Vitamin A: A Pre-formed Vitamin Retinol And A Pro-vitamin,beta Carotene

VITAMIN A A pre-formed Vitamin RETINOL and a pro-vitamin,beta carotene

Functions:

Vit A participate in many bodily functions: a) It helps in normal vision ,to contribute to the production of retinal pigments which are need for vision in dim light. B) It is necessary for maintaining the integrity and the normal function of glandular and epithelial tissue,respiratory and urinary tract as well as skin and eye. C)It support growth skeletal growth.

Sources:

Animal foods:Liver,eggs,butter,cheese,whole milk,fish,and meat Plant foods: Green leafy vegetables,spinach , yellow fruits (papaya,mango,pumpkin)

Vitamin A Deficiency Dry Eye Xerophthalimia is the most widespread and serious nutritional disorder leading to blindness. It is most common in children aged 1-3 years and often related to weaning.

Risk Factors: It is often associated with PEM 1.Ignorance 2. Faulty feeding practices 3.Infection (Diarrhea,measles)

Prevention and Control: By WHO 1.Short term action 2. Medium term action 3. Long -term action

Vitamin A prophylaxis Schedule Children less

55 mg (100000 IU)

than 12 months

Once every 4-8 months

Children above 12 110 mg (200 000IU) months of age

Newborn

27.5 mg (50 000 IU)

At birth

Medium-term action:

•Promote regular and adequate •Fortification of certain foods •Sugar,salt. tea, margarine •dried skimmed milk

Long term-action These are measures aimed at reduction of ocular disease: •To educate general and mothers •To consume dark green leafy vegetable •To give breast feeding •To improve environment health •To immunization against infection disease

Nutritional anaemia

N.Anaemia is a disease syndrome caused by malnutrition . By far most frequent cause of nutritional anaemia is iron deficiency Nutritional anaemia is a world wide problem.

It is found especially among women of child-bearing age,young children and during pregnancy A SIGNIFICANT % OF WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE (4% TO 12 %) SUFFER FROM ANAEMIA

Dosage: Mothers: One tablet of iron and folic acid containing 60 mg of elemental iron (180 mg of ferrous sulfate) and 0.5 mg folic acid/daily. Daily administration should be continued 2-3 months.

Children: In infants at 6 months1 and 2 years of age One tablet of iron and folic acid containing 20 mg of elemental iron (60 mg of ferrous sulfate) and 0.1 mg of folic acid /daily.

Vitamin D ❚ The nutritionally important forms of vitamin D in ❚ ❚ ❚

❚

man are Calciferol (Vitamin D2) and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Calciferol may be derived by irradiation of the plant sterol, ergo sterol. Cholecalciferol is the naturally occurring vitamin D which is found in animal fats and fish liver oils. It is also derived from exposed to US rays of the sunlight which convert the cholesterol in the skin to vitamin D. Vitamin D is stored largely in the fat deports.

Functi ons: ❚ Intestine : Promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus. ❚ Bone: Stimulates normal mineralization. Enhances bone reabsorption Affects collagen maturation. ❚ Kidney : Increase tubular reabsoption of phosphate variables effects on reabsbtion of calcium ❚ Other: Permits normal Growth.

Sources: ❚ Vitamin D is unique because it is derived both from sunlight and foods. ❚ Sunlight : Vitamin D is synthesized by the body by the action of UV rays of sunlight on 7dehydrochlesterol, which is stored in large abundance in the skin. ❚ Foods: Animal origin: Liver, egg yolk, butter and cheese and some of fish contain useful amounts. ❚ Other: Vitamin D are foods artificially fortified with Vitamin D such as milk, margarine, vanspathi and infant food.

Deficiency: ❚ 1. Rickets: Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets, which is usually observed in young children between the age of six months and two years. The disease is characterized by growth failure, bone deformity, muscular hypotonic, tetany and convulsion due to hypo-calcemia.

❚ Osteomalacia: In adults, vitamin D deficiency may results in the women when during pregnancy and lactation.

Prevention : ❚ Educating parents to expose their children regulating to sunlight. ❚ Periodic dosing (Prophylaxis) ❚ Vitamin D fortification of the foods especially milk. Daily requirements : Adults Infants and Children Pregnancy and lactation 10.0mcg (400IU)

2.5 mcg (100IU 5.0mcg (200IU)

Vitamin K This vitamin occurs in two different Forms •

Vitamin K-1

•

Vitamin K-2

Vitamin K -1 is found mainly in fresh green vegetables, some fruits. Cow’s milk is a richer source of vitamin K than human milk.

Vitamin K-2 is synthesis ed by the intestinal bacteria. Lon term administration of antibiotic doses for more than a week may temporarily suppress the normal intestinal flora. Vitamin K is stored in the liver. The role of Vitamin K is to stimulate the production and release of certain coagulation factors.

The daily requirement for man is 0.03 mg/Kg for the adult

Vitamin E( Tocoferol) Vitamin E is the generic name for a group of closely related and naturally occurring fat soluble compounds, the tocopherols. ❚ The richest sources are vegetable oils, cotton-seeds, sunflower seed, egg yolk and butter. ❚ The usual plasma level of vitamin E in adults is between 0.8 and 1.4 mg per 100 ml. ❚ Recently the cytotoxic effect of vitamin E on human lymphocytes in vitro at high concentrations has been reported. This being so, caution should be exercised against the mega-dose consumption of vitamin E in clinical practice. ❚