Vitamins Ther 201.docx

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Coenzyme: Carbohydrate metabolism and branch chain a.a - Pyruvate dehydrogenase - PPP, HPP

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Coenzyme: REDOX rxns - FMN, FAD Convert folate and pyridoxine into active forms Coenzyme precursor - NAD, NADP  glucose metabolism, PPP

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Duodenum

Pellagra (4 Ds) - Dermatitis, Diarrhea - Dementia, Death Due to: - Alcoholism - Hartnup Disease Rare

Coenzyme synthesis - Coenzyme A (coA) - Acyl carrier protein (for CHO, CHON, fat) Coenzyme - Synthesis of A.A, Sphingolipids, Hemo-globin, NT (Serotonin, NE, Dopa, GABA)

Rare Vit B6 supplementation in treatment with isoniazid & penicillamine (prevent INHinduced peripheral neuropathy) – as prophylaxis Rare Vit B7 supplementation for babies with infantile seborrhea (cradle crap) – large doses Megaloblastic anemia Neural tube defects - Spina bifida - Anencephaly Growth retardation HMFS Intestinal diseases

Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (active form) Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Cofactor: in metabolic rxns - Fatty acid synthesis & catabolism - Gluconeogenesis - A.A catabolism

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

Coenzyme - One-carbon moieties for a.a metabolism - Synthesis of thymidine & purine - Conversion of homocysteine to methionine Erythropoiesis Early pregnancy – neural tube formation

*dark green leafy veggies

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

*animal-based foods

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Tetrahydrofolate (active form) Conversion of homocysteine to methionine - Regenerate tetrahydrofolate Conversion of methylmalonate to succinate Growth, cell reprod., hematopoiesis Nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis Methylcobalamin, 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin) (active form) Synthesis of collagen, NT, hormones, bile acids, carnitine Bone & tooth formation Antioxidant (also regenerate antiox form of vit E) Immunity Reduce metals (Fe, Cu) Enhance iron absorption – should be taken togeTher Strengthen blood vessel walls

Beri-beri Due to: - Chronic alcoholism - WKS, furosemide - Coeliac disease Rare

Lower ileum

Megaloblastic anemia GI lesions Neuro damage (lack of myelin)

Small intestine

Scurvy Connective tissue disorders Smokers – produce oxygen radicals

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A (Retinol)

Retinol – metabolic functioning of retina (adaptation to dark) Retinoic acid – epithelial tissue growth and diff. Carotenoids – antioxidant Enhances immune response –antibody response Bone growth, reproduction, embryonic devt Retinyl palmitate (storage form)

Vitamin D D2: ergosterol (plant) D3: cholecalciferol (animals, skin)

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

Vitamin K K1: phylloquinone (plant) K2: Menaquinone (animal) K3: Menadione, phytomenadione (synthetic)

Maintain normal level of calcium & phosphorus Enhance intestinal absorption of Calcium Enhance renal reabsorption of Calcium Enhance PTH Synthesis of calbindin Bone  calcium and phosphorus incorporation Calcidiol (abundant) Calcitriol (active) Antioxidant (in cell membranes) RBC, WBC, nerve cell, lung cell γ-tocotrienol (diet) α-tocotrienol (active) Production of 1972: - Factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component) - Factor X (stuart factor) - Factor VII (proconvertin) - Factor II (active prothrombin) Formation of osteocalcin

Retinyl esters  hydrolysed to retinol & FFA Carotenoids (retinal, retinol, retinyl ester Small intestine

Xerophthalmia Hyperkeratosis (skin) Epithelial metaplasia Decreased resistance to infections

Small intestine

Rare

Small intestine

Bruisability Epistaxis GI bleeding Menorrhagia, hematuria

Rickets (children) Osteoporosis, osteomalacia (adult)

K: Kernicterus Koagulation Broad speK (antibiotics)