What Is It?
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NETWORKING
What is it?
Networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.
HISTORY: Before the advent of computer networks that were based upon some type of telecommunications system, communication between calculations and early computers was performed by human users by carrying instructions between them.
George Stibitz : - in 1940, he used teletype machine to send instructions for a problem set from his Model K to his Complex Number Calculator and received results back by the same means.
In 1964, researchers of Dartmouth College developed the Dartmouth Time Sharing System for distributed users of large computers. General Electric and Bell Labs supported a research group using a computer (DEC’s PDP-8) to route and manage telephone connections in the same year.
Leonard Kleinrock, Paul Baran and Donald Davies they independently conceptualized and developed network systems which used datagrams or packets that could be used in a packet switched network between computer systems throughout 1960’s.
Thomas Merill and Lawrence G. Roberts They created the first wide area network (WAN) in 1965. The first widely used PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) switch that used true computer control was the Western Electric 1ESS switch introduced in the same year.
Today, computer networks are the core of modern communication.
For example, all modern aspects of the PSTN are computer controlled and telepony increasingly runs over the Internet Protocol. The scope of communication has increased significantly in the past decade and this boom in communications would not have been possible without the progressively advancing computer networks.
NETWORK
Network or communication network, is a system of interconnected computer, telephones or other communication devices that can communicate with one another and share applications and data.
TYPES OF NETWORKS:
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Is a communications network that covers a wide geographic area, such as country or the world. A WAN may be use a combination of satellites, fiber-optic cable, microwave, and copper wire connections and link a variety of computers, from mainframes to terminals. WANs are used to connect local area network (LAN) together and may be privately owned or rented . The best example of a WAN is the internet.
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
is a computer network that connects two or more local area networks or campus area networks (CAN) together but does not extend beyond the boundaries covering a city/town or a suburb. The purpose of a MAN is often to bypass local telephone companies when accessing longdistance services. Many cellphone systems are MAN’s.
Local area network (LAN)
Is a computer network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographic area, such as one office, school, airport, one building, or group of buildings close together (for instance, a college campus). Current wired LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology. For ex., a library may have a wired or wireless LAN for users to interconnect local devices (e.g., printers or servers) and to connect to the internet.
TYPES OF LANs
1.) Client/Server LANs
A client/server LAN consists of clients, which are microcomputers that request data, and server, which are computers used to supply data. Different servers that manages shared devices, such as lasers printers are used in different tasks.
They are:
File servers – is a computer that acts like a disk drive, storing the programs and data files shared by users on a LAN. Database servers- is a computer in a LAN that stores data but doesn’t store programs. Print servers- controls one or more printers and stores the print-image output from all the microcomputers on the system. Web servers- contain web pages that can be viewed using a browser. Mail servers- manage emails.
2.)Peer-to-peer LANs
In Peer-to-peer LAN- all microcomputers on the network communicate directly with one another without relying on a server. Peer-to-peer networks are less expensive than client / server networks and work effectively for up to 25 computers. Beyond that, they slow down under heavy use. They are appropriate for small networks.
Components of a LAN
Connection or cabling system Microcomputers with network interface cards Network operating system Other shared devices Routers, bridges, gateways, and hubs
Campus area network (CAN)
Is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. It can be considered one form of a metropolitan area network, specific to an academic setting.
The main aim of CAN is to facilitate students accessing internet university resources. This is a network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific and contiguous geographical area such as a college campus, industrial complex, office building or a military base.
Global area networks (GAN)
In general, GAN is a model for supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc.
Virtual private network (VPN)
Is a computer network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some large network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. VPNs, for ex., can be used to separate the traffic of different user communities over an underlying network with strong security features.
Internetworking
Involves connecting two or more distinct computer networks or network segments via a common routine technology. The result is called an internetwork ( often shortened to internet). Any interconnection among or between public, private, commercial, industrial, or govermental networks may also be defined as internetwork.
There are at least three variant of internetwork, depending on who administers and who participates in them: 1. INTRANET 2. EXTRANET 3. FIREWALLS
INTRANET
For internal use only: is an organization’s internal private network that uses the infrastructure and standards of the internet and the web. When a corporation creates an internet, it enables employees to have quicker access to internal information and to share knowledge so that they can do their jobs better.
Information exchanged on intranets may include employee email adresses and telephone numbers, product information, sales data, employee benefit information, and lists of jobs available within the organization.
EXTRANETS
For certain outsiders: are private intranets that connect not internet personnel but also selected suppliers and other strategic artists. Extranets have become popular for standard transactions such as purchasing, supports sales and servicing of cars , with the aim of improving service to company customers (e.g., Ford Company).
FIREWALLS
To keep out unauthorized users:- is a system of hardware and software that blocks unauthorized users inside and outside the organization from entering the intranet. The firewall software monitors monitors all internet and other network activity looking for suspicious data and preventing unauthorized users. Cable modem, DSL, as well as WiFi devices are advised to install a firewall.
PARTS OF A FIREWALL
1. CHOKE- forces all data packets flowing between the internet and the intranet to pass through a gate. 2. GATE- regulates the flow between the two networks. It identifies authorized users, searches for viruses and implements other security measures.
BENEFITS OF NETWORKS
People and organization use networks for the following reasons, the most important of which is the sharing of resources.
Sharing of peripheral devices Sharing of programs and data Better communications Security of information Access to databases
What is it?
Networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.
HISTORY: Before the advent of computer networks that were based upon some type of telecommunications system, communication between calculations and early computers was performed by human users by carrying instructions between them.
George Stibitz : - in 1940, he used teletype machine to send instructions for a problem set from his Model K to his Complex Number Calculator and received results back by the same means.
In 1964, researchers of Dartmouth College developed the Dartmouth Time Sharing System for distributed users of large computers. General Electric and Bell Labs supported a research group using a computer (DEC’s PDP-8) to route and manage telephone connections in the same year.
Leonard Kleinrock, Paul Baran and Donald Davies they independently conceptualized and developed network systems which used datagrams or packets that could be used in a packet switched network between computer systems throughout 1960’s.
Thomas Merill and Lawrence G. Roberts They created the first wide area network (WAN) in 1965. The first widely used PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) switch that used true computer control was the Western Electric 1ESS switch introduced in the same year.
Today, computer networks are the core of modern communication.
For example, all modern aspects of the PSTN are computer controlled and telepony increasingly runs over the Internet Protocol. The scope of communication has increased significantly in the past decade and this boom in communications would not have been possible without the progressively advancing computer networks.
NETWORK
Network or communication network, is a system of interconnected computer, telephones or other communication devices that can communicate with one another and share applications and data.
TYPES OF NETWORKS:
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Is a communications network that covers a wide geographic area, such as country or the world. A WAN may be use a combination of satellites, fiber-optic cable, microwave, and copper wire connections and link a variety of computers, from mainframes to terminals. WANs are used to connect local area network (LAN) together and may be privately owned or rented . The best example of a WAN is the internet.
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
is a computer network that connects two or more local area networks or campus area networks (CAN) together but does not extend beyond the boundaries covering a city/town or a suburb. The purpose of a MAN is often to bypass local telephone companies when accessing longdistance services. Many cellphone systems are MAN’s.
Local area network (LAN)
Is a computer network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographic area, such as one office, school, airport, one building, or group of buildings close together (for instance, a college campus). Current wired LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology. For ex., a library may have a wired or wireless LAN for users to interconnect local devices (e.g., printers or servers) and to connect to the internet.
TYPES OF LANs
1.) Client/Server LANs
A client/server LAN consists of clients, which are microcomputers that request data, and server, which are computers used to supply data. Different servers that manages shared devices, such as lasers printers are used in different tasks.
They are:
File servers – is a computer that acts like a disk drive, storing the programs and data files shared by users on a LAN. Database servers- is a computer in a LAN that stores data but doesn’t store programs. Print servers- controls one or more printers and stores the print-image output from all the microcomputers on the system. Web servers- contain web pages that can be viewed using a browser. Mail servers- manage emails.
2.)Peer-to-peer LANs
In Peer-to-peer LAN- all microcomputers on the network communicate directly with one another without relying on a server. Peer-to-peer networks are less expensive than client / server networks and work effectively for up to 25 computers. Beyond that, they slow down under heavy use. They are appropriate for small networks.
Components of a LAN
Connection or cabling system Microcomputers with network interface cards Network operating system Other shared devices Routers, bridges, gateways, and hubs
Campus area network (CAN)
Is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. It can be considered one form of a metropolitan area network, specific to an academic setting.
The main aim of CAN is to facilitate students accessing internet university resources. This is a network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific and contiguous geographical area such as a college campus, industrial complex, office building or a military base.
Global area networks (GAN)
In general, GAN is a model for supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc.
Virtual private network (VPN)
Is a computer network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some large network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. VPNs, for ex., can be used to separate the traffic of different user communities over an underlying network with strong security features.
Internetworking
Involves connecting two or more distinct computer networks or network segments via a common routine technology. The result is called an internetwork ( often shortened to internet). Any interconnection among or between public, private, commercial, industrial, or govermental networks may also be defined as internetwork.
There are at least three variant of internetwork, depending on who administers and who participates in them: 1. INTRANET 2. EXTRANET 3. FIREWALLS
INTRANET
For internal use only: is an organization’s internal private network that uses the infrastructure and standards of the internet and the web. When a corporation creates an internet, it enables employees to have quicker access to internal information and to share knowledge so that they can do their jobs better.
Information exchanged on intranets may include employee email adresses and telephone numbers, product information, sales data, employee benefit information, and lists of jobs available within the organization.
EXTRANETS
For certain outsiders: are private intranets that connect not internet personnel but also selected suppliers and other strategic artists. Extranets have become popular for standard transactions such as purchasing, supports sales and servicing of cars , with the aim of improving service to company customers (e.g., Ford Company).
FIREWALLS
To keep out unauthorized users:- is a system of hardware and software that blocks unauthorized users inside and outside the organization from entering the intranet. The firewall software monitors monitors all internet and other network activity looking for suspicious data and preventing unauthorized users. Cable modem, DSL, as well as WiFi devices are advised to install a firewall.
PARTS OF A FIREWALL
1. CHOKE- forces all data packets flowing between the internet and the intranet to pass through a gate. 2. GATE- regulates the flow between the two networks. It identifies authorized users, searches for viruses and implements other security measures.
BENEFITS OF NETWORKS
People and organization use networks for the following reasons, the most important of which is the sharing of resources.
Sharing of peripheral devices Sharing of programs and data Better communications Security of information Access to databases
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