What Extent Has Marlowe Employed The Principles Of Variation And Contrast To Sustain The Attention Of

Variation and contrast are vital aspects of Christopher Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus used to sustain the attention of his audience. Marlowe employs these methods to a great extent in his play producing a variety of effects. Not only do these techniques increase and maintain interest in the audience, they are also used to increase suspense, highlight key themes, prominent issues and didacticism, develop characters and the plot. <Tab/> The frequent variations in mood throughout the play increase and sustain the audience's interest. Though the drama is labeled "a tragical history" Marlowe utilizes comic relief. In doing so, he lightens the mood of the play and his audience with particular scenes. Constant misery is trying on an audience's attention as human nature demands comic relief throughout a tragedy. The play begins with a mood of splendor and ambition, initially capturing the audience as Faustus describes how he will use is his newfound power. The protagonist discusses his aims: "I'll levy soldiers with the coin they bring, And chase the Prince of Parma from our land, And reign the sole king of all our provinces..." Though sympathy becomes a dominant feature of the mood as Faustus prepares to sell his soul, the mood darkens with despair and horror by the end of the play. Comedy arises with the foolishness as Faustus plays practical jokes and with the ridiculous antics and expressions of his servants Wagner, Robin and Ralph. The humour is shown by the ridiculousness of Faustus' practical joke played on the horse-courser: Horse-courser: "So-ho, ho! so-ho, ho! [Holla's in his ear.] No, will you not wake? I'll make you wake ere I go. [Pulls Faustus by the leg, and pulls it away.]..." Faustus: "...O, my leg, my leg!" However, the principle mood of the play is tragedy and even within this comical scene protrudes lines of great tragedy and Faustus' inner conflict. "What dost think I am a horse-doctor?... What art thou, Faustus, but a man condemn'd to die?" The tragedy continues throughout the play as Faustus struggles with his inner conflict as to repent or continue practicing dark arts, and with the foreshadowing providing knowledge that the protagonist will eventually be sent to hell and be deprived of the eternal bliss promised by heaven. The variations in mood from tragedy to lighter moods of ambition, comedy and splendor allows for increased appeal and sustained interest in the audience. In addition to lightening the mood, the variation from tragic to comical scenes effectively slows the pace of the drama, thus increasing and sustaining interest in many ways. The scenes of comic relief are often used to provide suspense, prohibiting the audience from immediately knowing what will come next in the tragic hero's moral conflict. This significantly slows the pace of a very fast drama. For example, Scene IV is quite humoristic in describing Wagner's dealings with the clown but can be seen as delaying the inevitable damnation of the protagonist by giving his soul to the devil. As twenty-four years pass within a three-hour play, emphasis on frequent comical moments provides the suspense and comic relief needed to maintain the interest of the audience whilst still highlighting the comparative shortness of his time on earth to all eternity. The variation of tragic scenes to comic interludes also serves to add information and highlight the key themes of the drama, increasing the didactic quality of the play. The main task of the comic interludes is to show the ridiculousness of Faustus selling his soul to the devil. He begins the play with great ambitions for his power but as the play progresses he resorts to petty acts of sorcery and practical jokes. For example the mockery made of the Pope in Scene VII, with an invisible Faustus stealing the Popes meals and hitting him. The Pope says: "How now! who's that which snatched the meat from me? will no man look? - My lord, this dish was sent to me from the Cardinal of Florence." The foolishness of these scenes also portrays Marlowe's intended affect of didacticism, teaching the audience how to act in a morally challenging situation. All the comic scenes show Faustus' decline, emphasizing the themes of the problems of human ambition, the price of power and the Christian themes of

sin, redemption and damnation. It does so whilst sustaining the audience's interest through comedy and relating issues to them. Other variations used by Marlowe to build his play are; variations in style, language and means of narration. The contrast between Marlowe's blank verse and prose is distinct. Prose is used in the comic scenes including the poorly educated characters of lesser social status. The use of prose allows for humour and develops the minor characters. Blank verse increases the flow of the drama and is used to signify the more highly educated and more significant problems and scenes to Marlowe's moral play. It can be recognized also by its extensive use of imagery, which is not frequently present in his prose. For example: "Now that the gloomy shadow of the earth, Longing to view Orion's drizzling look, Leaps from th' Antarctic world unto the sky, And dims the welkin with her pitchy breath." Like the style and language, the method of narration is also varied with the task being given to the chorus and then to Wagner. "I think my master shortly means to die, And yet, methinketh, if that death were near, He would not banquet, and carouse, and swill Amongst the students, as even now he doth..." This serves to show the pattern of events from the perspective of a character whilst still informing the audience of the protagonist's actions. The contrast between the main characters and the lesser ones and the initial character of Faustus to the final one adds interest to the play, builds characters and increases its didactic quality. Wagner, Ralph and Robin are used to contrast the characters of Faustus and Mephistophilis. The fact that they can perform dark magic without signing a contract with devil, shows the foolishness of Faustus regardless of him turning from god but in paying an excessive price for his power. Mephistophilis is contrasted to the servants in an ironic manner as he acts superiorly to them when in the Christian hierarchy a demon is lower than a mortal. He says: "From Constantinople am I hither come, Only for the pleasure of these damn&egrave;d slaves." Faustus' character before the deal and his character after are also in great contrast to one another. As the play begins he has many grand ambitions but with the attainment of great power he degenerates from a respected doctor to a petty sorcerer. This variation aids in preserving the audience's attention. <Tab/>Faustus' decline helps illustrate the contrast between morality and divinity in the drama, as well as the contrast between the abstract functions of good and evil. These contrasts contribute to maintaining the audience's attention by questioning their moral judgments concerning these areas.