V.j. Case Final
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Role of the hemispheres in language: Split brain studies April 2nd , 2008
‘Split brain’ pioneers
Roger Sperry
Michael Gazzaniga
‘Split brain’ studies Early studies looked at: Functional specialization (left vs right) Whether information can cross hemispheres
Tachistoscope experiment The man says he sees the word the word ‘ring’. But his hand picks out the key. Afterward, he says he doesn’t know why.
Q. 1: What is going on…?
How?
Left visual field (LVF) info is processed by the right hemisphere And vice versa…
Control of hand is preferentially laterized to opposite hemisphere Right hemisphere can mobilize a nonverbal response, but not verbal Left hemisphere is (usually) dominant for language and speech Right excels at visual-motor tasks
“I didn’t see any spoon”
Can the two halves ‘talk’ to each other? Early studies suggested that semantic info cannot cross between hemispheres, if the corpus callosum has been severed. But hemispheres are joined by many neuronal bridges (commissures) The C.C. is largest, but not the only one Can language cross other paths…?
A case for subcortical transfer? (II) Kingstone and Gazzaniga 96 Flashed two words to a patient (JW) and asked him to draw what he saw. ‘bow’ flashed to one hemisphere ‘arrow’ flashed to other hemisphere Q. What did the patient draw?
Kingstone’s experiment: part 1
Kingstone’s experiment: part 1
Appeared that brain had integrated the words across the hemispheres One hemisphere had then directed one hand to draw the resulting object However…
Kingstone’s experiment: part 2
Next, used conceptually ambiguous word pairs, i.e. can combine to make an ‘emergent’ object (not just literal) “sky” was flashed to one hemisphere “scraper” flashed to other hemisphere
Q. What did the patient draw?
Kingstone’s experiment: part 2
Kingstone’s experiment: part 2
Emergent objects (skyscraper, toadstool, see-saw) were never drawn with either hand, only literal combinations For ‘bow & arrow’, patient was relying on visual feedback Semantic integration is therefore “on the paper, not in the brain”
The strange case of ‘V.J.’
Q4a. What was so unusual about the patient in Baynes’ study? Q4b. How might the results be explained?
The strange case of ‘V.J.’
Left-handed woman with left-brain dominance for spoken language Words flashed to right brain could not be read or spoken but could be written (with difficulty) Pictures flashed to her right brain could not be named or written Words flashed to left hemisphere could be read and spoken, but could not be written
Why?
V.J.’s left hemisphere controls speech and reading, but NOT writing V.J.’s right hemisphere controls writing, but not reading, speech of ability to find right name for an object First time that speaking and writing were shown to lie on opposite sides of brain
Previously assumed that virtually all language abilities found in left hemisphere - even for people who are left-handed 10% of people are left-handed 80% of l-h have all language in left side In some, all language is in right brain In VJ’s case – mixed up, left/right
November 26, 1996 Workings of Split Brain Challenge Notions of How Language Evolved By SANDRA BLAKESLEE LAST year, a 43-year-old woman who had suffered from terrible seizures since she was 16 underwent surgery to cut the thick band of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of her brain.
Q. What implications does Baynes’ study have for the way that we view the evolution of language?
How did language evolve?
Spoken language – 100,000 years old Reading/writing arose less than 10,000 years ago Cultural invention, rather than biological evolution Previously assumed that reading/writing laid on top of speech
VJ case suggests that writing (and reading?) arose separately from spoken language ‘Newer’ linguistic skills like writing and reading may be wired up in the brain wherever there are “spare areas” (Pinker)
‘Split brain’ pioneers
Roger Sperry
Michael Gazzaniga
‘Split brain’ studies Early studies looked at: Functional specialization (left vs right) Whether information can cross hemispheres
Tachistoscope experiment The man says he sees the word the word ‘ring’. But his hand picks out the key. Afterward, he says he doesn’t know why.
Q. 1: What is going on…?
How?
Left visual field (LVF) info is processed by the right hemisphere And vice versa…
Control of hand is preferentially laterized to opposite hemisphere Right hemisphere can mobilize a nonverbal response, but not verbal Left hemisphere is (usually) dominant for language and speech Right excels at visual-motor tasks
“I didn’t see any spoon”
Can the two halves ‘talk’ to each other? Early studies suggested that semantic info cannot cross between hemispheres, if the corpus callosum has been severed. But hemispheres are joined by many neuronal bridges (commissures) The C.C. is largest, but not the only one Can language cross other paths…?
A case for subcortical transfer? (II) Kingstone and Gazzaniga 96 Flashed two words to a patient (JW) and asked him to draw what he saw. ‘bow’ flashed to one hemisphere ‘arrow’ flashed to other hemisphere Q. What did the patient draw?
Kingstone’s experiment: part 1
Kingstone’s experiment: part 1
Appeared that brain had integrated the words across the hemispheres One hemisphere had then directed one hand to draw the resulting object However…
Kingstone’s experiment: part 2
Next, used conceptually ambiguous word pairs, i.e. can combine to make an ‘emergent’ object (not just literal) “sky” was flashed to one hemisphere “scraper” flashed to other hemisphere
Q. What did the patient draw?
Kingstone’s experiment: part 2
Kingstone’s experiment: part 2
Emergent objects (skyscraper, toadstool, see-saw) were never drawn with either hand, only literal combinations For ‘bow & arrow’, patient was relying on visual feedback Semantic integration is therefore “on the paper, not in the brain”
The strange case of ‘V.J.’
Q4a. What was so unusual about the patient in Baynes’ study? Q4b. How might the results be explained?
The strange case of ‘V.J.’
Left-handed woman with left-brain dominance for spoken language Words flashed to right brain could not be read or spoken but could be written (with difficulty) Pictures flashed to her right brain could not be named or written Words flashed to left hemisphere could be read and spoken, but could not be written
Why?
V.J.’s left hemisphere controls speech and reading, but NOT writing V.J.’s right hemisphere controls writing, but not reading, speech of ability to find right name for an object First time that speaking and writing were shown to lie on opposite sides of brain
Previously assumed that virtually all language abilities found in left hemisphere - even for people who are left-handed 10% of people are left-handed 80% of l-h have all language in left side In some, all language is in right brain In VJ’s case – mixed up, left/right
November 26, 1996 Workings of Split Brain Challenge Notions of How Language Evolved By SANDRA BLAKESLEE LAST year, a 43-year-old woman who had suffered from terrible seizures since she was 16 underwent surgery to cut the thick band of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of her brain.
Q. What implications does Baynes’ study have for the way that we view the evolution of language?
How did language evolve?
Spoken language – 100,000 years old Reading/writing arose less than 10,000 years ago Cultural invention, rather than biological evolution Previously assumed that reading/writing laid on top of speech
VJ case suggests that writing (and reading?) arose separately from spoken language ‘Newer’ linguistic skills like writing and reading may be wired up in the brain wherever there are “spare areas” (Pinker)
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