ck uqkHv)rSm Akdvfcsif;jyef. vuf&DG;pifwyfa& ia=u;awmifcHwyfudk 0ifpD;jyD;au Arm aeacs@wyfr_; ivGef;ajyudk uGyfrsufvkdufaw// ,if;tcsdefavmufrSm t*Fvdyf pkdufAkdvf ume,fvfarmf*ef Canal Margan)u Akdvf csif;jyef. rdom;pkeef@ vuf&kHef;Akdvf /vrkpm; Adkvfa&$&kd@ukd zrf;qD;jyD;au pkdufwaumif; tusKdif;axmifrSm csKyfxm;pDa&// ,if;rSm vuf&kHef;Akdvf auGvGefvDa&/ usefawmfvSef&D; rdom;pkudk '*g;+rKd@rSm tauscsKyfeef@ tdrfwaqmifrSm xm;vDa&? Akdvfcsif;jyefum; awmfvSef&D;atmifvHukd v$ifhxlajr; v$ifhxljyD;au r,lurf; r*Fvm=uD;awmifwyf csxm;a&? aemifawmf av;+rKd@pm; Akdvfatmifausmf '*Fg;awmifpm; AkdvfwkH;pHa&G / Akdvfapmfum; a,mufzawmf AkdvfoufESKH/ &kd@eef@ ap;&kH;jyD;au Armaeacs@udk qufvuf wkdufckdufarmif;xkwfaw? rkd;apuGsef; wkdufayG; (1174 ckjymokdv)rSm ,SKH;edrf@vkd@ a&Smufacsmif; zsm;wkd@qkwfvD&a& / ,if;ESKduf wykd;awG;vrSm o&ufcsKd+rdK@ukd awvDusifa&? crD;/ +rKd /ouf/ csif;/pa&pvlrsKd;pktm;vkH;udk pkap;wyfazG;jyD;au orufawmf wdrf=um;Akdvfukd wyfr_;cef@tyfvdkufaw? up>ye'D +rdKufnm/ ul0wkdufayG; (1175jymokdv)rSm ,SH;edrf@vDjyefvkd@ wyfqkyfcH&a&? ,if;vrSmyif Akdvfcsif;jyefa&pkdufw aumif;aeok@d ckd0ifvD&a&? 1813 (1175 waygif;v)rSm Arm+rKd@0ef aemf&xmqkdola& &ckdif vloefvljyef&kd@eef@ pkdufwaumif;aejrDu jyefvmuwfaw tdrfaxmifao pkdufjyD;&kd@udkyg &ifukd"g;eef@ acG;jyD;au usD;pm/ iSufpm/ auGs;vDa& // tjcm;wzufrSm +Adwdo#ukr`%D uav@ Akdvfcsif;jyefukd zrf;&au tdENd, &_yD'*Fg; 5000 ol@vufatmufcH Akdvfudkzrf;&au &_yDaiG 1000 yD;zkd@vkd@ qkaiGxkwfqifh a=ujimvkdufaw? AD-18 &mpk tqkH; 19&mpk tpumvrSm tz&ckdifajyrSm 3 yGifhqkdif pkdufayG;cif;usif;eDc&a&? aeacs@ 2 &ef=um;rSm &ckdif vlr_tazG;tap;=um; ysKdufeDc&a&? Armaeacs@ usL;ausmfpumvu &ckdif vltazG;tap;udk tvSyv Ekd;aqmifESKdifa&? aumif;aqmifaumif; ray:xGef;c? a,auav@ trsm;pkudk wef;avG;acsmif;u awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD; OD;aqmifEdkifca&// aeacs@ ya'o&kdufukd t"du ywdyuQxm;jyD;au +Adwdo#aeacs@ukd vufatmufcH ywdyuQxm;vkd@ t&Htiftm; tultiftm; t+zdKufxm;zkd@ }uKd;pm;cuwfaw? a,auav@ukd,f&kd@ tcsif;csif;ap;&kH;r_tiftm; ae;yg;cvkd@ awmfvSef&D; ,SKH;edrf@c&a&? ig&kd@ ckduftwGuf ocFef;pm ,lp&myif+zKdufaw? ,if;aemuf Akdfvfcsif;jyefa& 3 yGifhqkdif pkdufayG;ukdf qufvufqifaEG;a&? ol@vufxufrSm ap;&kH;&D; aumif;rGefvma&? a,auav@ vufeuftiftm;eef@ pkdufynm tiftm;tqrwef edrf@useDa&twGufeef@ aeacs@ 2 .'%fa=umif; ,SKH;edrf@&a&? ,if; 3 qkdiftax;rSm +Adwdfo# aeacs@u y&da, ta=uG0qkH;+zdKufvkd@ &ckdif tif tm;ukd xGm;xGm;nufatmif pkdufuZwfjyD;au xm;ca&? wzufrSm Akdvfcsif;jyefukd awmfvSef&D; rvkyfEkdifatmif t=uyfukdifjyD;au Armaeacs@ukd rdwfvkd/ vdk&efvkdvkd qufqHxm;a&? vlrsKd;&D; pdwfjyif;xefa& Armaeacs@&kd@um; rGef trsKd;om;udk rsKd;jzKwfatmif owfjyD;au rGefajyukd Armajy vkyfykdufvkdufawykdif &ckdifajyufkd vkyfzkd@}uKd;pm;vDa& +Adwdo#&kd@um; attuGufukd jrifjyD;om;+zKdufaw? &ckdifajy jrefrmajyudk ol&kd@odrf;ykdufzkd@ }uKd;pm;eDuwfaw? &ckdif tiftm; xGm;xGm;ysufvkd@ evefrxlEkdifatmifxd ol&dk@ apmifha=u@eDca&? ,if;jyD;rSm&m &ckdifukd t&Htiftm; arG;ZuyfjyD;au Armajyudk odrf;zkd@ tm;xkwfxm;a&// ,if;ykdif tm;xkwf=uHpDcsufukd t*Fvdyf jrefrm pkdufayG; 3 ayG;pvkH;rSm oufoDt+zdKufawG@&a&// ,if;pkdufayG;rsm; +zdKufvwfaw? &ckdifpkdufwyfrsm; (magh corpo) azG;jyD;au ap;&kH; odrf;oGif; ,lvm;ca& +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifaeacs@&kd@. y&da,um; azG;rD;eef@av@wla&? wazG@azG@ av@avmifa&? 3yGifhqkdif&ef okH;OD;rSm tm;ae;qkH;+zKdufaw? &cdkifukd &ckdiftzjrDjyifrSmyif

8

Armaeacs@ vufcsufeef@ xGufxGuf=uDatmif rodrom r[kwfau ododomom uZwfxm;ca&? a,jyD;au &ckdifukd t&Htiftm; vkyfjyD;au Armudk wkdufckdufodrf;,la&? &kd;ajzmifhola& aumufusKdufaw t=uHorm;yg;rSm ,m,Dus&pajr;? AD.1813cko&ufcsKd cHwyf+rKd@uqkwfjyD;au pkdufwaumif; awmif&kd;aeukd0ifvm;ca&? Akdvfcsif;jyefa& jrKHaxmif (Tripura State) jyefa& awmif&kd;wcGifrSm wyfpcef;trsm; jzef@aqmufjyD;au &duQmvufeuf pkaqmifxm;vDa& // *sLvkdifvrSm [&bif;ukd 0ifpD;jyD;au rdrd.orD;awmfai 2 yg;udk ,lvm;ca&rdcif '*g;rSm tzrf;cHeDa&// &ckdiftabmifr &kd@eef@ twlwleDxkdfifa& ,if;orD;awmf 2 yg;ukd awmfvSef&D; eDjrDuyif rdrdeef@ twleDxkdifpDa&? atmufwkdbmvrSm Akdvfcsif;jyefa& ukr`%D tpkd;&yg;wkd@ pm&D;jyD;au rdrdukd,f raESmifh,Sufzkd@ &ckdifajyukd &ckdif&atmif}uKd;pm; tm;xkwfaw awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;ukd raESmifh,Sufzkd@ ta=umif;=um;vkdufaw? ,if;tcsdefrSm ukr`%Dtpkd;&ukd w&m;ol=uD; rpPwmyDacvfu Armpkdufwyfeef@ yl;aygif;vkd@ &ckdifhawmfvSef&D;ukd t+rKdwfjzKwfzkd@ =uHpDxm;a&? Armeef@ qufqH&D; tqifrajya&cg ukr`%D pkdufom;wcsK@d ukd wyfuxGufjyD;a&ykdif vkyfjyD;au Akdvfcsif;jyefukd owfzkd@wifjyvDa&// ,if;w&m;ol=uD;u &ckdif&kd@a& ukd,fajy ukd,fjyef&&D;rSm aumif;aumif; nDnGwfuwfaw twGufa=umif; &ckdifukd vkH;0tultnDryD;zkd@ pkduf&D;t& tquftoGufrvkyfzkd@ukd av@ xyfrHwifjyxm;cvDa&? Akdfvfcsif;jyefum; &ckdifajyukd &ckdifjyef&atmif toufudk yD;qyfjyD;au toufxufqkH;}uKd;pm;ca&? r,l+rKdufa=umif;u wkdufcdkufvk@d ratmifjrifEkdifa&cg ukvg;wef+rdKwfnmu pkefqif;jyD;au ajrmufOD;+rKd@awmfudk jyefodrf;zkd@ }uKd;pm;ca&? aemufqkH;rSm AD.1815 ck *sefe0g&Dv 25 &ufrSm "rRwm oabmtwkdif; Akdvfcsif;jyef auGvGefvDa&? 28 &uf edrSm tavmif;awmfukd aumif;pGm rD;oif+*dfvfvDa&? Akdvfcsif;jyef auGvGefvkd@jyD;aemuf &ckdifvlrltazG;tap;rSm wpwp tiftm;qkwf,kwfvg;ca&// usefa& acgifaqmifwdukdav@ +Adwdo#aeacs@&kd@u wa,mufcsif; /wa,mufcsif; ESdrfeif;ykdufvkdufaw? ewf+rKdufu xufjcrf; tpdyfcH&a&// &ckdifajyrSm Armaeacs@&kd@ vufcsufa=umif; &ckdifh toGD;yifav xGef;eDca&? &ckdift&kd; awmifykdifykHeDa&// wajyvkH;rSmum; rD;ckD;wvlvl/ cGD;wtltl/ rsufa& wokwfokwf /ESKyfa& w,Skyf,kSyf +zdKufeDc&a&? Zmykdfifyif Armaeacs@ya'o&kduf vufatmufrSm 1146u 1186txd (AD.1784-1824) ESKdufaygif; 40 wdwd uGsefb0. 'kuQtaygif; ukd uGsefb0. tqkH;0ef'%fukd i&JwGif;qkH; usatmifcHpm;cuwf&a&?

(c) +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifaeacs@udkawmfvSefjcif; 1919-&mpk&ckdifawmfvSef&D; &ckdifajytwGif;rSm 3 qkdif&efol 3 OD;teuf &ckdiftrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; tiftm;rSm Akdvfcsif;jyef auGvGefuaw;u w&Gd@&dG@ usqif;vm;c,m+zKdwfaw? t*ktcgrm +Adwdo# t&if;o#if aeacs@eef@ Armya'o&kduf aeacs@&kd@ tif;tm;+ydKifqkdifr_ tpjyKvm,m+zKdufaw? +Adwdo#&kd@rSm usqif;+ydKysufeD,m+zdKwfaw &ckdiftrsKd;om;awmfvSef&D; tiftm;ukd t&Ht+zdKuf odrf;oGif;,lzkd@ }uKd;pm;vma&// +Adwdo#&kd@ y&da,ukd Ak'
9

(9) ukef;wyf/ &Dwyf&kd@rSm 2 OD; 2 buff wm0ef,ljyD;au nDwl nDr#tm;oGef }uKd;yef; &Gwf&GwfcGsefcGsef wkdufckduf&ef? (10) pm;eyf&duQmukd &ckdif&kd@u vkH;0Ookefwm0ef,l&efqkda& tcsuf 10 csufukd 2 OD; 2 buf oabmwl vufcH tawjyKuwfaw? ,if;a=umif; trf;pm;eef@ ajypkd;=uD; /u|ef;tkyf}uD;&dk@ wm0ef,l+yD;au &ckdifola&; 1600/ tENd, ola&; 600 &dk@udk ap;&Hk;vDa&// &SifrjzLwyf/ vSay:wyf/ a*:apmifnmwyf&kd@udk ewf+rKdufeef@ 0g;acsmif;&kd@rSm awaqmufvDa&? AD.1824 ckrSm Armaeacs@ukd &ckdifeef@+Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;& 0kdif;wkdufuwfaw? ,if;ESKduf 1186ck wefcl;vqef; 14 &ufed aom=umed/ wA[kd&ftcsdef avmufrSm ajrmufOD; +rKd@awmfukd4if;/ ,if;ESKduf uqkefvqef; 6&uf aom=umedrSm &rf;ajy@ukd4if;/ a,jyD;au ,if;ESKduf uqkefvqkwf 5 &ufu rmefatmifukd4if;/ ,if;ESKduf eH,kefvqef; 4 &ufaom=umedrSm oHawG;+rdK@udkyg jyefvDodrf;,lvkdufaw? AD.1826. ckazaz:0g&Dv 24 &uf (1187 ckwaygif;vajy@ed )rm +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;&eef@ Armaeacs@ ya'o&kduf tpkd;&&k@d &EWydkpmcsKyfudk csKyfqkdvDa&// ,if;pmcsKyf wwd,tcsufrSm “aemufwzef ajy=uD;2 y g;tjcm; tem;ukd jiif;ckH&ef ta=umif; r[d&atmif t*Fvdyfrif;u wkdufvkd@ atmifjrifjyD;aomtcg &ckdifajy&rf;ajy@/ rmefatmif / oHawG;[laom &ckdifajy=uD;udk tpkdif,lvkd jrefrm o#ifbk&ifutpkd;rykdif&? &kd;rzkd;acgif awmifwef;/ armfwifpGef;/ [kdif;=uD;uGsef;txd tykdiftjcm;+zdKufpD&ar? aemiftykdif;tjcm;ukd tjiif;tckH[dv#if t*Fvdyfrif;/ jrefrmrif;cef@xm;aom olwkd@u txufyg aeedrdwftwkdif; rSefuefpGmpD&ifap? cef@xm;aom olwkd@tm;av; t&m[drSL;aumif;/ rwfaumif;+zdKufpD&ar” vkd@ to#ifpENrmvm vuFm&ax&f. &ckdif pmapmifwtkyfrSm az:jyxm;a&? at&EWykd pmcsKyfa& &ckdifajytwGufqkdau uGsefvufajymif; pmcsKyf&m+zdKufoda& qkdpGmukd txufyg wwd, tcsufudka=u@um odEfkdifa&// atpmcsKyft& +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifaeacs@. ukdvkdeDuGsef +zdKufvm;a=umif; odEkdifa&? +Adwdo#&kd@. pum;a& w&m;r[kwf y&da,,m +zKdufawqkdpGmudk xif&Sm;vma&? pum;udk w&m; t+zKdufawEkdifzkd@twGuf/ *wdokdufpm t+zKdufawEkdifzkd@twGuf “tm;”a& t"du+zKdufaw// &ckdiftwGuf tm;qkdvkd@ rsKd;csKduf pdwf"gwftiftm;&m[da&? t"du+zKdufaw vufeuftiftm;rSm &ckdifESKduf 1000 ajy@uyif usqif;vmcvk@d tckqkdau t&kyfyifraygufEkdifatmif +ydKysufeDc,m+zKdufaw? &cdkif vlrltazG;tap;rSm &ckdif ya'o&kduf+rDo#ifpESKduf aemufykdif; qkd;0g;rSKa=umifh /a,jyD;au Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@ pESKdufqkd;a=umifh z&kdz&D;+ydK auG;cpGm ESKduf 200 eD;eD; (AD.1638-1826 &ckdifESKduf 1000/ 1188) +zdKufvmvwf,m? ,if;a=umif; pD;yGm;&D;/ EkdifiH&D;/ pkduf&D;/ ap;&kH;&D;/ vlrl&D;/ ,kdifaus;rl tm;vkH;usqif;eDa&? ,if;eef@Zk &ckdif&dk@rSm +Adwdo#&dk@ pkd;rkd;rludk acgifikH@cHvm&jyefa&? AkdvfausmfxGD;/ Akdvfcsif;jyef pa& &ckdif acgifaqmif=uD;&kd@ ae;rsKd;pkHeef@ }uKd;pm;csuf t&yf&yf. tusKd; tmedoifwckum; vlrsKd;&D; rkef;wD;rSKeef@ "g;rkd;eDca&// Arm ya'o&kduf aeacs@pESKdufukd armif;xkwf ykdufESKdifjcif;yif+zKdufaw? ,if;ya'o&dkuf aeacs@tpm; t&if;o#if aeacs@tpm;0ifvma&? ,if;eef@Zk &ckdfif wrsKd;om;vkH;eef@ +Adwdo# t&if;o#if aeacs@&kd. ywdyuQa& t"du ywdyuQ t+zdKufay:xGef;vma&? at t"du ywdyuQukd trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;eef@ qufvuf awmfvSefvkyfaqmif&zkd@ yif+zdKuffaw? t*a,mifyif ukd,fhajyukd ukd,fjyefr& o&GdumvywfvHk; trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;udk qufvuf vkyfaqmif&zkd@yif+zKdufaw? +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;&a& aeacs@&kd@. &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaw y&da, twkdif; &ckdifajyeef@ &ckdif vltazG@tap; w&yfvkH;ukd AD-1826.ckuyif ukdvkdeD uGsefjyKxm;vkdufaw? vlwrsKd;ukd vlwrsKd;u uGsefjyKxm;pGmavmuf a'avmurSm &ufpufqkd;0g;a& pESKdufr[d? nKdufywf ao;odrfa& pESKdufr[d? pkdufxm; atmufusa&pGmr[d/ +Adwdo# t&m[dwOD;a& aeacs@wyfwwyf (One Regiment)eef@ tm;jy zdESKdyftkyfcsKyfzkd@ tpjyKvma&? a,tcg &ckdif acgifaqmifrsm;+zKdufaw "g;ykdif;=uD;/ trf;pm;/ ajrpkd;=uD;/ uGsef;tkyf&kd@eef@wuG a';0ef;=uD; Akdvfatmifausmf&SD (Akdvfcsif;jyef.a,mufzawmf)/ +rKd@ol=uD; atmifausmfZH (Akdvfcsif;jyef.wl) &kd@a& pkap; wkdifyifvmuwfaw? ,if;aemuf Armaeacs@ bk&ifodrf;,lvm;a& &ckdifrif;om; wyg;+zKdufaw rif;om;=uD; a&$Aef;av@ ,if;tiftm; pkrSm yg0ifvma&? pkdufawG+rKd@/ tmusyfawmifukef; xdyfwkdufanmifyif&if;rSm v#Kd@0Suf aqG;aEG;ayG;t=udrf=udrf jyKvkyfjyD;au &ckdifajyudk jyefawmif;zkd@ tpDpOfaqG;aEG;uwfaw? "g;ykdif;=uD;yif acgifaqmifjyD;au t*Fvdyf t&m[d&kd@eef@ &ckdifajyudpPukd aqG;aEG;a&/ +Adwdo# aeacs@&kd@u “&ckdif-+Adwdo#oabmwlnDcsuf” 10 csuft& jyD;ca& pkdufayG;twGuf pkdufp&dwfukd awmif;cHuwfaw? +Adwdo# ukd,fpm;avS&kd@u pkdufp&dwfukd awmif;cHuwfaw? +Adwdo# ukd,fpm;avS&kd@u pkdufp&dwf (20000&lyD;) ukefusa=umif; p&if;jyuwfaw? &ckdifacgifaqmif&kd@u rdrd&kd@*wdtwkdif; pkdufp&dwf aumufcHjyD;au 2 aomif;tpm;/ 6 aomif;yD;vkdufuwfaw/ +Adwdo#&kd@u aiGukd&auav@ &ckdifajyukdrtyfab; xyfvkd@ 6 aomif; awmif;cHa&? ,if;eef@Zk xyfv@dk aumufcHjyD;au 'kwd,t=udrf xyfyD;vkdufaw? +Adwfdo#&kd@u vltoDtaysmufp&if;udk trsKd;rsKd;jyjyD;au aiGxyfv@dk awmif;cHa&? &ckdifacgifaqmif&kd@rSmum; aiGxyfaumufjyD;au wwd,=udrf 6 aomif; yD;qyfvkdufuwfjyefa&// ,if;ykdifaiG 3 =udrf (1800000) yD;auav@ +Adwdo# aeacs@&kd@rSm pD;yGm;&D;/ pkduf&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ aeacs@rsm;yDyD &ckdifajyuxGufvm;zkd@pGmudk xm;vkdufzd? vufeuftiftm;eef@ &ckdfifacgifaqmifwdudk zdESKdufvma&/ rw&m;tcGef trsKd;rsKd;aumufcHvma&// &ckdifvlcsrf;om&kd@ukd "g;jrwkdufvma&// aemuffqkH; &ckdifwajyvkH;ukd uGsef ZmwfoGif;vmvwfaw? ,if;twGufeef@ &ckdifacgifaqmif&kd@ awmfvSef&D; wkdufayG;w&yfukd vkyfaqmifzkd@ pDpOfvDuwfaw? &ckdif rsKd;csKduf okH;usdyf ESKdufa,mufudk trmcH uvyfap; t+zdKufazG@vkdufjyD;au oDG;okdufpma&aomufuwfaw? &ckdifajyudk tkyfcsKyfeDa& +Adwdo# t&m[d&kd@udk ajrmufOD;+rKd@udk ac:jyD;au vkyf=uHvkdufzkd@ pDpOfxm;uwfaw? ,if;ykdif vkyf=uHjyD;au &ckdifpkdufwyf (Arakanese Battalian) tultnDeef@ &ckdifajyudk odrf;,lzkd@=uHpDuwfaw? AD.1827 ckrSm ukd,fajyukd ukd,fjyef&&D;twGuf tqkdyg trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd pwifvDa&? a,cg t}uHtpDayguf=um;vm;vk@d rif;om;=uD; a';0ef;=uD; / +rKd@ol=uD;&kd@ tzrf;cHuwf&a&? ,if;tqkdyg acgifaqmif 3 OD;ukdum; +Adwdo#&kd@ “e*g;0g” oabFmeeff@ umvwWm;+rKd@udk ykd@vkdufaw? ,if;uwcg pifumyl udkykd@a&? ,if;aemuf tdENd, ajy'*g;+rKd@ “umvdefuif;”tusdKif;axmifrm csKyfxm;vDa&// 10

rif;om;-uD;&kdŒtr+ukd avm'f ruefvD (lord Macanlay)u umvuwWm; w&m;&kH;csKyf (Chief Court of Calcutta) rSm pkdufaq;a&? &ckdif awmfvSef&D;acgi faqmif&kdŒjyifokdufykdif yGef'dcsm& D(Pondichary) u vufeuf/ ac;,rf;/ rD;ausmufrsm;ukd &ckdifajyokdŒ wifoGif;pGmukd _Adwdo#&kdŒ odvm; cuwfaw? ,if; twGufwma-umif; ukd,fajyukd ukd,fjyefvkdcsifvkdŒ jyefwkduf,lzkdŒ }uKd;pm;ca& t_zdKufeefŒ rsKd;csKduf acgifaqmif 3 OD;ukd axmif'%fcs vkdufuwfaw? rif;om;-uD;um; auGvGefvm;a& txd &ufaygif; 41 &uf wkdifwkdif tpmiwfcHqENjyjyD;au wkdufayG;0ifvm;ca&? a'acgifaqmif 3 OD;&kdŒum; &ckdif trsKd; om;awmfvSef&D;ukd rvGwfvyfr&Sif; awmfvSefvm;uwffzkdŒ /{uykd'f &wkeefŒ rSmxm;cuwfaw? a'&wk 3 yk'fa& trsKd;awmfvSef&D; twGuf zdwfac: xm;cpGm+zdKwfaw? olŒuGsefrcHzkdŒ owdyD;xm;ca&? vrf;a=umif; rrSm;zkd@ owdyD;xm;ca&? rvGwfrvyfrcsif; trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;rSmty wjcm;vrf;a=umif;r[d a=umif;ukd owdyD;xm;ca&? rdrd&kd@toufyD;vkd@ vkyfaqmifca& trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;twkdif; aumif;aumif; vkdfufvmzkd@udk rSmxm;ca&? a,au ated &ckdif trsKd;om;w&yfvkH; Zmvkyfuwfz@dk av;´ at &wkwdukd wcsuf zufa=u@jyD;au uAsm. tm;rmefukd xkwfa=u@uwfyg? “rif rif;om;=uD;oDwrf;pm &wk” (1) rif;om; trSef igv#if=uHu/ EkdifiHtwGuf ukd,ftoufukd/ &uf&ufpGef@cGm/ ukvm;&GmY/ cE<m&kyfa[mif;/ b0ajymif;vdrf@/ +zdKufa=umif; oHom/ owW0g&kd@/ rSefpGm oDwwf/ olrowfav;/ rvGwfwcg oDzkd@&maw;? (2) urBmwma&S /ol&dk@onf av;/ tawrpkd;/ igjrDwkd;av;/ t&kd;wcg/ wGefvdrf@&m.? (3) aemifvmaemufvl/ &ckdifvl&kd/@ t,lrapmif;/ ighvrf;a=umif;ukd/ aumif;aumif;vkdufvm/ wkdif;"nm ukdwcgrkcs/ ig&kd@&tH@? (4) vkH;v&SdcH/ vkdv#if=uHu/ EdrŠmefrcGswf/ vuf0g;cwfonf/ apG;rSwfatpm/ oDwrf;pmaw;? rif;om;=uD;. oDwrf;pm&wkum; wkdawmif;oavmuf eufae;vSa&? wdusjywfom;vSa&? tm;rmef tajy@yga&? trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;ukd ukd,ftouf cE<mukd yD;tyfjyD;au a&;a&;/ 0H@0H@ av#muf vm;ca&? aemufvmwH@aom &ckdifrsKd;qufwdudkav@ aZG;vkH;veef@ awmfvSefuwfzkd@/ t,lrwif;apmif;zkd@ vrf;a=umif;rSef/ wefzdk;ukd owdyD;ca&? urBmorkdif;rSm aeacs@pEdSKuf qkdpGmav@ tawtajr;acs; [dEdkifz@dk r[kwf? igyif oDauav@ t&kd;wcg wGefvdrf@ar? ukd,fajytwGuf t,lrSe/f vrf;a=umif;rSefeef@ aumif;aumif;}uKd;pm;au ig&kd@&ckdfifajyukd weded {uefrcGswf &&zkd@vkd@ rSm=um;ca&? a';0ef;=uD; uav@ oDwrf;pm&wk pmyk'f&D;azG@jyD;au aemufom;aemifvm &kd@twGufav@ rSmxm;ca&? “a'0ef a'0ef=uD;.oDwrf;pm&wk” (1) aemufom;aemifvm/ aemufxyfygav;/ q&moHk;vuf/ &SduwwfI/ toufcE<m/ vl&kd@rSmum;/ wcgw&H/ tzkd;wef./ w&Hwcg qkdwkHygav;/ olomvmvsuf/ zdESKdyfpufu/ toufwdkcg/ qkH;wwf&.? (2)ajy&Gmwkdif;zGm;/ rsKd;av;yg&kd@/ w&m;vrf;rSef/ vkdv#if=uHu/ 11

trSefrkcs/ oufpGef@=uavm@? (3)"rRwmvrf;rrSef/qkd;a=umif;=uHv#uf/ wHqkd;ukdpm;/ vdrfav@xm;aomf/ aemufom;wzef/ao;rcHESifh? (4)EkdifiHwum/ [l&m&mY/ ynmESifhOm%f/ oifhpGmzefI/ wm0efrysuf/ okdufpm&Gufvsuf/ toufukdvSD;/ oDG;acsmif;pD;rS/ tjyD;=uH@ckdif/ EkdifiHwkdif;+rKd@/ tpkd@pkd@eef@/ ukd,f+rKd@ukd,fajy/ ukd,fXmaeukd/ &vDzl;w/ atavmuonf? atmufus rcHcsifaoma=umif;? a';0ef=uD;u wkdif;ajy. vGwfvyf&D; vrf;a=umif;twGuf toufpGef@zkd@ukd rawGa0 uwfauh? aeacs@&kd@. aumufusKduf pkdif;av;a& rw&m;zdEdSyfrlukd awmfvSef wkdufcdkufuwf? vGwfvyf&D;ukd oDG;eef@&if;vkd@ ,luwf? wkdif;ajy wm0efukdoduwf? okdufpm[duwfv@dk rSm=um;xm;ca&? ol@uGsefrcHpdwfukd a&;a&; awmufawmuf jyo azG@qkdxm;ca&? “+rKd@ol=uD;oDwrf;pm&wk” (1) O'gef;r=uD / +zdKuf&vDjcif;/ wkdif;ajyukd=uH/ atmifausmfZHrSm/ =uHur$DaESmuf/ wusdyfajcmuf&kd@/ ,Gif;azmufokdufpm/ ol&kd@rSmum;/ 0rf;pmpm;cGuf/ wxyfwGufukd/ woufpmxif/ cGD;tjrifa=umifh/ wkdif;cGifomap/ ig&kd@ajyav@ olajy+zdKuf&/ 0rf;ae;pGaw;? (2)rdzq&m/ ayg&%m&kd@/ a0g[mxk;Ha[mif;/ vlAl;a'gif;ukd/ raygif;azmf&m/ qkdwkHygav;/ ,Gif;umowd/ aygif;azmfrdI/ vuf[d'kuQ/ ig=uKH&.? b0wpkduf /vljyef+zdKufu/ tokdufckyif/ =uHpDcsifonf? atwGif rrDEkdifaoma=umifh? +rKd@ol=uD;u tacsmiform; okdufpmazmuf&kd@a=umifh oluGsef+zdKuf&auav@ b0tokduf/ vljyef+zdKufau/ qufvkd@ trsKd;om;twGuf awmfvSefzkd@ta=umif;ukd azG@qkd rSm=um;xm;ca&? ,if; awmfvSef&D; aemufykdif;rSm av;+rKd@acsmif;u AkdvfcsKdufpH uav@ av;+rKd@acsmif; awmifol v,form;&kd@ukd ap;&kH;jyD;au vlusifh rusifha& aeacs@ukd awmfvSef armif;xkwfzkd@twGuf wkdufayG;okduf/ vrf;pkdifokduf w&yfukd csrSwfvdkufaw? ,if;aewcGifukd ap;&kH;jyD;au tckdiftrm wyfapG;xm;vDa&? vufeuf tiftm;csif; rr#vkd@ &ckdif rsKd;csKduf/ ajycsKduf tajrmuftrsm; usqHk;vm;ca&? Akdvf csKdufpHuav@ &ckdifajyu qkwfcGmjyD;au Armajywkd@ ckd0ifvDa&? ,if;tcg Armbk&ifrSm armifvGif+zKdufaw? +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;&u armifvGif bk&ifyg;wkd@ oHpm&GD;jyD;au &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif AkdvfcsKdufpHukd awmif;cHvDa&? bk&if armifvGifrSm +Adwdo#udk a=umufyHk&a&? r[kwfau tdrfeD;csif; EkdifiHom; csif;csif; tm,w w&m;=uD;rmykH aygufaw? tm&Swkduf wwkduf vkH;udk uGsefjyKvkyfzkd@vma& +Adwdo#&kd@ &ef=uD;rm;ykHukd rjrifEdkifab; &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif. vGwfvyf&D; }uKd;yef;rludk remvkd 0efwkdpdwf xm;ykHaygufaw? ,if;a=umifh &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif r[mrdwf t+zdKuf a=u@&zkd@tpm; ajymif;jyefa=u@jyD;au aygufqdef&kd; vkyfca&? Akdvf csKdufZHukd zrf;jyD;au +Adwdo# ukr`%D tpkd;&ukd qufovkdufaw? bk&if armifvGif. tjrifwkdrl/ tjrifusKdif;rla& Armorkdif;ukd ykdvkd@ nKdufywfpDa&? 12

Akdvf csKdufpHudk +Adwdo#&kd@u pkdufawG tusKdif;axmifrSm csKyfxm;vkdufawcg axmifwGif;rSmyif tusKdif;om; &kd@udk ap;&kH;jyD;au axmifwGif; awmfvSef&D; vkyfjyefvDa&? ,if;a=umif; trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D; twGuf usL;ausmfol aeacs@udk armif;xkwfwkdufxkwfzkd@ }uKd;pm;vk@d AkdvfcsKdufpHudk usL;ausmfa& aeacs@&kd@u w&m; pD&ifjyefa&? }uKd;rdef@cs rSwfum owfjzwfjyefa&? AD.1829 azazmf0g&DvrSm oHawG;aeu tavausmfol=uD; Akdvf atmifomOD;a& awmifol v,form;&kd@udk ap;&kH;jyD;au &ckdifajyol&@dk ukd oDDG;pkwf acsavSeDa& +Adwdo#aeacs@ukd wkdfufckdufaw? ukd,fwyf tiftm;eef@ oHawG;+rKd@ukd csDwufwkdufckdufawtcg aeacs@ t&m[d+zKdufaw uy`wdef a*:'if (Captain Gordon) usqkH;vDa&? a,auav@ oHawG;+rKd@ udkum; rodrf;ykdufEkdifc// a,jyD; rt/D ykvdyfpcef;ukd 0ifpD;jyD;au ykvdyf tm;vkH;ukd uGyfysufvkdufaw? +Adwdo# wyfrsm;u xyfqifh zdwkdufvma&cg tiftm;rr#vkd@ Armajy ax;wdk@ qkwfvD&a&// ,if;rSmyif Akdvf atmifomOD; auGvGefvDa&? AD.1831-rSm =udrfovD q&mawmfa& +Adwdo# aeacs@&kd@udk armif;xkwfzkd@twGuf trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; w&yfudk vkyfaqmifca&// awmifykdif;ae wcGifrSm q&mawmf. vkyfaqmifcsufwda& aumif;aumif; xda&mufca&// aemufqHk;rm ESKdrfeif;pGmudk cHvkduf&a&/? AD.1870-71rSm ajrmufOD;+rKd@aeu Akdvf armifOD;jzLa& &ckdif rif;qufokdufw&yfukd xlaxmifzkd@vkd@ awmifol v,form;wdudk ap;&kH;jyD;au trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; w&yfukd vkyfaqmifvDa&? usL;ausmfol aeacs@&kd@um; vufeuf tiftm;eef@ Akdvf armifOD;jzLukd wkdufcdkuf zrf;qD;jyD;au owfjzwfvkdufaw? AD.1890-oHawG; =udDrovDu ausmufpdrf; Akdvf x=uGawmfvSefa&? ,if;ESKdufrSmyif oHawG; q&mawmf OD;aqmifjyD;au oCFmawmftrsm;u Ak'm +Adwdo#aeacs@vufatmufu auwifzkd@ awmfvSefuwfaw// oHawG;+rdKuf w&kd;u vlol&@dk udk ap;&kH;jyD;au +rKd@ukd 0ifpD;a&// ,if;wkdufayG;rSm q&mawmfeef@ wuG &[ef;awmf trsm;usqkH; ysHvGefvm;&a&/ usef&[ef;awmf rsm;rSmav@ tzrf; tcsKyfcH uwf&a&? ,if; ESKdufrSmyif ajrmufOD;+rKd@ae / ausmufawmf+rKd@ae/ &ao@awmif+rKd@ae&kd@rSm awmfvSefx=uGrl trsm; tjym;ay:aygufca&? Akdvf=umxGef;/ Akdfvfa&$vS/ Akdvfb&kd@a&/ +Addwdo# aeacs@ukd awmfvSefwkdufckduf uwfaw? oHawG;aeu Akdvfausmf0 uav@ awmifykdif;uyif ajrmufydkif; txd a'gufacsmufawmfvSef wkdufckdufvDa&// ajrmufOD;+rKd@ae/ ausmufawmf+rKd@ae &kd@rSmav; t=uD;taus awmfvSefwkdufckdufeDa&// aemufqHk;rSm usL;ausmf ol&kd@u zrf;qD; owfjzwfvkdufaw? AD.1891.ck pufwifbmvrSm &ao@awmif+rKd@ae/ ulawmif&Gm. 3 qufajrmuf uGsef;tkyf+zKdufaw Akdvf csif;zkd@eef@ om; armifazmfatmif&kd@a& r,lurf;wcGif awmifol v,form;&kd@udk ap;&kH;jyD;au/ r*Fvm=uD; awmifeef@ qdyf=uD;csKdifrm wyfpcef; aqmufvkyfxm;uwfaw? +Adwdo# aeacs@&kd@ukd armif;xkwfjyD;au rif;qufokduf xlawmifzkd@ }uKd;pm;cuwfaw? 1892 ck/ azazmf0g&DvrSm om;tz ESpfa,mufpvHk;udk zrf;qD;rdvdk@ pdkufawG tusKdif;axmifrSm wdkufydkufxm;vdkufonf? a,tcg tusdKif;om; w&mavmuf axmifwGif; x=uGawmfvSef +yD;au Adkvfcsif;zdk om;tzudk wdkufu v$wfvdkufuwfaw? ,+yD;au axmifudk azmufxGif;zdk@ wdkufcdkufuwfaw? aemufqkH;rSm e,fcsJ@wdk@. wefjyefwdkufcdkufr_a=umifh trsm;usqHk;+yD;au +idrfusvm;c&a&? Adkvfcsif;zdkwdk@ om;tzudk e,fcsJ@&dk@u }udK;rdyD;+yD;au owfjzwfvdkufaw? t*kydkif awmfvSef&D; wdkufcdkuf x=uGr_rsdK;udk +Adwdo# e,fcsJ@&d@k u &ckdifajyudk rw&m;vdrfav odrf;ydkfuf+yD;au 1826 uyifpvDpGm 1916 ckxd+zdKufaw? wap;w&Hk;aw;/ wajyvHk;/ wrsdK;om;vHk; awmfvSef&D; rsdK; ray:aygufEdkifcauavh wyg;u|efpepfudkum; wcgav;acgif;iH@k rcHcuwf? trdsK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;udkavh wcgavhravG;cuwf? udk,fhajyudk udk,fjyef&&D;twGuf tjrJwrf; }udK;yrf;cuwfaw? udk,fykdif jyXmef;cGihf (Self Indentily) udk toufyD;vdk@ toufxufqHk; wdkufvm;cuwfaw? 1916 ckESpf aemufydkif;rSmum; &cdkfif vlr_tazG@tap; tawG;ac: topftqef;wd odjrifvmuwfvdk@ &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;a& umvwckudk jzwfoef;eDca&? +Adwdo# aecsJ@ t&if;o#ifwdk@udk trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;ESifh wdkufcdkuf armif;xkwfaw? &cdkif trsdK;om; acgif;aqmif}uD;&d@k a& Zma=umihf w,HSK;aw; ,SHK;edD&av; qdkpGmudk atedD&mrSm wqdwfauavmuf qef;pdkuf+yD;au aumufcsuf xkwf=unf vdkufawtcgrSm atmufyg twdkif;wd@G &a&// 1? ,if;tcgu +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@wdk@ usifhoHk;eDa& pepfrSm t&if;&Sif pepf+zdKufaw? awmfvSef&D; acgif;aqmif trsm; udkifqJGxm;a& pepfrm ya'o&dkuf pepf+zdKufaw? ,if;a=umifh pepfcsif;t& awmfvSef&D; bufuwqifhf edeDca&? 2? +Adwo# aecsJ@&dk@udkifpGJxm;a&pGmu acwfrDvufeuf+zdKufaw? awmfvSef&D; orm;&dk@ udkifpGJxm;a& pGmu omrmef &DS;vufeuf+zdKufaw? 3? +Addwdo#aecsJ@&dk@ pdkufap;urf;/ pdkufynm/ pdkufoHk;qD;0g;eef@ ckdufrD Oya't& ap;&Hk;xm;a& wyfazG@rsm;[da&// ,if; wyfazG@tm;vHk;rm avhusifh+yD;om;+zdKufaw? awmfvSef&D; orm;&dk@rm ,if;ydkif t*Fg&yfeef@ ajyhpHka&wyfazG@ r[dc? 4? ,if;tjyif &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;orm;rsm;rSm ap;&Hk;&D;/ ap;urf;xdrf;odrf;&D;/ pa& awmfvSef&D;. t"du t*Fg&yfrsm; csdK@awheDc&a&? xyfvdk@ &cdkfifh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; orfkdif;a=umif; wckvHk; (18 &mpk awmfvSef&D;eef@ 19 &mpkawmf vSef&D; ( 1784-1916) udk jyefavoHk;oyfa=uhygau (u) Armya'&mZfaecsJ@udk awmfvSef&mrm +zdKuf+zdKuf (1784- 1824) (c) +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifaecsJ@udk awmfvSefpGmrm +zdKuf+zdKuf (1824- 1916) t,HSK;aygif; ajrmufrm;pGmudk &ifqdkifcpGmudk wdG@&a&? Zma=umihf ,if;ydkifqHk;,HSK;pGm xyfeD&a&vJqdkpGmudk okawoe vkyfa=uh&zdk@yif +zdKufaw? &oavmuf tcsuftvufwdudk qef;pdkufa=uh&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? ,if;18 &mpk/ 19&mpk awmfvSef&D;rm 1? awmfvSef&D;. t"du 0if&dk;+zdKufaw ap;&Hk;&D; tiftm;ae;yg;jcif; 13

2? awmfvSef&D; oabmw&yf ckdifcdkfif/ aESmif;aESmif; r[djcif;? 3? &efol tajctae/ udk,f tajctae / ajyol tajcaet&yf&yfudk pdpd/pyfpyf rqef;pdkufau awmfvSef&D; umv &ifusufatmifxd rapmifhqdkif;ab; awmfvSefwdkufcdkufjcif; 4? pdkuf&D;/ pdkuf&m / wdkufae;/ wdkufem /vkyfae;/ vkyfem ae;jcif;? 5? r[mrdwf tiftm;pk/ t&Htiftm;pk rsm;udk pepfwus rudkifwG,fjcif; 6? aecsJ@ ESpfwdkift=um;rSm &kef;uefr&jcif;? pa& tcsuftvufwda=umifh t,HSK;aygif;rsm;pGmeef@ &ifqdkfifcuwf&a&? ,auav; ,if;acwfu awmfvSef&D;rSm aumif;rGefjywfom;a& tcsufwd trsm;}uD; [dpGmudkav; wdG@&a&? ,if;&dk@um;-1? cH,lcsuf cdkifcdkifaemif;aemif;[djcif; / &ckdifajyudk EdkifiHwEkdifiHvdk@ twdtuscH,ljcif;/ &ckdifhvl@ tazG@tap;udk woD;wjcm; vl@tazG@tap; t+zdKuf cH,ljcif; 2? &efoludk oabmxm;jywfom;jcif;/ &cdkifudk u|efjyKxm;ol aecsJ@tm;vHk;udk cg;cg;/ oD;oD;/ jywfjywf/ om;om;qef@usifjcif;? 3? olu|efrcHpdwf tajyht0[djcif;/ &ckdifEdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om; vyfvGwf&D;udk tjywftom;vdkvm;jcif;? trSefyif ,if;acwfu awmfvSef&D;rSm aecsJ@qef@usif&D;/ trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; yif+zdKufaw? ya'o&mZfpepfudk vufcHxm;auavh aecsJ@pepfudkum; jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifwdkufcdkufcuwfaw? vyfvGwf&D; wdkufayG; twGuf toufudk yD;tyf+yD;au toufxufqHk; wdkufcdkufcuwfaw? tz&cdkif vyfvGwf&D; twGuf toufeef@ oDG;udk +rD}uD;rSm yEMufausmuf+rdKufcs+yD;au awmfvSef wdkufcdkufvm;uwfaw? ,if; awmfvSef&D; ausmuf+rdKufudk tqifhqifh jrifhwif+yD;au &cdkif vyfvGwf&D;udk wnfaqmuf&zdk@ yif+zdKufaw? a' trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkif; trGDqufudk t*kacwf &ckdif trsdK;om;w&yfvHk; qufvuf cH,l&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? a' ordkif;quf&m ig&dk@ twGuf rSefuefa& ordkif;quf&m +zdKufaw? obm0usa& ordkfif;quf&m +zdKufaw? a,au ig&dk@Zmvkyfufzdk@av; qdkau a' trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkif;qufudk qufvuf wm0ef,l&zdk@vdk@ ajym&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? (*) +Adwdo# tENd,EdkifiHqdka& pD;yG ;yGm&D;pm;usuf}uD;udk azG@ap;jcif; AD 1885 rm +Adwdo# t&if;&SifaecsJ@&dk@ Armbk&if oDabmrif;udk zrf;qdD;vdkuf+yD;au ol@ydkifeuf tm;vHk;udk odrf;,lvdkufaw? ,+yD;au &ckdif /o#rf;/ ucsif /u&if / rGef/ csif;/ u,m;/ Arm tm;vHk;udk pkaygif;vdkuf+yD;au “+Adwdo#Am;rm;” vdk@ajyae wpfckazG@vdkufaw? ,if;ajyaeudk +Addwdo# tdENd, txJrSm aygif;pyf+yD;au pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf}uD;wcktjzpf azG@ap;ydkufvdkufaw? t&if;&Sif aecsJ@&dk@a& a&muf&m t&yfrSm ol&dk@. pD;yGm;/ EdkifiH&D;/ vlrsdK;=oZm anmif;atmif pdkuf&D;t& tEdkif wdkufcdkuf+yD;au taumif txnf azmfvmuwfaw? ,if;ydkif vkyfvmvyfpGmrSm EdkifiHi,fwdudk ol&dk@ pdwf}udKuftwdkif; xifa&ydkif vlrqefbJ vkyfykdufcuwfaw? oufqdkif&mEdkifiH. qEN vHk;0rygyJ ol&dk@twGuf (IC.ol&dk@. udkvdkeD aecsJ@ tusdK;pD;yGm; oufouftwGuf) tqifajyydkif vkyfydkufcuwfaw? jyifopfaecsJ@&dk@a& AD,ufemrf/ vmtdk/uarBm'D;,m; &dk@udk aygif;csifydkifaygif;vdk@ pyfcsifydkifpyfydkufcuwfaw? vl@oabm vl@qENukd *&kpkduf&rSef;udk ol&dk@*&kpdkufcuwf? &cdkif/ o#rf;/ rGef/ucsif/u&if/ u,m;/ rGef/ Arm &dk@udkavh +Adwdo#aecsJ@&dk@u ol&dk@aygif;csifydkifaygif; vdk@pyfcsifykdifpyfykdufca&? wjcm;urBmt&yf&yfrSmav; ol&kd@qENt& aygif;ydkufcpGm/ pyfydkufcpGmwd trsm;}uD;yif+zdKufaw// ol&dk@rmum;-ol&dk@twGuf aiG&m t"du +zdKufaw? vloDpGm ol&dk@twGuf t"dur[kwf// wjcm;vlrsdK; vlpdkifrrDS+zdKufvm;pGm ol&dk@twGuf pdkif;pm;&mr[kwf// ol&dk@twGuf vl@usifh0wf /vl@oduQmqdkpGm vludkvlcsif; *&kpdkuf&a&qdk pGmudk em;rav? em;avauav; ol&dk@twGuf t&mcyfodrf; um;aiG&m+zdKufaw? wajyeef@wajy/ wvlrsdK;eef@ wvlrsdK; aygif;pyfvdkufaw qdkpGma& omrHudpPr[kwf? vl@tazG@tap;. tjrifhqHk;vkyfief; txGËftxdyf tusqHk;vkyfief; +zdKufaw// *kydkif vl@udpP}uD;wckukd vkyfaqmifzdk@twGuf oufqdkif&m [email protected] tajy@t0ygzdk@ vdka&? vlrsdK; wrsdK;eef@wrsdK;/ wajyeef@ wajyaygif;ap;zdk@twGuf bHk&efol wdkufayG;rSm tcsif;csif;/ ap;vHk;nDdnGwf+yD;au aygif;ap; vm;cpGmrsdK;[da&// wcgwcg trsdK;om; pD;yGm;&D;t& aygif;ap;pGmrm ajyolqEN tajyht0ygau w&m;a&/ rSefuefa&// twif;tm;"rRvkyfau wdkuf&dkuf+zdKuf+zdKuf/ oG,f0dSufvdk@+zdKuf+zdKuf/ vdrfavusvm;+yD;au vlrsdK;wrsdK;aw;udk A[kdxm;vd@k aygif;ap;cau rw&m;/ rrSefuef// ,if;ydkifqdkau trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;a& rkcsay:aygufvm&zdk@? t*k +Adwdo# t&if;&Sif aecsJ@&dk@azG@ap;vdkufaw +Adwdo# -Am;rm;eef@/ +Adwo# -tENd,&dk@=um;rm &cdkifa& =um;ysdKufygvm;ca&? ,if;ydkif pD;yGm;&D; pm;usufazG@ap;&pGma& [email protected]&D;twGuf aiGukef oufom&D;+zdKufaw? ukef=urf; odrf;usHK;0,f,lpGm vG,ful&D;ESifh ukefacsmhjzef@jzL;pGmav; vG,ful&D;a=umifh+zdKufaw? &ckdif tusdK;qEN vHk;0rygau tm;eef@zdESdyf csKyfcs,fvm;pGm&m +zdKufaw// vlom; qENudk vHk;0jyXmef;cGifhrjyKbJeef@ ol&@kd acs vS,fcsifa&ydkif cs,fvS,fvm;cvdk@ igh&dk@trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ESdrfeif;cHvm;&a&? z&dkz&J+zdKufvm;c&a&?

14

(C) C) 1937 ck +Adwdo##- Am;rm; cGJxkwfjcif;eef@ rwf(uf) rdk[ef aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;owfrSwfjcif; +Adwdo#Am;rm;udk +Adwdo# tdENd,eef@ waygif;aw; azG@ap;xm;a&tcg &cdkif ordkif; tqufquf owfrSwfxm;ca&? &ckdifajyrSm wpyfaw;/ wjyifaw; ul;vl; qufqHEdkifca&? Armya'o&mZf aecsJ@ csKyfudkifxm;ca&? &cdkifajy wpdyfwa'eef@ +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aecsJ@&dk@csKyfudkifxm;a&tpdyftydkif; &dk@rm qdkca& twdkif; wpyfaw; ul;vl;vm;vmEdkifca&? 1935 ck +Adwdo# Am;rm;udk acG;xkwfzdk@ Oya' twnf+zdKufaw? 1934 ckrSm ,if; Oya't& +Adwdo#Am;rm;vkd@ oD;jcm;udkvkdeD wckt+zdKuf +Adwdo#tifyg,mrSm &yfwnfcGifh &vma&? ,if; twGufeef@ oD;jcm;aeedrdwf owfrSwfvm&a&// “rwf(uf) rdk[ef” qdka& +Adwdo# vlrsdK;wpfOD;u tpkd;& trdtwdkfif; aeedrdwf rsOf;a=umif;ukd &D;qGJvDa&tcg +Adwdo#Am;rm; aeedrdwfudk t*kvuf[d aeerdwftwdkif; ewf+rdKuf tv,fu rsOf;cGJvDa&? ,if;twGufwmeef@ &ckdifajyrSm xufjcrf; tpdyfcHvD&a&? ArmaecsJ@ odrf;ydkufca& tydkif;udk +Adwdo#Am;rm;txJrSm axhvdkufaw? awmifcGifc&dkif / oHawG;c&dkif/ ausmufjzLc&dkif/ pdkufawGc&dkif / &ckdif awmif&dk;a'o&dk@rm qdkca& twdkfif; +Adwdo# Am;rm;xJrSm ygvm;ca&? b*F g 12 +rfdK@/ Adkvfrif;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmif/ +rHKaxmif &dk@udk +Adwdo# tdENd,rm axhydkufvdkufaw? t*kydkif&cdkifajy xufjcrf; tpdyfcH&vdkufawtcgrSm q&mawmf OD;OwWrax&f/ w&m;ol }uD;OD;aratmif/ OD;pdefvSatmif/ qm&f ay:xGef;/ qm&f xGef;atmifausmf/ a'gufwm pHa&$atmif/ eef@wuG &cdkfif rsdK;csp/f ajycspf/ &[ef;yk*~dKvf/vlyk*~dKvffrsm;/ ,if;acwfu xif&Sm;ausmf=um;ca& EdkifiH&D; tazG@tap;toD;oD;&d@k ruef@ruGufbJ eDcpgGum; / wdkufayG; r0ifbJeDcpGmum;/ igh&dk@ &ckdifajy trsdK;om;twGuf aumif;aumif; &Sufp&maumif;a&// &ckdif ordkif;qufudk rsufuG,fjyK&musa&? Zmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf vlrsdK;wrsdK;/ EdkifiHwEdkifiH. oufqdkifa& aeedrdwfrsOf;a=umif;a&/ ,if; trsdK;om;&dk@. vufxJrSm yif[deDa&? ,if; trsdK;om;&dk@. rsdK;cspfpdwf/ ajycspfpdwf/ owWd/ ZGJ/ vHk;v /0d&d,tay:rm aweDa&? (i) &cdkifeD+rD tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif jcif; / Zma=umihfav;? v; aumZmouU&mZf/ 1146 ckESpf/ wyg;u|ef +zdKufvmuaw;u &cdkif+rDa& tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&pGma& 20 &mpk tv,fydkif; umv /Arm/ tdEN,/ ygudpPwef/ vGwfvyf&D;&a& txd+zdKufaw? &ckdifajy tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdwfcH&jcif; (Partition of Arakan)a& ykdvefEdkifiHcGJ pdyfcH&pGmxuf qdk;oda&? ,if;ydkif tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&vGrf;vdk@ u|efykef;udkvdkeD b0udk txdxdk;qif;vm;c&a&? +Adwdo#Am;rm;rmyga& &ckdifajya'oudk +Adwdo#tpdk;&u 1853rSm &cdkifwdkif; vdk@owfrSwfydkufvdkufaw?

{&m0wD +rdKuf0u|ef;ay:udk +Adwdo#wdk@ odrf;ydkufvdkuf+yD;aemuf AD.1853 ckrm ausmufc|ef acsmif;uyif armfwifpGef; txd awmifcGifc&dkifeef@ [dkif;}udD;u|ef;&dk@udk ykodrfc&dkifrm aygif;awhvdkufaw? ,if;eef@Zk ,if;a'orSm &cdkifwdkif;u ayhxGufvm;c&a&? 'kwd, urBmpdkuf }uD;+yD;qHk;a&cg tdENd,/ ygudpPwef/ Armajy&dk@ vGwfvyf&D; &uwfaw// a,tcg jrHKaxmifrm tdENd,ajyxJrSm ygvm;ca&? Adkvfrif;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmifeef@ b*F g 12+rdK@&dk@rSm ygudpPwef xJygvm;c&a&// “&cdkifwdkif;” ArmajyxJrSm yg0ifvm;c&a&? wcg Armtpdk;&u yvuf0g;c&dkif (Northen Arakan Hill Cracts )udk csif; 0daoowdkif;xJrSm 1952 rm aygif;pyfvdkufaw? 20 &mpk yxrydkif;acwf &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;a& vGwfvyf&D; qdka& atmifayG;eef@ tqHk; rowfcbJeef@ vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D; (0g) ajyol'dDrdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;qdka& 'kwd, pcef;qifhodk@ ckefwuf vm;pGmudkwGd@&a&? ,if;twGufeef@ &ckdiftrsdK;om; w&yfvkH;. awmfvSef&D; yef;wdkifjy\emrSm tjiif;yGm;&a&? *kydkif awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;avG; acsmfvm;&pGma& &cdkifajy. ordkif;udk rsufuG,fjyKvdk@+zdKufaw? &cdkifajy. &kyfw&m;udk rsufuG,fjyKvdk@+zdKufaw? &cdkifajy. &kyf0g'Dvdk@ emrnfcHa&vlwd &cdkifh&kyfw&m;udk rudkifaqmifbJ aemufvkduf0g'udk udkifqGJxm;uwfvdk@+zdKufaw? ,if;0g'a=umihf ygwDpGJ0g'/ *dk%f;pGJ0g' (Factionalism) 0ifvmvwfvdk@ &ckdif trsdK;om; vl@tazG@tap;rSm u|efykef;udkvdkeD b0rm edKufrGef;eD&a&? &cdkif eD+rDtjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif;a=umifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;vHk;rm u|efykef;udkvdkeD b0udk a&mufvm;c&a&? awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; vGJacsmfvm;cuwf&a&? awmfvSef&D; wpcef; vGefvm;c&a&? *kydkif+zdKuf&pGm Zma=umifhvJ/ trsdK;om; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; +ydKuGJvdk@+zdKufaw? ya'o&mZf +rDo#ifacwfuqdkau trsdK;om; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; +ydKuGJ&jcif;. t"du ta=umif;w&m; rSmum; a'opGJpdwf/ *dk%f;pGJpdwf/ udk,fusdK;qefpdwf&dk@a=umifh+zdKufc&a&? 20&mpkumv rmum;ygwDpGJpdwf/ vrf;vGJacsmfr_/ pcef;vGJ / pcef;vGefr_ &dk@ydkvma&? tEkwfvuQ%mtwGuf ta=umif;w&m; rsm;vmpGmyif+zdKufaw? &cdkif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk tzsuftqD;vkyfvdkuf pGmyif+zdKufaw?

15

&ckdifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;jcif; (u) yxr 0HomEkacwf / ZmykdifvJ´ +Adwdo#Am;rm;udk oD;jcm;razG@ap;cifuyif ukr`%Dtpdk;&a& &cdkifajyudk udkvdkeDEdkifiH wpwp oGwfoGif; ,lvma&? &cdkifajy tazG@tap;. yHkpHrSm +rDo#ifya'o&mZf pepf+zdKufedDa&? t&if;o#if pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf azG@ap;a&tcgrSm v,f,mvkyfief;udk t+cDt+rdKufxm;vk@d azG@ap;vDa&? v,f,m vkyfief;rSmav; vufr_v,f,m vkyfief;+zdKufaw? wHigvkyfief;eef@ tjcm; v,f,mvkyfief;rSmav; pepfa[mif;u twdkif;&m+zdKufaw? ukr`%D tpdk;&a& pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf+zdKufaw &cdkifajyudk t&if;o#if pepf. tvkyftauGs;+zdKufvmatmif yHkoGif;,lvma&? vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D;udk jrifhwifyD;vma&? ynm&D;/ tkyfcsKyf&D;/ w&m;Oya' pdD&if&D;wdk@udk jyKjyifyD;a&? *kydkif vkyfpGma& udkvkdeD tkyfcsKyf&D;udk taxmuftul +zdKufvmatmif vkyfyD;jcif;&m +zdKufaw? a&xGufyapPrsm;udk tvG,fwul o,fapEdkifatmiftwGuf +zdKufpD/ ol&dk@tkyfcsKyf&D; xda&mufonftwGuf +zdKufpD /vrf;yef; qufoG,f&D;rSm oabFm/ armfawmfum;/ oH}udK;pa&pGmwdudk toHk;jyKvma&? tkyfcsKyf&D;/ w&m;pD&if&D;wdk@rSmav; vctae;eef@ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk toHk;csEdkifatmif bkef;}uD;ausmif; ynm&D;tpm; udkvdkeD ynm&D;udk vkyfaqmifyD;a&? pufr_vkyfief;qdkvdk@ qefpufrSwyg; tjcm; pufum;&Sm;&Sm; yg;yg;yif+zdKufaw? qefpufudk aw&pGmu avh ol&dk@pD;yGm;&D; twGufyif+zdKufaw? &cdkif wdkfif;&if;om;rsm;u t&if;o#i/f "eo#ifqdkvdk@ rdom;pk oHk;av;pkavmuf&m [da&? ,if; "eo#ifwda& &cdkifajy. trsm;qHk; v,f,mwdukd ydkifqdkifcuwfaw? b%fvkyfief;udk vkyfudkifcuwfaw? w&kwf/ ukvm;/ "eo#ifrdom;pk oHk;av;pk avmuf&m[da&? yifv,fa=umif; ul;oef;a&mif;0,f&D;ESifh v,f,m+rD tcsdK@udk ol&dk@}udK;udkifcuwfaw? +Adwdo#trsdK;om;&dk@u oabmFukr`%D/ &DeHukr`%DESifh tjcm; pufr_vkyfief;udk }udK;pm; vkyfukdifcuwfauav; oabFmukr`%Dwckaw;&m atmifjrifca&? &cdkifwdkif;&if;om; "eo#ifax;rS ig;vkyfief;eef@ wjcm; vkyfief;wdukd vkyfz@kd }udK;pm;cuwfauav; ratmifjrifc? tcsKyftm;jzihf qdkau &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;rSmqdkau Armaecs@J +rDo#if ya'o&dkuf vufatmufu +Adwdo# t&if;o#if. udkvdkeD vufatmufcH/ tazG@tap; vufatmufwdk@ wqufquf ul;ajymif;eD,m +zdKufaw? ArmaecsJ@ ya'o&mZf vufatmufrm aqmufaw&mr& w&m;rJ@/ "g;rJh cHppm;eDc&a& b0u t&if;o#if aecsJ@&dk@. w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;&D; /+idrf0yfydjym;&D;/ &yf&GmtD;o#rf;atmufodk@ a&mufvmcuwf,m +zdKufaw? ,if;ydkif ul;ajymif; vwfawtcg ArmaecsJ@vufatmufrSm ya'o&mZf pepfqdk;a=umihf ysufpD;qHk;&SHL;cpGmwda& t&if;o#if udkvkdeD tkyfcsKyf&D; ,EW&m;atmufrm udkvdkeDynm&D;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D;/ vlr_&D;wdk@a& ya'o&mZf vufatmuf rSmxuf wdk;wufr_[dc&mum; &cdkfihf vl@tazG@tap;a& umvwckudk jzwfoef;eDc,m+zdKufaw? +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpdk;& &cdfkifajyudkodrf;,la& 1826 cku tpjyKvdk@ t&if;o#if udkvdkeD ,EW,m;atmufrSm umvwckudk jzwfoef; eDc,m+zdKufaw? &cdkifajyudk ,if; 1826ck ESpfu vufwvHk;jcm; vdrfvdk@odrf;+yD;au ,if;a'oudk b*Fvm; tkyfcsKyf&D; atmufrSm tdENd, tkyfcsKyf&D;yHkpHtwdkif; tkyfcsKyfaw? ,if;tcgu &cdkifajyrSm &cdkiftrsdK;om; wodef;&m[da&? +Adwdo# tpdk;&a& &cdkifajyudk trsdK;rsdK; vdrfavzdESdrftkyfcsKyfv@kd trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; aygif;t ajrmuftrsm; ay:aygufca&? 1852 ckrm t*Fvdyf/ jrefrm qufqH&D; wif;rmvm+yD;au 'kwd,t}udrf pdkuf+zdKufuwfaw? atmufArmajy yJcl;/ rkwWr&dk@udk pmcsKyfzdtm;eef@ odrf;,lvdkufaw? 1862 ckrSm &cdkifajy (yvuf0g;c&dkif/ pdkufawGc&dkif/ ausmfjzLc&dkif/ oHawG;c&dkif/ awmifcGifc&dkif ) yJcl;/ rkwWr/ weoFm&Dwdk@aygif;pyf+yddD;au +Adwdo#Am;rm; vdk@ pwifazG@ap;vdkufaw? r[m0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD; wpfOD;u yJcl;udk/ aemuf&efukefudk A[dkxm;+yD;au tkyfcsKyfaw// wcg c&dkif/ +rdK@ae/ wdkufaersm;cGJ +yD;au c&dkif0ef/ +rdK@tkyf/ wdkufol}uD;&dk@u tqifhqifh tkyfcsKyfaw? wdkufol}uD;vufatmufrSm &Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;eef@ a=u;xrf;}uD;rsm;[da&? *kydkiftkyfcsKyf&D;udk &D+rDa'otvdkuf csrSwfcauavh pD;yGm;&D;/ atmufusr_/ vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D; nHhzsif;r_ bmompum; cufac;r_&dk@u xda&mufr_r[dc? tcGefawmfrsm;udk zdaumufvdk@ ajyoltrsm;rSm arG;jymus&a&? v,form; awmfvSefr_ trsm;tjym; ay:aygufc&a&? &cdkif rif;qufopf xlaxmifzdk@ t}udrf}udrf }udK;pm;cuwfaw? pdkufawGrSm +cDcsvdk@ EdkifiHjcm; om;ukr`%Drsm; /wdkif;&if;om;ukr`%Drsm; /x&D;'def;rsm;/ aumfydk&D;&Sef;rsm; cspfwD;ukvm; olaX;rsm;/ qefpyg;eef@ tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifcuwfaw? ,if;EdkifiHjcm; "eo#ifrsm;/ vuf0DcH wdkif;&if;om; "eo#ifrsm;/ &cdkifv,form;&d@k . v,f,m udk;q,f&mcdkifE_ef; a&muf[dvm;ca&? pdkufawG +rdK@rSmav; EdkifiHjcm;om;OD;a& ig;q,f &mcdkifE_ef;avmuf [dvm;ca&? OD;a&$om ukr`%D&dk@ydkif/ ukr`%Drsm; vkyftm;c tae;eef@ vkyftm;trsm;yD;Edkifa&? pyg;&dkufom; ukr`%Dfwdudk ajyol tusdK;pD;yGm;wckax;udk&m =unfh+yD;au ajAmufaomufoGif;,lcvdk@ &cdkifajynfrSm “&ifusm” ac: pyg;&dwf om; ukvm;OD;a& wESpfxufwESpf ruefruefwdk;yGm;c&a&? 1885 ckrSm odDaygrif;udk zrf;+yD;au txuf Armajyudk +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpdk;&u odrf;ydkufvdkufaw? +Adwdo# Am;rm;ax;rSm txuf Armajyudk oGif;ydkufvdkufaw? r[m 0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD;u tkyfcsKyfaw? 1897 ckrSm bk&ifcH utkyfcsKyfaw? vuf[d&cdkifajyudk Armajyrm aygif;awh+yD;au 0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD;u tkyfcsKyfaw? pdkufawGrSm &Hk;pdkufaw/ wcg yvuf0g;c&dkif/ pdkufawGc&dkif/ ausmufjzLc&dkif/ oHawG;c&dkif&dk@udk c&dkif0ef}uD; wOD;u tkyfcsKyfaw? awmifcGifc&dkfifudkum; ykodrfc&dkifeef@ aygif;pyfvdkuf,m +zdKufaw? ,if; Oya'topft& c&dkif0ef atmufrSm aeyfdkif/ +rdK@ydkif/ &Gmol}uD;&dk@u tqifhqifhtkyfcsKyf&a&? wcg c&dkif0efatmufrm c&dkif&D;0ef/ opfawm 0efaxmuf/ pdkufysdK;0efaxmuf/ vrf;yef;0wfaxmuf/ ynm0efaxmuf/ aiGwdkuf0efaxmuf/ v,f0ef/ axmifydkif}uD;/ pufo#if /w&m;ol}uD; toD;oD; Xmeqdkif&m pDrH tkyfcsKyfuwf&auavh &efukefrm &Hk;pdkufauawmh bk&ifcHvufatmufrSm [duwf&a&? ,if;&dk@tjyif &efukefA[dktkyfcsKyf&D;XmerSm opfawmrif;}uD; /b%m&D;rif;}uD;/ taumufcGef Xmerif;}uD;/ wd&p>mefqD;ukefXenGef=um;&D;0ef}uD;/usef;rm&D;Xme nGef=um;&D;0ef ,dkufrsdK;rif;}uD;/ tdef*sdefeD,mcsKyf/ qdyfurf;rif;}uD;pol&@kd yg0ifa&? a'XmetoD;oD;u oufqdkifor# tr_xrf;&dk@a& &cdkifajywdk@ vma&mufpDrHtkyfcsKyfuwfaw? 16

t*kydkif tkyfcsKyfxm;vdkufpGmav 1927 ck wdkifatmif+zdKufaw? udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EW&m;rSm yg0ifeDa&? qdkif&mqdkif&m XmewdrSm udkvdkeD ynmwwf&ckdif trsdK;om; vli,f&G,frsm;twGuf v#ma&usp&m +zdKufeDdvDa&? ,if;a=umifh &cdkifynmwwf vli,frsm;tax;rSm &mxl;&l0g' apG;eD&a&? t*kxufxd+zdKufaw? &mxl;vd_if;om; }uD;}uD;rm;rm; wwfvdk@ygau rdr/ a,mcreef@ vlayG;pm;&dk@. vla&mif; vla0 arSmifcdkpsD;rSm psD;aumif;aumif;eef@ &Edkifa& t*kxd+zdKufaw? atvifa&mif;vifa0;pEdkufa&- trSefu &cdkiftrsdK;om;,dSifaus;r_rSm r[dc// t&if;o#ifpD;yGm;&D;. yumoeavmurSm ay:vma&pepfqdk;&m+zdKufaw? qdkca& 1826 uyif 1916 ckxd &cdkifvlr_ tazG@tap;a& +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aecsJ@udk ae;rdsK;pHkeef@ awmfvSef wdkufcdkufcuwfaw eD&mrSm t,H_;eef@csnf;yif &ifqdkifcauavh udk,fhtcsKyftcsm tm%mykdifqdkifr_ twGuf rsdK;qufrjywf awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcuwfvdk@ &cdkifhtrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;a& qufavsmuf eD&wkef;+zdKufaaw? ,if;ydkif umvrsdK;rSm &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; atmifvHudkf vGifhxl+ydD;au avsmufeD wHk;+zdKufaw? 1900 ck aemufykdif;udk usvwfawtcg txl;ojzifh qdkca& 1916ck aemufykdif;udk usvwfawtcg &cdkifajyrSm +Adwdo# udkvkdeDu|efouf 100 eD;eD; [dvwf,m+zdKufaw? ,if;tcsdefrSm +Adwdo# t&if;o#if pepfrSm t&dSeft0g wdk;wufwkef;+zdKufaw? tjcm;wbufrSm +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aecs@J ESihf wuG t&if;o#if wavmwvHk;ukd ody`Hae;us qdkacsvpf0g'u xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufwkef;+zdKufaw? *smr%D eef@ *syefwdk@uav; wpcef; xvmwke;f+zdKufaw? a'tcsdefumvrSm &cdkiftrsdK;om; w&yfvHk;a& acwfopfurBm}uD;udk wdG@xdvmpjyKwkef; yif+zdKufaw? txl;ojzifh &cdkifynmwwf vlwef;pm;a& urBmeef@ txdwdG@qHk;+zdKufeDa&? &cdkif &[ef;ynmwwf vlynmwwfd&dk@ &cdkifvlr_tazG@tap;rm OdD;aqmifr_eD&mudk ,lvmwkef;tcg +zdKufaw? txufuwifjyca&twdkif; &cdkif+rDrm t&if;o#ifpepf xGef;xGef;aygufayguf r[dcvdk@ puf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hk}uD;rsm;r[dc? ,if;eef@ t*k puf&Hktvkyform; tvkyf&Hk/ tvkyform;rsm;qdkvdk@ aumif;aumif;r[d/ qefpuftvkyforsm;&m tae;[da&? rif;r_xrf;/ tpdk;&vcpm;rsm;&m [da&? a&S@aea&S@&yfav; oufatmifacs[da&? rdom;pk av;pkavmuf[da& wdkif;&if;om;t&if;o#if&dk@rm b%fvkyfief;eef@ aiGcsD;pm; v,fu oD;pm;caumufeef@ toufarG;+rL vdrf,leDuwfaw? aecsJ@ vuf0DcH "eo#if (uGefz&m'dk) tqifhrmom [deDca&? &cdkifajy. vlOD;&Dtrsm;rm v,form;+zdKufaw? v,form;rm qif;&Ja& v,form;/ tv,ftvwfv,form;/ csrf;oma&v,form;vd@k oHk;rsdK;oHk;pm;[da&/ tm;vHk;a& vufwqkyfpm &ckdifh"eo#if rdom;pk vufatmufcHb0u tae;eef@trsm;ruif;v$wfuwf? ukefoG,fvlwef;pm; awmfoifh&Hk[dauav; w&kwf/ ukvm;ukefonfwdavmufrrsm;/ ol&dk@avmufavywfr_r[d ? atydkif teDtxm;rSm[da& igh&dk@ vlr_tazG@tap;udk EdkifiH&D;t&/ pD;yGm;&D;t& pkap;zdk@a& rvG,fc? 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wdkif;&if;rsdK;csdKufajycsdKuf/ ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw// w&kwf+rDrSm a'gufwm qGef,ufqif. ulrefwH tazG@}uD; v_yf&Sm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw? (Dr-Sung Yed Sen Kuomintang) tdENd,+rDrm uGefu&ufygwD}uD; v_yf&Sm;eDwkef; r[wWr *END*sD v_yf&Sm;edDwkef; +zdKufaw? Arm+rDrm (YNBA)toif;&dk@ aemuf GCBA toif; v_yf&Sm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw? 8/12/76 &cdkif+rDrmum; a'tcsdefrm &ckdif edkifiH&D; vr;fa=umif;udk +Adwdo# Am;rm;ax;rSm cif;usif;zdk@ }udK;pm; eDwkef;+zdKufaw? r_ef0g;vm;ca& &ckdif trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;udk &ckdif rsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKufrsm; / &ckdifta=umif;udk pdwf0ifpm;a& &ckdiftrsdK;om;rsm; &cdkif tusK;dudpPudk jrifhwifvdka& &ckdif t&m[drsm;&dk@a& &ckdiftrsdK;om;&D; v_yf&Sm;r_udk &efukefodk@ OD;aw,lvm;cuwfaw? ArmrsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKuf 0HomeK acgifaqmifrsm;eef@ ,if;acwfu &ckdif rif;wdkfifyiftrwfwd yl;aygif;aqmif&GufpGmu tp &cdkif trsK;dom; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;a& a&mxGD;vm;c&a&? &cdkif trsdK;om;rsm;+zdKufaw OD;aratmif/ q&may:xGef; / q&m xGef;atmifausmf / a'gufwm a&$pHatmif / OD; pdefvSatmif/ OD; pdefxGef;atmif pa& yk*~dKvf&dk@a& +Adwdo# Am;rm;ukdvdkeD tazG@rSm 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;&if; &ckdif trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;ca&? xdkyk*~dKvf&dk@a& &cdkifajy tajctaeudk aumif;rGef wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifcuwfpGmudkawmcg trsm;todyif+zdKufaw? &ckdif awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;udk Arm awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;eef@ abmifuGJjym;atmif rvkyfcpGmudkavh trsm;todyif+zdKufaw? ,if;tcsdefY r&dSraESmif; tcsdefavmufu &ckdifajyrm &ckdifwdkif;toif; vli,frsm; Edk;=um;&D; toif;/ &ckdif wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m pD;yGm;&D;tazG@csKyf / wdkif;&if;om;tap;tvHk;&dk@ ay:aygufvm;+yD;au &ckdif t&D;tcif; (Arakan Affair) wdk;wufvmatmif }udK;pm;v_yf&Sm;cuwfaw? at'D 1937 ck 'DZifbmvrm &ckdifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m pD;yGm;&D;tazG@csKyfeef@ wdkif;&if;om; tap;tvHk;&dk@a& pdkufawG@ wef;cdk; q&mawmfausmif;rm rsufESmpHknD aqG;aEG;+yD;au &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qkdif&m wdkif;&if;om; tap;t&Hk;udk wnDwnGwfaw; awaxmifvdkufaw? OuUXrSm OD;ompHvS 'kOuUXrSm OD; atmifxGef; OD;+zdKufaw? a'umvrm &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;jzwfvm;ca& umvwpfckyif+zdKufaw? trsdK;om;0HomeK umv v_yf&Sm;r_wd vkyfeDa& 0HomeKumvudk jzwfoef;eDc&pGmyif+zdKufaw? wae; trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. t}udKumvwckudk (0g) trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. ap;&Hk;&D;umvwckudk jzwfoef;eDcpGmyif+zdKufaw? 0HomeKumv (0g) trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;. ap;&Hk;&D;umva& ajy@0r_ &ifhusufr_r[dau trsdK;om;awmf vSef&D;a& a,mhusvm;wwfaw? avG;acsmfvm;wwfaw? atmifayG;r[dyJ qHk;&SL;vm;wwfaw? EdkifiHwum 0HomeKumvudk avhvm=unfhvdkufau ,if; acwfumvrm udk,fqdkif&m trsdK;om; vuQ%mudk azmfxkwfjcif;/ trsdK;om;vuQ%mjyefav qef;opf&D;jyKvkyfjcif;/ trsdK;om; vuQ%m jyefav yGifhvif;&D;vkyfjcif;/ wdk@udkwGd@&a&? trsdK;om;&D;v_yf&Sm;r_ / EdkifiH&D;v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@udk rsdK;csdKufajycsdKuf vlvwfwef;pm;u OD;aqmifpGmudk wdG@&a&? w&kwfajy 0HomeKumvrSm a'gufwm qGef,ufqifykdif w&kwfynmwwfrsm;um; OD;aqmifpGmudkwdG@&a&// tdENd,ajy 0HomeKumvrSm r[wWr*END*sD &dk@ OD;aqmifca&? Armajy 0HomeKumvudk to#if OD; OwWr rax&f / ocif udk,fawmfrd_if; / a'gufwm barmf&dk@ydkif ynmwwfrsm; OD;aqmifpGmudkwGd@&a&? t*,ifhyif 0HomeKumvrm aecsJ@udk qef@usif+yD;au trsdK;om; vuQ%m t&yf&yfudk azmfxkwf&a&? aecsJ@wd@k . 0g;rsKdzHk;vGrf;zdk@ }udK;pm;csuf t&yf&yfudk umuG,f&a&? udk,ftrsdK;om; ,Ofaus;r_abmif/ trsdK;om; abmif&dk@udk azmfxkwf&a&// jrSifhwif&a&// udk,fEkdifiH/ udkf,fhtrdsK;om; ,Ofaus;r_ / udk,fhpmyDqdka& usL;ausmfoH&dk@udk ajymifajymif /ajrmufajrmuf azmfxkwfyD;&a&// trsdK;om;&D;pdwf"gwfeef@ ,Ofaus;r_tiftm; (National Spirit and Cultural )&dk@udk trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;rSm ajyh0&ifhusufvmatmif / ckdifrmvmatmif/ vkyfaqmifyD;&a&? ,if;u wqifh EdkifiH&D;tiftm; Political Forceudk ody`Hae;usus wGef;yD;&a&? (txl txl;rSwfom;p&m&d m;p&m&S) a'ydkif tiftm;udk wGef;yD;a&tcg a&;&ifhjywfom;&a&? wcgwcg vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;udkxd awmufavsmuf vkyfaqmifvm;&pgGudk urBmordkif; t&yf&yfrSm odEdkifa&? attydkif;eef@ ywfowfvdk@ ajrmufudk&D;,m;ordkif;rm yHkpHjyp&m erlem ,lp&maumif;wckyif+zdKufaw? ,au &ckdif0HomeKumvu ZmydkifvJ? pD;yGm;&D;/ EkdifiH&D;/ yx0Dt& a&mxDG;eD,m+zdKufaw// &ckdifvlr_ tazG@tap;a& a'tcdsefumvrm taysmhpm; tcsdefukda&muffeDda& ? trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;avh a&mxGD;eD,m+zdKufaw? a'ydkif tajctaersdK;rm 0HomeK vkyf&yfa& pdpyf aocsmeDzdk@vdka&? jywfom;zd@k vdk@a&? ,if;acwf/ ,if;tcgu &cdkifh v_yf&Sm;r_udk =unfhvdkufau &cdkif &mZ0ifudk ArmpmyDrm jyKvkyfjcif;/ &cdkif ta=umif;udk t*FvdyfpmyDrSm azmfxkwfjcif;/ &cdkif&dSa[mif;pmyDudk ArmpmyDavmurm azmfxkwfjcif; vkyfeDcuwfpgGudk wGd@&a&? &cdkifr_t&yf&yfudk azmfxkwfa&tydkif;udk ,if;ydkfifwd@G &+yD;aemufydkif;rm jrSifhwifa&tydkif;udkrwGd@&? v_yf&Sm;a&tydkfif;udk rwGd@&/ &cdkifEdkifiHudk udk,fEdkifiH / &cdkif trsdK;om;a& udk,fh trsdK;om;/ &cdkif ,Ofaus;r_a& udfk,hf,Ofaus;r_/ &cdkifpmyDa& udkf,fpmyD vdk@a=uG;a=umfcpGmudk rwGd@&? ,if;acwfu ynmo#if&dk@ vkyfaqmif}udK;yrf;cuwfpGma& trSefyiftusdK;[dyga&? ,auavh trsdK;om;abmifudk jywfjyw/f om;om; rv_yfcuwfaw twGufeef@ &cdkifabmifeef@ Armabmif a&mxD;Gvm;cuwfaw? a&mxDG; vm;pGmrSmawmif wef;wl &G,fwla&mxD;Gvm;pGmr[kwfbJ wqifhcH vufatmufcH teDeef@&m a&mxDG; vm;cuwfpGm+zdKufaw? 0g;rsKdcH&pGmxufqdk;oda&?

18

,if;eef@Zk t*kigh&dk@acwfrm &cdkifrm pm[d,ifhvm; / &ckdifrm *Dw [d,ifhvm;/ &cdkifrmaw;jcif;[d,ifhvm;/ &cdkifrmtrsdK;om;0wfpHk[d,ifhvm; pa& &Sufaumif;xref; ar;cGef;wday:vm&a& r[kwfvm;? Zmavmufxdav;qdkygau “&cdkifa& vlrsdK;wrsdK;vm;” “&cdkifajyvm;/ &ckdifwdkif;vm;” “&ckdifa& Armajy. tpdyftydkif; wckr[kwfvm;” “&cdkifajya& udkvdkeD wydkif;&m+zdKufaw? vHk;0udkvkdeDr[kwf” “&cdkif trsdK;om;&D;vkyfau usdKif;ajrmif;a&/ &cdkif,Ofaus;r_udk jrSifhwifhazmfxkwfpGma& acwfaemufjyefqGJa&” pa& ar;cGef;wd / pum;wd ay:aygufvmc&a&r[kwfvm;? Zmavmufxd&Sufzdk@aumif;a&av;// a'&cdkif 0HomekacwfrSm xda&mufawajyh0r_ /&ifhusufr_ / jywfom;r_ &dk@r[dcvdk@ &ckdif abmifeef@ Armabmif a&mxDG;vm;c&a&? trsdK;om; ,Ofaus;r_ abmifawmifru EdkifiH&D;abmif/ awmfvSef&D; abmifrmyg a&mxDFG;vm;c&a&? trsKd;om; ,SOfaus;r_abmifjywfom;rS trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; abmif jywfom;zdk@ a,rS jywfom;a& trsdK;om; atmifayG;udk &zdk@? trsdK;om;&D; abmifjywfom;rS trsdK;om; atmifayG;udk jywfom;zdk@? t*kydkif abmifa&mxDG;pGm. ta=umif;w&m;udk rsufarSmufuvuyif twdwfumv txd jyefav oHk;oya=uhau atmufygtwdkif;wGd@ [d&a&? 1? 20 &mpk yxrydkfif; &cdkif EdkifiH&D;acgif;aqmif pmyD ,Ofaus;r_ acgif;aqmif&dk@ &cdkif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=uif; udk *&krpdkufjcif;? 2? 19 &mpkumvu +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aecsJ@&dk@ &ckdifpD;yGm;&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_&D;/ wdk@udka &mxDG;ydkufjcif;/ &cdkifajyudk cGJpdyfcsifydkif cGJpdyfvdk@ aygif;pyfcsifydkifaygif;pyfydkufjcif;? 3? 18 &mpkumvu Arm ya'o&mZfaecsJ@&dk@ &ckdif trsKd;om; vuQ%mt&yf&yfudk zsufqD;ydkufjcif;/ wajyvHk;udk aqmufaw&mr&atmif ESdyfpufowfjzwfjcif;// 4? 17 &mpk &cdkif trsdK;om;tcsif;csif; a'opGJt&/ *dk%f;pGJt& cGJjcm;cwwfjcif;/ trsdK;om; ap;&Hk;&D; +ydKuGJ ysufpD;jcif;&d@k +zdKufaw? *kydkif ysufqD;eDpGm. o&kyfudk aecsJ@tqufquf udkifwG,fzsufqD;cauavh &cdkifh acgif;aqmif tqufquf rudkifwG,f rjyKjyifcuwfvdk@ rawmfvSefcuwfvdk@ ig&dk@t*kydkif t+zdKufqdk;/ teDqdk;/ wdudk &ifqdkifvmuwf&pGm +zdKufaw? t*kxd ArmaecsJ@&dk@a& &cdkihf trsdK;om; tax;udk *dk%f;*epGJpdwf/ a'opGJpdwf&dk@udk &ckdif opPmazmufwd uwqifh +zdKuf+zdKuf /wdkuf&dkuf+zdKuf+zdKuf owfoGif; eDwkef;+zdKufaw? ,if;eef@ t*k ig&dk@twGuf =uyf=uyf owdxm;p&m ocFef;pm,lp&m av;+zdKufaw? (c) 20 &mpk yxrydkif; &cdkif awmfvSef&D;rsm; Zmydkifav;? v; 19 &mpktukef 20 &mpktpydkif;rm +Adwdo# aecsJ@&dk@a& txufu wifjyca&twdkif; +Adwdo# tdENd,udk azG@ap;+yD;au udkvkdeD t+zdKufudk wqwfqwf oGwfoGif;eDwkef;+zdKufaw? udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyf&D; ,EWm;xd a&mufatmif +zdKufzdk@twGuf udkvdkeDynm&D;udk ysdK;axmif atmifjrifeDwkef;+zdKufaw? vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ul;oef;a&mif;a0&D;qdka& udkvkdeD pD;yGm;&D; ausmuf+zdKufudk wqwfqwfcsvma&? nDwlnDr# w&m; pD&if&D;qdkau udkvdkeD w&m;Oya' pD&ifwkef;udk ysdK;axmifyD;vma& // ,if;eef@ t*k &ckdifrsdK;quf wquf+yD;wquf udkvdkeD t&dyftm0goudk cdkvH_vmuwf&a&? ArmaecsJ@ ya'o&mZf}uD;wd &ufpuf,Sufrmr_ rsdK;pHkudk &ifqdkifc&a&? &ckdif vlr_ tazG@tap;twGuf +Adwdo# t&if;pepfa& tyef;ajzpcef; +zdKufcpGmudk qef;a&vdk@qdkzdkr[kwf? ,if;umvrm &ckdifajyrm pD;yGm;&D; A[dkjyK&m oD;jcm;+rdK@awmfr[djcif;// vrf;yef; qufoG,f&D; nHhzsif;jcif;/ *k%f;pdwf/ a'opGJpdwfvGrf;rdk;eDjcif;/ ArmaecsJ@&dk@. 'g%fa=umif; evHrxl edkifodjcif;/ +Adwdo#&dk@ cGJjcm;&D;pepf aESmifh,Sufjcif;&dk@ a=umifh t&if;o#if udkvkdeDb0rm &cdkiftrsdK;om; w&yfvHk; aumif;aumif; }uD;=umatmif tdyfarm useDc&a&? ,if;tcsdefrsdK;rSm tdENd,rm trsdK;om;ap;&Hk;&D;vkyfief; (0g) 0HomeKvkyfief; t[defaumif;eDwkef;+zdKufaw? ,if;tcsdefavmufrm Armynmwwfavmuudk tdENd, v_yf&Sm;&D; *,uf&dkufvma& ? Oa&my wdkufom; Ak'
19

v_yf&Sm;vmuwfaw? toif;tazG@&dk@. r[mAsL[mudk,if;toif;tazG@&dk@. emrnfudk =unfhvdk@odEdkifa&? toif;[email protected]& ,if;toif;. r[mAsL[mudk azmfnGef;jya&? &cdkifajytpm; &ckdifwdkif;vdk@ oHk;xm;pGmudk =unfhuaw;uyif &cdkifajyudk Armajy. tpdyftydkif;t+zdKufcH,lvm;c,m+zdKufawqdkpgGudkodEdkifa&// ,if;toif;tazG@&dk@. pdwfrm Zm[dca&qdkpGmxuf ,if;&dk@Zmajymca&qdkpGmxuf /Zmvkyfcav;qdkpGmu ydkvdk@t&D;}uD;a&? ,if;toif;tazG@&dk@. &ckdifajytay:rm cH,lcsufudk=unfhvdkufau ,if;&dk@. r[mAsL[m /ae;AsL[m&d@k a& a&mxDG;eD,mqdkpGmudk odEdkifa&? ,auavh ,if;yk*~dKvf&dk@a& &cdkif rsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKufpdwfudk arG;jrLcuwfaw? &ckdif udkjrSifhwifhzdk@ }udK;pm;cuwfaw qdkpGmudk rSwfwrf; &DG;xdk; xm;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? ,if;yk*~dKvf&dk@a=umihfavh t*ktajctaexd tqihfqifh wdk;wuf ajymif;vJvmpGm+zdKufaw? 1923 ckZGefe0g&Dvrm tdENd, tpdk;& a*Zwftrdef@ trSwf 1192 t& Armajyudk bk&ifcH ai tkyfcsKyfaw ajyae t+zdKufu bk&ifcH tkyfcsKyfawajyaet+zdKuf awaxmif vdkufa=umif; a=umfjimvdkufaw? ,if;+yD;au 'dkfiftmcD (The Dyarchy System) udk yD;tyfvdkufaw? ,if;pepfa=umif; Armajyrm ygwDEdkifiH&D; ay:aygufvma& GCBA tjcr;fjcrf; +ydKuGJvm;ca&? 1? OD;o#pfvd_if GCBA eef@ 2? OD;pdk;odef; GCBA 3? OD;pk GCBA 4? 21 OD;ygwD 5?[krR&kygwD/ 6? ajyol@ygwD/ &? o&pygwD trsm;ay:xGufvma&// ,if;ydkif ArmhEdkifiH&D; avmurm q&may:xGef; / q&m xGef;atmifausmf/ &rf;jAJ OD;armifarmif pa& &cdkifh ynmwwfrsm; EdkifiH&D;oHo&m a0hvSJ@eDcuwfaw? &ckdif&dk@ 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyf&D;tazG@rm tm%m&zdk@ }udK;pm;eDwkef; &ckdifhtrsdK;om;&D;vrf; a=umif;aysmufuG,fpGmxuf aysmufvm;c,m+zdKufaw? pdkufawGu wcsdK@ b*Fvm;jyef/ bdvyfjyef&dk@rmum; trsdK;om;&D;udk "n0wDuvyf/ qifa';uvyf/ +rdK@ruvyf &dk@avmufyif pdwfr0ifpm;cuwf // Armajyu trde@f cs+yD;au ayG;w+cdrfh+cdrfhpJeDuwfwkef;+zdKufaw? 1917 ck rGefw*l (Sir E.S.Montagu) . tpD&ift& +zdKuf+zdKuf 1927ck qdkifrGef (Sir Johnsimon) . tpDt&ifcHpm t&+zdKuf+zdKuf / Armajyudk tdENd,u cGJxkwfzkd@udk vef'eftpdk;&u oabm ayguf+yD; +zdKufaw? ,auhavh Armajyrm cGJ&D;/ awG;a&; jy\em ay:aygufca&? vd_if/ jrwf/ ay: tazG@ (OD;/ csdKuf vd_if/ OD; jrwfom'Gef;/ q&m ay:xGef;) / armf/ jrSifh/ ajyh tazG@ (a'gufwm barmf/ ausmfjrSihf/ &rf;+AJOD; armifarmif)/ ajyholygwD/ a&$awmif=um;ygwD qdk+ydD;au cGJzdk@ awG;zdk@pum;rsm; t+ydKiftqdkif a[meDcuwfaw? q&mawmf OD; OwWrax&f rm a'cGJ&D;/ awG;&D;jy\ema=umifh trsdK;rsdK; 'kuQa&mufawmfrlca&// a' jy\emrSmavh &cdkif &[ef; awmfrsm; &ckdif ynmwwfrsm; aumif;aumif; wufwuf=uG=uGyg0ifcuwfaw? &ckdifajyudk Zmeef@ cGJpdwfxm;av; qdkpGmudk *&kjyKcuwfyHkrayguf// &cdkif jy\emudk omrmef vufatmufcH jy\emt+zdKuf xm;cuwfaw? ,if; jy\ema=umihf Armajy twGuf pm;ayG;0dkif;aqG;aEG;ayG; ( Round Cable Conferance) udk 1931 Edk0ifbmv 25 &ufedrSm vef'ef+rdK@txuf vGwfawmf rSmusif;yvDa&? ,if;aqG;aEG;ayG;rm Arm acgif;aqmifrsm;eef@ wuG OD; xGef;atmifausmf/ a':jrpdef pa& &ckdif trsdK;om;/ trdsK;orD;&dk@wufa&mufca&? 1935 ck Armajy tkyfcsKyf&D; tufOya't& 1937 ckrm Armajya& tdENd, tkyfcsKyf&D; pepfrS cGJxGuf+yD;au oD;jcm; t+zdKuf +Adwdo# tifbmtwGif;rm ay:aygufvma&? &cdkif ajyrmum; txufu wifjyca&twdkif;yif tpdyfpdyf uGJvdk@yif [dedDwkef;+zdKufaw? Armajyrm xif&Sm;eDuwfaw Zmaumif;aqmifuavh tuGJu/ tjym;jym; a&mufeDuwf&a& // trsdK;om; wdudk pkap;zdk@ tjcrf;jcrf;uGJeDa& &ckdifa'oudkjyefavpkap;zd@k r}udK;pm;cuwf? udk,fajy jy\emudk vufatmufcH omrn csnf;xm;cuwfaw? r[kwfar/ *dk%f;aqG;/ ygwDaqG;/ a'oaqG;udk t"duxm;uwfaw? r[kwfau udk,f}udKufpGmudk v_yf&Sm;eDcuwfaw? ,if;a=umifh igh&dk@acwfrSm trsdK;om; Zmwfedrhf avsmhvm;a&;cif; (Degeneration ) +zdKufeD&a&? ajymif;&$deDa& trsdK;om; (0g) &$ifhusm vlrsdK; (Migrating Nation )+zdKufeD&a&? acG;&D;/ awG;&D; jy\em *,uf xeDwkef;umv 1933 ck avmufrm “Armajyonf 'dkajy/ Armpum;onf 'dk@pum;/ Armpmonf 'd@k pm/ 'dk@ajyudk csdKufyg/ 'dk@pmudk csdD;jrihfyg/ 'dk@pum;udk av;pm;yg?” qdka& a=uG;a=umfoHeef@ twl Armh rsdK;csdKuf ajycsdKuf vlairsm;. “Armhtap;t&Hk;” a& a&;a&;/ awmufawmuf/ xGef;xGef;/ ajymifajymif/ ay:xGufvma&? attazG@0if vlai&dk@a& “ocif” qdka&bGJ@udk emrnf&dSrm wwfvmuwfaw? 'dk@Armtap;t&Hk;a& / wdk;wufaw/ v_yf&Sma&/ EdkfifiHeef@ trsdK;om;twGuf b0udk tyfvdk@ }udK;yrf;cuwfaw? a'tazG@0if ordkif;vlai&dk@um; ynmwwf vlairsm;yif +zdKufuwfaw? a'tazG@tap;. =oZma& &cdkif vlai ynmwwfrsm;tay:rm txl;anmif;ca&? bdvyfjyef &cdkif/ b*Fvm;jyef &ckdif&dk@a& t*Fvdyf qefuwfa&ydkif a'acwf &efukefjyef&cdkif&dk@avh Armqefuwfaw? a,awmifru tcsdK@ &efukef ausmif;om; &cdkif vlairsm;rm 'dk@Arm tap;t&Hk;0if ocif wd+zdKufvmuwfaw? a'umvxd &cdkif vl@tazG@tap;rSm aemufvdkuf0g'a& wkduf&dkuf+zdKuf+zdKuf / oG,f0dSufvdk@+zdKuf+zdKuf aqG;ajr;edD,m+zdKufaw? 1936 ck 'kwd, wuUodkvf ausmif;om; oydwfarSmufawtcg Arm ausmif;om;rsm; tax;u tudkndkxGef;/ tudkausmf&if/ tudkbpH/ &dk@a&xif&Sm;vma&? “u|efynmtvdkr[d” vdk@a=uG;a=umfvmuwfaw? a'&cdkif ausmif;om;&dk@um; &ckdifajywdk@ jyefvmuwfawtcgrSm &ckdifajyrSm v_yf&Sm;r_ tcsdK@udk vkyfaqmif cuwfaw? ,if; umvrm “ 91 XmetkyfcsKyf&D;” pepfopf tkyfcsKyf&D; ay:aygufvma&// ,if;tkyfcsKyf&D; ed'gef;tprm a&G;aumufayG; usif;ya&tcgrSm Arm EdkifiH&D;ygwDrsm; rJ+zdKufuwf&a&? ,if;tcg “ig;yGifhqdkifygwD” twGuf q&mawmf to#if OwWrax&f yg0ifulnDcuwfvdk@ t}uD;tus,f ykwfcwf cH&awmfrla&? a&G;aumufayG; t+ydD;rm a'gufwm barmf. nGef@aygif; tpdk;&azG@a& ,if; tpdk;tazG@rm q&m ay:xGef;/ q&m xGef;atmifausmf&dk@ yg0ifcuwfaw? *kydkif ArmEdkifiH&D; +Adwdo# t&if;o#if;&dk@. vSnfhuGuftwdkfif; &D0Jxdk;eDc&a&? Arm acgif;aqmif t rsm;pkrm Armajy/ ArmtrsdK;om; twGufarar&&/ xdxda&mufa&muf rpGef;aqmifEdkifbJ EdkifiH&D; tyD;t,lvkyf&if; tcsdefjzKef; eDcuwf&a&? ,if;ydkif rd@DG edDpGmrm &cdkif 20

acgif;aqmiftrsm;jym;avh 0ifrdG@ eDcuwfaw? ,if;ydkif &DpHkarsmpGmrm &ckdif acgif;aqmif trsm;jym;avh 0ifrDG@eDcuwfaw? Arm acgifaqmif&@kd um; ArmhvGwfvyf&D; vrf;a=umif;udk rsdK;quf wquf+yD;wquf twGd@/ t}uHK/ tawG;/ tac:wdudk oHk;oyf+ydD;au &SmazGeDuwfpGm+zdKufaw? &cdkif acgifaqmifwdum; baZmifygvJ? xdk &cdkif acgif;aqmifwdk@. v_yf&Sm;ca& ordkfif;a=umif;udk qef;pdkua=uhau &cdkifvGwfvyf&D; vrf;a=umif;udk &SmeDcuwfawvd@k ajymzdk@ rvG,fpGmudkwGd@&a&? &ckdifjy\emudk vufatmufcH xm;jcif;udk ygwD*kd%f;*e tm%m&&D;udk&m OD;pm;yD;cuwfpGmudk&m wGd@&a&? ygwDEkdifiH&D;rsm; ,if;acwfu &DpHkarsmc&a& ta=umif;udk a'gufwm barmfudkwdkif ol. (Burma at the beginning of the Second World War) twef;rm 0efcHxm;pGmudk zwf&_Edkifa&? 1938-39 avmufrm 'dk@Arm tap;t&Hk;0if ocif rsdK;csdKufArm vlairsm;&dk@a& Arm vGwfvyf&D; twGuf txl; }udK;yrf;vmuwfaw? tcuftcJ@rsK;dpHkudk &ifqdkifvmuwfaw? wuUodkvf ausmif;om; ArmrsdK;csdKuf tiwfiwf/ tjywfjywfcHeD&Asm,f? EdkifiH&D;udk }udK;pm;vmuwfaw? bHkpepfudk awaqmufzdk@ twGuf EdkifiH vGyfvyf&D;udk yxr }udK;pm;&zdk@pGmudk jrifvmuwfaw? Armh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkif;a=umif;udk a&;a&;&ifh&ifh/ awmufawmuf/ xGef;xGef; azmfaqmif Edkifatmif oufpGef;/ }udK;yef;vmuwfaw? EdkifiHjcm; pdkuful&SmazGvmuwfaw? ,dk;',m;/ w&kwf/ *syefudk+zdKufpD/ tdENd,dudk +zdKufpD xGufvm+yD;au pGef@pGef@/pm;pm; tultnD&Smvmuwfaw? ,if; tcsdefavmufrm bpdef/ xGef;tkyf 'dk@Arm tap;t&Hk;eef@ ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;. 'dk@Arm tap; t&Hk;vdk@ ESpfjcrf;uGJeDa&? *kydkif uGJeDa&tcgrSmavh &ckdif vlairsm; *kd%f;zuf vdkufvdk@ yg0if cuwfaw? 1939 ckrm trsdK;om; wyfaygif;pk oabm0ifvma&? “ArmxGuf&yf*dk%f;” udk a'gufwm barmfESifh ocif atmifqef;&dk@ OD;pD;+yD;au xlaxmifcuwfaw? ,if;aemuf ydkif;rm 'dk@Armtap;t&Hk; ESpfjcrf;uGJum ocif vlairsm;&dk@a& udk,fae; udk,fh[efESifh tquf&Sm,if; *syefw@kd a&mufvm;cuwfaw? ESpfjcrf;vHk;u Armvlai oHk;usdyfa& [dkifeef u|ef;rm qHk;ap;vDuwfaw? a&;abmfoHk;usdyfvdk@ aemifwGifvDa&? 1939 u 1945 ck twGif; 'kwd,urBmhpdkuf}udD; +zdKufyGm;eDa&// emZD/ *smr%D/ zufqpf/ tDwvdD/ zufqpf/ *syef &dk@yg0ifa&? uGefjrLepf qef@usif&D; r[mrdwftazG@eef@ +Adwdo# / tar&duef /jyifopf/ qdkAD,uf yg0ifa&? r[mrdwftazG@&dk@ wdkufayG;aygif; ajrmufrm;pGmudk wdkufckdufvdk@ [duwfaw? “urBmvHk;. ajyol@pdkuf r[m AsL[ma& zufqpf EdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw?” vkdk@ qdkAD,uf &k&Sm;u a=ujimvdkufaw? ,if;a=umifh urBmh vuf0Jtiftm;pktm;vHk;avh zufqpfpepfudk jyif;jyif;xefxef qefhusifwdkufcdkufvkd@ [deDvDa&? Zufqdwf *syefa& 1941 ck 'DZifbmv 26 &ufrm a&;abmfoHk;usdfyf&dk@a& ,dk;',m;rm oDG;odkufpma& aomufuwf+yD;au AdkvfbGJ@cHvdk@ “Armajy vGwfvyf&D;wyfrawmf” (Burma Indenpendance Army) BIA udk azG@ap; vdkufuwf aw? aumif;r=umcif Armajywdk@ 0ifa&muf vmuwfaw? ,if;pyf=um;umv tpydkif;rm Armajyudk tdENd, pdkuf aoemywdu xdef;odr;fxm;&a&? aemufydkif; tajctae qdk;vwfawtcgrSm bk&ifcH qm&f a':refprdof (Smith Sir Reginald Dorman) eef;&if;0ef qm&f ay:xGef;eef@ tpdk;&wazG@vHk; tdENd,EdkifiH qdrfrvm (Simlar ) +rdK@wdk@ajymif;&$dvm;cuwfaw? *syefeHygwf 15 wyfrawmf (15th Army) u Armajy wkdufayG;udk wm0ef,l&a&? ,if;wyfudk qdkif*Hk; (Saigon) +rdK@[d *syef pdkufXmecsKyfu wm0ef,l uGufuJ&a&? ,if;wyfrSm trSwf 33 wyfreef@ trSwf 55 wyfr (33rd Division of 55th Division )&dk@yg0ifa& ,if;wyfu &efukefrm tajcpdkuf+yD;au 1942 ck rwfv 15 &ufrm *syef pdkuftkyfcsKyf&D;udk pwifa& BIA rm 15 eHygwf vufatmufw@kd a&mufvm;ca&? ateD&mrSm a&;abmf oHk;usdyf&dk@ t+zdKufeef@ "g;ydkif}udD; ausmfyHk/ a';0efrif; }uD;atmifausmf&$D/ +rdK@ol}uD; atmifausmfZH t+zdKufa& cyfqifqifwleDa&? 20 &mpkrm zufqdwf *syef aecsJ@&dk@. vSnfhuGufrm a&;abmf oHk;usdyfcH&a&ydkif 19 &mpku +Adwdo# t&if;o#if&@kd . vSnfhuGufrm "g;ydkif}uD;&dk@ cHuwf&a&? tEdkifEdkifiH ordkif;rmavh *kydkif tuGufrsdK;udk wGd@&a&? aecsJ@qdkor# / vlrsdK;}udD;0g' orm;qdkor#um; wyg;vlukd u|efjyKzdk@ }udK;pm;jrJ+zdKufpGmudk =uyf=uyf/ owdxm;&zdk@pGmyif+zdKufaw? BIA udkavh *syef {u&mZf trdef@t& *syefpdkufAdkvf tD;'g; (General Shajiro Sida ) u “Armh umuG,f&D; wyfrawmf “Burma Defence Army BDA) t+zdKuf ajymif;vJ azG@ap;vdkufaw? BIA udkrzsufcif BIA wyf wwyfudk Adkvf &efatmif OD;pD;+yD;au *syefwyfeef@ twl &ckdif ajywdk@ 0ifvmvwfaw? Amrm/ *syef&dk@eef@ &ckdif wdkfif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tap;t&Hk;eef@ qufoG,frduwfaw? &cdkif acgifaqmifrsm;+zdKufuwfaw q&mawmf to#if pdENmax&f / to#if oD[ax&f / to#if auo&m "dywdax&f / OdD;ompHvS /OD; atmifxGef;OD;/ OD; atmifxGef;jr/ OD; atmifomOD; / tudk bpH / tudk ausmfjr/ tudk ndkxGef;/ tudk armifxGef;0if;/ tudk armifeD/ tudk AHkaygufomausmf/ &dk@eef@ qufoG,frduwfaw? tqdkyg yk*~dKvf&dk@ teuf t*Fvdyf tr_xrf;tcsdK@&dk@ *syefyD;a& tpdk;& tr_xrf; t&m[dt+zdKuf vkyfaqmif uwfaw? +idrf0yfydjym;&D;udk aqmif&Gufuwfaw? c&dkif0ef/ aeydkif/ +rdK@ydkif /w&m;ol}uD; /toD;oD;+zdKufvm uwfaw? 1942 ck *sLvd_ifv avmufrm Adkvf &efatmif wyf&if; &efukefwdk@jyefvDa& ? 1942 ckrm bl;oD;awmif/ armifawm a'orm &ckdif/ ukvm;t"du&kef;udk Adkvf &efatmifzefwD;ca&? &ckdif 'kuQonf 1760 udk wifxm;a& oabFma& bl;oD;awmif qdyfurf;u *dkuf 50tuGmrm jrKyfvdk@ vloHk;&m ausmfoDc&a& // ukvm; &efudk a=umufvdk@+yD;&mrm atmufom; pdkufAdkvf vufcsufeef@ oD;qHk;c&a&// at vlrsdK;&D; t"du&kef;rm ukvm;/ &ckdif pkpkaygif; 7500 ausmfoDqHk;c&a&?

21

11/ 12/ 76 *syefawmfvSefa&;c&D; ,if; tcsdefavmufrm *syefzufquf aecsJ@udk awmfvSefzdk@ uGefjrLepfygwD (Armajy) 0if ocifpdk; / ocif odef;azjrSifh/ ocif wifjr/ ocif wifa&$/ tdENd,[d &cdkif acgif;aqmif&dk@eef@ v#dK@0Suf aqG;aEG;+yD;au ocif odef;azjrSifh /ocif wifa&$&dk@ &cdkif acgifaqmif&dk@. tultnDukd ,l+yD;au tdENd,ajyodk@ qufvuf c&D;ESif vcuwfaw? ,if;rm r[mrdwf&dk@. tm&SpdkufrsufESmrsm;rSm aysmufusm;pdkufqifa& 136-wyfazG@eef@ qufoG,frda&? tdENd, uGefjrLepfygwDeef@avh qufoG,frduwfaw? tdENd,a&muftjcm;a&;abmfrsm;eef@avh tquftoG,fvkyfaw? ocifpdk;/ ocifjr&dk@um; rif;jym;u oHawG;txd qufav#muf+yD;au Armajyudk jyefvmcuwfaw? vr;frSmol&@kd ap;&kH;&D;udk csrSwfvm;cuwfaw? oHawG;rSm tudk ausmf&if &dk@eef@ qufoG,frduwfaw? 1947 rm *syefu Armajyudk vGwfvyf&D; yD;zd@k qdkv@kd a'gufwm barmfOD;pD;+yD;au “qif;a&;om;ygwD” udk azG@ap;vDa&? &cdkif wkdif;vHk;qkfdif&m wdkif;&if;om; tap;tvHk;. OuU}uD; OD;omZHvSrm tazG@0if wpfOD;+zdKufaw? ,if;tazG@. tap; ta0;udk wufa&mufzdk@vmvwfawtcgrm ,if;ESpfrm &efukef aq;&Hk}uD;rm OuUX}uD; uG,fvGefvDa&? rSwfcsuf *syef udkawmfvSefzdk@/ t*FvdyfudkqufoG,fzdk/@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ twGuf &ckdifajyu awmfvSef&D; acgif;aqmifwdeef@ vma&mufwGd@qHk aqG;aEG;a&tcg &cdkif acgif;aqmif&dk@u “ +Adwdo# Am;rm; vGwfvyfau &ckfdif ajyudk oD;jcm; vGwfvyf&D; yD;&zdk@vdk@ awmif;qdka& tcg Arm udk,fhpm;vS,f&dk@u tvG,fwul oabmwluwfaw ? ,if;avmufeef@ rvHkavmufodvdk@ AHkayguf omausmf udk,fwdkif &efukef zqyv XmecsKyfrm aqG;aEG;cgavh ,if; twdkif; oabmwlcsuf&ca&// ,if;eef@Zk bHk&efol zufqdwf *syefudk awmfvSef&D; twGuf &ckdif acgif;aqmif&@kd Arm acgif;aqmifwdeef@ yl;aygif;cuwfaw? (AHkayguf omausmf awmfvSef&D; c&D; a0 tawG; 11 ) 1943 ck =o*kwf v 1&ufedrm *syef pdkufAdkvf}uD; tD;'g;u *syef {u&mZftrdef@eef@ pdkuftkyfcsKyf&D;udk odrf;+yD;au Armajyudk vGwfvyf&D; yD;a=umif;a=ujima&? a'gufwm barmf. qif;a&;om;ygwD eef@ 'dk@Arm tap;t&Hk;&dk@a& yl;aygif;+yD;au “ 'dk@Arm qif;a&;om; tap;t&Hk;” udk xlaxmifvdkufuwfaw? r=umcifyif &ckdif wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wkdif;&if;om; tap;t&Hk;a& 'dk@Arm qif;a&;om; tap;t&Hk; avmufrm v#dK;0ifvm;ca&? ,if;aemufydkif;rm Arm EdkifiHa& *syefeef@ pdkufr[m azG@+yD;au +Adwdo# r[mrdwftazG@udk pdkufa=ujima&? 1944 aemufwESpf =o*kwfv yxr tywfrm AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; OD;aqmif +yD;au *syefudk awmfvSefzd@k tpDtpOf vkyfxm;a&? Arm wyfrawmf uGefjrLepfygwD ajyol t&D;awmfykH ygwD&dk@ yl;aygif;+yD;au zufquf wdkufzsuf&D; ajyol@ vGwfvyf&D;tazG@ (zwyv) udk awmfvSef&D; wyfOD;t+zdKuf azG@ap;vdkufaw? a,tcg &cdkif wdkfif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tap;t&Hk;rm &efukefu nGef=um;csuf twdkfif; zwyv +zdKufvma&? aemuf &ckdifwdkfif; zqyv +zdKufvm;ca&? Zma=umifhavh qdkau 'dk@Arm qif;a&;om; trsm;pkyif zwyv udk azG@ap;vdkufvdk@+zdKufaw? 'dk@Arm qif;a&;om; tap;t&Hk; (&ckdifwdkif;) acgif;aqmifrsm; +zdKufuwfaw tudk bpH/ tudk pHwif/ tudk ausmfeK / tudk armifeD/ tudk atmifxGef;0if; &dk@a& zqyv rm yg0ifOD;aqmifcuwfaw? ,if;tjyif uGefjrLepfygwdD (Armajy) eef@avh qufoG,frduwfaw? tudk AHkaygufomausmf/ tudk vSausmfpa& &ckdif vlaipkavh udk ausmf+idrf;/ udk baqG&dk@. ajyol@t&D;awmfyHkygwD eef@ qufoG,frfduwfaw? ,if;aemuf tudk bpH/ tudk ausmfjr/ tudk armifapmOD;/ (Adkvfatmifausmf) &dk@ acgif;aqmif+ydD;au ajrmufOD;+rdK@rm wyfazG@ wazG@azG@uwfaw? c&dkif0efOfD; atmifxGef;OD; tultnDudk ,l+yD;au *syef Adkvf umevf rD,m0guDudk t*Fvdyfudk wdkufcdkufzdk@vdk@ tpDtpOfukd vdrfav wifjyvdkufuwfaw? ,if; twGufeef@ *syefyg;u vufeuf tcsdK@&a&? Adkvfwmemum u ajymufusm;pdkufynm udk ,if;wyfazG@udk oifjya&? to#if ynmoD[ / Adkvf =umvSatmif OD;aqmif azG@ap;a& wyfazG@a& yvuf0 aeudk odrf;ydkuf vdkufaw? ,if;wyfazG@rSm Adkvf=umvSatmif/ Adkvf armifapmOD;/ tudk OD;ausmf/ tudk armifeD&k@d OD;pD;ca&? ,if;aeudk odrf;&a&apmfu *syef udk awmfvSefzdk@twGuf t[mrdwf&dk@eef@ tquftoG,f vkyfzdk@+zdKufaw? ,if;+yD;aemuf to#if pdENmax&f /to#if ynmoD[ax&f/ OD;atmifomOD;/ tudk bpH /tudk ausmfjr/ &d@k Armajywdk@ vm;+yD;au zwyv eef@ *syef awmfvSef&D;eef@ aqG;aEG;uwfaw? 1944 ck *sKefvrm tdENd, rm r[mrdwf&dk@eef@ qufoG,fzdk@ udpPudk }udK;pm;vkd@[deDa&? Tudk ndkxGef;a& &ckdifajywdk@ jyefa&mufvm+yD;au *syef awmffvSef&D;twGuf zwyv (&ckdifwdkif;) eef@ vma&muf aqG;aEG;a&? ,if;aemuf tudk ndKxGef;a& tudk pHomausmf/ tudk pHatmif&dk@udk ac:+yD;au tdENd,odk@jyefvm;ca&? ,if;aemuf yvuf0 ae umuG,f&D; wyfazG@udk Adkvf =umvSatmif/ Adkvf armifapmOD; &dk@OD;pD;&a& tudk ausmfjr/ tudk armifeD/ tudk armifxGef;0if; wdk@u tkyfcsKyf&D; udk wm0ef,l&+ydD;au aepyfu wqifh vlai&dk@udk tdENd, rm pdkufoifwef;wufzdk@ ydk@yD;&a&? 1944 =o*kwfv rm ,if; pdkufoifwef; twGuf apvGwfvdkufaw yxr tazG@tap;rm yg0ifuwfaw vlai trsm;eef@ tcsdK@rSm tudk pHatmif&dk@+zdKufaw? tudk AHkaygufomausmf &dk@ uavh tudk xGef;atmifausmf/ tudk atmifvSausmf &dk@udk ,if;rmwdk@ yifv$wfvdkufuwfaw? aemuf wokwf ,if;wdk@ vm;uwfaw vlrsm;rSm to#if ynmoD[ax&f/ Adkvf omxGef;atmif/ tudk OD;ausmf/ tudk atmifyef;/ tudk jratmif/ tudk xGef;vS /tudk armifapmjzL / tudk pdefxGef;/ tudk csKdufvSjzL/ tudk apmxGef;/ tudk a0vm/ tudk pHxGef;/ tudk omausmf/ tudk rdk;om/ tudk bodef;/ tudk pdefarmif &dk@+zdKufuwfaw? ,if;ESduf ajrmufOD;+rdK@ae /ysm;aw; udk to#if ynmoD[u wm0ef,l&a&? tudk bpHu ajrmufOD; +rdK@/ armif;aqG;/ aygufawm/ pufom;&Gm / rif;jym;/ pdkufawG wcGifrSm ap;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;&a&?

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to#ifpdENax&f/ AHkayguf omausmf&dk@u ajryHk/ aygufawm wcGifrSm ap;&Hk;&D; v_yf&Sm;&a&? 1944 ck 'DZifbm vqef; avmufrm tudk csD;wdk;udk &efukef zwyv XmecsKyfudk vGwf+yD;au &ckdifajy tajctaeeef@ zufquf *syefudk awmfvSef&zdk@ ta=umif;udk tpD&ifcH&a&? 1944 ck 'DZifbmv tv,favmufrm zufqdwf*syefudk awmfvSefzdk@ twGuf +Adwdo# 136 wyfazG@ tdENd,rm pdkufoifwef; wuf+yD;a& &ckdif vlai&dk@udk vDxD;eef@ wpk+yD;wpfpkcsyD;a&? ausmufawmf+rdK@ae ig;a,mufudkif; &Gm teD;rSm ar*smw&l;/ tukdndKxGef;/ tudk armifapmjzL/ tudk omxGef;atmif &dk@udk‚ /eDa,S&Gm teD;rm Adkvfarmifuav;/ tudk omausmf rpPwm *sdef; &dk@udk‚/ ,if;&Gm teD;rSmyif “jcaoFh” emrnfcH w&kyfar*smwpfOD; /tudk csKdufvSjzL / tudk pHxGef;/ tudk pdefxGef;jzL/ Adkvf a0vm&dk@udk avhaumif;/ yef;az; acsmif; a'orSm ajrmufOD;+rdK@ae / pufom;&Gmtem;rSm vleef@ vufeuf toD;oD;csyD;a&? jAef;*if;/ umbdkif/ pwef;*if;/ ajcmufvHk;jzL;pa& vufeufrsdK;pHk 500 ausmfcsyD;a&? 1944 ck 'DZifbmv tukefavmufrm vDxD; wyfazG@wd pHkvifa&tcg Adkvf =umvSatmifeef@ Adkvf armifapmOD;&dk@ wyfazsmuf+yD;au ausmufawmf wdk@qif;vmuwfaw? ausmfawmf+rdK@ae/ Zif;cgacs aus;&GmrSm Adkvf armifapmOD; wyfazG@a& *syef zufqdwfwyfazG@udk pwif awmfvSefwdkufckdufaw? ,if; wdkufayG;rSm *syef oHk;OD;usqHk;a&? ,if;uwcg ,dk;acsmif;wkd@ csDwufaw? 1945 ck *sEM0g&D 1&uf edrm to#if ynmoD[eef@ tudk AHkaygufomausmf&dk@ wyfu ysm;aw; wdkufayG;rSm *syefukd wdkufckduf okwfoifvdkufaw? vufckyfyif&if; uwqifh Adkvf=umvSatmif/ tudk armifeD / tudk ausmfjrwdk@u wyfeef@twl ,dk;acsmif;wdk@ csDwufuwfaw? ,dk;acsmif;rSm tudk ndkxGef;&dk@ wyfazG@eef@ aygif;+yD;au em&Duef&GmwcGifrm v_yf&Sm;ap;&Hk;uwfaw? Adkvf pHvSwyfu ,dk;acsmif;wyfazG@rm *syef avmif;ig;pif;udk ESdKuf+rKyfvdkufaw? aemufw&ufrm ykÀm;u|ef;+rdK@ae bJcdk;&GmrSm *syef ig;a,mufudk okwfoifvdkufaw// em&Duefu wyfazG@tm;vHk;a& pufom;&Gm wdk@csDwufvm+ydD;au tudk bpHwdk@&dk@ wyfazG@eef@ yl;aygif;a&? vD,mOfysHu csyD;vdkufaw vufeufwdudk pk+yD;au ,if;&GmrSmyif “rsdK;csdKuf Armhwyfrawmf” &ckdifwdkfif; (Patriot Burmese force ( PBF), Arakan Division) udkazG@ap;a&? Adkvf =umvSatmifudk Adkvf}uD; t+zdKuf wifajrmufaw? wyfazG@ Adkvfrsm;rSm 1? Adkvf armifapmOD;/ 2// Adkvf =umeDatmif/ 3// Adkvf pHvS / 4// Adkvf apmxGef;atmif/ 5// Adkvf armifapmOD; &dk@+zdKufuwfaw? wyfacG; wckrSm vl 150 yga&// pdkufwyfydkif pepfwus azG@ap;a& ? “rsdK;csdKufArm wyfrawmf ”wHqdyfwd xkwfyD;aa&? EkdifiH&D; t& wyfeef@ twlv_yf&Sm;yD;a& acgif;aqmifrsm;rm 1? q&mawmfto#if pdENmax&f / 2// q&mawmfto#if ynmoD[ax&f/ 3? tudkarmifvSausmf 4? tukdarmifeD 5? tudk armifxGef;0if; 6// tudkbpH 7?tudkpHomausmf 8? tudkomxGef;atmif 9? tudka&$om &dk@+zdKufuwfaw? tudk AHkayguf omausmf&dk@uavh wyfazG@ap;a& qdkca& “jcaoFh” emarcH w&kyfar*sm wpfOD;. emarudk,l+yD;au “jcaoh” ygwDvdk@xlaxmifa&? aygufawm/ rif;jym;/ ajryHk wcGifrm awmfvSefv_yf&Sm;a&? jcaoFh ygwDd0ifvlairsm;rSm tudk AHkaygufomausmf / tudk omausmf/ tudk xGef;vd_if/ Adkvf armifuav;/ Adkvfomausmf/ Adkvfa0vm/ tudk bxGef; &dk@+zdKufuwfaw? ajrmufOD;+rdK@ae/ ykÀm;u|ef;+rdK@ae/ aygufawm+rdK@aersm;rSm v_yf&Sm;uwfaw? 1945 *sefe0g&Dv 1&uf edrm ysm;aw; wdfkufayG;u pwif atmifayG;cH+yD;au pif;jyGef;yif&if; wdkufayG;rm *syef ESpfa,mufudk zrf;&a&? pufom;&Gm wdkufayG;rSm *syef wpfa,mufusa&? ,if;u oJo&m/ ql;&dkufacsmif;/ wdk@csDwufaw? ql;&dkufacsmif; anhwkdufayG;rSm *syef trsm;tjym;usa&? ewfacsmif; wkdufayG;rSm *syef ESpfq,favmuf usa&? vufeuf ac;,rf;/ rD;ausmufrsm; odrf;ydkuf&[da&? “qifjcHwkdufayG;” rSm *syefwpfa,mufusqHk;a&// *syef trsm;xGuf+ydD; vGwfajrmufvm;a&? ql;&dkufacsmif;/ ajrmif;jzm/ anmifyifv,f/ wcGifrSm ajymufusm; pdkufqif&D; twdkfif;yif wdkufcdkuf o#if;vif;a&? olaiawmfwkdufayG;rSm &efol tcsdK@usqHk;a&? udk,fvl wpfOD;usqHk;a&? ,if;&Gmrm &efol tiftm;aumif;eDvdk@ r[mrdwf vDwyfudk owif;yD;vdkufawtcg vDwyfu vma&muf wdkufcdkufvdk@ &efol trsm;us&if; qkwf+yD;vm;ca&? rif;jym; +rfdK@ae/ ajryHk+rdK@aewcGifrm 1945 ckazazmf0g&Dv 14&ufrm AdkvfpHvS wyfcGJu Adkvf omausmf OD;pD;a& wyfpkwpk wdkufcdkufv_yf&Sm;a&? +cdwfawmif&Gmu ajryHk+rdK@aewdk@ csDwuf&m vr;fa=umif; wavsmuf wGd@or# &efolwdudk ajymufusm; pdkufae;eef@ wdkufckdufokwfoif vm;ca&?

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15/ 2/ 45 rm jca&Sjyif&Gm wkdufayG;rm &efolrsm;&_Hk;edrfhvdk@ xGuf+yD; vm;cuwfaw? 17/ 2/ 45 rm jca&Sjyif/ rvdayguf/ owfykef;/ acsmif;aEG/ auovmr zavmif;jy &dk@udkjzwfav#muf csDwufaw// 18/ 2/ 45 rm qufvuf+yD;au ZD;yif}uD;/ atmufzm;+ydK&Gm udkjzwfacsmufcsDwuf&m awmif+cDem;rSm *syef ig;a,mufeef@ wdkufayG;+zdKufaw? wpfa,mufusvdk@ qkwf+yD;vm;cuwfaw// 21/ 2/ 45 rm arvGef;&Gm wkdufayG;rm *syef oHk; a,mufus / 2 a,mufzrf;&/ vufeufrsm; odrf;rda&? pdkufawG c&dkifrm rsdK;csdKufArm wyfrawmf (&ckdifwdkif;) . &ckdif ajymufusm; a&;abmfrsm;. v_yf&Sm; wdkufckdufr_a=umifh r[mrdwfwyfrsm; 2ESduf wdkifwdkif (1943-44) wdkufcdkuf r&a& *syefwyfudk 2 vavmufrmyif r[mrdwf wyf&dk@u odrf;ydkufEdkifca&? ajymufusm; wyfom; 3000 yg0if v_yf&Sm;cuwfaw? ,if;aemuf ausmufjzL c&dkif/ ajryHk+rdK@ae +rdKufem;/ acsmif;em;/ awmawmif xlxyf&mrm *syef wyfr[m 2 cku cHwyftcdkiftrm awaqmuf+ydD;au ckcHwdkufcdkufeDa&? “uHhaumf0” wkdufayG;vdk@ wGifvDa& ? azazmf0g&D v 25 &ufuyif rwfv 2 &ufedxd ig;&ufwkdifwkdif &Dwydfkif; /ukef;wydkfif; pdkufqif wdkufcdkuf&a&? r[mrdwf vDwyf uavh xdk;ESuf wdkufcdkufaw? aysmufusm;wyf/ r[mrdwfwyf/ yl;aygif;wdkufcdkufuwfaw? *syef wyfom;ESpfaxmif / r[mrdwfwyfom; ajcmuf&mausmf usqHk;a&? ausmufjzLc&dkif/ trf;+rdK@ae/ arvufarmif;&Gm &xkd;}uD; awmifrm tudkbapm / Adkvfa&;atmif/ AdkfvfarmifapmjzL Adkvfatmifapm/ ar*smurf;vJvfeef@ tjcm; Adkvf wpfa,muf ajcmufa,muf vDxD;eef@qif;uwfaw? Adkvf a&$rif;OD;pD;a& ajymufusm;wyfazG@rSm csif; trsdK;om; 73 OD;yga&? wdkuf,if; cdkuf,if; wyfom; 130xd wdk;vma&/ ,if;wyfazG@a& 'vufaerSm wyfawG;eDa&? *syef 6000 wyfudk xdk;azmuf wkdufcdkufaw// *syef wyftqkwfrm Zif;jyGefpcef;/ =uufa& pcef;/ ukef;}uD; pcef; txd ajymufusm; wdkufae;eef@ wkdufcdkufaw? aemuf pdkufa=umif;wckrm vrf;eD/ trf;/ &xdk;awmif/ rJawmif+cD&if; / edDumawmif/ 'vufae uGef;0/ 0g;awmifaus;&Gm / udk;vH/ oifykef;awm0 txd *syefrsm;udk vdkufvHwdkufcdkufaw? oHawG; c&dkfifrm to#if auo&m"dywdax&f/ OD;&ef}uD;atmif/ OD;a&G}udKif/ OD;oef;armif/ OdD; omxGef;atmif/ tudk ausmf&if/ &dk@zufqdwf*syef awmfvSef wdkufcdkif&D;udk v_yf&Sm;ap;&Hk;uwfaw? tudk ausmf&ifrm 1945 ck 'DZifbm vavmufrm zwyv XmecsKyfwdk@ vm;a&mufwm0ef,ledD&vdk@ usefacgif;aqmifrsm;u wm0ef,luwfaw? zwyv nGef=um;csuf twdkfif; vkyfaqmif cuwfaw? vufeufrsm;pk+yD;au ajymufusm;wyfazG@uwfaw? &dk;awmifrm awaqmufxm;a& *syef vufeufwdkufudk azmufxGif; uwfaw? udkif;cHk&Gm wdkufayG;rm *syef&@kd udk &mvdkuf 0ifpD; wdkufcdkufvdkufaw? pdkuf}uD; twGif;u *syefudk awmfvSef wdkufckdufzdk@ azG@ap;ca& rsdK;csdKuf Armhwyfrawmf (&ckdifwdkif;) wyfazG@ acgif;aqmifrsm;rm 1// tudkndSxGef; 2? Adkvf}uD; =umvSatmif/ 3? Adkvf apmxGef;atmif 4? Adkvf apmomatmif 5? Adkvf =umeDatmif 6? Adkvf pHvS 7? Adkvf atmifausmfac: Adkvf armifapm&D; *? Adkvf OD;ausmf 9? AHkayguf omausmf 10? Adkvf armifuav; 11?Adkvf omxGef;atmif 12? Adkvf omausmf (qHjcL) 13? Adkvf omausmf (uef;oif;) 14// Adkvf pHomausmf &dk@+zdKufuwfaw? pufom;&GmrSm azG@+yD;aemuf aemufxyf tpHktvif azG@ap; vdkufpGm+zdKufaw? txufu qdkca& ajrmufOdD; +rdK@ae olai awmfwkdufayG; +yD;aemuf rdsK;csdKuf Armh wyfrawmf (&ckdkifwdkif;) udk ysm;aw; pcef;odk@ qkwfcGmzdk@ +Adwdo# r[mrdwfrsm;u trdef@xkwfvma&? +Adwdo# 136 wyfazG@u vufeuf tyfzkd@trdef@csvma&? vufeuf tyfrtyf udpPtwGuf aumif;aumif; aqG;aEG;,l&a&? ,if;tcsdefrm Armajyrm zufquf awmfvSef&D; rpodvdk@ tajctae t&yf&yfa=umifh qef+zdKufvm;zdk@pGmudk pdk;&drfvdk (z w y v )0if &ckdif acgifaqmifrsm; vufeuf tyffzkd@ oabmwlvdkuf&a&? 1945 ck azazmf0g&D v aemufqHk;tywfrm ,if;upPudk t+yD; aqmif&Gufvdkuf&a&// ausmufjzL c&kdifu ajymufusm; wyfazG@rm 1945 ck *Gsefv ukefavmufrm ajrykH+rdK@ae urf;axmif;}uD; &Gmrm wyfzsufodrf;jyD;au vufeuftyf&a& ? &ckdif acgifaqmif&kd@. r[mrdwf Armacgifaqmifwd tay:rm r[mrdwf yDowfcuwfaw? awmfvSef&D;ukd tjrifausauseef@ =unf@a&vkd@ qkd&zdk@vm; rajymwwf? &ckdifajyrm pkdufOD; usKd;jyD;au qkwfjyD;vm;ca&// *syef wyftoD;oD;a& Armajyrmav@ awmfvSef wkdufcdkufjcif;ukd cHc&a&// 1945 ck rwfv 27 &ufrm AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef; OD; aqmifa& rsKd;csKduf Armwyfrawmf pwif awmfvSefwkdufckdufa&// av;vavmufa&S =uma& ? ,if;aemuf r[m rdwfwyf0ifvma& &ckdifajy rmykdif ajymufusm;wyfazG@ tm;vkH;u vufeuftyf&a& // auhpf-bD vufatmuf &cdkifajy (C.A.S. (B) Regims) 1945 ck =o*kwfv 19 &ufrm z w y v u aeol&drfayG;&kHrm vlxk tap;ta0;}uD; usif;ya& zwfqdwf wkdufzsuf&D;/ ArmvGwfvyf&D;/ Armxlawmif&D; /ArmnDnGwf&D; a&a&Gcsuf 4 csuf csrSwfxm;aw? z w y v . A[kd OD;pD;tazG@udk Akdvf csKyfatmifqef; OD;pD;vkd@ azG@a& tm;vkH; 21 OD; yg0ifa&// &ckdif trsKd;om; OD; atmifZHa0 OD; zkd;jr (u o u) OD; ausmf&if &kd@av yg0ifuwfaw ? pufwifbmv 4 &uf rm t&Sdawmif tmo#m pkdufaoemywd avm'f armifbwWef. zdwfac:csuft& oD[kduGsef;uEWD+rKd@wkd@ AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef; tygt0if 11 OD; c&D;xGufuwfaw? &ckdif trsK;dom; OD; nSdxGef; wa,mufav@yg0ifa&// +Adwdo#&kd@. Armajyrm Armwyfrawmf azG@ap;&D;ukd aqG;aEG;uwfaw? wyfom; 5000 t&H wyfom; 300 t&m[d 200 &kd@ukd Arm rsKd;csKduf wyfrawmfukd zsufodrf;jyD;au ,if;u &GD;acscef@tyfzkd@ukd oabmwluwfaw? qD;0g; uko&D;utp wyfrawmf om;&k@d . tcGifhvpmpa& &oifh&xkdufaw tcGifht&D; udpPrsm;yg0ifa&? a,auav@ uEWDpmcsKyft& &ckdif wyfom;rsm;twGuf rxl;jcm;c// t*k tcsdefxd &ckdifajy Armajy tm;vkH;ukd “au@pfbD”(CAS-B, Civil Affair Staff Burma) pkduftkyfcsKyf&D; tazG@u tkyfcsKyf eDwkef;+zKdufaw? 1945 ck atmufwkdbmv 15&uf rm&m pkduftkyfcsKyf&D;ukd &kyfodrf;vd@k

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t,ifbk&ifcH “qm&fa':refprdof” a&mufvma& ol@rm “qrRvmpDrHudef;” (puULjzLpDrHudef;) ygvma&? ,if;pmwrf; pDrHudef;t& Armajy &cdkifajy&dk@udk jyefavxlawmifzdk@ }udK;pm;cauavh t&mra&mufc? ,if;ydkif tcsdeftwdk;twGif;rm &ckdifajyum; azG;yHk / jrLyHk+zdKufeD,m / ia&;yHk +zdKufeD,m? auhbD vufatmuf wajyvHk; 'kuQrsdK;pHkukd cHpm;eDuwf,m? 1945 tp ydkif;avmufrm azmfjyca& twdkfif; *syef aecsJ@udk &ckdifajyu armif;ESif xkwf+yD;au r[mrdwfwyfrsm; 0ifvmEdkifuwfaw? r[mwyfwyfwdudk +Adwdo#u OD;pD;ygvma&? &ckdifajyudk pdkuftkyf&D;eef@ tkyfcsKyfaw? &cdkifajyu zwyv tazG@0ifrsm;/ ajymufusm; a&;abmfa[mif; rsm;eef@ wrsdK;om;vHk;udk vlrqef/ olrqef zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&/ txl;ojzifh to#if pdENmudk +Adwdo# &dk@ rsufrkef; tusdK;qHk;+zdKufaw? pdkuf twGif;q&mawmf vufatmuf wyfom;rsm;u uy`wdefrwf(pf)wwf acgif;aqmifa&// tkd twf(pf) twf(pf)(OSS) tazG@uwqifh tar&duefeef@ pdkufwyfeef@ qufoG,fcvdk@ q&mawmf ukd &ef+idK;azG@+yD;au zrf;qD;zdk@ ap;0dkif;vma&? q&mawmf wdrf;a&Smifvm;a&tcg wGd@&mrm ypfowfz@kd trdef@xkwfqifh vdkufaw? a,+yD;au &aohawmif+rdK@ae +ydKif;awmif &Gmom; tudk xGef;pdef/ tudk armifvHk;jzL to#if e&' ax&f (aygufawm) pa& &ckdif rsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKuf &[ef;awmfrsm;udk ta=umif;rJh zrf;qD;+yD;au ajryHkrm 17 &uf csKyfxm;a&? xrif;wxyf&m au|;xm;a&? Adkfvf}uD; =umvSatmifnD Adkvf =umeDatmif udkavh trsdK;rsdK; tjypf&Sm+ydD;au 0g&rf; xkwfvdkufaw? ,if;tcg Adkvf =umeDatmifu to#if pdENmax&f eef@ wGd@qHk+yD;au t}uH^m%f awmif;cHa& ? q&mawmfu Zmydkif tcsdfefrsdK;rm aecsJ@&dk@u qlyl x=uGatmif baZmifyifvkyfvkyf awmfvSef wdkufckdufzkd@ r+zdKufEdkifa=umif; txl;ojzifh *syefvHk;0 ruif;pifcif rawmfvSef Edkifa=umif; awmfvSefau pdkufra&mufcif r#m;ukef+zdKuf vm;Edkifa=umif;/ r[kwfrrSef owif;rsdK;pHk xGufvmauavh qifjcifoifha=umifh o#if; vif;jyvdkufaw? ,if;aemuf Adkvf =umeDatmif u “0g&rf;+yD;or*~” udk awaxmif+yD;au &&m vufeufrsm;udk pkaqmif;a&? udkf,hfukdukd,fuuG,f&D; (Self-Sefence)twGuf tm;jyifqifxm;a&? awmifarmf&Gm teD;rm pdkufom; 700 yg0ifa& +Adwdo# wyfwwyfu vma&muf 0dkif;0ef;xm;ca&tcgrm 0g&rf;+yD;or*~ wyfom;rsm;u ajymufusm; wyfae;eef@ ckcHumuG,fwyfcdkufvdkufvdk@ tustqHk;r[d vGwfajrmufca&? wdkufayG;rSm oHk;em &D=uma&? &efolbufu oHk;a,muf usa&? q,fa,muf'g%f&m &vm;ca&? vDwyf tulnD,l+yD;au 0g&rf;+yD; wyfom; rsm;udk wdkufcdkufvmuwfaw? ,if;tcg 0g&rf;+yD; wyfom; r[d,m+zdKufaw? ,if;ydkif tcgrsdK;rm zwyv &ckdif acgif;aqmifrsm; 0ifa&mufjyef+yDvdk@ wqdwfau tyD;t,l&ca&? aemuf 0g&rf;+yD;rsm; vufeufcs tyfvdkufaw? 1946 ck azazmf0g&Dv 14 &ufeduyif pdkuf vD,mOfeef@ to#if ynmoD[ax&f (&ckdifwdkif; /zwyv .=o0g'p&d,) Adkvf}uD; =umvSatmif / tudk ausmfjr (twGif;&D;rSL;) / tudkOD;apm / ol&@dk udk umvuwWm;wdk@ ac:,l+yD;au tus,fcsKyfxm;a&? tpcg ( C.A.S (B),M.A(Civil Affair Staff-Burma Military Administration) ac: pdkuftkyf&D; tazG@0ifrsm;u aqG;aEG;zdk@ vd@k ac:+yD;au *kykdif ysifxm;ca&// 2 vcGJavmuf xm;a&? aemuf q&mawmfu ajAmif a=ujimcsuf xkwfzdk@ rdef@=um;+yD;rS&m jyefydk@vdkufaw? q&mawmf &d@k umvrm &ckdifajy tajctaea& aumif;aumif; qdk;0g;eDa&? q&mawmf jyefa&mufaw aemufydkif;rm +idrf;csrf; om,m&D; twGuf pdkuftpdk;&eef@vufawG;vkyfaqmifuwfaw? ,if; twGif;uyif aecsJ@&dk@ bufu azmufzsuf vmuwfaw? 0g&rf;+yD;rsm;udk +idrf;+idrf;/ csrf;csrf;usatmif q&mawmf&dk@u pDpOfyD;a&? aecsJ@&dk@um; 0g;&rf;+yD;rsm;udk rw&m; trde@f xkwfqifh+ydD;au zrf;qD;zdk@vkyfvkdufvdk@ Zmydkif +zdKufca& 0g&rf;+yD;rsm; vufeufcs tyfvdkufjyefauavh xyfrH zrf;qD;ESdyfpufjyefa& ? q&mawmf ynm oD[rm pdkuftpdk;&eef@ 0g&rf;+yD;=um;rm tm;}udK;/ rmefwuf pdpyf&D; vkyfeDc&a&? pdkuftpdk;&bm;u uwd trsdK;rsdK;awmif;cH+yD;au puULjzLuwd t&avhaumif;/ vDax;rSm aysmufuG,fa& pum;t&+zdKufpD/ 0g&rf;+yD;eDuwfaw &cdkif trsdK;om; rsdK;csdKuf / Arm wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk vm;ac:a&? acsmharmh azmif;zsa&// trsdK;rsdK; tmrcHvdk@ac:a&? vlairsm;uavh acgif;aqmifrsm;udk tm;udk;+yD;au vufeufcs tyfvdkufuwfaw? yvdyf*gwfodk@ a&mufau vlairsm;rm ae;rsdK;pHkeef@ zdESdyf/ ESdKufpufcH&a&? vlpHrrDatmif tESdyfpufcH&a&? q&mawmfrm wckavhrwwfEdkif/ arwWm/ *&k%myGm;jcif; / a'go/ rmefax;cif;rSwyg;/ wckacsavh rwwfEdkifc a,cg &ckdif acgif;aqmifrsm; tcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;uwfjyefa&// tajzaumif;udkr&? &cdkif vlai&dk@rm udk,f Zmudkvdkcsifa&vdk@ rajymwwf,m/ Zma=umifhudk,f &dk@ Zmydkif+zdKuf&a&avhvdk@ rjrifuwf,m? ajyolavh rGJvm;c,m / acgif;aqmifwdum; ZmydkifvJ “ &ckdif ordkfif;a=umif;udk rsufuG,frjyKqdkpGmudk owd&yHkray:yg ray:yg// &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkif;udk owd&yHkray:yg” +Adwdo#Am;rm;rm YMBA acwf GCBA acwfrm Arm t&if;o#if aygufp ynmwwf vlwef;pm;&dk@ trsdK;om;&D; Edk;=um;p 0HomeKvkyfief;udk vkyfaqmifa&tcgrm &ckdif ynmwwf&dk@uavh a&m0ifvkyfuwfaw? Arm ynmwwf&dk@rm Arm trsdK;om; vGyfvyf&D;yef;wdkifukd ypfrSwfxm;vdk@ }udK;pm;a&tcg &cdkif ynmwwf&dk@u ypfrSwf trSefudk &GD;cs,fcyHkrayguf ? EdkfifiH&D; wm0efudk &mxl;xifv@kd ief;ief;wuf vdkufeDcuwfaw? ,if;eef@Zk &cdkif vl}uD;tcsdK@ ArmEdkifiH&D; orm;=um;rm a*smfum +zdKufeDca&? tepfemcHvkyfaw// acgif;aqmif wqdwfau [dcauavh &cdkifajyoludk udk,fpm;rjyKcuwf? &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;ax;rSm rv_yf&Sm;cuwf? ,if;eef@Zk &cdkif EdkifiH&D; vrf;a=umif; aysmufuG,f vm;cuwf&a&? &ckdif ynmwwfrsm; &mxl;rufarmeDcuwfvdk@ / vrf;av#mf ypfcuwfvdk@ Zmydkif tusdK;qufwd wwef;}uD; +zdKufvm;c&a&? ,if; ynmwwfwd tdkvmau 'kwd, urBmhpdkuf c&D;twGif;rm &ckdif ynmwwf vlaiwd tcsdK@ &cdkif edKifiH&D;udk vkyfaqmifvmuwfaw? ,if; vlai&dk@avh Arm EdkifiH&D; avmurm Edk;=um; vmuwfaw? vlaiwdrsm;a& ,if; vlairsm;eef@ Armajyu ynmwwf vlwef;pm; EdkifiH&D; orm;rsm;eef@

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vufawG; vm;cuwfpGmudk pdkuf}uD; t}udKumvrm wGd@&a&? pdkuf twGif;rm +Adwdo#udk qef@usifuwfaw // ukvm;/ &cdkif t"du&kef;rm ydkrqdk;atmif vkyfcuwfaw? &yf&Gm +idrf0yf ydjym;&D;twGuf }udKrf;yrf;cuwfaw? a,auavh aemufydkif; umvrm *syef awmfvSef&D; vkyfawtcg &efukefo@kd vm;qufuwfaw? zwyv tazG@eef@ vm;qufuwfaw? &ckdif wdkfif;qdkif&m wdkfif;&if;om; tap;t&Hk;a& zwyv emrnfopfeef@ Arm *k%faqmif xGef;ajymifatmif }udK;pm;vmuwfaw? &ckdif rsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKuf vlairsm;udk acgif;aqmifwdu rsdK;csdKuf Armwyfrawmfrm oGif;+yD;au Arm vGwfvyf&D; twGuf toufudk paw;+yD;au wdkufcdkifcuwfaw? pdkuf twGif;rm *syefeef@ aygif;vkd@ &mxl;,lol,l / +Adwdo# qef@usif&D; pdkuf+yD; csdefavmufrm *syefudk qef@usif / +Adwo# eef@ rdwfazG@vdk@ &mxl,lvl,l / +Adwo# pdkuftkyfcsKyf&D; /&ckdif ajywdk@ a&mufa&tcg &ckdif acgif;aqmif wdudk pdkuftkyf&D;u zdESdyfvma&? ajyol w&yfvHk; a&;abmftrsm;tjym;/ pdkuftkyfcsKyf&D; atmufrm vlrqef/ olrqef EdSufpufcHc&a&? *syef awmfvSef&D;Eef@ Cas-B vufatmuf umv&dk@rm &ckdif rsdK;csdKuf/ vlairsm; Armajyodk@ vm;vdk@vm; / tdENd,od@k vm;vd@k vm;/ odD[kdodk@ vm;vkd@vm;// ,if;ydkif vm;or#um; ap;arh/ ur;ffarhr[kwf/ zwyv XmecsKyfu zdwfvdk@vm;pGm? zwyv OD;pD;tazG@rm yg0ifvdk@ ArmvGwfvyf&D; &cgeD;,m? ol@nD OdD;ndkxGef;u uEWD+rdK@odk@ AdkfvfcsKyf atmifqef;eef@ twlygvm;cjyefa&? &ckdifom; wdtwGuf *k%f,lp&m r[kwfvm;? Arm wyfrawmfudpPudk aqG;aEG;cuwfaw? ,if;ydkif tcsdeftcsdefrm +Adwdo# pdkuf tkyfcsKyf&D;u &cdkifajyudk zdEdSyfvkd@ aumif;wkef; / t,ifu &ckdif t&m[d a[mif;wdukd toHk;csv@kd aumif;wkef; &ckdif t&m[da[mif;wdavh oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk;tm %mrjyc&pGm/ yg0grjyc&pGmudk apmifheD&vkd@ aus;Zl;o#if ajyol&dk@udk tm%mjyvmuwfaw? txl;ojzifh oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk; ol&dk@ ckdatmifeDcuwfaw u|ef;&Gm v,form;wdudk &uf&uf pufpuf vkyfcuwfaw? aumif;aumif; &ifemzd@k aumif;a&? 'kwd, urBmpdkuf}uD;a=umifh &ckdif wajyvHk; pD;yGm;&D;/ vlr_&D;/ ynm&D;/ rmt}uD; tus,f usqHk;vm;ca&? ausmif;r[d uefr[deef@ vlaiwd avvGifhukefa& // pm&dwW ysufukefa&// vlr_&D;rm &Sufaumif; xref; &kdif;pdkif;vma&// &kwfw&uf iGDpuULwdudk +Adwdo#&d@k u &kwfodrf; ydkufvdkufvdk@av v,form;wdk@rm vufeufz0g;&m usefvdkufaw,m // t0wftxnf/ tpm;tpm / qD;0g;r[dvdk@ oD}uDuwfpGmavh 'keef@aw;? r,lurf; a'ou vlwdudk qdkau ukd,fa'oodk@ rjyefEdkif,m ukvm; &cdkif t"du&kef;cgu +yD;vwfcuwfaw &cdkif trsdK;om;&d@k udk,fa'owdk@ rjyefuwfab; ukvm;wef w&dk;rm av;+rdK@+rdKuf w&dk;rm tajcpdkuf vmuwfaw? &yf&Gm +idrf0yf&D;avh tysufysuf/ t,Gif;,Gif; +zdKufvmc&a&? &Gmwdkif;/ &Gmwdkif;rm "jr&efa=umifh rawh+idrfvdk@ +rdK@odk@ajymif;vm;&a&? ,if;eef@Zk aus;&Gm v,f,m vkyfief; ysufpD; qkwf,kwf vm;c&a&? +rdK@&dk@rmavh r+idrfrouf edwdkfif; txdyfwvef@eef@ +rdK@aeuvlrsm; c&dkif +rdK@rsm;odk@ a&mufvm uwfaw? c&dkif+rdK@ }uD;rsm;rmuav; t,ifuydkif pdD;yGm;racsmif ukefvkyfief; / b%fvkyfief;uavh rpm;om? v,f,m taumufcGef uavhr& ,if;eef@Zk +rdK@u vlvwfwef;pm; ynmwwfrsm; ola=uG/ olaX;rsm; &ckdifajyrm eDvdk@ r+zdKuf,m ? &efukefodk@ ajymif;&DGvm; ca&;yefa&? +Adwdo# pdkuf tkyfcsKyf&D;atmuf &ckdifajyrm ia&;bHk ydkifacsmif,m &cdkif vl@tazG@tap; tzdk@ acwfqdk; wacwfukd &ifqkdifvmc jyef,m+zdKufaw? 18 &mpk/ 19 &mpk u t,ift,ifu &cdkfif tusdK;qufwda& ordkfif; wavsmufrm acwfqdk;wdudk jzwfavsmuf c&auavh udk,fh ordkfif;a=umif; trSef ypfrSwf trSefudk rrdr aysmufcuwf? udk,fypfrSwfudk udk,f}udK;pm;vkd@ acwftqdk;udk &ifqdkifcuwfaw? udk,f trsdK;om;. ypfrSwfukd (0g) udk,fh wrsdK;om;vHk;. a&a&Gcsuf yef;wkdifudk/ b0ufdk pGef@vk@dvkyfaqmifcuwfaw? a&a&Gcsuf twGuf b0udk tepfem cHcuwfaw? acwfrDSpGm rrDpGmudkrajymvdk@ wm0efauspGmudk ajymvdka&? a&a&Gcsuf trSeftwGuf b0ufdk tepfem cHcuwfpGmudk armfuGef;xdk;vdka&? a'acwf 20 &mpktpydkif; rsdK;qufESpfquf (Two Generations) rSmum; &cdkif trsdK;om; ordkif; a=umif;udkavh rxDarhjrif jyKcuwfaw? trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;udkavh opPmazmufuwfaw? trsdK;om; a&a&Gcsuf trSefudkavh *&krpdkufuwf? olrsm; a&Ga&csufrm ta&ma&m/ ta,mifa,mif aemufu vdkufcuwfaw? a'rsdK;quf ESpfquf vkyfydkufcpGmrm ig&dk@ trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; aysmufqHk;c&a&? toufo#if eD&ufom;eef@ oDeD&a&? &ckdkifa& Arm+zdKufedDc&a&? ,if; rsdK;qufESpfqufu &cdkifajyol w&yfvHk;udk Arm vl@tazG@tap;rm oGif;vkdoGif; &ckdkif EkdifiH&D; awmfvSef&D;udk zwyv rm oGif;vdkoGif; rsdK;csdKuf Arm wyfrawmfr oGif;vkdoGif;eef@ vkyf&yfrrSefuef a&a&Gcsuf rrSefuef vkyfypfcuwfvdk@ t*kydkif +zdKufeD&a&? &ckdifa& Arm +zdKufeD&a&? Arm vufatmufrm u|efykef; udkvdkeDb0 +zdKufeD&a&? ,if; rsdK;qufESpfqufum; 0dkif /tmrf/ bD/ at eef@ *sD/pDbDat acwf &ckdif rsdK;qufeef@ zwyv eef@ zqyv acwf &ckdif rsdK;quf&dk@ +zdKufuwfaw? *kydkif &DG;vdk@ a'rsdK;qufwdudk apmfum;apmfr[kwf/ tem*wf ordkfif;rm *kydkif trSm;rsdK; rxyfatmif tusdK;jyK a0zefjcif;&m+zdKufaw/ udk,fhtjriftwdkif; yGifhyGifh/ vif;vif; tjyKoabma0 zefjcif;&m+zdKufaw? +Adwdo# pdkuftpdk;& vufatmuf 1946 ck {+yDv yxr tywfrm yxr t}udrfajrmuf &cdkif ajyvHk;qdkif zwyv nDvmcH obif}uD;udk ajrmufOD;+rdK@ae ysm;aw;&Gm rm usif;yvdkufaw? q&mawmf to#if pdENmax&feef@ wjcm; EdkifiH&D; acgif;aqmifrsm;rm 0g&rf;xkwf qifhjcif;cHeD&uwfvdk@ nDvmcH obif}uD;okd@ yGifhyGihf vif;vif; rwufa&mufEdkifcuwf? q&mawmf to#if oD[ax&feef@wuG usefa& EdkifiH&D; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; pHkpHk/ vifvif wufa&mufEdkifuwfaw? pdkuf}udD;twGif; tdENd,ajy tusdKif;axmifrm tzrf;cHvD uwf&a&? tudk apmxGef;atmif / tudk ausmfOD;/ pol&dk@avh vGwfvmuwfvdk@ wufa&mufuwfaw? pdkufawG / ausmufjzL/ oHawG;/ oHk;c&dkif udk,fpm;vS,faygif; oHk;&m ig;q,fheef@ wjcm; yk8~dKvfrsm;avh wufa&mufuwfaw? aus;&Gmaygif; ESpfaxmifausmfu vlaygif; ESpfodef;cGJ wufa&mufawvdk@ rSwfwrf;rsm;rm wGd@&a&? tvm;tvm cufac;&D;=um;u *kydkifwufa&mufuwfaw y&dwfowfrsm; txl; wufwuf/ =uG=uG [deDuwfaw? udk,f&dk@ acgif;aqmif wdudk txl; tm;udk;eDuwfaw? udk,fh&dk@ acgif;aqmifwda& udkf,fh&dk@ 'kuQtaygif;wdudk y,fzsufEdkifvdrR,fv@dk txl; tm;ygeDuwfaw? pcef;rSef/ vrf;rSefwdk@ tua,mifyif ydk@yD;edkifvdrfhrnfvdk@ tm;wufeDuwfaw? acgif;aqmif&dk@. rsufESmudk zl;ar#mfcsifuwfaw/

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toHudk =um;csifuwfaw? =o0g'udk cH,l csifuwfaw/ vrf;nGef&mudk vdkufemcsifuwfa? t,ifcgu acgif;aqmifeef@ ajyolrm uacgif;ap;&Hk;vdk@[dvDa&? acgif;aqmifwd ap;&Hk;r_ wufxGef; eD,m+zdKufaw? *kydkifpGmrm vrf;rSefau / yef;wdkifrSefudk a&mufEdkifa& r[kwfvm;// nDvmcHac:,l&a& ta=umif;&if;um; pdkuf twGif; t+zdKuftysufeef@ +Adwdo# pdkuf tkyfcsKyf&D;atmuf tajctae&dk@udk o#if;vif;wifjyzdk@ zwyv. aqmif&Gufcsuf rsm;udkwifjyzdk@ &cdkifvlxk}uD;eef@ EdkifiH&D; orm;rsm;udk aoao/ csmcsm vrf;nGefjyzdk@+zdKufaw? yvdyf t&m[drsm; pdkufom;rsm;&dk@avh vufeuf rsdK;pHkeef@ tap;ta0;rSwfwrf;rsm; ul;,lzdk@ a&mufeDa&// yxr edrm &ckdifajy ajymufusm;wyfom;&dk@. Ed_ufemcsufrsm; / &cdkifajy t&yf&yfu jy\emrsm;udk yGifhyGifh/ vif;vif; wifjyuwfaw? =o0g'p&d, q&mawmf to#if ynmoD[/ +Adwo# pdkuftkyfcsKyf&D;udk jyif;jyif;/ xefxef a0zefcsKyfcsvdkufaw? +Adwdo# tpdk;&a& &cdkifajyudk r[mrdwf teDeef@ rjyKrlcab; ? pdkuf&HSL; wdkif;ajy wpfajyydkif jyKrl qufqHeDa=umif; &cdkifajy olvlxkudk t*kydkif zdeSdyfeDpGma& &cdkifwkdif; zqyv udk zsufqD;zdk@vdka=umif; +Adwdo# tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyf&D;udk cdkifajr;pDcsifvdk@ *kydkif vkyfeDpGm+zdKufa=umif;/ ,auavh &cdkifajy olvlxkrm +Adwdo#udkwcg / *syef udkwcg 2 qlwdkifwdkif awmfvSef wdkufcdkufcvdk@ oHr%dydkif cdkifrm eD,m+zdKufa=umif;/ tcgtcGifh&au w+ydKifeuf awmfvSef x=uGuwfzdk@ +zdKufa=umif;&dk@udk wifjyvm;ca&? +Adwdo# Am;rm;. wyfrawmfwdk@ pdkufom; oGif;&D; jy\emudk tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;uwfaw? 1945 ck pufwifbmv ujyKvkyfaw *E
attxufyg yapP;&dk@a& v,form;&dk@twGuf roHk;r+zdKufaw yapP;wd+zdKufaw? &DeHqDwykvif; wpfusyfjym;&Spfq,f pyg;eef@rz// ESrf;qD 1ykvif; wpfusyfjym;&Spfq,f pyg;eef@rz o=um;wpfyd\m &Spfusyf ----? --pDuvdyf 1bl; 12jym; ? vzufa& 1cGuf 4jym; ? tdyfaqmufvkyfzdk@ukefyapP;rsm;. psD;E_ef;udk =unfhjyeffau 0g;w&mudk 40d u 60d xd pyg;eef@rz tkef; w&mudk 80d ? }udrfw&m 15d ? ,if;tcgu ukefpsD;E_ef;wufoavmuf ajyol0ifaiG rwdk;jrSifh/ pyg;psD;rwuf/ pyg;psD;rawmif 100 udk 30d E_ef;psD;&m[da&? ulvDwpfa,mufwed0ifaiG 12jym; atmufwef;pm&D;wOD; wv0ifaiG 50d/ &Gmausmif;q&m wv0ifaiG 25d/ vufaxmuf pm&D;wOD; 80d ykvdyftr_xrf; wv0ifaiG 21d txufwef; 90d ac&dkfif umv vlOD;a& xGufpyg; vdkpyg; a&mif;pyg; avsmhpyg; pdkufawG pdkufrjzpfrD 780,705 467,000 195,000 276,000 r[d pdkufjzpf+yD; 684,635 186,000 171,900 14,910 r[d ausmfjzL pdkufrjzpfrD 252,285 89,000 63,000 26,000 r[d pdkufjzpf+yD; 227,053 35,600 56,700 r[d 21,100 oHwGJ pdkufrjzpfrD 139,747 62,00 35,00 27,000 r[d pdkufjzpf+yD; 125,773 24,800 31,500 r[d 6,700 yvuf0g; pdkufrjzpfrD 34,005 6,000 9,000 r[d 300 2,400 8,100 r[d 2,700 pdkufjzpf+yD; 30,605 t*kESpf pkpkaygif; 1,068,066 249,600 268,200 14,900 33,700 *kydkif pD;yGm;&D; t=uyf&dkuf eDpdkiftpdk;&u 0JvfzJ,m oufomacsmifcsd&D; (Welfare) ukefpdiS&D; Xme rsm;udk zGifhvdkufyD;auav; vufwd@kpedwf arSmifcdk vkyfief;udk&m tmyD;&m a&mufvm;ca&? zqyv uor0g,r zGJ@pnf;+yD;au twwfEdkifqHk; ajz&Sif;Edkifatmif }udK;pm;cuwfaw? tem*wfudk ydkifqdkifa& vlairsm;. ynm&D; twGuf udkav; zqyvyif OD;pD;}udK;udkifca&? yHkpH pdkufawG txufwef;ausmif;}uD;udk jyefvDjyKjyifyD;ca&? tjcm; a'o&d@k rmavh ,if;ydkif vkyfyD;ca&? tudk omausmfuavh “vlairsm; tpnf;t&Hk;” udk xlaxmif+yD;au zqyveef@ qufaoGxm;a&? vlairsm;. ynm&D;/ usef;rm&D;/ qufqH&D;wdk@ aumif;rGef wdk;wufvmatmif }udK;pm;vkyfaqmifyD;ca&? at t+cDteDrm pD;yGm&D;uwfqdk;u 0ifa&muf aESmuf,Sufvmjyefa&? t&m[drsm;uav; arSmifhvma&? +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifeef@ uGefy&m'dk aeacs@vuf0DcH&dk@ aumif;=urf;vma&? &ckdkifajyrm vlOD;a&t& +zdKufpD/ pyg;xGufE_ef; t&+zdKufpD/ pyg;pdkuf av{u t&yif+zdKufpD/ pdkuf=uD;+yD;aemuf t+cDteDrm qkwf,kwfvmuwfaw? ,if;tjyif vlxkuav; cdkufrrDS/ wdkif;ajyuav; r+idrfroufvdk@ avvkyfief;rm usqif;vdk@ [deDa&? tckxdyif+zdKufaw// pdkufrjzpfcif p&if;rm 1943ck qdyfrvm+rdK@u xkwf0Da& “ Armajytpdk;&vr;fnGef” pmtkyfu ul;,lpGm+zdKufaw? t*k pdkuf+yD;aemuf cef@rSef;+cDrm pdkuftwGif; toDtqHk;a=umihf vlOD;a& wpfq,f&mcdkifE_ef; usavsmhvm;ca&? pyg; ig;yHkoHk;yHk avsmhvm;a&vdk@ ,lq+yD; cef@rSef;wGufxm;a& pm&if;rsm;+zdKufaw? pyg;csdefrm wefcsdef+zdKufaw? txufyg p&if;p,m; t&qdkau &ckdifajyc&dkif av;c&dkifteuf pdkufawGc&dkif wckwnf;u&m pyg;wefcsdefaygif; 14900 ydkeDa&// wjcm; oHk;c&dkifu avsmheDa& pyg;udk aygif;vdkufau 33,500 wef+zdKufaw? ,au &cdkif wajyaevHk; twGuf ,ckESpf 1946 ckrm pyg;wefaygif; 18,600avsmheDpGmudk wdG@&a&? t*kydkif pyg;txGufE_ef; avsmheDpGm Zma=umif Zma=umifhvJ?? wzufrm av,m vkyfief; cdkufrrDSvdk@ pyg;txGufavsmheDpGmydkif wjcm;wbufrSm pyg;pdkuf{u jyKef;vm;pGma=umihf u|J/ EGm; rsm;qHk;,SHK;r_a=umihf pyg; txGufavsmhvm;&a&? 1941 ckp&if;t& pyg; pdkuf{u 931,000 [dpGm pdkuftwGif; ig;yHkoHk;yHkavmuf jyKef;vm;ca&? u|J/ EGm;aumif&D 237,600 [dpGm 1940 ck avxGefcsdefrm ig;yHkESpfyHk&m toHk;csEdkifa&? vlOdD;a& avsmhae;vm;vdk@ avvkyfief; tm;ae;vm;&a&? avu&d,mrsm; pHkpHk/ vifvif r[dv@kd av; usqif;vm;&a&? ,if; twGufwma=umifh ,if;Ed_ufu &Spfq,fh&mE_ef; avorm;&dk@rsm;rm 0rf;pmrvHk +zdKufeD&a&?

28

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tm%m&eD,m? AdkvfcsKyf zqyv tpdk;&azG@+yD;pu Armh vGwfvyf&D;r&au wdkuf,lzdk@ pDpOfxm;auavh bdvyfwdk@vm;vdk@ atmifqef;twWvdD pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdk+ydD; aemufydkif;rm awmfvSef&D;tpm; ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifvma&Asm,f? OD;atmifZHa0 wpfa,mufum; zqyvtazG@rm yg0ifeD&a&? ajryHk nDvmcHrm &ckdif acgif;aqmifwdeef@ AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ tqifrajyc? +Adwdo# vufatmuf &ckdifajya& zqyv vufatmuf &cdkifajywdk@wdk@ ul;ajymif;pjyKvm,m+zdKufaw? ,if; nDvmcHt+yD; &rf;+AJu|ef;u a&;abmf b[efeef@ a&;abmfOD;aEG&dk@ tzrf;cH&a&? q&mawmf t&Sif qENmu ,if; udpPtwGuf vlxkwkdufayG;0ifz@kd =uGvmawmfrla&tcg zqyv tpdk;&u oabFmxufrmyif q&mawmfudk zrf;qD;vdkufaw? om,0wDaxmifrm csKyfaESmifxm;vdkufaw? q&mawmf axmifax;rSm oDwif;oHk;eDpdkif &cdkifajy vuf0JnDnGwf&D;um; a,mh&D;&D; +zdKufvma&? wrsdK;om; vHk;udk acgif;aqmif EdkifpGrf;[da& q&mawmfr[da&tcg ap;vHk;r_avh usqif;vma&? ,if;ydkifpGmrSm tqdk;qHk;um; Armh EdkifiH&D;orm;rsm; *dk%f;cGJpGmudk cHeDuwfaw? &ckdif vuf0Jacgif;aqmif&dk@a& Arm vuf0JXmecsKyf toD;odD;rm wuGJwjym; yg0ifeDuwfpGma& ,if;tcguyif t*kxd+zdKufaw? tpdkiftvmwckyif +zdKufeDa&? ol&@kd twGuf qdkau udk,fykdif jyXmef;cGifh (Self Indetity) a& vHk;0 qdwfokef;eD,m +zdKufw? usdKif;ajrmif;/ arSmifrdkufvSa& aemufvkduf0g' wdkufcef;usdKif;rSm tydkuf cHeD&uwfaw? ,if; yk*~dKvf}uD;ai&dk@udk igh&dk@ &ckdif tazG@tap;u =uyf=uyf okawoe vkyf&zdk@yif ol&dk@trSm;udk awmfvSef&D; ocFef;pmt+zdKuf rSwfom;xm;&zd@k yifjzdKufaw? AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;a& zqyv tpdk;&udk azG@ap;+yD;aemuf 0ef}uD;csKyf twWvD. zdwf=um;csuft& vef'ifwdk@ vdkufvD&a&? ,if;rm 1947 ZEM0g&D 12 &uf edrm Armh vGwfvyf&D; tm&HkOD; a&mifjcnfeef@ wla& atmifqef;twWvD pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkEdkfifca&? ,if;u jyefvm+yD;au &Srf;ajyyifvkH+rdK@wGif &Srf;/ ucsif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;eef@ twl “yifvHkpmcsKyf” udk 12/ 2/ 47 ckrm csKyfqdkEdkifca&? 19/ 7/ 47 ckrm AdkvfcsKyf tvkyf}uHcH&a&? olauGvGef+yD;aemuf ArmhEdkifiH&D; tajctae uaumif; qdk;0g;vmvwfaw? Arm ajyrmuGJv@kd &cdkif ajyrmavh uGJvmuwfaw? ,if;u XmecsKyfu nGef=um;wdkif; a'u XmecsKyfu vkdufema&? ,if;ydkifumvrm q&mawmf. jy\em &cdkifajy. jy\em t&yf&yfrm r_ef0g;vm;ca&? wdrfaumvm;ca&? vufatmufcH omrn +zdKufvm;c&a&? ArmajyuGefjrLEd_ufygwDXmecsKyfu a&;abmfausmfjr&dk@OD;pD;xm;a& zqyv (&cdkifwdkfif;) udk ukd,fh tiftm;pkt+zdKuf owfrSwfxm;a&? q&mawmf to#ifpdENm. ajyolvGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD (People’s liberation Party) (A[dk=o0g' tazG@udk jyefvdk@ todkufwpfzef azG@ap;vdkufawygwD )udk qdkacsvpfygwD (OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;baqG wdk@acgif;aqmif) u ol@tiftm;pk t+zdKufowfrSwfvdkufaw/ ,if;a=umihf Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwDudk zqyv tazG@csKyfu AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;u xkwfydkufvdkufawtcg &cdkifwdkfif; zqyv uGefjrLEd_uf ygwDudk rxkwfEdkif+zdKufeD&a&? 1947 ck &aohawmif nDvmcHrm uGefjrLEd_ufygwDu ol@tvdkwlxGufvm;pGm&m ? zqyvrm qdkacsvpftiftm;pk +ydKiab;ufr[dbJ wdk;wufvmvwfaw// ,if;jyif qdkacsvpfygwDa& OD;ndkxGef;acgif;aqmifa& “ajyol@a&;abmfygwD” udkavh &cdkifajyqkdif&m qdkacsvpf tiftm;pk t+zdKufowfrSwf jyKvkyfvdkoda&? t8ifh,ifhyif &cdkifhawmfvSef&D;orm; /EdkifiH&D; orm;rsm;udk ArmhEdkifiH&D; ygwDtoD;oD;u cg;ydkufaqmif tajrmifvkyf xm;vmuwfaw// vufatmufcH wynfhvkyfxm;uwfaw// a,bk,stm;jzifh &ckdifEdkifiH&D; orm;rsm;&d@k . aemufvdkuf0g'eef@ ArmEdkifiH&D;orm;&dk@. vlrsdkK;}uD;0g'rm aumif;aumif; tqifajyeDca&? ,if;eef@ r,m;ydkif &dSvm;/ aemufvdkfufnDeDca&? ocifeef@u|efydkif txuf/ atmufnDnGwfca&? tjcm;wbufrm pdkufrSefa& acgif;aqmif (uaumif;/ ,Sm;,Sm;/ yg;yg;) tcsdK@um; awmfvSef&D; orm;tcsif;csif; &cdkif/ Arm rcJGjcm;bJ odkufpm xm;cuwfaw// a&;abmf / a&;bufodkufpmudk Zmolzsufzsuf ol@&dk@rysuab;J cdkifrmeDcuwfaw// awmfvSef&D;. t"du &efol+zdKufaw +Adwo# t&if;o#ifaecsJ@bm;wkd@&m r[mAsL[mr#m;OdD; awxm;cuwfaw? ,if;tcsdefrm EktwWvDpmcsKyf (17/ 10/ 47 ) csKyfvdk@ atmifjrifvm;c,m +zdKufaw// ,if;aemuf 4/ 1/ 48 rm ArmhvGwfvyf&D; yef;wdkifudk Armhvl@tazG@tap;a& tcuftcJh aygif;axmifaomif;udk ausmfjzwfvkd@ atmifatmif/ jrifjrif a&mufvm;cuwfaw// +Adwdo#Am;rm;udk “ajyaxmifpk orRw jrefrmEdkifiH” t+zdKuf a=ujimvdkufaw// atmifayG; obifusif;yuwfaw? uAsmazG@uwfaw? ,if;umvrm ArmhvGwfvyf&D; armfuGef;0if &cdkifacgif;aqmif}uD;ai&dk@rmum; tcsdK@tm%m& zqyv ygwDaemufvdkufvm;cvdk@ vGwfvyf&D; t&omudk pm;vdk@aomfvkd@/ wcsdK@um;awmcdkv@kd / wcsdK@um; =um;xkdifvdk@? Armh trsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D;um; ArmhvGwfvyf&D;eef@ wpcef;owfvm;c,m? oDaygrif; tzrf;cH&a& 1885 cku 1948ck txd Ed_ufaygif; 62 Ed_uft=um;rm udkvdkeDu|eab;0u vGwfajrmufvm;ca&? &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;um; baZmifav;? &cdkiforRw&mZm tzrf;cH&a& 1780 p+yD;au u|ef +zdKufvmvwfpGm t*kxufwdkif rvGwfod// &ckdiftrsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;rm &cdkifvGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;yef;wdkif ra&mufod? Arm vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;udk &cdkifvGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;vdk@ajymvdk@r&? wdkif;ajy vuf[d&kyfw&m;u Zmudk tajzyD;eDa&vJ// &ckfdiftvkyform;xk/ avorm;xk/ rnmwwf "eo#if aygufpxk/ wdkif;&if;om; "eo#ifxk Zmyfkdif cHpm;eD&pGmav;// jywfjywfajym&zdk@qdkau &cdkif trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;eef@ ArmtrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;wdk@ a&mxDG;vm;cvdk@ atmifayG;rcHEdkifod? a&mxDG;pGmrmwcg wef;wla&wla&mxDG;pGmr[kwab;J wqifhcH vufatmufcHt+zdKufeef@ a&mxDG;vm;&pGm+zdKufvdk@ &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif; tazsmufcHvm;c&a&// vGrf;rdk;cHvm;c&a&// zHk;auGcHvm;c&a&// ,if;eef@Zk raoGrD rwdfrf;apmif;uwfauh? ravG;racsmfuwfauh / trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk odkufpmrazmufuwfauh // udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk OD;xdyfxm;uwf&zdk@// ArmvGwfvyf&D; &+yD;aemufydkif;rm Armvlr_tazG@tap;a& ajyol@'Drdkua&pD pcef;qifh (0g) awmffvSef&D; . 'kwd, pcef;qihf wdk;wufvm;c&a&? &cdkifvlr_@tazG@tap;um; trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifhrm umvwckudk jzwfoef; eD&wkef;+zdKufaw? ,if;tcsdefavmufrm *syefckdufu pkap;nDnGwf&D; &cdkifhacgif;aqmif&dk@a& wuGJwjym;pDeef@ 'kwd, pcef;qifhudk qifaEG;zdk@ vufeufudkfifawmcdk+yD;au ArmygwDtoD;oD;tygt0if awmfvSefvm;cuwfaw// wcsdK@avh zqyveef@ awG;eDvdkufaw// =um;xdkifvm;cuwfaw?

31

ArmhvGwfvyf&D; &vkvkumvrm ocifpdk;acgif;aqmifa& uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (Armajy)0g tvHeDygwD awmcdk+yD;au &ckdifajy &D;eDAkHaygufomausmf &dk@avhawmcdka&// tvHeDygwD nGef=um;csuftwdkfif; uGefjrLedKufygwD (&cdkifajy) xlaxmifvkdufaw// tvHeDygwDvdk@ wGifvDa&// ArmhvGwfvyf&D;&+yD; ,if;Ed_ufrwfv 28 &ufedrSm ocifoef;xGef;acgif;aqmifa& Armajy uGefjrLedwfygwD awmckda&// &cdkifajyu a&;abmfausmfjravh ,if;ygwD0iftaeeef@ awmcdka&// Auy &cdkifwdkfif;udk azG@ap;vkdufaw// &wn ajyae awmif;+yD;aemuf a&;abmfausmfjrtqifhrm ajyaewm0efcH tqifhxdwdk;vma&? Auy (&cdkifajyae) vdk@avh ajymif;vJvdkufaw// 1948/ ar 5 &ufedrm Armajy 0ef}uD;OdD;eku vuf0JnDnGwf&D;rl 14 csufudk a=ujkima&? aemuf 14 csuf +zdKufvm;c&a&// q&mawmf to#ifoD[acgif;aqmifa& &cdkifwdkif; zqyvuavh ,if;rltwdkif; vdkufema[m=um;a&// 1948 ck *sKefv 26 &ufedrm ajyol@ a&;abmf ESpfjcrf;uGJa&? Adkvfzdk;uGef; acgif;aqmifa& tjcrf;u a&;abmfjzLvkd@emrnfcHa& // AdkfvfrSL; atmifausmf acgif;aqmifa&tjcrf;u a&;abmf0g vdk@emrnfcHa&? a&;abmfjzL&d@k awmcdka&? a&;abmf0gu zqyveef@ usefvkdufaw? a&;abmfjzL awmcdka&tcg &cdkifajyu a&;abmf wazG@vHk;awmcdka&? Adkvf}uD; =umvSatmif/ Adkvf pHomausmf/ Adkfvf atmifausmf/ Adkvf armifuav; wkd@yg0ifa&// q&mawmf to#ifpdENm vGwfvm+yD;au ajyol@ vGwfajrmuf&D; ygwdDavh awmcdka&? &cdkifajy vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D; avmurm 1948 ckaemufydkfif;/ 1? to#if pdENmacgif;aqmifa& ajyhol vGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD/ 2? a&;abmf ausmfjracgif;aqmifa& “Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD” &ckdifwdkif;/ 3? a&;eD bHkaygufomausmf acgif;aqmifa& “uGefjrLEd_ufygwD” &ckdifajy / 4? Adkvf}uD; =umvSatmif OD;acgifa& “ajyola&;abmfygwD’’ vdk@ ygwD av;ygwD ay:aygufeDa& // av;ygwD pvHk;. r[mAsL[mrm ajyol@'Drkdua&pD awmfvSef&D;/ (0g) vlwef;pm;awmfvSef&D;yifjzpfaw// &ckdifajyudk Armajy. udkvdkeD wydkif;vdk@ cH,lxm;uwfaw// pifpkdufa& a'r[mAsL[mrm Armacgif;aqmif&dk@u Armajy. &kyfw&m;t& ol&dk@cH,lcsuft& cif;usif;xm;a& r[mAsL[myif+zdKufaw// &ckdifajy.vuf[d &kyfw&m;eef@um;vHk;0 r[yfpyfoda& r[mAsL[myif +zdKufaw// atudpPrSm &ckdifacgif;aqmifwdeef@ Armacgif;aqmifwdudk Ed_if;,d_if a=uhzdk@vdkvdrR,f? Arm acgif;aqmif &dk@a& rsdK;quf tqufqufrSm udkvdkeD u|eab;0udk tvdkr[duwf? Tqufquf aecsJ@qef@usif&D; pdkufudk qifEGJ@cuwfaw? trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;udk rdrd&& qkyfudkifxm;uwfaw// Adkfvfrif;a&mif awmfvSef&D;/ q&mpHawmfvSef&D;&dk@udk ordkif;rSwfwkdfift+zdKuf udkifaqmifxm;uwfaw? 'kwd,awmfvSef&D; twGif;rmavh *syefaecsJ@udk +zdKuf+zdKuf/ +Adwdo# aecsJ@udk +zdKuf+zdKuf cH,lcsuf/ &yfawcsuf/ OdD;awcsuf/ rSefrSefuefuefeef@ awmfvSefwdkufckdufuwfaw// aemufqkH; trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. ydkufrSwf ta&mufcsDwufvmuwfaw? vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;udkqifEGJEdkifuwfaw? igh&dk@ &cdkifacgif;aqmif&dk@rmum; trsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkfif;a=umif;udk *&krpdkuf / t"du rxm;/ cH,lcsuf/ &yfawcsuf / OdD;awcsuf/ rjywfom; /awGa0,drf;,dkifvmuwfaw// awmifrif;}uD;/ Akdvfcsif;jyef/ 'g;ydkif}uD;/rif;om;}uD; &dk@ awmfvSef&D;udk ordkfif;rSwfwkdift+zdKuf rudkifaqmifcab; aemufqHk;rm trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ykdufrSwf aysmufvm;cuwfaw? Armh vGwfvyf&D;aemufrm udk,fhtrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ratmifjriab;Jeef@ 'kwd, pcef;qifh ajyol 'dDrdkua&pdD awmfvSef&D;udk ckefausmfwufvm;uwfaw? Armajyol 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;abmifrm a&mygvm;cuwfaw? Armh trskdK;om; awmfvSef&D;cguavh ,if;Arm abmifrm a&mygvm;cpGma& t,ifuavha&m t8kavha&m/ a&mygzefrsm;au udk,fabmifudk rjrifEdkifuwf,m// Arm/ csif;/ ucsif/ o#rf; acgif;aqmif&dk@a& yifvHkpmcskKyfrcsKyfqdkrD rdrdwdk@ajyeef@ trsdkK;om;&dk@twGuf tmrcHcsufudk&[datmif }ud;Kpm;cuwfaw// 1947 ck / azazmf0g&D 6 &uf / rGef;vGJ 2 em&D cGJtcsdefrm yifvHk +rdK@rmusif;ya& o#rf;eef@ ucsifaumfrwD tap;ta0;. qHk;jzwfcsuf ig;csuf tcdkiftrm csrSwfxm;c uwfaw// yxr wpfcsufrm jrefrm&dk@eef@ tqifhtwef; tcGifht&D;/ wef;wl&ydkifcGifh [d&D;/ wef;wl 'Drdkua&pD usus cHpm;cGifh [d&D;/ yOPr wcsufrm vGwfvyf&D; &[d+yD;onfaemuf jrefrm ajyaxmifpkrS u|Efkyfwdk@ tcsdefra&G;cGJxGufcGifh[dar qdka& tcsufwdudk tmrcHcsuf&atmif }udK;yrf;uwfaw// azazmf0g&Dv 7 &ufed rdk;axmuf 9 em&D tcsdefrm yifvHk+rdK@rm usif;ya& csif;/ ucsif/ o#rf; yl;awG; aumfrwD. qHk;jzwfcsufudkfa=uh 1? (u) o#rf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;yg0ifa& awmifwef;om;rsm; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; tr_aqmif aumfrwDw&yfudk azG@ap;/ awaxmif&ar// 4if;tr_aqmif aumfrwDrm awmifwef;om;rsm; &dk@eef@ jrefrmajy tpdk;&&dk@ t=um;rm ay:aygufor#aom ay:vpD qkdif&mudpP tm;vHk;eef@ pyfcsufvkd@ tqHk;tjzwfyD;Edkifa& tm%mtajyhtpHk[d&r,f// (ul;/ abmf/ vS/ rdsK;/ ajyaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH0if pmcsKyf pmwrf;rsm; 1968 ck ESm 247/ 248/ 249 )// ,if;aemuf Armudk,fpm;vS,f&dk@eef@ “awmifwef;om;rsm; ap;vHk;/ nDnGwf&D;tazG@’’ (wpnz) eef@ azazmf0g&D 12 &ufedrm yifvkHpmcsKyfudk cskKyfqdkuwfaw// ,if;pmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;rS&m csif;/ ucsif/ o#rf;&d@k u Armh vGwfvyf&D; awmif;qdkcsufudk axmufcHuwfaw// ,auavh txufazmfjyyg qHk;jzwfcsuf&dk@u udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh ( Self-identity)jywfjywf/ om;om; azmfxkwfjyoxm;a&// 20 &mpk yxrydkif; &ckdifacgif;aqmif&dk@rm udk,fydkif jyXmef;cGifhudk wcgacsavh w&m;0ifajym qdkpGmudk rwd@G c&// aemuf u,m;ajyuav@ ol&kd@ ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifhukd ajyaxmifpk jrefrm EkdifiHawmf azG@ap;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH Oya'rm twdtus az:xkwfxm;a&? u&if trsKd;om;&kkd@qkdau 1948 ck azaz:&Dv 5/ 6/ 7 &ufrm nDvmcHobif}uD; usif;yjyD;au u&if ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifhukd &[dvkd@? &ckdif ajyum; ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifheef@ tcskKyftcsm tm%mykdifqkdifr_ qkH;eDpGma& ESpfaygif; 200 [dzkd@&m? 18 &mpk ukdvkdeD uGseab;0ok@d trsKd;om; ap;vkH;nDnGwfr_ +yKduGJcvdkd@ usqif;ca& tcguyif/ trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;vkyfvmpGm 19 &mpk wavsmufvkH;+zdKufaw? 20 &mpk tpykdif;wk@d a&mufawtcgrS&m vrf;a=umif;a&mxDG;vmc&a&// ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifh ukdavhowdr& ? t*k EktwWvD pmcsKyft& ArmvGwfvyf&D;&a&tcg jAwdo# vufatmufcH &ckdifajya& ArmvufatmufcH &ckdifajy +zdKufvma& ? uGsefykef;ukdvkdeD EkdifiH+zdKufvm&a&? ,if;a=umifh csif;/ ucsif / o#rf;/ u,m;/ u&if/ Arm&kd@. trskKd;om;vSKyf&Sm;rlrsm;/ trskKd;om; awmfvSef&D;rsm;&kd@ukd4if;/ o&kyfacG;vDvm;zkd@aumif;,m// ukdk,fEkdifiHukd trsKd;om;*k%fukd aqmifjyD;au ukd,@f vlrltazG@tap;tax;rm ukd,f@tcsKyftcsmtm%mukd atmifjrifpGm csrSwfxm;&a&qkdpGmukd av@vmzkd@aumif;,m// tcsKyftcsmtm%mar@a& vltazG@tap;w&yfrm ukd,f@ykdif 32

jyXmef;cGifhav@r[d trsKd;om; trdDGtESpfw&yfrm tcsKyftcsmr[dau vGwfvyfr_av; qkH;,H_;&a&// ,if;ykdif trskKd;om;rm tem*wffr[dEkdif? a'eD &ckdif trskKd;om;rm tcsKyftcsm tm%mr[d/ ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifhr[d/ vGwfvyfr_r[d / tem*gwf r[d+zdKufeD&a&? tem*gwf r[dau &ckdif qdwfokOf;&zkd@ ? &ckdif vl@tazG@tap;a& aweDawcgrmav; vufeef@z0g;&m [da&// EkdifiHwekdifiHrm EkdifiH&D;twGufrSm;au xkdEkdifiH. trsKd;om;&D; w&yfvHk;twGuf touftoDG;/ t&kd;ukdyD;qufvkd@ rukefavmufatmif +zKdufvm&a&? acgifaqmifwuGufrSm;au / aemufvkduf. toufaygif;rsm;pGm tkd;tdrfaygif;rsm;pGm ysufpD;vm;&a&? aemifvm aemufom;rsm; urf;vm;&a&? wkdif;ajy. &kyforkdif;ukd **krpkdufau awmfvSef&D; w&yfvkH;rSmavh tavGtaoG ysufpD;us&a&? awmfvSef&D; w&yfysufpD;vm;au wkdif;ajyrm olykef/ oluef 0g'0ifvma& &ckdifajyrm ,if;ykdif +zKduf&a&? t*ktcgrmqkdau &ckdif awmfvSef&Fd;ygwDrsm;rm pdkuf&D; oDaea&// EkdifiH&D;+yKdeDa&? pD;yGm;&D;/ jcpm;eDa& /vlrl&D;/ ,dkifaus;rl qdwfokef;eDa& / w&ufxufw&uf vkH;yg;yg;vma& ? trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf ap;&kH;&D; vkyf&zkd@umvrm (8) 0HomEk vkyfief;wd vkyfaqmif&zkd@ tcsdefumvrm awmfvSef&D; r&ifusuab;eef@ ajyol 'Drkdua&pD awmfvSef&D;ukd ,if;20 &mpk yxrykdif; &ckdif awmfvSef&D;wd vkyfykdufcvkd@ awmfvSef&dF; om;acsmvm;&a&? 1949 ck ESpfavmufrm Armajy usefESpfygwDdu OD;aqmifjyD;au ajyol 'Drkdua&pD nDnGwf&D; wyfaygif;pk A[kd ap;&kH;&D;aumfrwD azG@ap;vkdufaw? ,if;ap;&kH;&D;atmufrm &ckdif awmfvSef&D;ygwD yg0ifvcjyefa&? &ckdifajy tawmtwGif;rmavh ajyol 'Drkdua&pDwyfaygif;pkk ay:aygufvma&? yvuf0/ ausmufjzL/ oHawG; c&kdif&kd@rm &ckdif awmfvSef&D; wyfaygif;pku odrf;vkdufjyefa&? pdkufawG+rKd@ukdayvkd@ pdkufawG wckvkH;ukdavh odrf;vkdufjyefa&? 1950 ckrm qkdau pdkufaawG+rKd@rSty wajyvkH;ukd &ckdif awmfvSef&dF;ygwdDrsm; odrf;ykdufvkdufaw? &ckdif trskd;om; awmfvSef&D;+zKdufaw ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGihfrltwGuf tcsKyftcsm tm%mtwGuf a&;a&;/ awmufawmuf wkdufayG;0ifeDwkef;+zKdufaw? u&ifajy u&if trskd;om;twGuf tcGifht&D;wkd@ rSefrSef/ uefuef awmif;qkd wkdufayG;0ifeDwkef; +zdKufaw? ,if;ykdif tcsdefrm &ckdifajyrm &ckdifacgifaqmif&kd@u ygwd 3-4 ckeef@ ajyol@ 'Drkdua& pDawmfvSef&D;ukd Arm XmecsKyf toDd;oD;wk@d . nGef=um;csuftwfkdif; a&;a&;awmufawmuf wkdufayG;0ifaewkef;+zKdufaw? aemufwcku ygudpPwefu &ckdifajywkd@ 0ifvma&? ygudpPwef ukvm;rsm;u tpPvef bmom&D;ukd tajccHjydD;au &ckdif r,lurf;ajcrm uskdKif;ajrmifa& ya'o&kdufvlrsdK;&D;/ awmfvSef&dF;ukdvmvkyfaw? &ckdif Ak'Nbmom&[ef;rsm;/ &ckdif trsKd;om;/ orFd;rsm;ukd zrf;qdF;jydF; csKyfaemifxm;jyF;au trsKd;rsdK;apmfum;a&/ ,if;awmfvSef&D; ygwDrm “rl*sm['f” ygwD vkd@emarcHa&? &ckdifudk a&m ukvm;ukdyg ESdyfpuf apmfum;a&// rl*sm[d'facgifaqmif umqdrf;rmqkdau r,lurf;/ r*Fvm}uD;awmifrm cHwyf}uD;aqmufvkd@ a&GozlaqmifjyD;au &m*sm bG@J ukdcHa& aemufrl*sm[d'f ya'o&kduf awmfvSef&D; ysufpD;vm;ca& umqdrf;av; ygudpwef tax;okd@ xGufjydF;vm;ca&// aemufykdif;rm vkyf=uH/ owfjzwfjcif;ukdcHvD&a&? &ckdifajy wyfaygif;pkav; Armajyu wyfaygif;pk+ydKuGJa&cg +ydKuGJjyefa&// 'Drkdua&pD xm;cor# aeajrwdukd vufvGwfc&a&// aemufqHk;rm acgifaqmif tcsif;csif;rukdufvkd@ Arm a&;abmftrsm;tjym; oDqkH;c&a& //usKd;uef;/ ysufpD;uwfvDa&? vlrl&D;/ pD;yGm;&D; usqif;vmca& ?,if;eef@ 1985 ckrm q&mawmf usefvkdufuwfaw/? rl*sm[d'f t=uGif;tusefwduav; vufeufcsvkdufuwfaw? 1958 ck rmq&mawmf pdENm. ajyol@ vGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD/ Adkvf}uD; =umvSatmif&dk@ OdD;aqmifa& “ajyhol@a&;abmfygwD’’ a&;eD AHkayguf omausmf &dk@acgifaqmifa& tvHeDygwD trsm;pk/ Armajy uGefjrLEd_uf ygwD0iftrsm;pk&dk@ zqyv tpdk;&yg;rm tvif;0ifvkdufuwfaw// awmwGif;rmqdkau Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (&cdkifwdkif;) eef@ tvHeDygwD tcskKd@&dk@&m usefvdkufuwfau // rl8sm[dkuf t=uGif;tusef wduavh vufeufcsvdkufuwfaw// u|ef;ykef;cdkuf (u) 'kwd, &cdkif0Homekcdkuf (trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;. ap;&Hk;&D ;&D;umv) 20 &mpk 'kwd,ydkif;odk@a&mufawtcg &cdkifvl@r_tazG@tap;a& udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifheef@ tcsKyftcsm tm%mydkifqdkif&D;udk *&kjyKvmuwfaw? teufteJ@xm;vmuwfaw? &cdkifhvl@r_tazG@tap;. &kyfvuQ%mudk tjydef;oHk;oyfa=uhau ukdvdkeDu|efvuQ%m/ avorm;vuQ%m/ AsL&dkua&pD/ rif;arh/ 8dk%f;pGJ/ a'opGJ /bmomapG;/ vlrsdK;pGJ awmfvSef&D;pcef;vGefr_/ &mxl;rufarmr_qdka& vuQ%mqdk;aygif;rsm;pGmudk wdG@&a&? &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;rm udkvdkeDu|efvuQ%m+zdKufaw// cdkufrrDSjcif;/ pD;yGm;&D;/ ,d_ifaus;r_/ ynm&D;&dk@rm atmufusaemufus +zdKufeD&jcif;qdka& aumif;r_wdeef@ajyheDa&// avorm;vuQ%m+zdKufaw/ ap;urf;rJhjcif; / pkaygif;vkyfudkifr_ae;yg;jcif; /woD;yk8~Kdv qefjcif; /cdkufrrDjcif;qdka& raumif;r_wdajyhedDa&// txufu atmufudk tEdkifcHjcif; /ajypGmudk8&krpdkufjcif; /trsm;qENudk*&krpdkjcif;qdka& AsL&dkua&pDqdk;rsm;ajyheDa&? ap;urf;vkyfukdifjcif; trde@f tm%mudk *&krpdkufjcif;qdka& rif;rJ@0g'. vuQ%mqdk;wdajyheDa&// cH,lcsuf/ &yfawcsuf/ OdD;awcsufeef@ udk,f&kyfeef@ udk,fnDa& oabmw&m;udk rudkifpGJbJ// trsm;tusdK;udkrvkdufab; udk,ftpGJ /ukd,f*dk%fapG; vef;eDa& vuQ%mqdk;wd[deDa&// ukd,fc&dkif/ udk,fha'oudk&m xefxef&D;+yD;au trsdK;om;ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D;udk wkduf&dkuf+zdKuf+zdKuf /aoG0dSufvdk@+zdKuf+zdKuf rvkyfcuwf// &cdkfifajywdk@ 0ifa&mufeD xkdkifuwfaw EdkfifiHjcm;om;rsm;rm &ckdifwdkfif;&if;om; t+zdKuf pk&Hk;+ydD; &ckdifajyEdkifiHudk oD;jcm;ajyaet+zdKuf xlaxmifcsifuwfoda&// bmom&D;t& cGJjcm;csifuwfoda&// ,if;ydkif vkyfeDuwfpGmudk pcef; vGefygwDu arSmufarSmuf/ ,Sm;,Sm; tm;yD; axmufcHeDuwfoda&// ,if;ydkif tedXm&HkwdajyheDa&// EdkifiHjcm;om; wOD;u wdkif;&if;om; t+zdKufcH,l+yD;aemuf udk,fcH,l&mwkdfif;ajyudk odkufpmapmifh&a&// ,if;EdkifiHom;rsm;eef@ qdk;twl aumifzufcH&a&// t,ifu udk,frdcifedkifiHtwGuf tusdK;jyK+yD;au *kudk,feDa& EdkifiHtusdK;,kwfpDzdk@ tvkyfvkyfau ,if;EdkifiHudk odkufpm azmufr_+zdKufaw// ,if;ydkif vkyfief;qdk;wavhajyheDa&// &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;rSmavh trsdK;om;&D;udk udkifpGJ&zdk@tpm; vlrsdK;&D;udk udkifpGJxm;uwfoda&// tcsKd@ ola=uG/ olaX;&dk@qkdau rsdK;EG,fpk qefeD uwfoda&//

33

awmfvSef&D; pcef;vGefr_a& tqdk;qHk;+zdKufaw? &cdkfif trsKd;om;udk &cdkifajyrm qkwfokef;pDa&// igh&dk@ wrsdK;om;vHk;udk "m;eef@ ydkif;owfaw w&m;qdk; yif+zdKufaw// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;rmqkdau aecsJ@a& vlrsdkK;pkeef@ u|efjyKcH&a&// vlrsdK;. ywdyuQa& t"du ywdyuQ+zdKufaw// atywdyuQukd trsdK;om; ap;&Hk;nDnGwf&D;eef@ armif;ESihf xkwf&a&// *kydkifpGmrm pcef;vGef awmfvSef&D; ygwDwdu vlwef;pm; ywdyuQwdudk xdk;wifvma&tcg &ckdifajyrm ywdyuQ ESpfck+zdKufvm&a&// ,if;eef@Zk t"du &efolaysmufvm;c&a& // ydkufrSwf aysmufvm;c&a&// trsdK;om; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; aysmufvm;c&a&// ,if;a=umifh pcef;vGef awmfvSef&D;ygwD &dk@a& &ckdifajyudk tqHk;owfeD&a&vdk@ rSwfcsufcs&zdk@+zdKufaw// *kydkif t+zdKuftysufqdk;wd ajyheDa& ydkif tcsdeftcgr[kwf ay:aygufeDa& vlwef;pm; ywdyuQa& ArmaecsJ@&dk@ twGuf taygufwck +zdKufeDa&// ,if;tjyif awmfvSef&D; pcef;vGefr_a=umifh rdwfzuf ywdyuQeef@ &efbuf ywdyuQ ruGJjym;+zdKufvm;c&a&// trsdK;om; ap;&Hk;&D;vkyfr& +zdKufeD&a&// trsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D;u &ckdif+rDo#if ya'o&dkufudk rdwfbufywdyuQ/ aecsJ@ ,fd_ifaus;r_udk &efbufywdyuQvdk@ csvma&tcg vlwef;pm; 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ol&dk@eef@ab; &ifqkdifeDuwf&a&// aecsJ@yg;odk@ trsdK;om;&D;jrm;udk ydkufvkdufwfkdif; ol&@kd uacs; =um;u ckcHpGmudk wdG@[d&a&// *kydkif tedXm&Hk aygif;pHkeef@ ajyhpHkeDa& &ckdifajya& 1947ckrm EktuWvdD pmcsKyft& Armu|efykef; udkvdkeD EdkifiHwck +zdKufvm;ca&// u|ef;ykef;cdkufa& 20 &mpk tavavmufrm tpjyKvma&/ a'umvrm YMBA cdkuf &cdkif acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &ckdif wdkfif;vHk;qkdfif&m wkdfif;&if;om; tap;tvHk; acgif;aqmifrsm; (0g) zqyv &cdkfifwdkif; acgif;aqmifrsm; tax;u trsm;pk&dk@rm ajyoleef@ uif;vGwfpGmudk wdG@&a&// ,if;acgif;aqmif tcsdK@rm &ckkdifajyudk pGef@ydkufxm;c,m +zdKufaw// wcsdK@rm vlxkqef@usifr_udk tjrJcHpm;vm;c&a&// ajyol odkufpmazmufp&if;0if wdvdk@awmif oHcsyfxdk; cHvmuwf&pGmudk wd@G &a&// awmwGif; acgif;aqmif&dk@rmum;/ ygwDwGif;wkdufayG; / wyfaygif;pkwGif; wdkufayG;/ +rdk@odrf;wdkufayG;udk qifaEG;uwf+yD;au vufeufcs tvif;0ifuwfaw tcgrm ajyoleef@uif;uGm vm;pGmudk wdG@&a&// txl;ojzifh ,if;acgif;aqmiftcsdK@&dk@ ygvDrefa&G;aumufayG;/ jrLeDpyg,f a&G;aumufayG;&dk@rm tjywftowf&HSL;edrfhpGmudk a=uhau odEdkifa&// aemufwcsufuavh ,if;acgif;aqmifwdrm ajyaea=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ a&G;aumufayG;EdkifeDa& // &wn tazG@eef@ xdyfwkdufvmwGdvdk@ rpm;om,m +zdKufvm;ca&// &wnum; &ckdif ygwDreftrwfrsm; xlaxmifvdkfufaw tazG@+zdKufaw// 1951 rm ajyaxmifpk orw jrefrm EdkifiHawmfrm 'kwd, t}udrfajrmuf ygvDrefa&G;aumufayG;udk usif;ya&// ,if;tcgu 1947 ck yxr t}udrfajrmuf a&G;aumufayG;wkef;u +ydKiab;ufr[d tEdkif&vm;ca&// zqyv trwfa[mif;rsm;a& tjywftowf&SHK;edrfh vm;ca&// &ckdfif ajytwGuf ajyolvGwfawmftrwf 18 ae&m / vlrsKd;&D; vGwfawmftrwf 5eD&m teuf woD;yk*~dv &ckdif trwfrsm; t&DG;cHc&a&// ,if;trwfrsm;u “ &ckdifajy ygvDreftrwfrsm;tazG@’’udk azG@uwfaw// ,if;uwqifh 1952 ck pdkufawG oabmFusif;rm ,if;trwfrsm;OD;aqmif+yD;au “&cdkif ajyvHk;qdkif&m wkdif;&if;om; nDnGwf&D; tazG@csKyf (&wn)” udk 0wDav; &yfvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcH}uD;u azG@ap;vdkufaw// &wn . r[mAsL[mrm a'otvkduf udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyf&D; (Regional Autonomal) +zdKufaw// ae;AsL[mrm ygvDrefwGif; wdkufayG; 0ifz@kd yif+zdKufaw// &wn udk OD;ausmfriff; / OD;b+rdKif/ OD;armifausmfZH pa& wdkif;&if;om; rsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduf "eo#if/ ynmwwf "o#ifaygufp&dk@u OD;aqmifcauavh trsdK;om; w&yfvHk;udk EdkifiH&D; oabmw&m; w&yfudk csrSwf+ydD;au ydkifydkifEdkfifEdkfif rpkap;Edkifc// &cfdkif &kyfb0eef@ udkufnDa& trsdK;om; &D;udk a=uG;a=umfcvdk@ vlkxkaxmufcHr_udk vd_ufvd_uf/ vSJvSJ &[dEkdifcpGm &m+zdKufaw// &wn ay:aygufvm+yD;au &ckdifajyrm ajyaev_yf&Sm;&D; / trsdK;om; &D;v_yf&Sm;&D;/ ,dkfifaus;r_ v_yf&Sm;&D;/ tpysdK;vma&// trsdK;om;&D; v_yf&Sm;r_ t&yf&yfrm ArmaecsJ@&dk@eJ@ trsdkK;om;&D;abmif cGJvmuwfaw// &cdkifh tekynm ig;& yf+zdKufaw// 1// udk;auGr_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_/ 2// bmom pmyDqdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_/ 3// okckr tEkynm qkdif&m ,dkifaus;r_/ 4// qif,if/ xHk;azG@r_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_/ 5// ydokumqdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_pa& &ckdifh trsdK;om;vuQ%m t&yf&yfwdk@udkavh wqufqufay:xGufvm uwfaw// &ckdif &Daeqef@/ &cdkif twfzavmf&Dqeff@ (Arakan renaissance and Rakhine afflorercance ) vkyfvmuwfaw// at'D 1788 ckrm &cdkifh vuQ%mt&yf&yfukd Arm bk&ifarmif0dkfif;u tptqHk; zsufydkufcuaw;u wdrfaum qdwfokef;vm;c&pGm t*ktcgrm wqdwfauavmuf tnGehfwufcGifh&vma&// ajyolw&yfvHk;uavh tm;wwfoa&m yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vmuwfaw// &ckdif trsdK;om;&D;udk *&krpdkufuwfab; pcef;vGef (Nibiliats) ty tm;vHk; &cdkif trsdK;om; wdk;wdk;wufwuf vufcHvmuwfaw// ajyaev_yf&Sm;&ddD;udk &wn ygvDrefwGif wdkufayG;eef@ wdkufayG;0ifa&// Arm oHCmhor*~ aomwk*ef tazG@csKyf &ckdifajy trsdK;om;wyfaygif;pk (&rnw) &dk@uavh Oya'wGif; wkdufayG;rsdK;pHkeef@ wdkufayG;0ifuwfaw// &rnwa& 1958 ck ajyolvGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD/ tvHeD

34

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,if;umvrm ygvDrefwGif;wkdufayG;a& tqHk;tjzwftjywfqHk;rm[da&// wjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_wdum; tajctaeyD; tydkif;rm [deDa&vdk@ trsm;,lquwfaw// 1958ckrm &ckdifajywGif;ygwDrsm; tvif;0ifuwf+yD;au xuf /av/ atmufa&;abmfrsm; toD;oD;&dk@ Oya'wGif; v_yf&Sm;&D;rsm;rm yg0ifaqmif&Guf vmuwfaw// tm;vHk;yif &ckdiftrsdkK;om;&D;udk *&kxm;+yD;au aqmif&Gufvmuwfaw// a'umvrm &cdkifajy awmwGif;tajctae ajymif;vJvmvwfaw// 1960ck 8sKefv 10 &ufedrm &aohawmif+rdK@aerm ajyol@rsdK;csKduftazG@ ay:vma&// 1962 ckrmaygufawm+rdK@aerm “ &ckdkifajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD” “&uy ay:aygufvma&// a'ESpfazG@pvHk; tvHeDuGefjrLEd_ufygwD (Armajy) yg;u acG;xGufvmuwfpGmyif +zdKufaw// a'tazG@ESpfazG@a& &ckdiftrsdK;om;abmifrm &yfawvmuwfpGmav aumif;aumif;rGefjrwfaw// ,if;eSpf rwfv 2 &ufedrm ae0if;tpdk;& wufvma&// ,if;tpdk;a& ajyolqENt& wifajrmufxm;a& tpdk;& tazG@eef@ ygvDrefudkzsufodrf;ydkufvkdufaw// ajAmifvlowfvma&// tm%meef@ zdESdrfcsKyfacsr_rsm; vkyfvma&// ,if; twGufeef@ a'tpdk;&a& zufqdwftpdk;& +zdKufaw// ygvDrefwGif;jyif v_yf&Sm;r_qkdau vHk;0r[dvdkuf,m+zdKufaw// qdwfokef; vm;c,m+zdKufaw// a,tcg &cdkifrsKd;csKduf/ ajycsKduf vlairsm;tpk uvyfazG@ap;+yD;au trsdK;om;v_yf&Sm;&D;twGuf ae;rsdK;pHkeef@ }udK;pm; vmuwfaw// t,if awmfvSef&D; a&;abmfa[mif;rsm; wufvlai/ rsm;tygt0if tm;vHk;csdK@0Suf uvmyfap;rsm; azG@ap;+yD;au vufeufukdif awmfvSef&D;twGuf v_yf&Sm;vmuwfaw// ,if;ydkif tcsdefrsdK;rm trsdL;om; pdwfjyif;xefvma& vlaiwcsdK@u vufyHjym;tcsdefwdk awmfvSef&D;w&yfukd jyKvkyfvdkufuwfaw// pdwfqENapmr_a=umihf +zdKufay:vma& ,if;awmfvSef&D;u wrsdK;om;vHk;udk ausausjyef@jyef@ ap;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;zdk@ r&vdkufab; &efol. vufODd;r_ukd&m cH&vm;uwf&a&// vdsK@0Sufa&;abmftrsm;pkrm rouFmr_a=umihf oHo,eef@eDvmuwf&a&// t"du tpDtpdkifrsm; aESmifhaES;&yfqkdif;vm;c&a&// *kydkif aygufuGJvm;&pGma& awmfvSef&D; oabmt&yf&yfudk rudkifpGJvdk@ ocFef;pm ,l&zdk@yif+zdKufaw/ a,auavh +rdK@wGif;uvyfap;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_um; t[defravsmh wae;r[kwf/ wae; }udK;pm;uwfaw// awmwGif; vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm;eef@ aqG;aEG;uwfjcif;/ u&if/ rGef/ o#rf;/ awmfvSef&D; tiftm;pkrsm;eef@ qufaoGjcif; &dk@udk pGef@pm; vkyfaqmifcuwfaw// tpdk;&uif;*wfrsm;/ aiGwkdufrsm; /0g,mvuf &Hk;rsm;udk0ifpD;zdk@ tpDtpOfrsm;udk wm0eftvdkuf csrSwfxm;uwfaw// ,if;ydkifpGmrm tayguf0 uif;wyfeef@ ausmufawmf+rdK@udk 0ifpD;zdk@ tpdDtpOfrsm;a&// wm0efusa& ta&Smiform; wpfOD; ESpfOD;a=umihf owif;ayguf=um;vm;&a&// *dk%f;*%qefa& vuf0Ju|ef/ pGef@pm;&D;0g'D vlaiwpka=umifhavh rvdkvm;csufrsm; ay:aygufvm;&a&// u&if/rGef/ o#rf;&dk@ eef@ qufaoG&D;rmav; ta&Smiform; vuf,m0g'D wcsdK@a=umifh uarmufur +zdKufvm;&a&// a'ydkif tcsuftvufwda=umifh &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; a&;abmftrsm;tjym; tzrf;tqdD; cHvm;uwf&a&// ,if;ydkif t+zdKufqdk; }uHK}udKuf&a&tcgrm tcsdK@a&;abmfrsm; vGwfajrmufvm;cuwfaw// OuUX t+zdKuf Adkvf}uD; =umvSatmif/ twGif;&D;rSL;t+zdKuf a&;abmf xGef;a&$0g&dk@u wm0ef,laqmif&Gufuwfaw// tdENd,u rDZdk awmfvSef&D;/ em* awmfvSef&D;eef@ qufaoGuwfaw// +rdK@wGif;u vGwfajrmufvm;a& aemuftiftm;pkwpku “&cdkfif trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D; wyfOD;” (&vw) emareef@ &aohawmifaewdk@ awmcdkvm;+yD;au “ajyol@ rdsK;csKduf tazG@eef@ yl;aygif;vdkufaw// 1962 ck pufwifbmv 9 &ufedrm atESpfazG@aygif;um “&ckdifajy trsdK;om;vGwfajrmuf&D; tazG@cskKyf” &rvz udk xlaxmifvdkufuwfaw// a'ydkif &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; eSpfazG@aygif;EdkifuwfpGma& aumif;jrwfaw tvkyf wckyif+zdKufaw// &rv tazG@csKyf. cH,lcsufrm 1// &ckdkifajya& oddD;jcm; EkdifiHwEkdifiH &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm; trsdK;om;w&yf 2// &cdkif ajyvHk;udk udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&dkuf wydkfif;EdkfifiH// 3// Arma& ae@acs@vdk@yif+zdKufaw// r[mAsL[mrm trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D;/ ae;AsL[mrSm vlwef;pm; av;&yf(tvkyform;/ avorm;/ "eo#ifaygufp/ rsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduf"eo#if )yg0ifa&// wyfaygif;pk azG@ap;&D; udkifaqmif xm;a& oabmw&m;vufeufrm rmufpf0g'. uGefjrLEd_uf0g' yif+zdKufaw// &ckdifajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD. cH,lcsufrm 1// &cdkifajya& oD;jcm;edkifiHwEdkifiH/ &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm;trsdK;om;w&yf 2// &ckdifajya& vHk;0udkvdkeD edKifiHeef@ ya'o&dkufwyfdkif; EdkifiH 3// Arma& vHk;0vlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk usifhoHk;a&// r[mArmvdk@yif +zdKufaw// (Armudk r[mArmvdk@ owfrSwfvdkufaw// &cdkifa& vlrsdK;ai (Minority) +zdKufvm;&a&// &ckdifa&vlrsdK;ai / Arma&yifr vlrsdK;}udD;vdk@ qdk&ma&mufaw// &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;a& Armhvlr_tazG@tap;. tpdyftydkif;vd@k cH,l&ma&mufaw// ,if;ydkifqdka& &ckdif vlr_ tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm;toGifudk raqmifEdkif,m// &cdkifEdkifiHavh oD;jcm;EkdifiH wpfEdkifiHtoGifudk raqmif,m// ,if;ee@fZk a'tcsufrm cH,lcsuf t+rD;tajrmufrawh +zdKufeD&a&// &dSaemuf rnD/ rnGwf+zdKufeD&a&// r[mAsL[mrm ajyol 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D; (0g) vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D; ('kwd, pcef;qifh) +zdKufaw// ae;AsL[mrm &ckdifajyolorRwEdkifiH xlaxmif&D; yif+zdKufaw// ( r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[mrmavh rjywfom; / &dSaemuf rnDrnGwf +zdKufeD&a&//) aemuf cH,lcsuf rjywfom;r_ wcsuf[deDa&// &cdkifajya& vHk;0udkvdkeDvdk@ owfrSwfxm;au aecsJ@udk twdtusazmf&vdfrhfr,f// t*k aecsJ@ aysmufeDa&ydkif +zdKufeDa&// aemuf vHk;0 udkvdkeDqdkau trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;udkwqifh qifaEG;&vdrfhr,f// *k vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;udk&m r[mAsL[mcif;xm;a&// ,if;tjyif Akdvf}uD; =umvSatmif OD;aqmifa& “&ckdifajy trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D; tazG@’ &rnz / u&if awmfvSef&D;eef@ qufaoG+yD;au tiftm;pkap;vdk@ xlaxmifvdkufaw// “ &ckdifajy vGwfvyf&D; wyfOD;’’ &vw &dk@avh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; abmifrm ay:aygufvmuwfaw//

37

&rvz rm ajyol@'Drfdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;uwpcef;qkwfvma& tazG@+zdKufaw// tvHeD uGefjrLEd_uf ygwD (Armajy) uxGufvma& tazG@ wazG@+zdKufaw &rnzeef@ &vw &dk@rm 0HomeKumv wvSrf;wdk;+yD;au trdsk;om; awmfvSef&D;udk a&mufvmuwfaw tazG@ 2 azG@+zdKufaw// oHk;azG@pvHk;rm&if;ESdD;/ u|rf;0ifuwfaw// rdwfaqG tazG@rsm; +zdKufuwfaw// &rvz/ &rnz/ &vw qdka& oHk;ygwDrm EdkifiH&D;t& eD;pyfuwfaw tazG@rsm; +zdKufuwfaw twdkfif; 8/ 12/ 67 rm “ArmaecsJ@ qef@usif&D;/ &ckdifajy trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D; wyfaygif;pk” azG@ap;/ xlaxmifvdkufuwfaw// ,if;aemuf wyfaygif;pk. cH,lcsufrsm;rSmum; 1// &cdkifajya& EdkifiH wEdkifiH. t*Fg &yfeef@ajy@pHka& wdkif;ajywajy+zdKufaw// 2// &cdkifajy vl@tazG@tap; vuQ%ma& vHk;0udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&dkufwydkif; vl@tazG@/ tap;+zdKufaw// 3// &ckdfifjy. vl@tazG@tap; vuQ%ma& vHk;0 udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&dkufwydkfif;vl@ tazG@tap;+zdKufa=umif; &cdkifajy olvlxk. t"du awmif;qdkcsufrm trsdkK;om;vGwfajrmuf&D;yif +zdKufaawvdk@ wnD/ wnGwfaw; cH,luwfaw// 4// ,if;a=umihf &ckdifajy. awmfvSef&D;vuQ%ma& trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; (awmfvSef&D;. yxr pcef;qifh vuQ%m +zdKufaw// 5// &cdkifajy. t"du &efolrm vuf[dumvrm ArmaecsJ@zufqdwf ae0if;tpdk;&+zdKufawvdk@ wnD/ wnGwfaw; cH,luwfaw// 6//wdkufayG;vrf;pdkifeef@ ywfowfvkd@ Oya'wGif; wdkufayG;a& tajctaeudk&myD;+ydD;au vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D; wdkufayG;rmum;tqHk;tjzwfukd yD;a&vdk@ wnD/ wnGwfaw; cH,luwfaw// 7// a'aecsJ@ya'o&dkuf qef@usif&D; pdkufudk “ajyol@pdkuf” wlnDpGm cH,luwfawyif +zdKufaw// wyfaygif;pka& tajctaeeef@ tvm;tvmaumif;wdukd zefwD;Edkifcauavh wyfaygif;pkawaqmuf&mrm tpraumif;vd@k taESmif;raocsmc// yHkpHjy&zdk@qdkau &vw OuUXa[mif; a&;abmf ufkdomEdk;eef@ OuUXodkuf udk atmifausmfom&dk@rm &rvz . tazG@0ifrsm; +zdKufygv#ufeef@ &vw udk oD;jcm;xlaxmifjcif;// &vwrm oHawG;c&dkif uyif aygufuGJvmpGmudk zdzHk;xm;+yD;au a'rmwyfaygif;pkvmaazG@cif; / &rnz rmqdkau &uy . wyfaygif;pk0if+zdKufeD+yD;rS a'rmvmvfdk@ wyfaygif;pktodkufrm yg0ifazG@ap;jcif;/ &rvz rmavh ESpfjcrf;uGJeDjcif;&dk@a=umifh a'wyfaygif;pkrm oHk;vom;avmuf&m cHca&// 1968 ck ZEM0g&Dvavmufrm wyfaygif;pku &rnz EkwfxGufca&// ta=umif; jypGmuawmhcg wyfaygif;pk ESpfazG@0if +zdKufeDa&twGufwma=umifhvdk@qdka&// azazmf0g&Dv aemufydkif;rm &rvz eeff@ &vw &dk@a& wyfaygif;pkukd +zdKufajrmuf&D; tqifhwdk@ csxm;vdkufuwfaw// 1968 {+yDv 15 &ufedrm &rvzeef@ &vw wdk@yl;aygif;vdkuf+yD;au “ &ckdifajy trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D;wyfOD;” (&rnw)udk azG@ap;xlaxmifvkdufaw// &ckdkfifajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwDuavh “zufqdwf wdkufzsuf&D;/ trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D; wyfaygif;pk (&ckdifajy)” udk OD;aqmif+yD;au xlaxmifxm;a&// ,if;wyfaygif;pk ESpfwyfeef@ &rnz&dk@ yl;awG;ap;&Hk;&D; aumfrwdDw&yfudk azG@ap; vdkufuwfaw// &rnz u “zufqdwf wdkufzsuf&D; wyfaygif;pk” eef@ “Armajy aecsJ@ qef@usif&D; wyfaygif;pk” ESpfckpvHk;rm yg0ifxm;vdk@ ESpfckpvHk;u EkwfxGuf+yD;au “zufqdwf aecsJ@qef@usif&D; wyfaygif;pk” rm 0ifz@kd vd@k od&a&// vufwdG@rmum; Arm aecsJ@qef@usif&D; wyfaygif;pku xGufvm;a& xdkwyfaygif;pkum; t*kxdrxGufod? ,if;+yD;au zufqdwf wdkufzsuf&D;wyfaygif;pkrm rif;jym;+rdK@aerm &uy eef@ “&ckdifajy csif;trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D; tazG@” yl;aygif;ap;vHk;&D; aumfrwDw&yfudk azG@ap;vdkufuwfaw// &aohawmif+rdK@aermavh &uy eef@ “ &ckdifajy wdkif;&if;om; &dk[def*sm rlqviftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmuff&D;tazG@” yl;awG; ap;&Hk;&D;/ aumfrwD w&yfudk azG@ap; vdkufuwfaw// Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD Auy u “ trsdK;om;/ 'Drdkua&pD nDnGwf&D;/ wyfaygif;pk” (r'nw) udk Armajyrm xlaxmifvkdufaw// (Auy) &ckdifajyaeuavh &ckdifajyrm “vlrsdK;pk tazG@” (vrp) eef@ vufawG;+yD;au r'nw abmifrm twlwl&yfuwfaw// ,if;eef@Zk 20 &mpk 'kwd, ydkif;wdk@ 0ifa&mufvma&tcg &ckdfiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;a& EdkifiHudk *&kpdkufvmpGmudkwdG@&a&// ,if;EdkifiH. &kyfordkif;udk *&kpdkuf&pGmudkwdG@&a&// atcdkufrm trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;udk r[mAsL [mcif;+yD;au ay:aygufvma& tazG@tap;eef@ &cdkifajyol@ orRwedkifiHxlaxmifzdk@ ae;AsL[mcif;usif;xm;+yD; ay:aygufvma& tazG@tap;&dk@um; 1// &ckdifajy vGwfajrmuff&D; tazG@csKyf (&rvz) 1960/ 2//&ckdifajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (&uy ) 1962/ 3// &ckdifajy vGwfajrmuf&D;wyfOD; (&vw) 1962/ 4// &cdkifajy trsdkK;om; nDnGwf&D;tazG@ (&rnz) 1964 &dk@yif+zdKufaw// ,if;&dk@tjyif &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;atmufrm wdkif;&if;om; (trSefu EkdifiHom;) tazG@/ tap;eef@ ol@vlrsdkK;pk tazG@tap; 1// &cdkifajy csif;trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D; tazG@ (acG;eDatmif acgif;aqmifa&) 2// vlrsdK;pk tazG@ (a&;abmf armifpdefjzLacgif;aqmifa&) 3// &cdkifajy wdkif;&if;om; &dk[def*sm rlqviftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D;tazG@/ (&ckdifajyrm ajyol'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;udk r[mAsL[mrm cif;usif;xm;a& ygwDwGif;rmum;) 1// uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (&ckdifajy aumfr,Sef/ tvHeDygwD) atygwDa& rsufarSmuf umvrm &ckdifajyrm r[d,m/ 2// Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (&ckdif ajyae) 3// &ckdifajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD &dk@yif +zdKufaw// ,if;+yD;au &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk OD;awvdk@ rsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduf tazG@tap;rsm;/ tiftm;pkrsm;/ woD;yk*~vrsm; / rsm;jym;pGm ay:aygufvdk@ [da&// ,if;twGufeef@ a'umvudk trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. ap;&Hk;&D;umvvdk@ owfrSwfxm;uwfpGmyif+zdKufaw// ap;&Hk;&D;umvrm trsdK;om;ygwDrsm;/ trsdK;om; tazG@tap;rsm;/ rsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduftiftm;pk woD;yk*~trsm;tjym; / wuGJwjym; ay:aygufuwfpGma& awmfvSef&D;. +zdKuf&kd;/ 38

+zdKufpdkif oabmwckyif+zdKufaw// pdkufysuftm;aieDp&mr[kwf// ,if;tauG;tjym;+zdKufeDa& obm0w&m;udk nDnGwf&D; abmifw@kd a&mufvmatmif ap;&Hk;odrf;oGif;+yD;au wyfaygif;pkw&yfudk awaqmuf &zdk@yif+zdKufaw// ,if;wyfaygif;pk tiftm;eef@&m ArmaecsJ@udk &ckdifEdkifiHu armif;xkwfEkdifz@kd +zdKufaw// udkvdkeD EdkifiHrm udkvdkeD ajyoleef@ aeacs@&dk@. ywduQ w&m;rm t"du ywdyuQw&m;yif+zdKufaw// ,if;t"du ywdyuQ w&m;udk trsdK;om;nDnGwf&D; wyfaygif;pktiftm;eef@&m awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf armif;xkwf&zdk@+zdKufaw// (6) trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; eef@ awmfvSef&ar r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[meef@ cH,lcsufrsm; atr[mAsL[m ae;AsL[meef@ cH,lcsuf&dk@a& 1968ck Zlvdkifvrm wuUodkfvfrsm;rm tu|ef&dk@ pwifazG@ap;ca&// “&ckdifajy awmfvSef&D;tiftm;pkk” Arakan Revolutionary Force –ARF udk 1969 ck atmifwdkbmrm wdk;acs@ azG@ap;vdkuf+yD;aemuf csrSwfca& ARF . r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[meef@ cH,lcsufrsm;+zdKufyga&// at ARF udk 1970 ck arvrm &ckdifajy vGwfvyf&D;tazG@ ( Arakan Independence Organization AIO) t+zdKuf ajymif;azG@ap; wdk;acs@cyga&// AIO . rlvrf;pOfa& tae;tusOf; wdk;csJ@ajymif;vJr_[dauavh tajccHrlrm ARF . rltwdkfif;+zdKufyga&// *kwifjyvdkufaw r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[meef@ cH,lcsuf&dk@a& ARF . tajccHrlvrf;pdkif+zdKufyga&// csdKufawa&;abmftaygif;&dk@ ated ZmawmfvSef&D;udk vkyf&zdk@av; /tajzum; &Sif;eDyg,m/ 1// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;ordkif;qufudk OdD;xdyfxm;vdk@qufcH&zkd@/ 18 &mpk 19 &mpk cdkufu &ckdifrsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduf tmZmenf ola&;aumif;rsm;. trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;a& w&m;a& /rSefuefa&/ ,if;acgif;aqmif}udD;&dk@a& &ckdifajyeef@ &ckfdkiftrsdK;om;vHk; vGwfvyf&D;twGuf awmfvSef wdkufcdkufcuwfaw// a'awmf&D; wm0ef&@kd udk OD;xdyfxm;+yD;au igh&dk@qufvuf wm0efxrf;aqmif uwf&zdk@+zdKufaw// 1// &cdkif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; udk&m vkyfaqmif&zdk@ 18&mpk 19 &mpk &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;+yD;au &ckdfifvlr_tazG@tap;rm 20&mpk yxrydkif;rm yxr &ckdif 0HomeKcdkufeef@ &ckdifajy *syef awmfvSef&D;&dk@ +zdKufay:ca&// ArmvGwfvyf&D;twGuf ArmrsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduf&dk@ Arm trsdK;om; vkyfaqmifcuwfaw v_yf&Sm;r_&dk@rm a'yxr 0HomeK cdkufeef@ &ckdifajy *syefawmfvSef&D;&dk@ a&mygvm;ca&// ,if;eef@Zk &ckdif abmifeef@ Armabmif a&mxGD;vm;c&a&// ,_yfxDG;vm;c&a&// 20 &mpk 'kwd, ydkif;rmum; 'kwd, 0HomeKcdkuf ay:aygufvma& &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf a'cdkuftwGif;rm ap;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;vmuwfaw &ckdfif&kyfb0u awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm;vmpGm+zdKufaw// &cdkif wrsdfK;om;vHk; vGwfvyf&D;twGuf &cdkifom; awmfvSef&D;udkom vkyfaqmif&zd@k qdkpGm awmfvSef&D; opPmw&m;yif+zdKufaw// 3// [email protected],lcsufrsm;/ (u) &cdkifajya& oD;jcm;EdkifiH wEdkifiH+zdKufaw/ &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm;trsdK;om; w&yf+zdKufw/ (c) &ckdifajya& vHk;0 udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&dkuf wydkif;EdkifiH+zdKufaw// (*) igh&dk@. t"du &efola& ArmaecsJ@+zdKufaw// (C) vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;&m &ckdifawmfvSef&D;udk tqHk;jzwfyD;zdk@+zdKufaw/ Oya'wGif; wdkufayG;&dk@um; tultnD taxmuf/ tyHhavmufukd&m yD;edkifvdrR,f+zdKufaw// (i) t&if;&SifaecsJ@qef@usif&D;pdkufudk ajywGif;pdkuf (Civil War) vdk@avhrcH,l// ajyolpdkuf (People War ) vdk@avhrcH,l / trsdK;om;pdkuf (National War ) vdk@&m cH,la&// 4// (u) &ckdifajya& oD;jcm; EkdkifiH wEkdifiH+zdKufaw/

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&ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm; trsdK;om; w&yf+zdKufaw// vl@tazG@/ tap;w&yfudk trsdK;om; w&yf. t*F g vuQ%meef@ ajyhpHk/ rajyhpHkqkdpGmudk baZmifae;eef@ axmufq a=uhuwfzdk@vJ// awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif}uD;&dk@u 1// wlnDa& yx0D taetxm;[djcif; 2// wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D; obm0[djcif; 3// wlnDa& bmom pum;[djcif; 4// oD;jcm; trsdk;om; ,mOfaus;r_[djcif; qdka&tcsuf}uD;av;csufeef@ axmufq a=uhuwfaw// 1// wlnDa& yx0D taetxm;[d taetxm;[djcif; &cdkifajy yx0Dtaetxm;udk a=uhvdkufau t&dSbufeef@ ajrmufbufrm &cdkif&dk;r awmifwef;}uD;/ taemufuf eef@ awmifbufrm b*Fvm;yifavatmff&kd@a& obm0 aeedrdwfrsm;t+zKduf rajymif;/ rvGJEkdifab; =uH@=uH@ckdifckdif aw[deDa&? a'wlnDa& yx0dD taetxm;twGif;rm &ckdifvl@tazG@tap;a& bkdf;awmftOPerif; %m0pdaENudef;r+zdKufcif ouU&kduf 5995 (BC-3323)avmufuyif aexdkdifca&vk@d &dkuf0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;u wdG@[d&a&// ,if;tcsdefuyif tdef'dk at&d,efvlrsdK;/ oufvlrsdK; / +rdKvlrsdK;&dk@a& a0omvD / 'Gg&0wD/ "n0wD +rdK@awmfrsm;udk awaxmifuwf+yD;au trsdK;om; EdkifiHwckudk ausmuf+zdKuf cscuwfaw// ordkif;cdkuftqufqufrm &ckdifajya& trsKd;om;EkdifiH wEdkifiHt+zdKuf (Nation State ) t+zdKuf rm;rm;rufruf &yfaweDca&// tm&yf/ yg,Sef/ [dENL/ oD[dk/ ay:wl*D/ a'hcsf/ t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ rav;&Sm;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ xdkif;/ Arm/ rGef/ o#rf;/ w&kwf/ tmoH/ r%dyl&&d@k eef@ omoem&D; / pD;yGm;&D; / EdkifiH&D;/ pdkuf&D;t& *k%fwla&wl ul;vlk;qufqHca&// &cdkif EdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om; udkavhaumif;/ &ckdifrif;eef@ tcsKyftcsm %mudkavhaumif;/ a&mufvmor# EdkifiHjcm;om;&dk@u t&dktao tav;tpm; todtrSwf jyKxm;+yD;au qufqHcuwfpGmudk ordkif;tpHkpkH/ rSwfwrf;tpHkpkH&@kd rm &DG;rSwfxm;cuwfaw// &ckdifajy. aeerdwfudk aemufom;aemufvmwdk@ tjiif;tcHkr+zdKuf&atmif at'D 1454 ck &cdkifESpf 816/ wef;cl;vqef; 6 &ufwevmFedrm &cdkifbk&if “e&ek” rif;w&m;}uD;a& Armbk&if tif;0e&ywdrif;eef@ &ckdifArmaeerdwfudk &dk;rawmifwef;}uD;wavsmuf ausmufwdkifpkduf+yD;au udk,fhae/ ol@ae w&m;0ifowfrSwfca&// &dk;rawmif&dk;wavsmuf owfrSwfca&// &ckdifajy aeerdwfax;rm &dk;awmifpG,ftqHk;/ armfwifpGef;/ [dkif;}udD;u|ef;/ e*&dkif;tilxd / i0Hjrpf/ ykodrfjrpf taemufbuf urf;w&dk;/ &ckdifajy aeerdwft+zdKuf owfrSwfca&// at'D 1537 ( &ckdifESpf 897 jymodkv )rm '*g;+rdK@ueDvdk@ rif;bmbk&if}uD; trde@fcsrSwf+yD;au "'vDyqm ukvm;rif;bm;od@k yD;vdkufaw &dkufoHrm “tm%mxGef;vif;/ rif;qufrsm;pGm/ taemufrsufESm/ &uQyl&/ wkdfif;EdkifiH/ ukrRdvm+rdK@txd// taemuf bm*Dd&e'Dd&Dtjcm; armufolZm+rdK@ / umvuwWm; oabFmqdyfodk@txd/ taemufajrmuf a&mifjzL+rdKuf/ taemufvDvuf+rdK@txd/ ydkifawmfrlonf? ” vdk@azmfjyxm;a&// ,if;aemuf &ckdifrif;eef@ ukvm;rif;&dk@a& bm*D&ewD &dk;tjcm;rm t[mrdwf azG@uwf+ydD;au udk,fhaeol@ae owfrSwfcuwfaw// &ckdifbk&iftrsm;yif &ckdifajy. aeerdwfudk ZmwDaw+ydD;au/ uefwl;+ydD;au/ wGif;wl+yD;au / ausmufwkdif pdkuf+yD;au/ owfrSwfcuwfaw// txl;ojzifh a0omvD/ pEN&m;rif;rsm;/ aumxd,rif;/ '\&dkvm/ rif;xD;bk&if/ e&ekwfrif; w&m;}uD;/ rif;bm}uD;/ rif;zavmif;}uD; / rif;&dkufm}uD;/ rif;carmif;}uD;/ odD&dok"rR&dkufm/ eef@wuG tquftarG awmfrif;rsm;&dk@a& EdkfifiH aeerdwfudk txl; *&kpdkuf apmifhxdrf;cuwfaw// ,if;eef@Zk igh&dk@ &ckdif trsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D;u igh&dk@ ordkif; tqufquf owfrSwfcuwfaw &ckdif EdkifiH&D; taust0ef; aeerdwfukd qufvuf owfrSwfvdkufaw// t*k rsufarSmufumvrmum; &ckdif vltazG@tap; w&yfvHk;u &kyfusus/ 'dXusus / jyxm;a& aeerdwfudk igh&@kd todtrSwfjyK+yD;au vufcH&zkd@yif+zdKufaw// “ ordkfif; trDGtquf aeerdwf’’ eef@ “ &ckdif vl@tazG@tap; vuf[d 'dXaeerdwfeSpfckrSty wjcm;ZmaeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;udfkavh igh&@kd vufrcHEdkif// a'aeerdwf ESpfckteuf wckckudkigh&dk@ &DG;acs&vdrfrnf// &ckdif&kyfb0u awmif;qdka&twdkfif; igh&dk@&DG;acs&vdrfhr,f// t&mZmaeerdwf rsOf;udkavh igh&dk@vufrcHEdkif/ todtrSwfrjyKEdkif// igh&dk@udk,fpm;vS,frygyJ igh&dk@wrsdK;om;vHk;qENrygyJ// +Adwdo# aecsJ@&dk@ / ArmaecsJ@&dk@ owfrSwfxm;ca& /owfrSwfeDa& aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;udkigh&dk@ vHk;0vufrcH// a'eD&mrm w&kwfEdkifiH/ tdENd, EdkifiH/ ygudpPwefEdkifiH&dk@. aeerdwfjy\emudk udkifwG,fuwfyHk/ ajz&Sif;uwfykHukd txl; avhvma=uhzdk@ vdktyfvdrfr,f// ,if;tcsuf tvuf&dk@udk axmuf+yD;au igh&dk@ &ckdifvl@tazG@tap;u wlnDa& yx0dD taetxm;[da& EkdifiHwck[da&qkdpGm xif&Sm;a&// &ckdifEdkifiHrmum; ordkfif;tqufqufrm cdkifrma& aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;udk w&m;0if owfrSwf+yD;au urBmtavrm axax0g0g tifeef@tm;eef@ &yfawca&// cdkuftvdkufwdk;wufca& EdkifiHwEdkifiH+zdKufaw// 2// wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D;obm0[djcif;

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&ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;rm wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D; obm0a& t,ift,ifuyif *kxdaweDa& // &ckdifya'o&dkufcdkuf tqufquf/ Arm ya'o&dkufaecs@J . vufatmufcHcdkuf// +Adwdo#aecsJ@ t&if;&SifaecsJ@ vufatmufcHcdkuf/ *syef zufqwfaecsJ@ vufatmufcHcdkuf/ +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifaecsJ@. 'kwfd, vufatmufcHcdkuf/ ArmaecsJ@ vuf0DcH ygvDref tpdk;&. vufatmufcHcdkuf/ Arm zufqdwfaecsJ@. vufatmufcHcdkuf/ a'cdkuftqufqufrm &ckdifEkdifiH. t"du pD;yGm;&D;rm av,mvkyfief; +zdKufaw// wqifhcHtpG,ftzGm; pD;yGm;&D;rsm;rm O,mOfvkyfief;/ wHigvkyfief;/ qm;vkyfief; pa&pGmwd yif+zdKufaw// &ckdif wrsdK;om;vHk;rm pD;yGm;&D;wlnDa& obm0[da&// t,ifu &ckdfifyifav&Da=umif; ul;oef;&D;rmaumif;aumif; xGef;ajymifca&// a0omvDcdkufrm ausmufavSum; oabmFqdyf+rdK@udk awaqmif+yD;}uD;}uD;/ ausaus ul;oef;a&mif;0,fca&// av;+rdK@cdkufrm/ av;+rdK@(pwk*gr) a'orm oabFmqdyfyif+zdKufc&a&// ajrmufOD;cdkufrm abmif;wGwf oabmFqdyf+rdK@}uD;udk awaqmuf+yD;au yifav&yfjcm; wdkif;wyg;eef@ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fca&// a&$'*F g;/ aiG'*F g;&dk@udk oGGif;cwf+yD;au pEd_ufwus ul;oef;a&mif;0,fc&mrm ,if;cdkuf urBmrm xdyfwef;EdkifiHwck+zdKufca&// tm&Swdkufrm yDudef;/ ajrmufOdD;/ *dktm/ Oa&mywdkufrm vef'ef/ trfpwm'rf a'ig;+rdK@ / yDudef;(, Peking (china) Mrauk U (arakan), Goa(India), London(Britain), Amsterdan(holloand) rm urBmtqifh twef;rD+rdK@awmf +zdKufawmfrsm;+zdKufawvdk@ taemufwdkfif;om;c&D;onfrsm;u rSwfwef; wifxm;cuwfaw// ,if;cdkuf&dk@u t"du xkwfukefrm qefpyg;+zdKufaw// t"du oGif;ukefrm oH+zdKufaw// *syef oHudk trsm;wifoGif;ca&// t*kckdufrmum; qefpyg;tjyif &DeH/ opf/ puUL&dk@udk xkwfvkyfEkdifzdk@ +zdKufauavh ArmaecsJ@&dk@ zdESdyfr_ atmufrm &ckdif pD;yGm;&D;rm aZmufxdk;usvk@d [deDa&/ t*kckduf &ckdifpD;yGm;&D;udka=uhau aumif;aumif;odEkdifa&// ae0if;tpdk;& a&eHwl;zdk@ &ckdifajyrm cHwyfawa&// wl;vdk@&a& &DeH&dkif;udk Armajyodk@ wifykd+yD;au ,if;rm "gwfqD/ &DeHqD/ za,mif;wdkif pa& ukefacsmwd t+zdKufxkwfvkyfzdk@/ ,if;ukefacsmwdudk Armajyu wifydk@a&mif;cszdk@+zdKufaw// &ckdif &DeHukd &ckdif tusdK;rcHpm;&/ ArmaecsJ@&dk@u vuf0g;}uD;tkyf oDG;pkwfxm;a&// a'&Sifha& ArmaecsJ@u &cdkifajytay:rm ajAmifaecsJ@um udkvdkeDpEd_ufudk usifhokH;xm;pGm +zdKufaw// &cdkif qefpyg;udkavh ArmaecsJ@u udkvdkeD pEd_uftwdkfif; tjrwf}uD;pm; xkwfvkyfa&mif;cseDa&// wjcm; &ckdifpdD;yGm;&D; wdk;wufzdk@vkyfief; (Oyrm) pdkfif;wif puULpufvkyfief;&dk@udkum; csdK;ESdKufxm;a&// zsufqD;xm;a& / trSefrmqdkau &ckdifEdkifiHrm trsdK;om;pD;yGm;&D;w&yfudkaumif;aumif; xlaxmifEkdifa& tiftm;eef@ ajyhpHkvdk@[da&// 3// wlnDa& bmompum;[djcif; &ckdifajy w0ef;vHk;rm &ckdifpum;udk t"du ajymqkdoHk;pGJuwfaw/ &ckdiftrsdK;om;&dk@rm a'otvdkuf [dkif;}uD;u|ef; toH/ awmifcGifom; toH/ &rf;+AJ}uD;/ aitoH/ rpJoH / acsmif;om; toH / rmefatmif toH/ ausmufjzL toH/ av;awmif toH/ pdkufawG toH/ awmifpudkfif; toH/ av;+rdK@om; toH/ aumufuwefom; toH/ Adkvfrif;axmif toH/ yvuf0g;acsmif;zsm;om; toH/ +rdKom; toH/ ausmufzsmom; toH/ t0om; toH/ pa&pa& toH/ bvHtrsdk;rsdK;/ ZmavmufyifuGJuGJ &ckdifpm&ckdifpum;yif+zdKufaw// ,if;toHwd ,if;pum;toHk;tE_ef;wd ,if;pGmwdudk tqDtavsmf/ tnDtnGwf odkfif;0dkif;aygif;ap;yD;zdk@vdk@qdkau &ckdifpum;eef@ &cdkifpmrm t*kxufwdk;wufa=uG0a&// bmom pum;w&yf pmyD w&yf+zdKufvmEdkifvma&// &ckdifwdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;+zdKufuwfaw “wdbufwdk arm&ifudk” tkyfpkpifwd +zdKufuwfaw +rdK/ ysL/ csif;/ acgifpdk@/ tek/ 'kH/ o#rf;'l;/ vif;uJ/ ouf/ 'dkif;euf/ r&mrm}uD;/ acsmeef@ &ckdif pa& vlrsdK;rsm; tcsif;csif;avhaumif; tjcm; &ckdfifwdkfif;&if;om; tcsif;csif;avhaumif; wwdkfifeef@wwdkfifqufqH&mrm &ckdifpmeef@ &ckdifpum;udk t"du ajymqkd oHk;E_ef;uwfaw// igh&@dk tm;vHk;rm “wdbufwkd arm&if” tkyfpkpif+zdKufuwfawtwkdfif; &uQ 0Àbmomudk ajymqdk oHk;pGJuwfaw// ,if;eef@Zk tcsif;csif;pkaygif;um ckdifrm eufae;a& ausjyef@a& trsdK;om; pmyDw&yfudk avhxlaxmifEdkifa&// igh&dk@ &ckdif vl@tazG@tap;rm &dk;awmifeef@ yifav=um;rm aw[deDvdk@ igh&dk@ &ckdif trsdkK;om; bmompum;rm obm0tm;jzifh awm&dk;awmif&dk;qdkfif&ma0g[m&rsm;/ yifav/ +rdKufacsmif;qkdif&ma0g[m&rsm;&dk@rm aumif;aumif; a=uG0vSa&// ,if;eef@Zk igh&dk@a& wlnDa&bmompum;[da&tjyif &ckdif trsdK;om; bmompmyDw&yfudk aumif;aumif; xlaxmifEkdifa&tiftm;eef@avh ajyh0 pHkvifeDpGmudk wd@G [d&a&// 4// oD;jcm; trsdK;om; ,dkifaus;r_[djcif;/ trsdK;om; ,dkifaus;r_ w&yfudk t*F gig;&yfeef@ axmufcsdefEdkifa& / ,if;ig;&yfrm 1// udk;auG r_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_ 2// bmom pmyD;qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_ 3// okckr teKynmqdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_ 4// qif,ifxHk;azG@r_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_ 5// ydokumqkdif&m ,dkifaus;r_yif+zdKufaw// 1// udk;auGr_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_

41

&ckdfif vlr_tazG@tap;tm;vHk;vdkvdkyif Ak'
42

4// qif,ifxHk;azG azG@r_qkdif&m ,dkifaus;r_ &cdkiftrsdK;om;0wfpHkrm cdkuftvdkuf wdk;wufajymif;vJr_[da&// t,ifht,ifcgu a,musFm; rdef;r tm;vHk; qefxHk;/ xHk;uwfaw// ykwD;/ em;a'gif;/ vufusyf/ vufaumuf/ +cDcsif;0wfuwfaw// trsdK;orD;&dk@rm qefxHk;udk tqef;wa=u tvSty/ xHk;avh[duwfaw// trsdK;om; vl}uD;&d@k rm acgif;aygif;xD;xD; aygif;avh[duwfaw// tusD Fxdkif rodrf;/ ykqdk;awmifa&S@&dk@udk cef@cef@em;em; 0wfqifuwfaw// ta&Ga&mufaw trsdkK;orD;&d@k rm &ifwifygwpfxydefudk &dSpxm;vdk@ 0wfuwf&a&// cg;}udK;&mrm &ckdiftrsdK;orD;&dk@. wifhqefa& tqif;wefqmwck +zdKufaw// &ckdif &dk;&m0wfpHkufdk ta&Gvdkuf/ tv$mtvdkuf/ ayG;vrf;/ obiftvdkuf/ woD;woef@pD owfrSwfxm;a&// trsdK;om; w&yf. trsdK;om; usufoa& aqmif+zdKufawydkif/ &ckdkfif trsdK;om;0wfpHkavh &cdkif trsdK;om;. trsdK;om; usufoa& aqmifyif+zdKufaw// 5// Adokum qkdif&m,dkifaus;r_ tif'dkt,f&d,ef&dk@. ,dkifaus;r_ taiG@toufudk a0omvD cdkuftaqmuftOD;&dk@rm awG@&a&// av;+rdK@cdkuf ajrmufOD;cdkuf&@kd rmum; &ckdifrl &ckdif[efygyg Adokum ynm&yfxGef;um;ca&// txl;ojzifh ajrmufOD;cdkuf vuf&dk;&mrm aumif;aumif; ajymifajrmufa&// &Spfaomif; odrf}uD;/ udk;aomif; odrf}uD;/ wkwfuefodrf/ av;rsufESmbk&m; / ajrmufwefaqmif/ jrwef;aqmif/ tHawmfodrf/ &wemyHk / avmifyGef;ajymufwd/ *lawmifbk&m;/ ausmufwvHk; bk&m;/ *l0 bk&m; / rmefig;yg; apwDdawmfrsm; / OD;&dkufawmf apwDawmfrsm;eef@ Asm'dwf0if apwDawmfrsm;/ ,iftjyif r[m rkedukef;awmf / a0omvD ausmufavSum;/ yk&drfeef;&m ukef;awmf/ ajrmufOD; eef;&mukef;awmf/ oHawG; eef;&m ukef;awmf &dk@rm &dSa[mif; &ckdifvuf&m Adokum ynm[d xGef;ajymif csufrsm;udk nGef@jyvdk@ [dvdDuwfaw// csKdufawa&;abmff&dk@ a,au &ckdifajya& oD;jcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiH+zdKufaw// &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm;vlr_tazG@tap; +zdKufawqdkpGmudk jyefaumufuwfr,f// a'ydkif;udk oifh&Hk taus&DG;vkdufpGmuavh &ckdifvlr_@tazG@tap;rm trsdK;om; vuQ%m zsufqD;a&0g'Drsm; ay:aygufeDvdk@yif+zdKufaw// &ckdifrma& ordkif;tqufquf[djcif;/ cdkfifrma& aeerdwf wdwdusus[djcif;/ ordkif;tqufquf qufqHvmor#EdkifiH&dk@rm EdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om;bk&ifeef@ tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk av;av;pm;pm; todrSwfjyKcH&jcif;eef@ajyhpHka& twGufwma=umihfhavhaumif;/ wlnDa& yx0D taetxm;[djcif;/ wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D; obm0[djcif;/ wlnDda& bmompum;[djcif;/ oD;jcm;trsdK;om; ,dkifaus;r_[djcif;&dk@eef@ ajyhpHka& twGufwma=umifhavhaumif; igh&dk@&ckdifajya& EkdifiHwEdkifiHt*F g &yfvuQ%meef@ twdtusajyhpHka&// &ckdifEdkifiHrm ouU&dkuf 1000 ajyh (AD 1638)uyif trsdK;om; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; usqif;&jcif;/ wyg;vufatmuf udkvkdeD +zdKufeD&jcif;/ eD+rD tjcrf;jcrf; tpdyfcHeD&jcif;&dk@a=umifh tiftm;usqif;qkwf,kwfvm;&auavh &cdkifEdkifiH. trsdK;om; t*F gvuQ%ma& vHk;0qdwfokef;vm;pGmr[kwf// EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHudk aeacs@wwdkifu odrf;ydkufrdau cdkufa[mif;rSmyif +zdKuf+zdKuf/ cdkufopfrmyif +zdKuf+zdKuf / t"du tede@f eef@ ,if;odrf;ydkufcHeD&a& trsdK;om; vuQ%m t&yf&yfudk zsufqD;ydkufuwfaw// pD;yGm;&D;/ EdkifiH&D; / pdkuf&D;/ vlr_&D; wqifhqifh+zdKuf+zdKuf / w[kefxdk;+zdKuf+zdKuf ESdrfESif;wkdufzsufydkufuwfaw// ,if;ydkifvkyfuwfpGma& t"du tm;jzihf xdkvufatmufcHEdkifiHudk +cDr_ef; pGmyif+zdKufaw// at'D 1784 rS 1788 twGif; Arm ya'o&dkufaeacs@rif; armif0dkif;u igh&dk@ &cdkfdif trsdK;om;vuQ%mt&yf&yfudk 0wDav;&yfpvHk;rm vdkufvH zsufqD;ydkufvdkufpGmudk &dkuf0if rSwfwrf;&d@k rm zwf&_&a&// aecsJ@&dk@ bavmufzsufzsuf/ udkvdkeDajyolu &kef;uefawmfvSefuwfawtcg rzsufEdkif// EdkifiHw&yfnhHa&tcg udkvdkedD +zdKuf&auavh wdk;wufvma&tcg wdk;wuf p+rJ+zdKufaw// ,if;eef@Zk trdsK;om; ap;&Hk;&D;umva& trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;tp ed'gef;ysdK;jcif;+zdKufawvdk@ qdkvkdufaw// trsdK;om; ap;&Hk;&D;umvuyifp+yD;au trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;twdkif; wdkuf&D; cdkuf&D;a& ,if;trsdK;om; vGwfvyf&D;yef;wkdifwdk@trSef {uefa&muf[d&a&// ,if;ydkif vGwfvyfvmau ,if;EdkifiH. trsdK;om; vuQ%mavh ordkfif;trDGquft&avhaumif; / cdkuft&pEd_uft&avhaumif; xGef;um;vm&a&yif+zdKufaw// 3//// (1) &ckdifajya& vHk;0 udkvdkeD eef@ ya'o&dkuf wydkif; EdkifiH+zdKufaw// t=uifEdkifiH wEdkifiH. tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk tjcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiHu rw&m; csKyfudkifxm;/ rw&m; odrf;ydkufxm;/ rw&m; csKyfacsxm;au xkdEkdifiHrm udkvdkeD u|efb0odk@ qif;vm;c,m+zdKufaw// pdkuf&D;t&yifodrf;odrf;/ EdkifiH&D;t&yif odrf;odrf;/ pD;yGm;&D;t&yifodrf;odrf;/ todrf;cH&a&EdkifiHa& udkvdkeDyif+zdKufaw//

43

t,if 18-19 &mpktcgu udkvdkeD pEd_ufa[mif; xGef;um;ca&// 19-20 &mpkavmufrm ('kwd, urBm@ pdkuf+yD;aemufykdif;rm) u|efykef;udkvkdeD ay:xGef;vma& // txl;ojzifh vGwfvyf+yD;. 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45

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47

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Edrdwf}uD; av;yg;udkav; Ak'<. tawG;tac: ^m%fawmf+zdKufay:pD&m &kyfta=umif; w&m;av;yg;vdk@jrif&zdk@ // ,if;ta=umif;w&m; av;yg;a=umifh opPm w&m;av;yg;udk &awmfrla&vd@k

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50

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av;pm;eD&musvm;a&// *kydkif t+zdKufwdudk tEdkifEdkifiH awmfvSef&D;rm&m wdG@EdkifpGmr[kwf// wdG@&pGmr[kwf// &cdkif awmfvSef&D;orfkdif;rmav; trsm;yifwdG@&a&// txl;ojzifh 20 &mpk awmfvSef&D; c&dD;udk jyefa=u@auav; wdG@Edkifa&// a'ed &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap; &kyfb0 awmif;qdkcsuftwdkfif; ay:aygufvma& r[mAsL[mrSm trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;+zdKufaw// a'r[mAsL[ma& w&m;a&/ rSefuefa&// a&a&GcsufrSm udkvdkeDu|efb0u vGyfvyf&D;+zdKufaw// ,if;a=umifh trsdK;om; wyfjyefawmfvSef&D;pdkufudk trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;pdkufeef@ wdkufcdkuf tEdkif,l&zdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;pdkufudk tEdkif wdkufEdkfifzdk@twGuf pdkuf. a,bktajcteD vuQ%meef@wuG udk,ftajcteDxl;eef@ vuQ%m&dk@udk *&kpdkuf&zkd@+zdKufaw// &ckdifajyax;rSm +zdKufay:ca& rwla& ordkfif;tqifhwd / +zdKufay:ca& pdkufayG;wd/ vuQ%mcsif;rwla& pdkufayG;wd / rwla& ya'o&dkufrm +zdKufyGm;a& pdkufayG;wd / rwla& aeacs@wdeef@ wdkufcdkuf&a& wdkufayG;wd/ aoeu AsL[mwdudk pl;prf;vd@vm ynm,l&zdk@yif+zdKufaw// &ckdfif trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;eef@ Arm awmfvSef&D;abmif a&mxGD;vm;jcif;&dk@udkav; pl;prf;vd@vm ynm,l&zdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;&dk@a& r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m. jy\emwdudk pl;prf;vd@vmjcif;yif+zdKufaw// r[mAsL[mqdkpGma& awmfvSef&D; tajcteDw&yfvHk;. vkyfief; tpDtpOf+zdKufaw// urBmhvHk;. awmfvSef&D;tjcteDeef@av;aumif; EdkifiHwEdkifiH. awmfvSef&D; tajcteDeef@av;aumif;/ awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifh tajcteDEef@av;aumif; oufqdkifa&// ,if;eef@Zk r[mAsL[mudk atmifayG;&atmif vkyfaqmifa& tcgrm t&D;}uD;qHk;tcsufum; vkyfief;tpDtpOfwckvHk;udk txl;*&kpdkufzdk@vkda&// ,if;*&kwpdkuf vkyfaqmifa& tcgrm atmufyg tcsuftvufwdudk w@dG[d&a&// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umv (txl;ojzifh &ckdfiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umv twGif;) rm qdkau ,if;tcsuftvufwdyif t"du+zdKufawvdk@,lqa&// 1// awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifhwck tpDtpOftwdkfif; qufpyfeDjcif; ( &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. yufyif;jy\em) 2// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; orm;eef@ aeacs@&dk@ qufpyfeDjcif;( &efbufywdyuQ) 3// awmfvSef&D; wckt"du armif;ESif&D; tm;oHk;&yf+zdKufaw pD;yGm;&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ ,dkifaus;r_&dk@ qufpyfeDjcif;/ 4// trsdK;om; pdwf"gwf / awmfvSef&D; oabmw&m;/ aoe*FAsL[m pdkufynm&dk@. qufpyfeDjcif; ( yufyif;vkdtyfcsuf) 5// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. t&Htiftm;pk t"du tiftm;pk&dk@&dk@ qufqyfeDjcif;// 6// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk OD;aqmifr_ygonfeef@ trsdK;om; w&yfvHk; qufpyfeDjcif;/ (t"du vkdtyfcsuf) &// r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[m&dk@. qufpyfeDjcif; // 8// attcsuftvufwdudk wdG[d&a&// atjy\emwdudk pl;prf;qifjcifvd@vma=u@au em;vnfEdkifa&// oabmaygufEfkdifa&// em;vnf&kHeef@r+yD; oabmaygufatmif pl;prf;qifjcif vd@vm&zdk@+zdKufaw// pl;prf;qifjcif vd@vmEdkifau aq;yl;zdk@udkufp vG,fvm;a&/ aq;yl;Edkifau toHk;cszkd@ vG,fulvma&// pedwfwus toHk;csjcif;a& ae;AsL[m ydkif;udk rSefuefpGm pDrHEdkifa&// ae;AsL[mydkif;udk rSefrSefuefuef pDrHEdkifau r[mAsL[mudk atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfaqmifEdkifa&// r[mAsL[m atmifayG;cH&atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifa&// a'acgif;pdkif. ed*Hk;ydkif;rm &ckdifajy trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;pdwf. xl;jcm;csufwdudk tusdKif;csKyf wifjyvkdufaw// ,if;&dk@rm 1// &ckdif EdkifiH&D;eef@ Arm EdkifiH&D;udk a&mxGD;Edkifa&// pD;yGm;&D;t& csdK;ESdrfjcif; cHeD&a&// ,SOfaus;r_t& trsdK;om; vuQ%mudk rsdK;yGm;cHeD&a&// u|efykef;udk vdkeDEdkifiH wck+zdKufaw// 2// &ckdifEdkifiHrm pD;yGm;&D;t& ya'o&mZfpedwf t=uGif;tusefwd t+ydKtysufwd aw[deDa&// ya'o&mZf wydkfif;EdkifiH+zdKufaw// 3// &efoltiftm; }uD;rm;jcif;+zdKufaw/ &efol&dk@twGufqdkau ol&dk@ wdkufcdkuf&zdk@pdkufrSm wpdyfwa'o pdkuf tiftm;udkoHk;vd@k wdkufcdkuf&zd@k +zdKufaw// igh&dk@twGufqkdau wrsdK;om; vHk;qifEDG;&zkd@pdkuf+zdKufaw// 4// trsdK;om;tiftm;pkwd odrfhi,ftm;nHheDa&/ z&dkz&Jjyef@=uJeDa&/ ta&twGufa&m/ ta&tjcif;yg &efolxuf tm;nHhedDa&// 5// vuf[dumvrm trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf acgif;aqmifr_ygwDudk }udK;pm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw// ap;&Hk;&D;rSmav; aumif;aumif; eduseDwkef;+zdKufaw// attcsufig;csufa& xl;jcm;a& vdk@,lqa&// at xll;jcm;csufwdudk txufu o#if;jy+yD;c,m +zdKufawvd@k xyfv@kd wifjyzdk@vdk@zdk@r[kwf,m// a'xl;jcm;csufwdrmyif r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[m trsdK;om;twGuf aoe*FAsL[m pdkufAsL[meef@ pdkufy&d,m,f&dk@ ay:aygufvmpGm+zdKufaw// a'w&m;wduyif awmfvSef&D;. vrf;nGef@vrf;pdkif vkyfae; vkyf[ef&dk@ukd owfrSwfyD;vdkufaw// &yfawcsuf/ ,Hka=uhcsuf/ OD;awcsuf / a&a&Gcsuf&@kd udk arG;xkwfvdkufpGmav; xl;jcm;csufwdyif+zdKufaw// aumufEkwfcsufwd csdKufaw&Jabmftaygif;&dk@ “Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;? (0g ) &ckdfif awmfvSef&D;. jy\emwd” pmwr;fudk &Jabmf&dk@udk wifjyaqG;EDG;pGm tydkfif;}uD; & ydkif;[d,m// a'tydkif;qdkau 8 ydkif;[dzdk@// a'tydkfif;rm aumufpkdufxkwfa=uhuwfar// aemufqHk; ed*Hk;ydkif;rm aumufpdkufcsuf csrSwfpGmwfdudk wcg vkyfief;ydkif; vufwdGoabm csrSwfuwfar// 1// ed'gef; “Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;”// &ckdifhtrsdK;om;wd Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;// &ckdifEdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om; vGwfvyfatmif igh&dk@ }udK;yrf;uwf&zd@k 2// igh&dk@ ZmawmfvSef&D;rsdK;eef@ awmfvSefuwf&zdkav;// ArmeDacs@udk trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;eef@ igh&dk@awmfvSefuwf&zdk@// 3// &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkfif;a=umif;

52

(u) Arm ya'o&mZf aeacs@udk awmfvSefjcif; &ckdif Arm oabmwlcsufud azmufzsuf+yD;au usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmjcif; yxrydkfif; (at'D 1&85- 1&88) usm;&D0wf awmifrif;}uD;/ AdkvfausmifxDG;. trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; 1&88 ck &ckdif trsdK;om; vuQ%mt&yf&yfudk Armaeacs@ ya'o&mZfu +cDr_ef;zsufqD;vdkufjcif;// 'kwd,ydkfif; (at'D 1&84 -1815 ) Adkvfcsif;ysH. trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;// (c) +Adwdo#t&if;o#if eDacs@udk awmfvSefjcif; (at'D 18261826-1916) -&ckdif +Addwdo#oabmwlcsuf -&EWydkpmcsKyf (24 -2- 1826 ) t& +Adwdo#u &ckdifajyudk vufwvHk;jcm; vdrfvdk@odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif; -"g;ydkif}uD;/ ajypdk;}udD;/ u|eftkyf- trf;pm;/ rif;om;}uD;/ a';0ef}uD;/ +rdK@ol}uD;&dk@. trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; -AdkvfcsKdufpH (av;+rdK@acsmif;) . trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; -AdkvfarmifomeD (oHawG;eD) -}udrfovDq&mawmf (oHawG;eD) -AdkvfarmifOD;jzL (ajrmufOD;+rdK@eD) -ausmufpdrf;Adkvf (oHawG;eDf) -oHawG;q&mawmf (oHawG;eD ) -Adkvf=umxGef;/ Adkvfa&$vS/ Adkvfvmb (pdkufawGc&dkif) -Adkfvfausmf0 (oHawG;eD) -Adkvfcsif;zdk@/ Adkvfarmifazmfatmif (&aohawmif) oHk;oyfcsuf 1//// txuf ygawmfvSef&D;rSm (u) awmfvSef&D;. t"du 0if&dk@+zdKufaw ap;&Hk;r_ tiftm;ae;yg;jcif; (c) awmfvSef&D; oabmw&m;w&yf ckdifcdkfifaemif;aemif; r[djcif;// (*) &efol tajcteD/ udk,fh tajcteD / ajyol tajcteD t&yf&yfudk pdpdpyfpyf rqef;pdyfbJ awmfvSef&D; umv r&ifhusufbJ awmfvSefwkdufckdufjcif;/ (C) pdkuf&D;/ pdkuf&m/ wdkufae;wdkuf[ef / vkyfae;vkyf[ef tm;ae;jcif; (i) r[mrdwf tiftm;pk t&Htiftm;pk &dk@udk pedwfwus rudkifwG,fcjcif; (p) aeacs@ ESpfwdkif=um;u &kef;uefeD&jcif; oHk;oyfcsuf 2//txufyg awmfvSef&D;. aumif;rGefjywfom;a& tcsuftvufwd (u)) cH,lcsuf cdkifcdkif aemif;aemif;[djcif; (c) &efoludk oabmxm; jywfom;jcif; (*) ol@u|efrcHvdkpdw ftajyht0[djcif; (*) +Adwdo# tdENd,qdka& pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf}uD;udk azG@ap;jcif; -1885 ckrm ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ &Srf;/rGef/ Arm / &cdkif/ &Srf;/ tiftm;pk tm;vHk;udk aygif;ap;vdk@ +Adwdo#bm;rm (British Burma) azG@ap;jcif;// aemuf+Adwdo# Am;rm;udk +Adwdo# tdENd,ax;rSm ax;hoGif; aygif;ap;vdkufjcif; (C) 193& ck +Adwdo# Am;rm;ukd cGJxkwfjcif;eef@ rwfrdk[wfaeerdwfrsrsOf;a=umif;owfrSwfjcif; -+Adwo# -Am;rm;udk +Awdo#- tdENd,u acG;xkwfjcif; -rwfrdk[ef aeerdwf rsOf;a=umif;owfrSwfjcif; -&ckdif&[ef; yk*~dKvf vlyk*~dKvfwd ,if;aeeedrdwf jy\emudk rsufuG,fjyKwwfjcif;

53

(i) &cdkifaeerdwf tjcr;fjcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif;/ Zma=umifhav;? v; -&ckdifajy tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif; (Partatain and Arakan) -u|efykef; udkvdkeDb0udk usqif;vm;jcif; -&ckdifwdkfif; (Arakan Division) vkd@owfrSwfcH&jcif; -AD -1853 ck awmifcGifc&kdifeef@ [kdif;}uDd;uGsef;&kd@ukd &ckdifajyu zJ@xkwfvkdufjcif; - Armh vGwfvyf&D; &jyd;aemuf yvuf0 c&kdifukd &ckdifajyu zJ@xkwfvkdufjcif; - jAHKawmifudkf tdENd,ax;rSm ygvm;jcif; - Akdvfrif;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmifeef@ b*Fg 12 +rdK@a'o&k@d rSm ygudkufpwefax;rSm ygvm;jcif; -&ckdiftrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;orkdif;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;jcif;/ yxr &ckdif0HomEk acwf Zmykdifav; -1826 ck pjyD;au jAdwdo# ukrRm%D tpkd;&u &ckdifajyukd ukdvkdeD ykHpHt+zdKuf oGwfoGif;jciff; -1852 ck rSm &ckdifajy (yvuf0/ ausmufjzL / pdkufawG/ oHawG;/ awmifcGifc&kdif/ [kdif;}uD;uGsef;) yJcl; /rkwWr/ weoFm&D&kd@ukd jAdwdo# ukr`%D tpkd;&u jAdwdo# Arm;ukd azG@ap;vkdufjcif;/ r[m0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD;u tkyfcsKyfjcif; -&ckdifajyrm vuf0DcH(0g)uGefy&m'kdwday:aygufvmjcif;/ &kdtif*smukvm;wd ajAmufaomuf0ifvmuwfjcif; -1885 ck Armbk&ifoDayg@rif;ukd zrf;qD;jcif; &ckdifajyukd wkdif;t+zdKufeef@Armajyax;rm ax@vkdufjcif; -189& ck rm bk&ifcHi,fwpfOD;u tkyfcsKyfjcif; &ckdifwkdif;ukdum; 0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD;(Commissioner)tkyfcsKyfjcif; -AD 1826 -1916 cktwkd;twGif; jAdwdo#t&if;;o#ifeDacs@tpkd;&ukd &ckdif trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;eef@ qefusifh wkdufckdfuf uwfjcif; // -AD 1937 ckrm jAdwdo#Arm;ukdcGJxkwfvkdufjcif;// -jAdwdo@#&kd@. vufatmufcHb0rm &ckdifajya& &efukef.wqifhvufatmufcH+zdKufvm;&jcif;// -&ckdifhEkdifiH&D;acgifaqmifwd / &ckdifpmay orm;/ &ckdif&mZm0ifq&mwd/ ArmhEkdifiH&D;abmif/ Armpmayabmif&kd@rm vlyf,Sm;eDuwfjcif;/ -EkdifiH&D;tazG@wday:aygufvmjcif; yxr&ckdfif0HomEkacwfabmifa&mxGD;vm;jcif; okH;oyfcsuf 1? 20 &mpk yxrykdif; &ckdifEkdifiH&D;acgifaqmif/ pmayacgifaqmif&kd@/ trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;ukd *&krpkdufjcif; 2? +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifeDacs@&dk@ &ckdifpD;yGm;&D;/ vlr_&D;/ EdkifiH&D;&dk@udk / ,dkifaus;r_&dk@udk a&mxGD;ydkufjcif;/ &ckdifajyudk cGJpdyfcsifykdif cGJpdyfv@kd aygif;pyfcsifydkifaygif;pyfydkufjcif;// 3// Armya'o&mZfeDacs@&dk@ &ckdiftrsdK;om;vuQ%mudk zsufqD;ydkufjcif;/ wajyvHk;udk aqmufaw&mr&atmif ESdufpufowfjzwfjcif; 4/ &ckdiftrsdK;om;tcsif;csif; a'oapG;t& / *dk%f;apG;t& cGJjcm;uwfjcif;/ trsdK;om;ap;&Hk;&D; +ydKuGJysufpD;jcif; 20 &mpk yxrydkfif; awmfvSef&D;wd Zmydkifav;? v; -+Adwdo# t&if;o#if eDacs@ vufatmufrm tdyfarmuseDcjcif; -0dkiftrfbDat toif; / *sDpDbDat toif;&dk@rm Arma&muf &ckdif ynmwwffwd yg0ifv_yf,Sm;eDuwfjcif; -&ckdif EdkifiH&D; toif;tazG@tap;wd ay:aygufvmjcif;// -1923 ck 'dkiftmcD pedwfay:aygufvmjcif; / &ckdif trsdK;om;wd ,if;wGif v_yf,Sm;eDuwfjcif;// - cGJ&D;/awG;&D;/ jy\emwd Armajy twGuf pm;ayG;0dkif; aqG;EDG;ayG;wdrm v_yf,Sm;eDuwfjcif;// -'dk@Arm tap;t&Hk;Armajyrm ay:aygufvmjcif;// - &ckdif vli,ftcsdK@ aemuf+rD;qGJuwfjcif;/ -91 Xme tkyfcsKyf&D; ay:aygufjcif;// &ckdiftrsdK;om;wd ,if;wGifv_yf,Sm;eDuwfjcif;// 54

zufqd qw d f/ *syefeDacs@acwf - 'dk@Arm qif;&Jom;tap;t&Hk; zwyv &dk@ vufatmufudk &ckdifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tap;tvHk;0ifuwfjcif;/ aemuf+rD;qGJvkdufjcif;// - zwyv (&ckdifwdkfif;) / Arm rsdK;csdKufwyfrawmf(&ckdifwdkfif;) t+zdKufeef@ zufqpf*syefudk &efukef nGef=um;csuftwdkfif; awmfvSefuwfjcif;// +Adwdo# tpdk;& ;& *pfbD vufatmufcH &cdkifajy/ -EdkifiH&D;t& / pD;yGm;&D;t& / vlr_&D;t& +Adwdo#&dk@ zdESdyfjcif;/ - 0&rf;+yD;or*~&dk@ ay:aygufvm&jcif;// -&ckdfiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; aysmufqHk;vm&jcif; a0zefcsuf -ysm;aw;nDvmcH (zwyv &ckdifwdkfif;) awmif;qdkcsufwd / -pD;yGm;&D; tajcteD qdk;0g;vmyHk/ -awmuef nDvmcH. qHk;jzwfcsufw/d -Armajy EdkifiH&D;tuGJtjyJwd/ &ckdifajyrm aemufvdkuf tuGJtjyJwd/ -q&mawmfto#ifpdEWm. &ckdifacsmif;aqG;EDG;ayG;ajryHkvuf0JnDnGwf&D;wyfaygif;pk nDvmcH/ q&mawmfto#if pdEW@m tzrf;cH&jcif;/ -+Adwdo# vufatmuf &ckdifajyrS Arm vufatmuf &ckdifajy t+zdKufpwifyHk/ a0zefcsuf -Arm EdkifiH&D;*,ufa=umifh &ckdifajyu ygwDtoD;oD; awmcdkuwfjcif;/ vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;udk xdkygwDwd vkyfaqmifuwfjcif; -awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifh a&mxGD;vmjcif; 1948 ck aemufydkif; avmufrm &ckdifajy vufeufudkifawmfvSef&D;avmurm 1// to#ifpdEWm acgif;aqmifa& ajyolvGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD 2// &Jabmf ausmfjr acgif;aqmifa& Armajy uGefjrLedwfygwD 3// &JeD AHkaygufomausmf acgifaqmifa& uGefjrLedwfygwD 4// ajyol&JabmfygwD &ckdifajy vlwef;pm; ygwD. abmifa&m xDG;jcif;/ pcef;qifha&mxDG;jcif;/ aemuf+rD; qGJjcif;&dk@udk a0zefoHk; oyfcsuf// 1958 ck &ckdifawmwGif;ygwDtcsdK@eef@ &Jabmfwd tvif;0ifjcif; (5) “u|efykef;acwf” (u) 'kwd, &ckdfif0HomeKacwf(&ckdfiftrsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;/ ap;&Hk&D;umv) -&ckdif vlr_tazG@wd qkwf,kwfaw vuQ%mwd udkvdkeD vuQ%m /avorm; vuQ%m / AsL&dkua&pD/ rif;rJh*dk%f;apG;/ a'oapG;/ bmomapG;/ vlrsdK;apG; / pcef;vGefr_/ &mxl;rufr_ / 20 &mpk yxrydkif; &ckdif EdkifiHi&H D; umv tusdKif;csKyf -&wn . ajyeDv_yf,Sm;&D; pwifvmjcif;/ ,if;. r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m -&ckdkif 0HomeK tpdkuftrSef vkyfief;wd/ -20&mpk 'kwd, ydkif;umv EdkifiH&D; tazG@tap;wd// -yxr &ckdif0HomeK acwfeef@ 'kwd, &ckdif 0HomeKacwf Edkif;,_difa0zefjcif; -'kwd, &ckdif0HomeKacwf. xl;jcm;csufwd/ -Arm EdkifiH&D;ygwD tuGJtjyJwd/ &ckdif EdkifiH&D;rm *,uf&dkufr_wd 55

- 25 / 2 / 62 &Srf;ajy awmif}uD;nDvmcH z,f'&,frl -2/ 3/ 62 zufqdwf eD0if; tpdk;& tm%modrf;jcif; -&cdkif ajyudk wdkif;cGJ (13 )vdk@ owfrSwfjcif; -&ckdif ajyudk zufqdwf ae;eef@zdESdyfjcif;/ (c) &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ygwD tazG@tap;rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? -vsdK@0SufEdkifiH&D; v_yf,Sm;jcif;wd trsdK;om; tiftm;pkwd tzrf;cHuwf&jcif;/ tcsdK@ awmcdkjcif;// -&ckdifajy vGwfajrmuf&D; tazG@csKyf (&rvy) -,if;. r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m -&ckdifajy uGefjrLedwfygwD (&uy) -,if;. cH,lcsuf/ r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[m -&ckdfifajy trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D;tazG@ (&rnz) -&ckdifajy vGwfvyf&D; wyfOD; (&vw) -Arm aeacs@qef@usif&D; / &ckdfifajy trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D; wyfaygif;pk / ,if;. cH,lcsufwd -,if;. tm;ae;csufwd -zufqdwf wdkufzsuf&D; trsdK;om; wyfaygif;pk ,if;. vkyfaqmifcsufwd / &cdkifajy awmwGif;ygwDwd -trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk r[mAsL[mcif;vdk@ ay:aygufvma& tazG@tap;wd// &ckdifajyol@ orRwEdkifiHudk ae;AsL[m cif;usif;a&ygwD// -&rvz / &uy ae;AsL[m &ckdifajyol@ orRwEdkifiH/ r[mAsL[m / ajyol'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D; (&vw/ &rnz) -&ckdifajy trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;abmifrm &yfawuwfaw &ckdif wdkif;&if;om; tazG@tap;wd vlrsdK;pktazG@tap;wd/ -&ckdifajy csif;trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D;tazG@/ -vlrsdK;pktazG@/ -&ckdifajy wdkif;&if;om; &Gifhusm rlqvif trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D;tazG@ -&ckdifajy ajyol'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;udk r[mAsL[m cif;usif;xm;a& ygwDwd / -uGefjrLedwfygwD (&ckdifajy aumfro#if) -Armajy uGefjrLedwfygwD( &ckdifajyeD )/ -&uy ae;AsL[m &ckdif olorRwEdkifiH/ -(6) trsdK;om; awmffvSef&D;eef@ awmfvSef&r,f// r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[meef@ cH,lcsufwd/ (u) trsdK;om; awmffvSef&D; ordkfif;qufudk OD;xdyfxm;vdk@ qufcH&zdk@ (c) &ckdif wrsdK;om;vHk; vGwfvyf&D;twGuf trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;udk &m vkyfaqmif&zkd@/ (*) ig&dk@. cH,lcsufwd 1// &ckdifajya& oD;jcm;EdkifiH wEdkifiH+zdKufaw// &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm; tazG@tap;+zdKufaw// 2// &ckdifajya& vHk;0 udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&mZf wydkif;EkdifiH+zdKufaw// 3// igh&dk@. t"du &efola& Armaeacs@+zdKufaw// 4// vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;&m &ckdifajy vGwfvyf&D;udk tqHk;tjzwfyD;zkd@+zdKufaw// Oya'wGif;wkdkufayG;&dk@um; tajcteD taxmuftyHhukd&m yD;Edkifvdrfhr,f+zdKufaw// 5// t*k eDacs@eef@ ya'o&mZf qef@usif&D;pdkufudk ajywGif;pdkuf / ajyolpdkufvdk@ rcH,l& / trsdK;om; pdkufvdk@&m cH,l&zkd@+zdKufaw// 3// (u) &ckdfifajya& oD;jcm;EkdifiH wEdkifiH+zdKufaw/ &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm; trsdK;om;w&yf+zdKufaw// 1// wlnDa& yx0D teDtxm;[djcif;// 2//wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D; obm0[djcif;// 3// wlndDa& bmompum;[djci;f// 4// oD;jcm; trsdK;om; ,dkifaus;r_[djcif;// (u) 1// wlnDa& yx0DteDtxm; [djcif;// -bDpD avmufu &ckdifajyrm &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap; pwifeDxdkifa&// -a0omvD/ 'Gg&0wD/ "n0wD&dk@rm tif'dkt,f&dD,HvlrsdK;/ oufvlrsdK;/ +rdK@vlrsdK;&dk@ EdkifiH(State) xlaxmifuwfjcif;// 56

&dSEkdifiHjcm;qufqH&D; -at'D 1454 ck e&eKrif;}uD;. aeerdwfowfrSwfjcif;// -at'D 151&ck rif;bmbk&if. aeerdwfowfrSwfjcif;// -ordkif; trGDtqu faeerdwfeef@ &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;vuf[d "dXaeerdwf// (u) 2// wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D; obm0[djcif;// -av,mvkyfief;/ O,dKifvkyfief;/ wHigvkyfief;/ qm;vkyfief;/ &dSpD;yGm;&D; -Armaeacs@ vufatmuf &ckdifpD;yGm;&D; / a&eHvkyfief;/ (u) 3// wlnDa& bmompum;[djcif;// -a'otvdkuf &ckdifpum;oHwd/ -&ckdif wdkif;&if;om;wd/ (+rdK/ crD/ 'dkif;euf/ &Srf;'l;/ ouf/ vif;au;/ +rHK/ r*lyg (0g) rm&rm}uD;/ teK/ acgifpdk/ cHk/ acsm/ &cdkif) -trsdK;om; pmyDw&yfudk xlaxmifEdkifa& tiftm;eef@ ajyhpHkEdkifa&// (u) 4// oD;jcm;trsdK;om;,dkifaus;r_[djcif; (1) udk;uG,fr_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_/ (2) bmom pmyDqdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_ (3) okckr teKynmqkdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_ (4) qif,if xHk;azG@r_qkdfif&m ,dkifaus;r_ (5) Adokum qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_ 3// (c) &ckdifajya& vHk;0 udkvdkeD EdkifiHeef@ ya'o&dkuf wydkif;EdkifiH+zdKufaw// -vuf[d umvrm &ckdkifajya& u|efykef; udkvdkeD EdkifiH wEdkifiH+zdKufaw// &ckdif tcsKyftcsm tm%mudk Armu odrf;ydkuf csKyfudkifxm;a&// Arm ajyaxmifpkqkda& a0g[m&eef@ zHk;uG,fxm;jcif;/ pD;yGm;&D;/ EkdifiH&D;/ vlr_&D;t& zdESdyfxm;jcif;// -+Adwdo# ya'o&mZf pedwfwydkfif;[djcif;/ -av,m+rD jyKjyifajymif;av;&D;ukd tem*wf umvrm wdk;wufaw avmuudk wufvSrf;zdk@ twGuf ajcvSr;fopf wvSrf;t+zdKuf vkyfaqmif&zdk@/ -av,m+rD awmfvSef&D;. t"du a&a&Gcsuf 1// avvkyf olwkdif;avydkifqdkif&D; 2// cdkufrrDa& av,mvkyfief;udk cdkufrDa& av,mvkyfief;t+zdKufajymif;av;&D; // 3// avxGufyapP;udk avorm;tajyht0cHpm;&D;// avorm;vlwef;tv$mav;v$m 1// +rDo#if}uD; / 2/ csrf;oma& avorm; 3// tavtvwfavorm; 4// qif;&Ja& avorm;/ av,mwkdufayG;vrf;pOf 1//oD;pm;wkdufayG; 2/ vufikwfvuf&if; vufrjyKwf&D; wdkufayG;/ 3// av,m+rD ajyolydkif wdkufayG;// 4// pkaygif; av,mwdkufayG; (0g) uGefAsL;wdkufayG;/ &rnzeef@ &rvw wdk@. wdkufayG;vrf;pdkif/

57

(buy) eef@ (&uy) &dk@. wkdufayG;vrf;pOf awmfvSef&D;tiftm;oHk;ck 1// tvkyform; t+cDcHtm; 2// avorm;eef@ "eo#ifaygufp t"du tm; 3// rdsK;csdKuf ajycsdKuf "eo#ift&Htm;/ AdD,ufemrfeef@ w&kwfawmfvSef&D;wd 3// (i) igh&dk@. t"du &efolrSm Armaeacs@+zdKufaw// -&ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;wGif ywdyuQ / -Arm aeacs@eef@ &ckdif wrsdK;om;w&yfvHk;. ywdyuQa& t"du ywdyuQ+zdKufaw// Armaeacs@a& t"du &efol+zdKufaw// 3// (C) vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;&m vGwfvyf&D;twGuf tqHk;tjzwf+zdKufaw// Oya'wGif; wdkufayG;um; t+cDteD taxmufyhHukd &myD;Edkifvdrhfr,f// -Arm aeacs@u ol@pdkuf tiftm; /EdkifiH&D;tiftm;eef@ &ckdfifEkdifiH&D;tiftm;wGif;rm &ckdif tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufxm;pGmudk igh&dk@ omrmefawmif;qdkvdk@r&// &cdkfifpdkuftiftm; /&ckdif EdkifiH&D;tiftm;eef@ awmfvSef wdkufcdkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. vufeufoHk;yg;/ 1// pif=u,frGefjrwfaw trsdK;om;pdwf"gwfvufeuf 2// awmfvSefrSefuefa& oabmw&m;vufeuf 3// acwfrDpdkufvufeuf -awmfvSef&D;. t+cDcHpcef; -trsdK;om; pdkuf"gwf vlrsdK;&D; pdwf"gwf/ oabmw&m;qdkpGma& vl@toHk;cHyapP;&m+zdKufaw// tvkyf. vrf;nGef@&m+zdKufaw// pdkuf. w&m;a& ajymif;av;eDa& wdk;wufeDa&// t+cDteDeef@ pdkuf. vuQ%mudk xl;jcm;a& t+cDteDeef@ xl;jcm;a& vuQ%m // 3// (i) t*k aeacs@eef@ ya'o&mZfqef@usif&D;pdkufudk ajywGif;pdkuf// ajyolpdkufvdk@ rcH,l&/ trsKd;om; pdwfvdk@&m cH,l&a&// ajywGif;pdkuf (Civil War) / ajyolpdkuf (People War)// trsdK;om;pdkuf (National War) (C) igh&dk@. r[mAsL[mrSm trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;+zdKufaw// (i) ae;AsL[mrSm trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D;+zdKufaw// -awmfvSefrSefuefa& r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[m - t"du ywdyuQtwdkfif; r[mAsL[m+zdKufay:vma&/ yHkpHwd (w&kwfawmfvSef&D; &ckdifawmfvSef&D;)

(8) vkyfief;ydkfif; csdKufaw&Jabmftaygif;&dk@ igh&dk@a& &cdkif awmfvSef&D; ordfkif;. t+zdKufrsdK;pHkwd 0HomeKacwf ESpfacwf. xl;jcm;csufwd Arm / &ckdkif abmifa&mxDG;vmjcif;a=umifh ihg&dk@txdemcsufwd pa&pGmwdudk a0zefowWKcs+yD;au aqG;EDG;c,m+zdKufaw// tqHk;rm aumufpdkufcsufudkav; wifjyc,m+zdKufaw// a'tcsuf tvufwda& igh&dk@. twdGt=uHK/ igh&dk@tawG;tac:/ ihg&dk@. A[kokw. &cdkif ordkif;&kyf.&kyf0wWK t+zdKuftEdkufwdukd aygif;pyfEDS;aESm +yD;au wifjyaqG;EDG;jcif;/ aumuffpdkuf csjcif;+zdKufonf// a'tcsuf tvufwda& igh&dk@. trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umvrm aumif;aumif;xda&mufzdk@ tcsuftvufwdyif +zdKufvdrfhr,f// igh&dk@. yxr pcef;qifh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf udkifapG;&zdk@ cH,lcsufwdyif +zdKufzdk@ ,lq&a&// csdKufaw&Jabmftaygif;&dk@ igh&dk@a& oabmw&m; oufoufeef@ pcef;vm;au tjrHK+zdKufeDvdrhfrnf// vufwdG@ oufoufeef@ pcef;vm;au tuef;+zdKufeDvdrhfar// ,if;eef@Zk oabmw&m;eef@ vufwdG@aygif;pyfrS&m atmifayG;ta&muf wdkufcdkuf csDwufEdkifzdk@+zdKufaw// tvkyfvkyf&m wdkif;rm pDrHudef;cs+yD;au ae;aumif; vrf;aumif;udk udkifaw+yD;au wm0efcsvdk@ vkyfaqmifrS&m ,if;tvkyfa& vkyfief;w&yf+zdKufaw// atmifayG;twGuf ajyh0a&/ aumif;jrwfaw tvkyftaqmifwck +zdKufaw// 58

yxrtcsuf// // igh&dk@rm awmfvSef&D; wck. awG;ac:ajrmfjrif&D; w&m;/ awmfvSef&D; wck. oabmw&m;/ cH,lcsuf/ &yfawcsuf/ ,Hka=uhcsuf/ OD;awcsuf/ a&a&Gcsuf&dk@ cdkifcdkifaESmif;aESmif; [dzk@d vdk@a&// 'kwd,tcsuf// // r[mAsL[m jywfom;awhrwfzdk@vdk@a&// ae;AsL[mudk yg;eyfusifvnfpGm / odrfharG@ eufae;pGm / ae;rSefvrf;rSef oHk;wwfz@kd vkda&// wwd,tcsuf// // a'umvrm rsdK;csdKuf tiftm;pktoD;oD;/ woD;y*~~v toD;oD;&dk@udk ap;&Hk;Edkifzdk@ aumif;aumif; t&D;}uD;a&// oHr%d &Jabmfwdudk pkap;+yD;au trmcHtjrHKawygwD awaqmufzdk@vkda&// a,+yD;au wqifh au'gygwD (0g) ap;&Hk;&D;ygwD awaqmufz@kd vdka&// ap;&Hk;&D;a& awmfvSef&D;. t"du 0if&dk;+zdKufawtwdkif; ap;&Hk&D; vkyfawtcg r[mAsL[m qdkpGmudk awhrufpGm jywfom;pGm csrSwfxm;+yD;au ae;AsL[mudk txl;u|rf;usifvdrRm yd&dpGmeef@ ae;rSefvrf;rSef oHk;wwfzdk@vdk@a&// r[mAsL[mwck atmifjrifzdk@twGuf ae;AsL[m axmifaomif;ruvdka&// ihg&@kd &ckdif wrsdK;om;vHk;udk ap;&Hk;a& tcgrm pD;pD;pdkufpdkufvkyfzdk@vdka&// 1//tvkyform;/ avorm;/ "eo#ifaygufp/ rsdK;csdKufajycsdKuf "eo#if/ a'vlwef;pm;av;&yfudk yxr pcef;qifhtrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umvrm nDnGwf&D; wyfaygif;pkEdkifzdk@twGuf ap;&Hk;a& t"du vufeuf+zdKufaw// pwkwWtcsuf// // awmfvSef&D;w&yfrSm armif;ESif@&D;tiftm; oHk;&yf&Sda&/ 1// EdkifiH&D; tiftm; 2// pD;yGm;&D; tiftm; 3// ,d_ifaus;r_ tiftm; &dk@yif+zdKufaw// ,if;a=umifh trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; r[mAsL[meef@tnD pD;yGm;&D; udkufp+zdKufaw av,m+rDjyKkjyif ajymif;av;&D;udk awG;+yD;auvkyfaqmifzdk@vdka&// ae;wl EdkifiHjcm; ,dKifaus;r_udk qef@usif+yD;au trsdK;om; ,dKifaus;r_ jyKjyifajymif;av;&D;udkvd@ awG;vdk@ vkyfaqmifzdk@vdka&// yOPrtcsuf// // trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;}uD;udk qifEDG;zdk@twGuf 1// pif=u,frGefjrwfaw trsdK;om;pdwf"gwf ajyh0vmatmif }udK;pm;uwf&zkd@ &ckdifordkif; t&yf&yf /urBmhordkif;/ EkdifiHwumordkif; twWKywWdudk zwf&_vd@vmzdk@vdkvdrfhr,f// 2// awmfvSefrSefuefa& oabmw&m;eef@ ajyh0a& pdwf"gwf +zdKufvmatmif }udK;pm;uwf&zdk@ // EkdifiH&D;ody`H/ EkdifiH&D; azG@ap;yHk/ Oya'ynm/ 'oedu ynm/ abmuaA'ynm / vlr_&D;ody`Hpa& bmom&yfwdudkav;aumif;/ awmfvSef&D; ordkif;wdudk av;aumif; zwf&_vd@vmzdk@ vdktyfvdrRnf// udk,fEkdifiH. &kyfb0eef@ qDav#mf udkufnDatmif usifhoHk;uwfzdk@ vdktyfvdrR,f// 3// pdkufynm u|r;fusifvmatmif }udK;pm;uwf&zdk@ / udk,fcE<mynm trsdK;rsKd;udkwwfu|rf;&zdk@ // 4// wdk;wufaw oabmw&m;&D; tiftm;eef@ ZGJxufoefpGm vufwdG@vkyfaqmifjcif;/ tiftm;ESpfckudk aumif;aumif; rGefrGef aygif;pyfwwfz@kd vdka&// 5// opPmw&m;}uD; oHk;yg;udk eufae;pGm usifhoHk;vkyfaqmifzdk@ vdka&// (u) &ckdif trsdK;om; tay:rSm xm;tyfa& opPmw&m; / (c) &ckdifwdkif;ajy tay:rSm xm;tyfaw opPmw&m;/ (*) &ckdifajy vGwfvyf&D; wyfrawmftay:rSm xm;tyfaw opPmw&m; a'oHk;yg;udk OD;xdyfxm;+yD;au usifhoHk; vkyfaqmifzdk@vdkvma&// 6// udk,f/ E_wf /ESvHk; oHk;yg;vHk; rGefa&aumif;jrwfatmif owd0d&d,eef@ xdef;ausmif;zdk@ vdkvma&// tz&ckdifajy EdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om;vGwfvyf&ar// nDnGwfr_jzifh atmifayG;odk@ to#ifapmrGef (&ckdifajy) (&aohawmif+rdK@ae/ &Dacsmif;&Gm /xm;blawmifuGif; pcef;weD&mrm 21/ 1/ 69 edef@ 18/ 29 em&D tcsdefwGif &DG;om;ca& // Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;? pmwrf;udk okwfoif jyifqifvdk@+yD;pD;,m//)

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