Urban Shelter

URBAN SHELTER

RESPONSIBLITIES Central Government • • • •

Guidelines Policies Programme Execution (Special Scheme)

State Government Policies (Land) Programmes(Target oriented) Executions & Constructions

STATE GOVERNMENT Department of Housing and Urban Development. (Minister +Seceretary(IAS))

GHB

GSCB

UDA

GMFB

DOM

GURM

MCS

GUDGL

AN ENABLING STRATEGY • • • • • •

Institutional Set up for Shelter delivery (HB’s). Rehabilitation for Refugee population(Post Ind) Development of slums (Through State SC B’s) Housing for EWS & LIG (HB’s) Provision of land for Poor (State Policy-TP’s) Open to Private developers,Builders,CoOperatives & Households (PPP’s,Township Policy)

Sustainable Development • Shift in policy from slum clearance to in-situ development. • Provision of better infrastructure and living environment (Slum networking programmeAMC). • Integration with the city(Institutional ,Financial support, returns to the ULB’s Social Integration). • Government of Andhra Pradesh,Maharastra ,Tamil Nadu having no. of programmes under shelter provision.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT • Self Employed Women Association (Sewa) apart form social service also provides micro finance for livelihood and shelter activities. • 74 ACI,1992 Decentralized framework provides new role to parastatal agencies for provision of infrastructure at local level. • Local Government are facing problem of skilled manpower and resources.

ra Pr a nc ha des h lP ra de sh As sa m Bi ha r Go a Gu jar Hi Ha a t m rya ac ha na lP ra de Ka sh rn ata ka Ma Ke dh r e ya la Pr a Ma d es ha h ras tr Ma a ni p Me u gh r ala Mi y a zo ra Na m ga l an d Or i ss a Pu n ja Ra j as b tha n Si Ta kk im mi lN ad Tr u i pu Ut tar ra Pr a An d W es ad am e st b h an en ga & l Ni ch Ch o b a an r di g D & arh N Da Ha v ma el i n & Di u La D ks el h ha i d Po wee nd p ich er r Al y l In dia Ar u

An d

Fig in %

Regional Disparities in Services Infra s truc ture :Toile t & P uuc a hous e

1 20

1 00

80

60

40

20

0

T o ile t

All India Average:Toilet Facilities-63.90% Pucca House- 73.10% P u cca H o u se

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Fig in %

Regional Disparities in Services In fra s t r u c tu r e :W a t e r S u p p ly & E le c tr i c ity 1 9 9 1

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

S a fe D r in k in g W a te r

All India Average:Water Supply- 81.38% Electricity - 75.78% E le c tr ic ity

Regional Disparities in Services •Low access to drinking Water: Availability, Reliability, Quantity and Quality,(24 by 7) •Lakshadweep & Mizoram having less than 20% access to water supply •Chandigarh having maximum coverage 97% followed by Delhi 96%. •Manipur and Mizorum having less than 20% of Pucca houses ( Bamboo + Mud Structure, Low PPP, Low industrialization, Low Employment).

Access To Basic Services Issues: • To provide basic infrastructure with focus to poor households. • 53% slums have access roads • 85% population having water supply facilities & 65% to slum population. • 49% urban population has toilet facilities but 46% in slum have access to shared toilet facilities.

POLICY FRAMEWORK

Policy initiatives and Programmes • Water Supply: Total requirement for urban infrastructure development covering the backlog in service provision. Central government and state government are making joint efforts fund from international donor agencies and institutional sources. • Sanitation:Scheme for Sulabh International is leading eg in this field operating as ‘Sulabh Shauchalayas’ as ‘pay and use toilets’ in cites • Waste Management on scientific basis, has prepared under consultation with ULBs in country.

Housing Need Assessment

The National Building (NBO) estimated shortage in India:

Year

Housing Units (In Millions)

1981

7.00

1991

8.23

1997

7.57

2001

6.64

• Under 9th plan working group on Urban housing: Construction of semipucca house 0.32 million and 8.87 million pucca housing units. • Requirement identified on price to income ratio basis /-? • Incremental Housing: Shelter Upgradation Site and Service + Cash Loan Skeletal housing +Cash Loan

Policy Framework • The India National Report,1996, stated housing shortage was priority. • National Housing and Habitat Policy(1998). • Redefined housing from Physical assest to concept of Dynamic Sustainable Habitat. • Encompass adequate physical and social infrastructure. • Energy saving and cost effective building materials • Emphasis on human settlement technology.

Policy Framework • Short term Action Plan :Upgradation of housing stock in U/R Areas. • Involvement of stakeholders, corporate and co operative sectors ,housing finance institution and research institutions. • Government: only as facilitator. • Policy as social housing to priority group (SC/ST/ BPL /The disable / Slum dweller/ Women-headed households).

National Housing and Habitat Policy • To tackle housing shortage with sustainable development. • 2 million additional dwelling units for poor each year under National Agenda for Governance (1998). • To achieve “Housing for All “ by the end of 10th(2007)

Facilitation Approach " Shelter For All” Focus Area: • Legal reform • Transfer of Technology • Fiscal incentives • Enlarging resource base

Legal Reforms • Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation ) Act ,1976 Repealed • The National Housing Bank Act ,1987: amended - fiscal incentives. • Stamp Duty Act- amended. • Vacant land tax - Proposed • Land Acquisition Act – amendment proposed. • Calcutta Tenancy Act 1981-amended. • Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh- Patta Act-Tenurial Rights

Transfer of Technology • Technology transfer from lab to land (Building centre programme) • Skill up gradation • Training to construction worker. • Housing guidance information • Cost effective technology options. • Cost –Effective Building Materials and Technology: Reduction in cost by 20-40% • Locally available materials • Energy conservation • Use agriculture and industrial waste like fly ash • Wood substitutes

Fiscal Incentive for Enlarging Resource Base • Increase of government equity in H.F.C.’s • Provision of tax deduction on individual loans. • Facilitating external commercial borrowing through international institutions - FDI. • Tax concessions for rental housing to attract more funds • Exemption of tax on profits for urban infrastructure projects.

Private Sector Participation in Housing • Sets Joint venture with Land development and Housing Construction • Haryana joint development model based on Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Area Act • Lucknow Development Authority Model • Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority: between landowners and developers • West Bengal:2 major project between West Bengal a Housing Board and Private Companies. • Shelter delivery for poor is relatively small.

Involvement of NGO Involved in shelter delivery and community infrastructure. Dhan Foundation(AP),Mahila Housing Trust with Sewa are operating. Peri-Urban Growth –Satellite :Special initiatives taken to develop new townships adjoining to metro/cites to promote geographically balanced development of setlements.Example .are Delhi, Mumbai etc.

The Economics of Construction Sector • Impact of Investment in housing sector on GDP and Employment in Indian Economy: • Construction ranks 4th among 14 sector. • 3rd in terms of total linkage with other sector of economy. • In terms of Income Multiplier it ranks 4th. • Expenditure to income ratio is 1:5. • Ranks 5th in terms of employment multiplier

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