Updated - Women Entrepreneurs Engaged In Micro, Small & Medium Food Processing Industry With Respect To Delhi (ncr).docx

A STUDY OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ENGAGED IN MICRO, SMALL & MEDIUM FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY WITH RESCPECT TO DELHI (NCR)

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I hereby declare that,



The research work presented in thesis entitled A Study of Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Food Processing has not been submitted for my other degree of this or any other university on any occasion.



To the best of my knowledge no work of this type has been reported on the above subject.



All the work presented in thesis is original and wherever references have been made, it has been clearly indicated.

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Date:

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Table of Contents

~ CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ~ ................................................................................................. 3 ~ LIST OF CONTENTS ~ ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 7 1.1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2

ENTREPRENEURS BENEFIT TO COMMUNITIES ............................................................. 8

1.3

INTRODUCTION TO FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY................................................... 10

1.4

DEMOGRAPHS OF WOMEN IN INDIA (CENSUS 2011) .................................................. 11

1.5

STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA .......................................................................................... 13

1.6

CHANGING ROLE OF WOMEN .......................................................................................... 14

1.7

EARLY CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP .................................................................. 16

1.8

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN ....................................................................... 17

1.9

EMPLOYMENT TRENDS AMONG WOMEN ..................................................................... 19

1.10

UNDERSTANDING ENTREPRENEURSHIP ....................................................................... 20

1.11

ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .............................. 23

1.12

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTREPRENEURS ..................................................................... 25

1.13

FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURS ................................................................................... 28

1.14

ENTERPRENURSHIP AMONG WOMEN............................................................................ 29

1.15

NEED FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENUESHIP........................................................................ 30

1.16

ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPERNEURSHIP ................................... 31

1.17

GROWTH OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUSHIP ................................................................... 32

1.18

FACTORS INFLUENCING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP........................................... 34

1.19

PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS.................................................................... 34

1.20

RECENT TRENDS ................................................................................................................. 38

1.21

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ................................................................................................ 40

1.22

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY......................................................................................... 40

1.23

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................ 43

1.24

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 43

1.25

JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................... 44

JUSTIFICATION OF SAMPLE.......................................................................................................... 45 JUSTIFICATION OF VARIABLE ..................................................................................................... 46 Dependent Variable: ........................................................................................................ 46 Independent Variables: .................................................................................................... 47 NULL HYPOTHESIS ..................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................... 51 5

2.1

STUDIES ON STATUS OF WOMEN.................................................................................... 52

2.2

STUDIES ON IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP ................................ 56

2.3

STUDIES ON CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ............................ 62

2.4

STUDIES ON FACTORS RELATED TO WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP ..................... 65

2.5

STUDIES ON MOTIVATION OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ....................................... 67

2.6

STUDIES ON WORK AND HEALTH .................................................................................. 68

2.7

STUDIES ON WORK AND STRESS ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.8

STUDIES ON WORK AND ATTITUDE ............................................................................... 73

2.9

STUDIES ON WORK AND TRAINING ............................................................................... 74

2.10

CASE STUDIES ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ............................................................ 75

2.11

STUDIES ON WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE AND RELATED WORK ............................. 79

2.12

STUDIES ON PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ........................................... 82

2.13

STUDIES ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS .................. 89

2.14

STUDIES ON WOMEN IN FOOD PROCESSING ............................................................... 94

2.15

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MARRIED AND UNMARRIED WOMEN ...................... 97

2.16

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON WORKING AND NON - WORKING WOMEN .............. 99

2.17

BENEFIT OF EFFORTS BY GOVERNMENT ................................................................... 100

2.18

THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION ...................................................... 103

2.19

CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 105

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 106 3.1

SELECTING THE SAMPLE ................................................................................................ 106

3.2

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOLS ..................................................................................... 109

3.3

PILOT STUDY ...................................................................................................................... 113

3.4

DATA COLLECTION .......................................................................................................... 114

3.5

CATEGORISATION OF VARIABLES ............................................................................... 115

3.6

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA ................................................................................................. 118

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................... 119 4.1

HYPOTHESIS TESTING ..................................................................................................... 252

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 260 5.1

SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 260

5.2

CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 266

5.3

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY .......................................................................... 267

5.4

RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................... 268

APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE....................................................................................................... 269 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................. 284

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study Entrepreneurship now a days, is accepted as a significant factor of economic growth, throughput, invention and employment in every country, and is broadly acknowledged as a key aspect of economic vitality. Converting concepts into commercial opportunities is the crucial concern of entrepreneurship. Our history displays that the economic growth has been significantly innovative because of practical people who are entrepreneurial and inventive, have qualities to exploit opportunities and enthusiastic to overcome and face the risks involved.

The economic growth and progress of any country is judged by its human, physical and fiscal resources. An economy can achieve advanced levels of growth either by procuring various types of production factors or through technical progress. The purpose of any planned development is to deploy its human resources in such a manner so that they can be utilized fully. Therefore, industrialization is one of the best way to bring economic development in any country. The socio- economic development of a country is flashed majorly by its enterprising spirit. 7

Indian women are considered as a source of power (shakti) since mythological times. The Hindus worship goddesses as mothers. But in reality, women occupy a back seat to men. Moreover, they are revered as mothers, sisters and other social bondages. In spite of these facts, in traditional Indian society women are accorded inferior status in family hierarchy. The Indian society considered women as weaker sex. Such sociological and cultural traditions and taboos have kept women dormant for quiet a long time.

The Sati-pratha [woman setting herself fire on the pyre of husband] almost disappeared, but shameful incidents like female feticide continue to take place in our so called developed society. Women continue to face gender bias right from childhood. Incidences of malnutrition, school dropout, early marriage, harassment for dowry etc, are significant examples. The male female ratio in our country has also become a serious issue of concern these days.

1.2 ENTREPRENEURS BENEFIT TO COMMUNITIES Over the past 200 years, the definition of entrepreneurship has evolved into a complex set of ideas Put simply, entrepreneurship is the creation of a new firm. Ultimately, entrepreneurship is “the process of uncovering or developing an opportunity to create value through innovation…” (Kauffman Center).A common thread runs through most definitions of entrepreneurship: 8

Innovation, Innovation creates something new or unusual that initiates change in the competitiveness of the market, mainly through new firm formations. These new firms are an expression of the creativity of the entrepreneur, allowing new products and new ways of doing business to add value to an economy and improve the quality of life in communities. New technologies, products, and services are brought to market every year by small entrepreneurial firms.

Entrepreneurship has been defined in the for-profit literature as the catalytic agent who sets into motion new enterprises with new combinations of production and exchange (Carter and Cannon, 1992; Collins and Moore, 1970). In their findings, Handy et al. (2003), Glaeser and Shleifer (2001), and Bilodeau and Slivinski (1996) highlighted that nonprofit entrepreneurs are driven by their beliefs, personal experiences, perceptions of community needs, and desire to provide services to others. Given that they must incur similar constraints and challenges as their for-profit counterparts, they are likely to be equally willing to take risks, selfdirected, and innovative. However their focus is on what they can do for others while for-profit entrepreneurs are interested in financial independence and are driven by profit maximization (Crowell, 2003; Everingham, 2002). In broader sense, entrepreneurs organize the economic ventures for producing goods and services at lower cost with objects of maximization of new employment and setting up new business (Nazar, 2005). Also, women entrepreneurs have become an important part of national development planning and strategies (Tuladhar, 1996).

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1.3 INTRODUCTION TO FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY The food processing sector is very crucial for India’s development, as the same creates a vital link and interaction between the two main columns of the economy, namely, industry and Agriculture. If this sector grows, it will get huge amount of benefits to the respective economy in terms of increased agricultural yield, more employment opportunities, increased productivity and thereby raising the life standards of large number of people all over the country, specifically in rural areas (EDII, 2011).

Food processing is a set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into the food or to transform food into other food for consumption by human beings or animals in the home or by the food processing industries. Processed foods can be classified into three types:



Primary processing: Primary processing would encompass cleaning, powdering and refining of agricultural produce as in the case of the transformation of wheat to wheat flour.



Secondary processing: Secondary processing would include the modification of a basic product to a stage where it requires some value addition to the kitchen. Tomato puree, cleaning and processing of meat products, are all processed to a secondary stage.



Tertiary processing: There are high value branded products like jam, 10

sauces, biscuits and other bakery products. It includes all food items that have been through the final of the tertiary stage of processing and are ready for consumption at the point of sale.

1.4 DEMOGRAPHS OF WOMEN IN INDIA (CENSUS 2011)

Men & women are the two sides of the same coin and both of them are very important for building up healthy nation. Indian Census has the tradition of bringing out disaggregated information by sex on various aspects of population. The first and primary element of gender statistics revealed by Census 2001 was, 532 million constituting 52 percent were males and 497 million constituting remaining 48 percent were females in the population. In sheer numbers, males outstrip females by 35 million in population. CENSUS 2011 reveals that there are around seven lakh 11

villages in India and more than 70% of our population lives in villages. In rural sector 56% of the male and 33% of the female were in the labour force. About 66% of the female population in the rural sector is idle and unutilized. Even after 7 decades of independence, women in India are struggling for entrepreneurial freedom. They are facing many various socio-economic problems. But now the Scenario is changing fast with modernization, urbanization and development of education and business. Thus the opportunities of employment for women have increased drastically.

A country may be rich in material resources and capital. But if entrepreneurship is lacking, the utilization of resources would not be as expected. The entrepreneurs are a part of industrial society and as such, he/she should be considered as an asset. The entrepreneur is responsible for not only earning his/her own livelihood but also for creating avenues of employment for others and contributing to the gross national product.

The entrepreneur is an economic individual who tries to maximize his profits by innovation. Innovation involves problem solving and entrepreneur gets satisfaction from using capabilities in attacking problems. Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a women or a group of women who initiate, organize and run a business enterprise. Women owned business are highly increasing.

Table 1: Population by Sex Ratio as per CENSUS 2011 Rank 1 2 3 4

State / Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Bihar West Bengal

Population[40] 199,812,341 112,374,333 104,099,452 91,276,115

Males 104,480,510 58,243,056 54,278,157 46,809,027

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Females 95,331,831 54,131,277 49,821,295 44,467,088

Sex Ratio 930 929 918 950

Literacy rate (%) 67.68 82.34 61.80 76.26

5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL

Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnataka Gujarat Delhi India

84,580,777 72,626,809 72,147,030 61,095,297 60,439,692 16,787,941 1,210,854,977

42,442,146 37,612,306 36,137,975 30,966,657 31,491,260 8,887,326 623,724,248

42,138,631 35,014,503 36,009,055 30,128,640 28,948,432 7,800,615 586,469,174

993 931 996 973 919 868 943

67.02 69.32 80.09 75.36 78.03 86.21 73.00

Source: www. Censusindia.net

Entrepreneurs brings economic growth in the nation by starting up new businesses that eventually add new employment opportunities. Entrepreneurs being such a wellspring of growth in the economy, most of the rural policymakers have shifted their long-time focus of recruiting existing firms, such as branch plants, to develop new entrepreneurs.

1.5 STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA The worth of a civilization can be judged from the position that it gives to women. Of the several factors that justify the greatness of India's ancient culture, one of the greatest is the honored place ascribed to women. Manu, the great lawgiver, said long ago, 'where women are honored there reside the gods'. According to ancient Hindu scriptures no religious rite can be performed with perfection by a man without the participation of his wife. Wife's participation is essential to any religious rite. Married men along with their wives are allowed to perform sacred rites on the occasion of various important festivals. Married Womens are thus befittingly called 'Ardhangani' (betterhalf). They were treated not only important but were given equal position with men.

It is a fact that women in India have made a substantial progress in past 50 13

years but yet they are struggling against several handicaps and social evils in the male dominated community. The Hindu Code Bill has announced the equal share among daughter and the son in the ancestral property. According to the Marriage Act, woman is no more a property of the man. Marriage nowadays, is a personal affair among two people and if any of the partner is not satisfied with the relationship he or she has the right to divorce. But passing of law is one thing and its absorption in the collective thinking of society is quite a different matter. In order to demonstrate themselves equal to the dignity and status given to them in the Indian Constitution they have to shake off the fetters of slavery and fallacies. They should help the government and the society in eliminating the evils of dowry, illiteracy and unawareness among the eves.

1.6 CHANGING ROLE OF WOMEN The decades after independence have seen tremendous changes in the status and the position of the women in Indian society. The constitution has laid down as a fundamental right – the equality of the sexes. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the recent changes in the status of women in India is not a sign of progress, but it is really a recapturing of the position that was held by women in Vedic period. Jayapalan in his book on women studies in 2000 describes the changing roles as follows:

Social Role: Literary and historical research has now established beyond doubt that the women held a position of equality with men during the Vedic period. There was a great change in the role of women after 300 B. C. During this period, 14

son was valued more than daughter. Many young women renounced their homes and joined the Buddhistic and Jain monasteries. It was also presumed that one of the reasons for practice of early marriage of girls was to prevent them from entering monastic life. Girls were married off soon after puberty. Marriage was an irrevocable union for a woman.

The wave of reformist movement in nineteenth century brought the changing role of women in the social field. Finally it led to the great emancipation of the Indian women in the twentieth century. There was a change in the outlook in society. Many legislative measures were brought about for the protection of women. The urgency of women’s education was felt and thus facilities for the same were made. Many women leaders created a kind of political awareness among women which led to a great change in their role. Women even began to fight against the social evils during this period.

Economic Role:

Rural women have always been working in the fields

and farms from time immemorial. They have worked because that was way of life. Similarly women have been working to help their husbands in cottage industries. They have been working and they now continue to work.

Work in the lives of majority of women is not a matter of self-equity. Changing economic roles and responsibilities of women, particularly among the poor, make employment/work a matter of economic survival. Male unemployment or male low earnings resulting due to wage labour and high rates of urbanization have also 15

meant an increase in the number of married women workers. Low male wages often impose double responsibilities on married women who need to substitute the family income through additional home production and work outside the home. Women’s contribution to household income provides the means to meet basic survival needs such as food, clothing and shelter. Ultimately, women’s contribution makes possible improvements in the health and nutritional status of household members.

1.7 EARLY CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Schumpeter’s and Kirzner’s entrepreneurship definitions area unit clearly manifested within

the 2 major varieties

of entrepreneurial

start-ups

witnessed within the real-life state of affairs. Some start-ups cause radical innovations and

alter the

principles of the

sport in

industries;

others

involve four gradual however systematic pushing back of the boundaries of mental object,

driving costs and

output

and

input

quantities

toward

the

values per equilibrium. These 2 means that of business venture creation type a significant part of

the

entrepreneurial method,

and facilitate to

elucidate however ladies enter self-employment likewise because the varieties of entrepreneurial

activities

they have

interaction in.

The major components embodied in Schumpeter’s and Kirzner’s views of entrepreneurship area unit widely accepted in literature and area unit summarized 16

in Kao’s (1993) underlying beliefs of entrepreneurship. These are, first, entrepreneurial

behaviour

involves the

flexibility to

spot new

opportunities supported new concepts and approaches, and switch them into one thing tangible. Second, entrepreneurs need AN array of structure and private skills (interpersonal skills, self-understanding, leadership, conflict resolution, stress management and tolerance for ambiguity). And third, there area unit consequences of the entrepreneurial behaviour to the entrepreneurs themselves and therefore the economy as a full. Also,

psychological

characteristics

by AN bourgeois, like determination, the

requirement to

possessed

attain and

succeed,

boldness, innovation and creative thinking, being a visionary and having certainty, play a significant role in each Schumpeter’s and Kirzner’s definitions. These qualities

in each entrepreneurship

unit crucial behavioral and

success

and factors

management for

literature area

entrepreneurial

ventures.

1.8 ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN

It has been very much acknowledged that ladies assume a vital job in monetary welfare of the family. It is for the most part felt that the job of ladies in customary social orders is simply bound to the family the board dependent on conventional qualities, frames of mind and traditions. Truth be told, the family culture with regards to which early socialization happens is a vital factor which later on incites or restricts ladies' interest in financial exercises of the family. The monetary job of ladies in the customary society generally relies on two essential elements: 17

•

Need for enlarging the family pay

•

Opportunities accessible for support in such monetary exercises

Women entering business is nearly new phenomenon. All around they had restricted to frivolous business and small house ventures. Albeit an ever increasing number of ladies breaking the hindrances, the vast majority of despite everything them don't discover it either conceivable or attractive for absolute association in pioneering exercises. In India, marriage is the main profession for generally ladies. Indeed, even expertly, they have generally restricted their exercises to regions, for example, educating, office work, nursing and medication.

The data given by Ganeshan in 2013 reveals the following important facts about women employment: 

Women constituted 47.62 % (40 crores) of total population in 2011



70% women were unemployed and only the remaining were employed



Employed females were almost half the employed males



97% of adult males were employed whereas among adult females only 38% a little more than one third were employed. A large number of women were engaged in unorganized sectors like agriculture, agro based industries, handicraft, handlooms and cottage industries.



There were more than 15, 95,680 women entrepreneurs according to 2011 census, and claiming 11.2% of total l2.64 million entrepreneurs in India.



The percentage of women self employed in 2001 almost doubled in 2011.



Most of the women were concentrated in low paid skilled, low technology and low productivity jobs.

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The rise of women on the financial scene as business people is a critical advancement in the liberation of ladies and anchoring for them a place in the general public, which they have from the beginning merited. The relationship of ladies with financial ventures would give a mending contact in advancing harmony and friendship in the difficulty ridden universe of today. Legitimately and naturally, women in India appreciate a one of a kind status of equity with men. They are equivalent natives expected to appreciate every one of the rights and benefits gave upon every one of the general population. They are qualified for same principal rights as are ensured to men. This arrangement has empowered the administration to make exceptional arrangement for ladies, especially in the field of work enactments like Factories Act, Maternity Benefit Act, and so forth.

Indian ladies have assumed an extraordinary job in the opportunity battle and contributed a lot to the Indian social legacy. It is currently incredibly huge to see that they are not falling behind during the time spent financial development.

1.9 EMPLOYMENT TRENDS AMONG WOMEN MOFPI in its annual report discloses the detailed information of percentage share of women employment in Food processing industry which has been placed as under:

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Table 3: Percentage of Economically Active Population.

Over the past years there has been observed as positive trend in employment of women in MSME - Food Processing Industry in India.

1.10 UNDERSTANDING ENTREPRENEURSHIP The enterprise has picked up an assortment of implications. With section of time, the idea and definition have changed. Shelan, Rao P. 2012 state in this setting composed that there is all out perplexity in the psyche of theoreticians and professionals concerning business enterprise. He further opines that clearness in this regard would make, extraordinarily the Indian association address the new difficulties and changes in the wake of progression/globalization and universal intensity in all parts and types of associations. As per Hisrich R. (2012) a business visionary is a person who goes out on a limb and begins something new. In any case, he refers to an early case of business person, Marco Polo who endeavored to build up exchange courses to the Far East. A typical contract amid this time gave advance to the dealer experience at 22.5 % rate including protection. While the 20

industrialist was a latent hazard carrier, the shipper globe-trotter played the dynamic job in exchanging, bearing all the physical and enthusiastic dangers. At the point when the vendor effectively sold the products and finished the excursion, the benefits were isolated with the industrialist taking the majority of them, while the dealer explorer agreed to the rest of the offer. The development of entrepreneurship theory from 17th century can be understood as under:

 1725: Richard Cantillon suggested that as a person bearing risks was different from the one supplying capital.  1803: Jean Baptisten separated profits of entrepreneur from profits of capital.  1876: Francis Walker distinguished between those who supplied funds and received interests and those who received profits from managerial capabilities.  1934: Joseph Schumpeter defined entrepreneur as innovator and one who develops untried technology.  1961: David McClelland said that entrepreneur is an energetic, moderate risk taker.  1964: Peter Drucker opined that entrepreneur maximizes opportunities.  1976: Albert Shapero refers to entrepreneurs as one who takes initiative, organizes some social and economic mechanism and accepts risks of failure.  1980: Karl Vesper explained entrepreneurship as different from economists, 21

psychologists, business persons and politicians.  1993: Gifford Pinchot opines that entrepreneur is an entity within already established organization.  2005: Robert Hisrich defined entrepreneurship as a process of creating something different with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial, psychological, and social risks and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction.

Enterprise in a more extensive sense can be depicted as an inventive and creative reaction to nature. Business visionary is a trailblazer who brings something new into the economy, another strategy for generation not yet tried by the involvement in part of maker concerned, an item with which buyers are not natural or of new market at any point misused. In the wake of characterizing business person, it is fitting to concentrate on what is enterprise. One who can look up to basic leadership can figure out how to be a business visionary and to carry on innovatively. Business enterprise is a conduct as opposed to identity characteristic. Enterprise might be polished by huge and old specialty units alike. Further it isn't limited to monetary organizations. It stretches out to all foundations monetary and social and to proprietorship designs: private, open and co agent area ventures. In almost all the definitions of entrepreneurship, there is an agreement that we are talking about a kind of behavior that includes taking initiative, organizing and reorganizing of social and economic mechanisms to turn resources and situations to practical account and accepting risk of failure.

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Figure 1 Traits of Entrepreneur

ENTREPRENEURSHIP Figure 1 Traits of Entrepreneur

INITIATIVE TAKING

1.11 ROLE OF

ORGANISING AND REORGANISING MECHANISM

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

ACCEPTING RISKS OF FAILURE

IN

ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT In both created and creating nations business is a key to fast financial advancement. The job of business enterprise in financial improvement includes something beyond expanding per capita yield and salary. It incorporates starting and comprising change in the business and society. Along these lines expanding supply of ventures turns into a fundamental viewpoint for development of present day society. The world we live displays an image of horrifying differences. While a few nations are tremendously prosperous, almost 66% of the number of inhabitants on the planet lives on the substandard pay, ailing health, terrible lodging, absence 23

of medication and ignorance. Regardless of breathtaking headway in science and innovation in a few pockets of the globe, man is basically worried about neediness still notwithstanding amid last quarter of twentieth century. In this manner, one's enthusiasm for business enterprise basically springs out of enthusiasm for the financial advancement of locale or country. India has been a place where there is business people. Business enterprise has been considered as one of the basic elements deciding the development of industry in any nation. The historical backdrop of monetary advancement of all nations in the case of creating or created, has confirm the way that business people have made a noteworthy commitment in this regard. The nature and degree of such commitment shifts from society to society, and nation to nation; contingent on the mechanical atmosphere, material sources and the obligation of political framework; (Yadav, 1999). In this manner, it tends to be presumed that innovative advancement is a prime need for enhanced industrialization and quick monetary improvement of the nation. Delhi is first state in the nation which suddenly reacted to the improvement of business enterprise in our nation. It is the primary state which understood the significance of business advancement. Business enterprise is hence a human movement which assumes a noteworthy job in monetary advancement. At the focal point of process, man remains as a coordinator of the assets as laborer and as the client of merchandise delivered. Of these jobs, the coordinator's capacity is essential. Without him, the assets of generation stay inert and can never move toward becoming items or 24

administrations. This means the significance of business enterprise in financial advancement. The relationship with the properties of the business and monetary advancement is close. The connection among business enterprise and financial advancement is comparable connection among circumstances and logical results.

1.12 CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTREPRENEURS On the off chance that one investigates the attributes of business visionary it speaks to an uncommon kind of individual and everyone can't turn into a business visionary. Be that as it may, this impression does not give a penny percent right picture of business enterprise. In any case a business visionary would positively be not quite the same as non-business person regarding his mental and social demeanors. Anyway he/she doesn't need every one of these qualities together. This does not imply that a business person can't be fruitful without a portion of these attributes. Without having a significant number of these qualities, a business visionary with quality in innovative capacities may succeed. Verma 2016 while depicting a business visionary notices the accompanying qualities of business visionaries: 

Entrepreneur is fiery, creative, alarm to new chances, ready to acclimate to changing conditions and willing to expect dangers engaged with the change.



He/She is keen on progressing innovatively and in enhancing the nature of item.



He/She is keen on extending the size of tasks and reinvests gaining. 25

Figure – 2 Entrepreneurial Characteristics - Histrich in 2002 describes entrepreneur’s characteristics in three categories Technical Skills

An Entrepreneur

Business Management Skills

Personal Entrepreneurial Skills

Characteristic No. 1 Technical

skills:

Writing,

oral

communication,

monitoring

environment, technical business management, and technology know how, interpersonal, listing, ability to organize, network building, coaching, being a team player.

Characteristic No. 2 Business Management Skills: Planning and goal setting, decision making,

human

relations,

marketing,

finance,

accounting,

management, control, negotiation, venture launch, managing growth.

Characteristic No. 3 Personal Entrepreneurial Skills: Inner control, discipline, risk taking, innovative, change oriented, persistent, visionary leader, ability to manage change.

26

Characteristic No. 4 Entrepreneurial Development Institute of India at Gandhinagar describes the entrepreneurial competencies as under:

Characteristic No. 5 Initiative: Entrepreneurs displaying this competency undertake a task even before being asked or forced to circumstances. Such an initiative taking capability impacts efficiency and becomes basis of sustainable competitive advantage.

Characteristic No. 6 Seeking and Acting on Opportunities: By their very nature successful entrepreneurs intensify their access to resources, opportunities, finance, land and equipments. They have this unique entrepreneurial ability that helps them seize unusual opportunities.

Characteristic No. 7 Persistence:

An

important

competency

that

makes

all

entrepreneurs repository of gift and perseverance. Obstacles do not dishearten such an entrepreneur and he continues making efforts to emerge victorious out of problems.

Characteristic No. 8 Information Seeking: The presence of competency lends him a deterministic attitude. He identifies various sources of information and ensures a continuous information flow in order to maximize the success of the organization.

Characteristic No. 9 Concern for High quality of Work: The primary endeavor of entrepreneur with such a competency is to beat the existing standards of excellence. It is his concern for high quality of work that gives him a sense of satisfaction and achievement.

27

1.13 FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURS

A business visionary is one who does the entire arrangement of exercises of the business. The elements of a business visionary are co-appointment of the business the executives of the undertaking, chance taking, controlling the venture, development for change, inspiration and other related exercises. He/she needs to respond to new thoughts, requests and adventure the chances. He/she is required to play out the accompanying capacities; Desai 2013. •

Assumption of Risk: - A business person accept every single conceivable danger of business incorporating potential outcomes of progress in tastes of purchasers, procedures of creation and new innovation. A business person attempts to decrease the vulnerabilities by his drive, aptitude and practical insight.

•

Business Decisions: - The business person needs to choose the nature and kind of products to be delivered. He enters a business that as per his insight is ideally productive. He utilizes his abilities and thoughts to take best choices for improvement of his business.

•

Managerial Functions: - A business visionary defines plans, orchestrates fund, buys crude materials, gives creation offices, composes deals and accept undertaking of individual administration. In a substantial foundation, paid staff do these capacities. •

Function of Innovation: - A business visionary is the person who considers

thoughts for development in quality and amount of business. He consistently

28

stays educated about advancements and endeavors to apply them at whatever point wherever conceivable.

1.14 ENTERPRENURSHIP AMONG WOMEN

Enterprenurship has been characterized diversely relying upon and tuned in to the changing ethos of financial reality. These days, more prominent significance is being credited to ladies business people as a piece of arrangement by government and different offices. Ladies speak to 50 percent of total populace and record for two third of all out working hours. They got around 10% of the world's salary and claim less then one percent of the world's advantages. Against this scenery, ladies business people require an extraordinary treatment as they need to battle against substantial chances and have a place with the biggest hindered amass in the nation; ( Vinze, 2007.)

Because of industrialization, urbanization and democratization, the ladies in India are moving towards liberation and are looking for profitable work in different fields. In addition, in such a transitional stage, vigorously stacked with convention, the Indian ladies discover it progressively hard to change themselves to the double job that they need to play as customary housewives or mother at home front and contend with her men people in the field of business and industry. Ladies have level with circumstances and rights as men. In such a circumstance, it is basic to recognize appropriate innovation which will empower the lady to assume her job as a compelling business person without exasperating her needs.

29

The conditions in which a lady business person needs to work in our general public must get acknowledgment. A portion of the issues looked by ladies are not equivalent to a standard business visionary would confront. In this manner, it is important to consider such factors which just ladies business visionaries need to confront.

1.15 NEED FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENURSHIP Female Entrepreneurs is qualified for important reinforcement support of particular and experienced people. The requirement for giving legitimate condition to business is of crucial significance. Attractive characteristics might be created via preparing. To change the social and financial structure of our nation and to inspire the distraught segment of the general public like ladies, more prominent accentuation is required on enterprising improvement.

HR, the two people, of working age comprise the fundamental quality of monetary improvement of a country. Ladies shape an essential fragment of the work constrain and the financial pretended by them can't be segregated from the system of improvement. The job and level of coordination of ladies in monetary improvement is dependably a marker of ladies' financial autonomy and societal position.

Soundarapandian in 2009 statements the expressions of Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru – "When ladies push ahead, family moves and the town moves and the country moves." Employment gives financial freedom to ladies. Monetary autonomy 30

makes ready for societal position. Also, ladies have turned into a necessary piece of the industrialized society. A lady must enhancement the pay of the family through whatever aptitude she has or has gained .The present inflationary weights warrant ladies to join the male individuals from the family to anchor generous job.

As per Rani in 2006 business is by all accounts perfect for ladies looking for investment in the nation's financial improvement in view of specific components. Rise of business enterprise is viewed as firmly connected to social, social, religious and mental factors.

1.16 ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPERNEURSHIP Women are attempting their dimension best to achieve nature of chance in different ways which are diverse over the time and among social orders. Ladies business empowers to pool the little capital assets and expertise accessible with ladies. It makes ready for more full usage of capital and furthermore assembles the female human potential.

Business enterprise is reasonable to ladies and it is conceivable to do work when she has extra time. Independently employed ladies has no limitations and time bound work which makes it simple for her to deal with the obligations of work, home and tyke at once. Besides, it is advantageous for ladies to be responsible for a private venture. This example of working in independent venture suits her double job. With this, there is a developing acknowledgment that the quality of a nation is in the independent venture. 31

Ladies business people today have their own sentiment, are confident, ready to withstand all hazard and are effective chiefs. Despite double obligations, numerous ladies plan their lives skillfully and prevail with regards to filling these double jobs easily. The experience increased outside her home empowers her to enhance family connections through new attitude toward custom in an evolving world. By ceaselessly looking for association with the universe of science and culture, she can improve as a coordinator and help to advance development. Favored with these characteristics and imaginative urges ladies can contribute essentially to monetary efficiency of the country. They can take lead in acquiring morals business and human methodology in social monetary connection and improve this world a place to live.

In spite of the fact that ladies speak to practically a large portion of the mankind, their commitment to authority and the board is substantially less. Time has sought ladies to leave the drudgery of house work and offer vent to their innovativeness and business.

1.17 GROWTH OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUSHIP

In cutting edge nations like U. S. A., there has been a generous increment in the work of ladies however the most recent decade has seen the quantity of independently employed ladies increment by 69 percent of ladies contrasted with 13 percent expansion in the quantity of independently employed men.

32

The need of the present day in our nation is to advance improvement so that the above all else need is given to ladies' expertise advancement and training. Ladies have dove into the field of little undertakings as business people. Amid most recent two decades, India has been effective to an incredible degree in cultivating the development of little enterprises, through a bundle of help measures at different dimensions. They incorporate arrangement, back, foundation, preparing and office administrations. Independent work was empowered by giving a bundle of administrations, for example, preparing, credit, advertising and general direction for the individuals who wanted to dispatch independent work adventures. Imperative data and offices were to be furnished with help of one window approach. Generally various sorted out endeavors have been made to prepare ladies as potential business people. The special organizations are immovably resolved to hand the seething flame over to flares. In this manner, with the dynamic help of the special offices and the great family word related foundation, ladies enterprise among the genuinely knowledgeable ladies is quickly expanding and it is relied upon to create in each niche and corner of the nation in years to come. Ladies business visionaries are being helped in recognizing and executing the recently imagined activities. Term credits are given by monetary offices on liberal grounds. Another bundle of concessions, motivating forces and appropriations for advancement and improvement of ladies business people have been presented. Uncommon motivating forces are being offered to ladies business visionaries by a few states inclination is offered just to those ladies business people in determination for pioneering preparing who have reasonable foundation of instruction, exceptional bent for enterprising preparing, knowledge of business and specialty adventures, exchanging and business, family foundation, and so on.; (Yadav 2009.) 33

1.18 FACTORS INFLUENCING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP Some women are getting to be business people particularly the middleclass ladies because of force and push of customary and evolving values. Under the force factors, the ladies business visionaries pick a calling as a test as an undertaking with a desire to experiment and have a free occupation. Under the push factors ladies take up business ventures to get over monetary challenges when duty is pushed on them because of family conditions. A few ladies have fundamental characteristics, for example, capacity to oversee subtleties, commitment to work they take up, resilience and thoughtfulness towards individuals. There is likewise a gathering who feel that ladies are progressively fit for confronting hazard and engrossing mishaps than men. In any case, the reality remains that there are less ladies mechanical business visionaries, attempting to set up and run their enterprises. The errand in this manner is to create systems for carrying more ladies into the enterprising field and give them composed help; (Sundaran 1998.)

1.19 PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS The issues that present day working ladies face can be followed back through history to the Neolithic occasions when a division of work previously existed based on sex. In those days likewise, men chased and ladies assembled roots and organic products. The ladies' ability to conceive an offspring, a limit that men needed, normally gave ladies a noticeable place in the early agrarian culture. Along these lines, as of now ladies and men were at that point doing various types of work, yet ladies were not clearly subordinates to men. 34

Ladies are molded with the various obligations. They need to be proficient laborers and make a decent attempt to satisfy the activity obligations. In the meantime they need to be great spouses, great moms and better home directors. She needs to keep up her status in the general public and be regarded by alternate individuals from the family. Her earnestness towards every one of the obligations is itself a reason for inconvenience. Notwithstanding, the issues of ladies business visionaries can be quickly examined in following regions:

Issues at Work: The serious issues looked by utilized ladies were accounted for to be overwhelming outstanding task at hand, sporadic installment, and absence of assurance of work, absence of maternity benefits, medical issues and nonappearance from home. Frequently conceded installment was the standard component of the working states of ladies. Managers evaded installments on a few grounds. Bosses are constantly watchful that if ladies were paid wages day by day and effectively, they may not get their guaranteed administrations on the consequent day.

Other than working ladies need to confront separation on the work front moreover. While they may get equivalent pay with their male partners for equivalent work yet on occasion of advancement to higher posts, couple of ladies in all strolls achieve top advancements. This is so a direct result of two reasons. One is the deep rooted preference against females. Furthermore, just a couple of ladies get the required specialized and mechanical preparing required for the higher posts. 35

Opportunity of development of the working ladies is additionally limited. She is enabled just to go to the work environment. On the off chance that she is late by thirty minutes she is responsible. She isn't permitted to go somewhere else alone. In the event that she needs to go she is joined by more youthful sister-in-law or another person.

Issues with Children: When the mother is working, kids additionally feel that they are ignored and not legitimately cared for. They despise offices the other youngsters appreciate. They need to give up numerous things and furthermore need to do some work at home to encourage the mother. At the point when the mother is worn out and gets irate, they believe they are feeling the loss of the mother's affection. They get baffled. The working mother, feeling regretful, endeavors to repay them in different ways. She would bring a few desserts or toys for the kids. The youngsters after some time know the shortcoming of the mother's brain. They begin dealing and requesting things from time to time. For whatever length of time that mother can manage, she continues fulfilling their requests. It ruins the kids and mutilates their obligations.

.Financial Problem: For the real piece of the day the lady is working in the workplace or work put. In the wake of returning she is occupied with house work and her family. She has no time left to keep up relations with neighbors, companions and relatives. She can't visit them unreservedly and invest energy with them or go along with them in like manner programs. Indeed, even she can't go to their assistance when they require particularly at time of ailment, marriage, demise 36

or different events. They feel hurt and condemn her as getting to be haughty because of her profit and state that she isn't the main lady to work.

The incredible dominant part of the working ladies need to handover their compensation to their spouses or in-laws. They shouldn't deal with their very own pay. The sum is spent in home administration. At times they are not given even pocket cash or the sum to purchase things for her own utilization. She needs to request and is given some cash as an effortlessness conceded to her.

Individual Problems: The working lady has no time left for her own. She needs rest. She needs to think for her issues or future. She needs to peruse and compose, she needs to do a few exercises of her interests, or include in innovative expressions. Now and again she feels to be individually not irritated by anyone. There is no spare time for her .She can't bear to be ill humored. In every one of these stresses the lady has no time left to care for her wellbeing. In any case, anyway she needs to deal with her wellbeing to keep her physically fit to work. She needs to take supporting nourishment and appropriate treatment when required. Again because of diligent work and over troubled by duties she gets into quick maturing impacts. To adapt up to these and keep up her appeal she needs to take help of beautifying agents and magnificence parlor.

Other Strategic Problems: The issues looked by ladies can separate into three noteworthy parts-Project plan, venture usage and undertaking task; Vinze, 2007. In period of undertaking definition, ladies regularly get lost while choosing item. The 37

inability to relate the item to claim foundation is another regular mistake in item determination. Poor specialized help, decision of area, nonappearance of market investigation, false settled venture choice and low value base are some other tricky regions. If there should be an occurrence of task usage ladies may make wrong hardware, might be misinformed by limited time organizations or the ladies herself may need innovative ability. In this stage, she may confront issues with showcasing, generation arranging, and working capital or with business enterprise advancement foundations or offices.

1.20 RECENT TRENDS Advancement

of

ladies

business

people

requires

a

multi-pronged

methodology. Ladies ought to be roused to leave their conventional occupation for tolerating all the more difficult and remunerating exercises. Simultaneously a domain ought to be set up to empower their interest. Banks and other money related foundations must give credit to ladies business people on both need premise and concessional terms. The issues of ladies in financial field have gotten incredible consideration of universal bodies as of late. In India, a few institutional courses of action have been made to secure and create ladies enterprise. Though there has been a positive development in ladies business, increasingly more consolation and bolster should be given to them. This would unquestionably upgrade their financial status which is an essential for monetary advancement.

Delhi has been perceived as a place where there is dealers and specialists 38

since old occasions. However, no methodical endeavors seem to have made in building up these characteristics, until setting up of Center for Entrepreneurship Development (CED) in 2007. The inside has directed in excess of 40 programs and prepared more than 800 ladies. Numerous Delhi ladies have connected with themselves in assortment of ventures out of which sustenance handling is a noteworthy one.

The bureau of sustenance has been bestowing preparing to ladies through its locale canning and handling focuses just as portable augmentation units. The development of sustenance preparing industry for the most part additionally realizes expanded open doors for work of ladies as bundling; quality control and showcasing task in this industry are uncommonly suited for ladies.

Lion's share of ladies in Delhi have aptitude and one of a kind ability of planning and handling sustenance. In addition, the need to get engaged with the pay age forms propels numerous ladies to take up nourishment preparing as an undertaking. The ladies in this industry confront diverse issues and issues than other working ladies. In this way, an examination concentrated on ladies business visionaries occupied with nourishment handling would be of extraordinary noteworthiness.

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1.21 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The above discussion on various aspects of women and entrepreneurship leads the researcher to conduct a study entitled

“A Study of Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Micro, Small & Medium Food Processing Industry with Respect to Delhi (NCR)”

1.22 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The present examination entitled 'Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Food Processing' manages considering and understanding an example of ladies business people from Delhi (NCR) city who are occupied with nourishment handling. The discoveries and finishes of the investigation will be of extraordinary help in assortment of ways. The present investigation will toss light on a particular area of the common laborers the ladies occupied with nourishment handling. Ladies have been taking up assortment of vocations and sources to gain salary. Days have gone when they were bound to four dividers doing just family unit errands. Ladies, notwithstanding the stereotyped ones, have promptly acknowledged nowadays difficult vocations.

One such work is sustenance handling. Numerous ladies have been found to utilize their abilities and information about sustenance in profitable courses by taking part in nourishment preparing. The nourishment preparing might be of 40

various kinds and amount, yet these undertakings have been observed to be extraordinary achievement whether connected with home or not. They have acquired an extraordinary acknowledgment among the general masses. The majority of the ladies have parallel family obligations. In this manner, they receive extraordinary methodology and disposition towards their own work. The present examination will comprehend this methodology and will toss light on their insight, disposition and practices and issues. It will be of extraordinary significance as a commitment to database on working ladies. It will call attention to concerning how these ladies vary as for other working ladies. The database will be valuable in planning arrangements and projects for working ladies. It will indicate what they need and in this way make a base for program getting ready for government and non - government organizations working in the territory of ladies welfare.

The examination on ladies business people occupied with sustenance handling is of incredible hugeness to the subject of Home Science. Home science goes for by and large improvement of ladies. This can be generally accomplished by financial autonomy. Beginning and building up an undertaking might be identified with sustenance or not, is an extraordinary test in itself. Therefore, an investigation on ladies who have embraced such errands will be of incredible inspiration to other people. It will guide others how to utilize one's aptitudes and skill in inventive way. Notwithstanding these perspectives, it additionally winds up critical to know how they deal with their function and home at the same time. These administration rehearses resemble establishments of Home Scientists and beam of light for other people. 41

Since time immemorial ladies have been viewed as homemakers in charge of family unit work and youngster raising. The possibility of ladies undertaking business and gaining without anyone else is hard to acknowledge for most of the bit of the general public. In this manner, ponders on ladies business people will turn into a case of what ladies can do, what they are doing and how. It will have the capacity to conquer the generalization misguided judgments about ladies. This reasonable lucidity will assist the ladies with obtaining better acknowledgment, regard and support in the public eye. It will give inspiration to start to learners and to grow for those as of now in it.

Such an examination will demonstrate the way that ladies are fruitful directors for home as well as for business too. The general public will view such ladies as standards and will be compelled to recreate their thoughts about working ladies.

The interest for instant sustenance things has expanded. Because of globalization and higher introduction to the media, individuals have turned out to be mindful of the nutritious and solid eating regimen. An ever increasing number of individuals are slanted toward readymade sustenance accessible in the market as they spare time and endeavors as well as increments. Individuals can select enhanced sustenances, non-occasional nourishments or sustenance inaccessible in claim provincial region when they use readymade sustenance things. Sustenances which are arranged customarily by ladies in gatherings are viewed as near hand crafted nourishments. Individuals want to eat papad, khakhara, pickles and numerous such things made by ladies expertly. Along these lines the ladies 42

business people occupied with sustenance handling possess an uncommon place in nourishment unit. Their significance and commitment can be comprehended by contemplating gatherings of such ladies. The examination in the present research organize is a push to all the more likely comprehend gatherings of such working ladies and their commitment/job in nourishment preparing unit. Ladies business visionaries occupied with nourishment handling being an indispensable piece of sustenance preparing unit accept extraordinary significance consequently and subsequently examining it turns out to be similarly vital.

1.23 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 

Success of Entrepreneurship The success of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing industry was

considered in terms of the following only: 1. Number of years of enterprise 2. Number of employees 3. Income from the enterprise

1.24 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 

To find out the impact of economic factors on women entrepreneurship development in food processing activity.



To find out the extent to which women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing have been successful in entrepreneurship.



To find out the relationship between entrepreneurship of women engaged in food processing activity and education, training, religion, age, type of family and marital status. 43



To know about the problems faced by women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing work.



To know the factors that motivate women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing.



To know how far financial and other assistance provided by government are helpful to women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing sector.

1.25 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Today, women have not only safely entered into job situations, but have also immersed as professionals and executives in many fields. They have found acceptance in the family as well as society. With this background, their entry into fiercely competitive business world has a great challenge. Thus, a study on women entrepreneurs will throw light on their status and problems in specific. The research will be helpful in following ways –



Women will be aware about benefits received by entrepreneurs from the government.



They will be aware of labour laws and women’s rights.



They will get information about nutrition which in turn will improve the nutritional and health status of their families.



They will never compromise with quality of food and thus better foods will be made available.



Problems faced by women workers will be solved with better communication.



The percentage of unemployment of women would decrease.



To know the factors that motivate women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing. 44



To know how far financial and other assistance provided by government are helpful to women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing sector.

This study may be helpful to the government officials, policy making and other governmental and non-governmental agencies which are functioning for development of women entrepreneurship. This may be helpful for women entrepreneurs themselves for developing their business into successful enterprises.

JUSTIFICATION OF SAMPLE The researcher had chosen an example of 300 ladies of Delhi (NCR) city, who were occupied with sustenance preparing exercises for the investigation. Every one of them were business people delivering preparing or pressing diverse kinds of sustenance things. The conveyance was done in five classifications with 60 ladies in every classification. The classes were papad making, Namkeen making. Dry and wet bites making, tiffin administration, providing food and bottle and others. The nourishment handling exercises can fall in composed and disorderly areas. The greater part of them are little units kept running by an individual or a gathering of people. Sustenance generation and preparing to a great extent remains a bastion of ladies as it were. Different territories of business may have male and female dealing with parallel grounds however till today "sustenance" is in female space .Women appear to have an uncommon aptitude expertise for cooking and have their own exceptional methods for preparing the nourishment things .Thus when ladies themselves popularize the sustenance stuff/eatables they make, it will dependably be an effective endeavor. In this way, it tends to be said that ladies in sustenance handling involve a critical position 45

among every single other lady working in chaotic divisions.

The specialist chose 300 ladies from all the real classes of nourishment preparing in which ladies business people of Delhi (NCR) city were locked in. The example was chosen from all major geological regions of Delhi (NCR) so as to get a far reaching picture of ladies business visionaries occupied with nourishment preparing industry. Along these lines, the determination of 300 ladies business people, from among the five classifications, as the example for the present investigation is legitimized.

JUSTIFICATION OF VARIABLE The present study on women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing included the following dependent and independent variables.

Dependent Variable:

Success of Entrepreneurs: The above factor is influenced by various aspects of entrepreneurs. Its values may vary and change depending on other factors. It being dependent on other variables is selected as dependent variables for the study.

An entrepreneur would become successful or unsuccessful depending on the co – operation she gets from family members, the availability of skilled and trained workers, the demand for product they produce, competition faced and lot of others. 46

Two entrepreneurs getting the same facilities and market may not be equally successful due to other influencing factors. Therefore, success of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing activities depends on other factors.

Independent Variables:

1. Education 2. Training 3. Religion 4. Age 5. Type of Family 6. Marital status

Education: The educational level of women itself affects the work they are engaged in. More educated women may tend to handle their work more systematically and scientifically. In case of women entrepreneurs, education may be helpful in terms of managing resources, planning, dealing with employees, searching for appropriate market for their product, budgeting, etc. The type and level of education possessed by the entrepreneur may make her more competitive and confident. It also tends to influence the problems and success of the women entrepreneurs. Thus education of women is selected as an independent variable for the present study.

47

Training: Training obtained by the entrepreneur and her employees influences the quality of the product they produce and the time taken to produce the same. Trained workers are more skilled and possess the detailed knowledge of the work they do. They are also faster and more systematic than their untrained counterparts. Thus, training influences the entrepreneur’s work to a great extent and therefore its selection as an independent variable for the present study is justified.

Religion: The religion of an entrepreneur may influence the work they do, the knowledge they possess and the attitude they own. Women entrepreneurs may differ according to their religion, it may also happen that due to globalization and secularism women of different religions may have started to follow similar lifestyle. In such cases their religion may not influence the work they do. Thus, it becomes important in the present study to find out whether religion influences the work of the women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing, their problems and their success.

Age: Age is also one of the important influencing factors. Entrepreneurs at young age may be more energetic and active. They may be able to handle more stressful conditions. On other hand older entrepreneur possess more experience of work as well as life. Thus, they can make better decisions after analysis. Older entrepreneurs may be more resourceful than younger ones. Hence, to find out how age of the entrepreneur influences their success becomes necessary for this study.

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Type of Family: The type of family of the women entrepreneurs also has a significant effect on their work. Those living in joint families are more responsible and accountable to work. On other hand, women from nuclear families may have more freedom to set their own schedules and priorities. Therefore, type of family is selected as an independent variable for the study on women entrepreneurs.

Marital status: Marital status also influences the work of women. Unmarried women may have more freedom; married women may have more resources whereas divorced women may be emotionally weaker. The marital status of the women influences the attitude they have and the style of work they adopt therefore, the present study incorporates marital status as an independent variable for the study.

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NULL HYPOTHESIS

1. There will be no significant difference in the economic factors influencing development of selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing. 2. There will be no significant difference in the extent of success of selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing activities. 3. There will be no significant difference in influence of education on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing sector. 4. There will be no significant difference in influence of training on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing. 5. There will be no significant difference in influence of religion on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing work. 6. There will be no significant difference in influence of age on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing. 7. There will be no significant difference in influence of type of family on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing. 8. There will be no significant difference in influence of marital status on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The researcher undertook research on women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing industry. For this purpose 300 women from five different categories of food processing were selected as sample. Efforts were made to refer to maximum possible literature related to the research study. This would not only provide a picture of the studies done in this area but would also be helpful for the researcher to formulate the research design.

The researcher visited the following institutes to get the related data: 

District Industries Centre (DIC) Bahumali Bhavan First Floor, Block No. 1 & 2. Near Race - course, Delhi (NCR).



Delhi State Financial Corporation [DSFC] Near Race - course, Ring Road, Delhi (NCR).



Delhi Industrial Investment Corporation (DIIL) Near Race - course, Ring Road, Delhi (NCR).



Delhi Industrial Development Corporation (DIDC) “Navsarjan”, Kirti Nagar Delhi (NCR) .



Delhi Small Industries Development Corporation (DSIC) 15/A, PatParganj Industrial Estate, Patparganj, Delhi (NCR).



Delhi Women Economic Development Corporation (D.W.E.D.C.)



Samaj Suraksha Department 3rd Floor, Bahumali Bhavan, Delhi (NCR). 51



Center For Entrepreneurship Development (C.E.D.) Cannaught Place, Delhi (NCR).



Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (E.D.I.) 8, Saurashtra Kala Kendra Society,



Opposite Nirmala Convent School Delhi (NCR).



Mahila Samakhaya Shardanagar Society, University Road Delhi (NCR).



Aanandee (N.G.O.) 173, Raviratna Society, University Road Delhi (NCR),



The research reviews are further divided into subgroups according to the subject of research.

2.1

STUDIES ON STATUS OF WOMEN Status of Women has continued changing since antiquated occasions.

Status of ladies relied upon different parameters, for example, standing, work environment and society. Diverse examinations on status of ladies demonstrate that at most occasions and by and large they had encountered substandard status and inclination. An examination by Ramanamma and Bambawale in 2017 uncovered that –

• Women did not have free portrayal in production line, but rather were individuals from male overwhelmed exchange associations.

• Women's uncommon issues were never taken care of by the 52

association.

• In processing plants where there was larger part of ladies, there was very little lewd behavior.

• Most of the ladies were in the lower echelons of the official state.

• If ladies submitted any slip-up it was ascribed to their ineptitude.

• In medium size industrial facilities ladies were paid the lowest pay permitted by law, reward and livens.

• No crèche office was there, nor any sponsored transportation.

Bhagwat in 2008 reports that practically all significant women's activist journalists regardless of their ideological position, inside the women's activist development have committed much existence in uncovering male inclination in traditional social hypothesis. He found that ladies were for the most part treated as sex object. It is contended that the qualities for ladies' opportunity ought to be made a decision by ladies.

Zaveri and Mehta in 2013 directed an examination on working ladies. They called attention to that customarily the status and the job of ladies in Indian family had been mediocre compared to men. This was firmly identified 53

with the urban connection and monetary frameworks which alloted a subordinate and auxiliary job to ladies in the family. They further revealed that ladies normally took care of the main part of family obligations notwithstanding when both a couple had all day employments.

Chandra, S. while contemplating ladies and monetary advancement in 2011, detailed that development rate of female work in urban regions was superior to in provincial zones, in 1981-91 and 1991-2001. The female support rates had expanded in practically all states aside from Himachal Pradesh and Kerala. Male investment rates were multiple times more prominent than that of female cooperation rates at national dimension as well as at sub national dimension. This mirrored the customary example of work division in the general public, displaying kind of sexual orientation inclination. At territorial dimension the extent of all out female laborers had indicated significant enhancement and the contribution of ladies in different sorts of monetary action.

Rao 2012 based on a national example overview demonstrated that ladies shared just 14.1 % of all out business. Just 5.6 % of them were utilized in government occupations. In rustic regions, 56 % of guys and 33 % females were in the process of giving birth drive. 66% of females in provincial segment were inactive or unutilized. This was because of existing social traditions, putting people on various footings. It was additionally announced that ladies were generally not ready to take advantage of business plans, particularly those of independent work due to immense joblessness in male youth. They 54

likewise called attention to that youthful unmarried young ladies were regularly not permitted to work freely.

Ganeshan, S. while depicting the status of ladies business visionaries in India in 2013 called attention to that a larger part (66.9%) of respondents began their business with an underlying speculation of beneath Rs. 25000. This compared with the impulses of ladies to run little concerning business they began. The respondents who had starting venture between Rs 25,001 and 50,000 were just 12.9%. 30.6% of the respondents exclusively relied upon obtained hotspots for venture. 46.% of them contributed less then Rs 25,000 from their own sources. 68.6% contributed just their assets for their ventures. The principal year turnover of 77.4% was not as much as Rs 25,000. The business people who asserted that their endeavors were beneficial in first year were 32.3%.

In 2015, Chowdhury while considering the ladies' work and family obstruction detailed that an ever increasing number of ladies were joining the work constrain. In any case, it was discovered that they were missing solid interior duty to work and convey the administrations of course. Ladies added to 66% of work hours to the world economy without being appropriately compensated. There were confirmations of working ladies' encounters at work and in family, which had given enough motivations to see family as risky. Further, it presented far more profound significant issues like disintegration of family esteems, increment in independence, abusive behavior at home and 55

issues of insurance and generation.

2.2

STUDIES

ON

IMPORTANCE OF

WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURSHIP Singh in 1992 noted quoting the ILO study that the value of unpaid household work constituted 25.39% of the total gross national product in developing countries. The estimated money value of household services by women was 42% of the family income per annum. The formula for entrepreneurial performance PAM meant as under:

P is the performance. A is the ability of entrepreneurs. M is the motivation of entrepreneurs.

The result of the study showed that the entrepreneurs rarely availed financial assistance, opted for non technical guidance, had difficulty in getting raw materials and marketing and had less awareness about funding and guiding agencies. It has always been a dominating source because women even in ordinary families had started to feel increasing financial burdens and greater awareness towards their potentialities, standard of living, better education for their children etc. The husbands were observed as second most important source of motivation to women entrepreneurs in establishing new enterprises. 56

Soundarapandian, 2018 illustrates functions of women entrepreneurs as under:

 Explore the prospects of starting new enterprises  Undertaking of risks and the handling of economic uncertainty  Introduction of innovation  Co –ordination, administration and control  Routine supervision

The type of work undertaken by women entrepreneurs were to  Operate purely as a sub contractor on raw materials provided by customer.  Manufacture an item to long or short orders.  Manufacture the item for the market directly.

Rathore, 2012 depicted enterprise in India by saying that it was not only an approach to expand the dimension of development and efficiency yet was a method for starting huge business of one's commitment to the general public. They further say that Indian business visionary must be shaped in psycho - theory established in Indian setting and qualities. Portraying ladies business visionaries, it was said that lion's share of them were occupied with chaotic areas like agribusiness, agro based ventures, workmanship and bungalow 57

enterprises. Investment of ladies in enterprises was alluded as of late. There were more than 2, 95, 680, ladies business visionaries guaranteeing 11.2% of the all out 2.64 million business visionaries in India, in 2005-06 which is twofold than the all out populace of independently employed amid 1991.

Chavada and Rachachh in 2014 called attention to that ladies comprise right around 50% of the human asset of our nation. They have been relegated various jobs, from house to society. They drudge perpetually satisfying monetary commitment yet a lot of their work has been portrayed as imperceptible.

Awasthi, in 2011 recognized business visionaries on premise of records accessible with E.D.I. (Business people Development Institution).Then profile of business visionaries was gotten through organized arrangement. Open finished yet semi organized meetings of recognized business visionaries were directed to evoke the procedure related in establishment. It was discovered that the general emotionally supportive network comprised of family, companions and friend bunches advertisers of the projects like NGO, EDI, CED , banks framework offices and the District Industries Center.

Jobanputra, V. in 2014 announced that ladies business people can confront new difficulties. She is considered as powerful. She has innate sense to create substitute ventures. Her job in family and business economy was extremely huge and couldn't be assumed control by any one. An exploration by Kanani and his group in 2014 endeavored to demonstrate how enterprise development can be quickened. The experimentation had adequately exhibited that business can be produced through arranged trial learning. Such 58

arranged endeavors may require combination of stimulatory, steady and supporting exercises. Useful learning had been acknowledged and discovered extremely powerful intercession in inspiring and creating innovative characteristics, capacities and capacities for big business propelling.

Kanani, indeed in 2014 considered strengthening of country ladies by enterprise advancement. It was featured that it was beneficial to instill the strengthening of provincial ladies through the farming based business visionaries .They found that for the advancement of enterprise, it was imperative to recognize actually possible and monetarily suitable agro based ventures. Mechanical help measures in strategy, back foundation might be given by limited time organizations at national and state level.

Mehta, in 2014 detailed that enterprise was the penchant of psyche to go for broke with sense to accomplish a pre decided business or modern goal. It was the hazard taking capacity of individual, comprehensively combined with basic leadership. Mattu, A. in 2014 noticed that ladies business people are spreading their wings to more elevated amounts, in particular designing, hardware, business and vitality. Today, no field is aloof to prepared and decided present day Indian ladies. Yet at the same time it can't be said that the ladies business enterprise development has taken off full ground and it was felt that the development was still in a change period. Commercialization and modernization of economy have progressively dispensed with their hindrances in taking up unspecialized temp jobs. Change in frames of mind has in this way empowered them to discover methods for enhancing their family salary. Accordingly, a segment of urban ladies has risen as potential business visionaries. 59

Patel, S. in 2014 found that ladies business visionaries worked in different monetary and socio-political condition and thusly, they had various requirements. It was additionally said that albeit a few ladies effectively worked development arranged undertaking and had delighted in a few favorable circumstances in certain female favored parts, they confronted a scope of interlinked and commonly fortifying sexual orientation requirements at the family and institutional dimensions. It was discovered that greater part of ladies started their undertaking to adapt to increasing expense of family unit subsistence. These ladies were bolted into low speculation, low development and low benefit exercises, not just due to restricted markets and undertaking openings in poor financial aspects, yet in addition because of sexual orientation imbalances. It was recommended that to beat these issues, there was a requirement for preparing ladies with legitimate prospectus in business which will assist them with becoming immaculate business people.

Yenagi in 2014 called attention to that work of ladies was a list of their financial status in the public arena. In provincial territories about 8.5% of homestead ladies were occupied with the exercises of yield generation, creature the executives, dairy, poultry, goat keeping, rabbit raising, mushroom development, social ranger service, agro ranger service, certain preparing units of little scale ventures, etc. She featured that enterprise may give her a wide and feasible change where she can use her maximum capacity and in this manner turn out to be monetarily independent.

Choudhary, with his group in 2015 examined globalization, ladies and work. They detailed that ladies had customarily been misused. Modernization is the way to change 60

this pattern. They further report that data serious innovations result in division of occupations regarding deskilling and up degree. Selection of PC, independent of generation and office, made a double or captivated structure of occupations. They additionally quote that worldwide business nearly multiplied somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2015, majority of the extension being in the creating nations and the greater part, the newcomer's ladies.

Ghatol and Shralkar in 2015 embraced an investigation on strengthening accomplished by ladies specialists in disorderly division. The goal of the examination was to gauge the strengthening because of paid work of ladies in chaotic part. Markers chose were viciousness because of alcoholic spouse, wellbeing, her job in basic leadership, selfsufficiency and specialist accomplished by ladies. Timetable was created to gauge every marker. Reactions were noted in three point rating scale. It was discovered that specialists were not secured against business related hazard factors regardless of the rising mindfulness. Contribution of ladies in basic leadership in routine and approach making had expanded. Ladies had begun accomplishing specialist however had little state in social, social issues. It was conduced that however the circumstance is mistreating ladies in chaotic division were step by step accomplishing strengthening.

Mehta, M. what's more, Kalra S. 2015 while examining type conduct in connection to wellbeing of working ladies detailed that a large portion of the investigations in zone of conduct had been centered around male experts. It was additionally talked about that today, when hole among people was contracting, as ladies of nowadays need to live as they like and to come at standard with male society. Ladies extraordinarily dwarf men on 61

sadness rates too.

An investigation by Srivastava, in 2015 was an endeavor to think about the emotional wellness status of working and non working ladies. The emotional wellness status stock was directed upon 100 working ladies of Uttar Pradesh. They were coordinated on the factors of age, training and financial status. The outcomes uncovered that working and nonworking ladies contrasted essentially. The working ladies were discovered progressively self driven and expressive yet fundamentally less distanced than the non working ladies.

2.3

STUDIES

ON

CHARACTERISTICS OF

WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS Tinani, found that ladies who wandered into business fundamentally needed to keep themselves occupied. 85.5% of them were hitched, 65.2% were in age gathering of 36 to 45. 1.7% had youngsters above age of 10 years. They had offered inclination to assembling industry (66.6%) when contrasted with administration industry (18.8%) and exchanging (14.6%)

Rani, L. in 2006 chose 100 undertakings with venture more than Rs 50,000 with least two workers. The outcomes called attention to that 10% of the ladies business people were unmarried, 80% were hitched, 3% were isolated and 7% were widows. Further examination demonstrated that the unmarried ladies decided on exchanging and administration areas. The age savvy data featured that a high percent of ladies had taken up overseeing ventures in age gathering of 30 to 39 years, the age which was likewise 62

exceptionally requesting in their residential capacities with youthful youngsters to be dealt with.

An examination by Kumar, in 2012 found that the greater part of the working ladies were hitched (56.3%), bereaved and isolated established 23.5%, though just 20.2% were unmarried. Marginally the greater part 52.3% established of family units., 43.2% originated from joint families, while 4.5% had a place with single part families, 44.7% has medium size families, 35.3% had substantial size families where as 15.5% had little size families. 10% of working ladies did not have any needy part. 42.3% of working ladies had one to three wards. The quantity of workers in working ladies' families ran from one to eight. 71.3% had a place with such families had 2 to 3 acquiring individuals. 48%of working ladies were non lettered, 0.5 % were taught up to junior essential or even less, 27% were students, 14.5 % had gotten training up to graduate dimension or more.

Jadav and others, in 2014 investigated the job requests of ladies business .They called attention to that perceive that the accessible learning speaks to the tip of chunk of ice. A few attributes of business visionary, driver and vitality, fearlessness, long haul contribution, cash as a measure, tenacious critical thinking objective setting, moderate hazard taking, inner locus of control and resistance of uncertainty and learning. Job requests confronted were convenience to the endeavor complete submersion and duty imagination and advancement of representatives and group building monetary qualities, morals, 63

respectability and dependability.

Singh, in 2014 announced that ladies business visionaries had certain characteristics like hazard taking, inventiveness and fearlessness. The characteristics of a business person in raising endeavor and their working prompts financial advancement of a nation in various courses relying upon how much inventive she was in completing the endeavor .It was discovered that they confronted numerous issues which were aftereffects of political, social and monetary communications among different variables.

Roodker, in 2015 led an examination to concentrate on potential and fiery period of human life cycle – immaturity. 200 school dropout young ladies were arbitrarily chosen from Amravati [Maharashtra] ghettos. Based on review, 5 business programs, every one on counterfeit bloom making, salwar kurta sewing, delicate toy making and getting ready attire pack for new conceived children were produced. One of it was directed in chose ghettos relying upon the lion's share decision of the respondent. Effect of these projects was examined. The outcomes demonstrated that these projects were successful to present pioneering abilities.

Rao, 2012 concentrated the pioneering characteristics and abilities. He noticed that few endeavors were made to advance business in India. The qualities controlled by business people were obtained through their experience. It was uncovered that due thought was given to properties of authority 64

capacities, benefit introduction and capacities to draw in and hold ability. Genuineness and capacities to build up a worldwide nearness for picking best CEOs was likewise essential.

2.4

STUDIES

ON

FACTORS RELATED TO

WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Killby, in 2011 while portraying Indian economy cites that level of GDP beginning in assembling division in India, 14% is the middle figure among 11 east and Southeast Asian nations. He additionally reports that family framework was a vital factor affecting the rise of business people. He said that over 40% of independently employed people were related with business with a total assets not as much as Rs. 200 which by and large is sufficiently just to endure and that the greater part of these people were good to go simply because of types of business.

The elements uncovered by Chandra 2011, influencing ladies business visionaries were as under –

• As far as the period of ladies business visionaries were concerned, larger part was youthful and had unsurpassed to seek after their endeavor.

• Majority of the ladies did not have a place with business families.

65

• Marital status in dominant part of cases did not meddle with the undertaking.

• Majority had a place with Hindu religion.

• 60% had taken formal preparing.

Impact of sexual orientation on work esteem was contemplated by Chavda and Kanjariya in 2014. They called attention to that there was startlingly minimal positive exact degree to which work an incentive in reality banter. Endeavor was made to comprehend the example of work an incentive on chose understudies. No endeavor was made to investigate the connection between work esteem and foundation factors.

Gajera and Ghelani, while contemplating utilization of moment blend sustenance in 2014 report that an ever increasing number of ladies are turning out to work and looking for materials that can be cooked and put away effectively. They found that utilization of moment blend diminished the weight of cooking and fulfilled the essence of individuals who were enamored with assorted variety.

Patel, A.S. what's more, Patel N. in 2015 concentrated the impact of conduct adequacy of working wedded ladies on that of their juvenile adolescent. An example of 640 working mother was chosen. Enthusiastic and 66

mental competency scales were analyzed. Their reactions were scored and measurably examined result minute co-connection strategy. There was a noteworthy positive relationship between's practices productivity of moms and that of their youths.

2.5

STUDIES ON MOTIVATION OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Dasgupta, B. in 2014 chose two enterprises of assembling and administration to examine the innovative inspiration of 108 respondents. Five center inspirations were related to primary parts technique. Five center factors that developed out of the investigation were innovative center, social center, financial center, work center and individual center. The quality of the thought processes was estimated by utilizing the Likert type five point rating scale. Pioneering center was the most grounded inspiration drive. The inspiration to accomplish, trust in ones ability and potential, the craving to realize change and development were very rousing components. The social center intention was observed to be more grounded among guys in the two classes .The requirement for gaining riches was especially low among females. Monetary center measurement was additionally more grounded if there should arise an occurrence of guys in respect to females in the two businesses.

Jaiswal, in 2014 made an endeavor to recognize the thought processes in charge of their innovative inception and decision of their line of exchange. The information were gathered by close to home meeting of 113 ladies business people of Vadodara chosen by snowball testing. The significant 67

discoveries of the investigation featured that the intention 'monetary autonomy' positioned first among the respondents for their entrance in to business enterprise, trailed by "usage of expertise" and "to practice inventiveness" in this way. The "accomplishment throughout everyday life", "autonomy", and "procuring benefit" were the most grounded thought processes expressed by them in the need arrange.

2.6

STUDIES ON WORK AND HEALTH Sailaja Nandini, in 2018 concentrated ladies' strengthening and wellbeing.

Strengthening is the most every now and again utilized term being developed discourse today particularly with regards to ladies. There is unique consideration in the thousand years to advance sexual orientation equity and ladies' strengthening, to diminish kid profound quality, and enhance maternal mortality. In such manner the administration of India has likewise made a few strides for ladies' strengthening: it has announced the year 2001, as Women's Empowerment Year and it has additionally brought National Empowerment Policy. Be that as it may, wellbeing strengthening still remains an unmistakable objective for ladies in India. Conventional man centric standards in India frequently dies down the general status of ladies which incorporates their wellbeing status too. In this scenery the examination endeavors to investigate existing idea of ladies' strengthening and to perceive how it has been converted into wellbeing strategy and practice. Too it makes as appraisal of the current pointers of ladies' strengthening in estimating ladies' wellbeing status in India. 68

The examination by Kodali V in 2015 endeavored to decide the job of pressure related identity attributes and abnormal state of life stretch (conjugal fulfillment) in the beginning of diabetes. It was uncovered that ladies as a gathering communicated more uneasiness and conjugal disappointment than men. Likewise, in diabetic ladies, these two variables were profoundly critical, though in men tension was the main purpose behind event of diabetes.

Sushma, in 2015 surveyed wellbeing dangers of 100 homestead ladies. A 30 scale - 15 great and 15 ominous was readied. It was seen that the greater part of the ladies were in the classification of "high" rate of dangers. Such a high score was on the grounds that ladies continued working and going to considerable lengths until and except if they couldn't work for additional time. They either continued dismissing the risks or began taking some home solutions for chop down the medicine cost.

Singh,I. with Sachdeva and Grover looked into the wholesome status of pre-school offspring of working moms in 2013. An example of 50 pre-school offspring of working ladies from lower center salary amass was chosen They were 25 young men and 25 young ladies. Twenty four hour review strategy was utilized to evaluate the sustenance and supplement admission. Further, the information demonstrated that the admission of supplements like vitality, nutrient A, thiamin and riboflavin was marginally lower. The admission of protein was higher than RDA. The information additionally demonstrated that 69

admission of calcium was twofold and that of iron was two third of RDA. Admission of niacin was deficient in the two gatherings. Maternal business had no positive or negative effect on healthful status of pre-school youngsters.

Agrawa, l S. Purohit, S. also, Sharma, J. (2016) contemplated on Motivating Slum Women for Entrepreneurship Through Training. Enterprise can encourage ladies' monetary autonomous and enhance their economic wellbeing.

Through

monetary

autonomy,

ladies

consequently

get

strengthening. Advancement of ladies business enterprise empowers men to comprehend and acknowledge ladies capacities. Presently enterprise isn't the restrictive property of the individuals who are skilled with specific characteristics by birth, rather it very well may be created and obtained. The procedure of enterprising improvement has three essential highlights; (1.) Initiation (2) Development (3) Support. In Initiation stage we incorporate making mindfulness among the general population about circumstances and invigorating through instructive and social process. In the improvement stage, the push zone for preparing are: inspiration, creating financial knowledge, advancing

administration

abilities,

making

certainty

through

direct

understanding and supply of data. The last stage alludes to the help for foundation.

2.1

STUDIES ON WORK AND STRESS

Worry of ladies administrators was contemplated by Datar, Patel and 70

Gandotra in 2013. The information were gathered through pre tried, pre coded, close finished survey. The real discoveries of the examination determined that lion's share of ladies were utilized since last 22 to 30 years and subsequently were performing double job since long. They detailed that as an utilized woman, ladies were dependable and customary. Numerous multiple times they needed to work without rest. Dominant part of the respondents got great co– task from partners. It was investigated that the homemaker was a fruitful housewife, mother and little girl in-law too.

Word related pressure file was managed on 30 wedded and 20 unmarried working ladies by Chhaya in 2015. Investigation uncovered noteworthy contrasts on two measurements, viz. amass political weights and poor companion relations. Unmarried working ladies detailed high worry at work environment because of gathering political weight. For wedded ladies it was because of poor friend relations. Doctors progressively recognized that pressure was a contributing element in a wide assortment of medical issues. Scatters, sicknesses brought or exacerbated by mental pressure. These clutters usually include the autonomic sensory system, which controls the body's inner organs.

An investigation was led by Joshi, in 2015 going for discovering contrast in life worry among working ladies and housewives. 120 working ladies and 120 house spouses were taken as subjects. A trivariate factorial structure with three autonomous factors was utilized. Intelligent impacts of kind of ladies, sort 71

of family and ladies' tendency (contemplative person/social butterfly) on life push were considered. No fundamental variable was discovered critical nor were any connections found essentially influencing the existence push.

Nagadeepthi, et al considered worry among working ladies in broad daylight part banks in 2015. They announced that globalization of exchanging exercises, monetary polices, rivalry, require based advancements, have brought about by and large intense switches in the set up of open part banks. The ongoing changes included calculation, mechanization, shopper situated administration,

work

past

time

plan,

extra

exercises

like

doorstep

administration and soliciting. All these prompted worry among chosen ladies.

The point of the examination by Parmar, in 2015 was to analyze the impact of sexual orientation and pay on word related pressure. 30 guys and 30 females were taken as subjects. Two gatherings above Rs 40000 and beneath Rs 40000 were found by salary. To gauge pressure, scale developed by Shivastava and Singh was utilized. The outcomes demonstrated that level of pressure was more in female laborers than in male specialists. Also the specialists having a place with beneath Rs. 40000 salary amass had more word related worry than their partners.

Patel and Gohel in 2015 directed an examination going for researching the effect of a feeling of closeness with spouse on stress experienced by wedded working ladies. The examination comprised of 80 working wedded 72

ladies. The information was gathered by utilizing Daily Hassles Scale created by Thaker and Mishra and Intimate Relationship Scale created by Valos and Kammermann. Result uncovered that working ladies with most minimal saw closeness with spouse experienced most elevated measure of worry in which they altogether varied on worry with ladies seeing largest amount of closeness with husband. No other noteworthy contrasts were watched.

2.7

STUDIES ON WORK AND ATTITUDE

A study of the attitude of new generation girls regarding entrepreneurship was conducted by Rachchha, B in 2014. The study was conducted on S.Y. and T.Y. B.Sc. (Home Science and Science) students across Jamnagar. Discussion with respondent’s method was applied. It was found that girls inclined towards entrepreneurship were very few. Their work included services, sale, production, etc. Many of them did not have an idea of other enterprises, training, governmental schemes, marketing, enterprise related items and problems of the enterprises.

Vanar, R in 2015 conducted a research study with purpose of comparing the attitutudes of P.G. students towards working women. The total sample consisted of 60 boys and 60 girls. The research tool to measure attitude was made by Sultan Akhtar and Sangeeta Sharma. The data was analyzed by t test. The results showed that there was significant difference in the attitude of boys and girls towards working women. 73

2.8

STUDIES ON WORK AND TRAINING

Rao, 2012 announced business visionary's advancement point of view of IMA, Delhi as pursues –

•

The record of making business visionary isn't too huge particularly considering the

way that the foundation's essential purpose has been on making of expert supervisors.

•

The foundation generally has perceived enterprise as a region that needs

extraordinary consideration in educating and research.

Durkal and Pandyain, 2014 made an endeavor to prepare ladies to begin day care focuses. A possibility think about was led before beginning the preparation program. The asset people were concluded by alluding diverse books, counseling specialists and different day care focuses. Fifty six ladies went to the preparation program. Lion's share of the ladies were unmarried. They were educated and were intrigued to end up monetarily autonomous. An imaginative action for kids was most preferred and nourishment for youngsters was least enjoyed session as revealed by them.

The principle goal of undertaking by Patil and Kshtruja, in 2014 was to create ladies business visionaries from Vadodara. It concentrated on preparing, profiting money related advances and beginning their own undertakings. The students were presented to uplifting addresses featuring the advantages of enterprise to combine their persuasive 74

dimensions. This was trailed by addresses from specialists. Drawn from different associations money related foundations and by fruitful business visionaries. 23 ladies went to the preparation and 15 began their very own business.

Acharya, M. 2017 concentrated on Advances in looks into in Home Science, particularly in Entrepreneurship Development She too stated that business people were not brought into the world but rather through instruction, and appropriate preparing, they can be prepped. Enterprise gave a chance to ladies to take care of numerous monetary issues at full scale and small scale levels. It hoisted position of ladies in the public eye, created financial freedom and supported confidence.

2.9

CASE STUDIES ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Dak, in 2008 contemplated ladies and work. It was accounted for that one

respondent was a widow. Out of her pay of Rs. 12000 every month she was given just Rs. 4000 for her transport passage, prescriptions and different necessities for youngsters and herself. What was left for her pocket costs was nothing. It was inferred that many working ladies felt shy of pocket cash to use for her.

In 2008 Dak directed contextual investigations of many working ladies. A knowledgeable respondent, holding a place of obligation in semi government foundation announced that her significant other had never given his offer in home costs. To start with, she suspected that the business was in beginning time and his income were less. Yet, following a couple of years she came to 75

realize that he had a delicate association with a young lady. He had settled in another house and paid all his pay to her. .On raising fight he obtusely requested that her go out or acknowledge the circumstance. In this manner, instruction, introduction and experience of the ladies did not assist her with saving her home and spouse.

A contextual investigation of working class ladies was accounted for by Dak in 2008. She needed to design the costs. Before the compensation came close by nothing was left for pocket costs. She couldn't manage the cost of wearing diverse saris. Despite what might be expected she was such a great amount of troubled with work at home and office that she had no opportunity to take a gander at mirror. She used to come to office pitifully dressed and no one thought about her. She has no bad things to say about others' conduct in the workplace. Be that as it may, now and again she felt terrible about her condition; got discouraged and reviled her destiny .She had lost energy forever despite the fact that she needed to have a cheerful existence.

Dak, T. M. in 2008 led contextual investigations on working ladies. One respondent working in government office said that on the off chance that she was late in planning lunch or in the event that a couple of things were less in dishes or if garments were not pressed it was translated by relatives as though she was not going to the home obligations and youngsters. She was faulted to be wasteful, indiscreet and not keen on the family. The guys felt that she worked for her own advantage. 76

Sundaran, in 2008 revealed contextual analyses of eight ladies who claimed venture. The purposes behind beginning the venture were accounted for as: restricted open doors as a representative, little girl required an administration which was non existent, no prospect for development in employments, benefit utilizing thoughts, cherished art and utilized contacts work in bank-needed to get in to structuring business, want for substantial compositional firm and want to assemble a high benefit business. The techniques utilized were called attention to as-

• Focused on a specialty, customized way to deal with clients, close contact with designers.

• Stress on stable client base, quality administration, controls costs.

• Created development in declining business through imaginative administration, great cost control.

• Own aptitude in buying one of a kind things, limits on acquiring, offers credit to provider, does supervision.

• Educated clients, created stable/little customers, customized benefit.

• Individualized quality administration, steady, faithful, specialty, 77

forceful.

• Problem comprehending approach, compulsiveness.

• Customization of administration advertising techniques.

Dudi, A. also, Singh, A.R. in 2016 detailed contextual investigations of Bikaner in Rajasthan. Ladies business enterprise in the creating scene made a substantial and frequently sloppy commitment to their nations financial advancement. To enhance the expectation for everyday comforts of families, it is critical to know the current preparing needs of ladies. The examination was directed in three in reverse homes in Bikaner city of Rajasthan. From each home twenty ladies were chosen purposively who needed to begin pay producing exercises as an endeavor. The information were gathered with the assistance of organized meeting plan. Larger part of respondents had a place with atomic, medium size family, were hitched, taught up to center dimension and had pucca house. The greater part of the respondents communicated requirement for the preparation in readiness of pickle, squash, cooking and pastry kitchen items. In the region of garments and material, need of greater part of ladies were identified with tie and color, sewing, weaving .Training was likewise required in making delicate toys and viable tyke raising practice for beginning crèche . In the zone of family asset the executives preparing necessities of greater part were pot painting, bloom making and usage of waste materials to improve home. It would thus be able to be reasoned that escalated 78

preparing requirement for ladies was distinguished in the territory of sewing which could truly help them in beginning of a venture.

2.10 STUDIES ON WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE AND RELATED WORK As indicated by Nair, in 2010 ladies in the disorderly segment dwarfed the ladies in sorted out part and they were increasingly defenseless against and experienced inabilities and misuse. The examination on ladies in cashew industry of Kerala announced that men's pay without anyone else was insufficient, and families found the requirement for an extra wellspring of salary. Females [276] dwarfed guys [176] in this chaotic part. Hence, it was inferred that in cashew common laborers family, the ladies acquire cash to the family and had a critical financial job in the family. On the off chance that the youngsters were excessively youthful and spouse likewise worked, some different grown-ups needed to stay at home to take care of the kids. The mother of the spouse or wife or a sister proved to be useful for tyke care. Non-gaining individuals, along these lines, had a valuable job in the family.

Rathore, 2012 contemplated business enterprise in Vermiculture. The discoveries of the examination were –

• 65 % revealed that absence of appropriate mindfulness about arrangement and utilization of vermi compost was the major hindrance. 79

• 60 % detailed that there were just couple of takers of this excrement as substitute of synthetic manures.

• 55 % revealed that there was no security and opportunity to attempt this as an endeavor on a substantial scale.

Rathore. 2012 concentrated the provincial work through agro based businesses. They revealed that there was a huge degree for modernization of agro based enterprises. Prepared to eat nourishment items may help utilized couples in diminishing their physical work put in cooking. They likewise brought up that there was an adjustment in the dietary patterns of individuals, which would result into higher interest for increasingly optional handled sustenance items.

Badiger, and her group in 2014 contemplated ladies business enterprise and reasoned that ladies in agribusiness join their home making and supporting jobs in farming but then they stay as quiet benefactors. Numerous multiple times they show their amazing position by consolidating their different jobs in horticulture with homestead situated pay producing exercises to lift their societal position. They further revealed that business enterprise improvement among ladies had tremendous ramifications for fighting destitution and hardship just as misuse. This investigation was attempted under the National Agriculture Technology Project for strengthening of Women in Agriculture 80

wherein enterprise improvement through "Self improvement Gatherings" was empowered. 36 gatherings of 540 ranch ladies were shaped. Their pioneering needs were recognized and after that they were prepared. These endeavors have turned out to be pay creating, giving great financial returns.

Verma, in 2014 while considering ladies' business enterprise in post reap handling, called attention to that there were a few effective agro preparing modern models working in the nation on Amul design, tea industry, sugar industry, gur and khandsari, cotton material, control looms, atta chakki, Lijjat papad and portable way to entryway moving. All these infer low assimilation limit of ladies being developed program. Thus the genuine advantages were not profited by the poor ladies. 78% of ladies unmistakably demonstrate the conceivable degree to which ladies' business enterprise can occur. The specialist further proposed that this model should be advanced not exclusively to create extra salary yet in addition to give nourishment and healthful security to country territories having viable inclusion of ladies.

Mandleker, J. from Dharanpeth Science College, Nagpur in 2015 directed an examination to contemplate the job of provincial ladies in overseeing little animals units at home. It was attempted remembering the job of provincial ladies in family issues especially raising and looking after domesticated animals. The examination was directed in fifty towns inside the range of 25 km. around Nagpur city. Families having five mulch creatures and four hectares of land were considered. 300 families were chosen for the meeting. The outcome 81

showed that penny percent home creators took choice freely in regard of calf raising, getting ready drain items and saving them. Exercises that should be possible at home and expected time to be committed at home were shared by country ladies while exercises that required time, work and advertising were shared by men.

2.11 STUDIES ON PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

An investigation by Sinha, in 2007 had utilized an example of 280 housewives in Patna who were additionally moms. The outcomes uncovered that the working housewives when all is said in done were experiencing job strife more than jobless housewives. Working ladies saw all the more clashing job desires. This was found because of nonappearance of legitimate consideration of the family just as employment coming about into more complaints. They were likewise experiencing more intra singular clash and their significant other's frame of mind towards their activity was frequently negative. The outcomes further uncovered that the working spouses were more loaded with than non-working housewives.

Purohit and Palker in 2006 contemplated issues of ladies in capricious professions. They detailed –

• Urban work drive comprised 15.2 % females.

82

• Women establish 2.3% offer of specialized and expert occupations and 0.1% offer of regulatory and administrative occupations

• 50 % of respondents worked with open foundation and 39.39 % worked with private establishments.

• 19.7% were experts, 65.15% were adjusting, 9.09 % were businesspeople and 6.06 % were occupied with social administration.

• 36.36 % picked the vocation because of self assurance, 3.03% out of social monetary reasons, 37.88% because of better profession prospects and 31.82 % to demonstrate test.

• For 56.06 % their self was inspirational power though for 40.91 % and 18.18 %, guardians and spouse/in-laws were persuasive powers individually.

Sounderpandian,

2009

proposed

that

for

business

enterprise

improvement in India, there was a more prominent need to underscore on research identifying with process and upgrade of enterprise. The issues of ladies business visionary are recorded as pursue:

• Stiff rivalry from male business people

• High cost of crude materials required 83

• Financial requirements

• Managerial requirements

• Technical challenges

• Low capacity to hold up under dangers

• Low dimension of ideal family foundation

• Lack of innovative activity

Rao, 2012 inquired about on issues of the ladies business people. They characterized the issues into individual, social and monetary classifications. Absence of experience, absence of business presentation, and preservationist frame of mind towards hazard were accounted for to be close to home issues. Among social issues was male mastery, unwritten tenets of society and family obligations. Absence of financial power, no directly over property, reliance on male individuals on keeping money and such others were the monetary issues looked by ladies business visionaries.

Rao, 2012 concentrated the issues of ladies business people in Chennai. Among the socio-individual issues, 70 % confronted absence of family and 84

network bolster. 60 % had administrative experience. Generation issue as accessibility of land, plots and premises was looked by 70 % respondents. Absence of information about advertising the item was the serious issue looked by 76 % of the respondents. 74 % confronted money related issues with respect to advance and endowment while lacking government help was accounted for as issue by 70 % respondents. The positioning given to issues by chosen respondents was as under –

• Financial Problems

• Marketing Problems

• Production Problems

• Socio Personal Problems

• Problems of Government help

• Managerial Problems.

Chauhan and Sharma, in 2013 concentrated the issues looked by development (ladies) laborers. They found that ladies were imperative members in development work. They worked for extended periods with no break and experienced high physiological expense in building development. 85

The errands doled out to them were conveying soil, and so forth on their heads or again from the place of capacity to the site. It was likewise revealed that the issue of weariness and rest delay is of extraordinary down to earth significance requesting a high level of physical exertion. Overwhelming manual work, if proceeded for extensive stretches result in weakness because of creation of lactic corrosive. Because of extreme work, physiological and gynecological outcomes like menstrual issue, uterine prolepses and unnatural birth cycle came about.

Administrative issues among working female headed family units were contemplated by Mehrotra, in 2013. The example of this examination think about included 120 working families chose through purposive irregular testing strategy. It was seen that larger part of the respondents from both rustic and urban zones were profoundly influenced by the general decrease in monetary position. A vast larger part, i.e., 80 % were constantly under consistent money related worry disregarding replicating systems embraced by them. Rustic families felt that these assignments were exceptionally tiring and upsetting due to the non accessibility of paid help. Further, 75 % of urban and 82 % country families were either dependably or a few times influenced by mental issues.

Issues of ladies business visionaries were considered by Chhichhia, in 2014. The data was gathered by poll from 40 ladies business people who had put Rs 2 to 15 lakhs in their undertakings. It was discovered that all business visionaries had a few or the other issue. 91 % said that there was absence of 86

preparing, 79 % business people announced that they had family obligations and money related weight, 54 % said that time spent did not give commendable result. 35 % said that there was a need of adjustment every now and then. 72 % revealed that they needed to battle more to get by in the market. 93 % business visionary did not utilize web in their endeavor, 3 % had total sorted out PC set up in their undertakings.

Kapadia and Barodia 2014 while considering the issues of ladies business people quote that so as to enhance living conditions, creating capacities of ladies for independent work had turned out to be fundamental. Ladies were regularly the principle financial specialists to guarantee the survival of a poor family. Henceforth ladies get enabled on the off chance that they are driven towards business enterprise. They additionally report that there were fruitful ladies business people today heading endeavors like hardware, sight and sound, article of clothing industry, etc. They likewise recommended that ladies business people needed to confront numerous issues.

Rao, K in 2014 directed a study in Delhi (NCR) and gathered data by poll technique from 25 business visionaries from lower working class. Families were gathered into three –

• Group - 1 Education (Tuition and Play house)

• Group - 2 Health and physical make-up (Beauty Parlor) 87

• Group - 3 Miscellaneous.

Review demonstrated that instructive foundation was useful for 28 % in gathering 1, 24 % in gathering 2 and 48 % in gathering 3. Age was no bar to begin any undertaking. The vast majority of the undergrad ladies business visionaries in lower working class had begun business because of a few issues like substantial family size or incapacity of male worker. The greater part of the ladies business people in all gatherings had masterminded their very own assets, getting from companions or relatives however did not approach any money related establishment.

Jobanputra. in 2014 featured those issues that pursued business visionaries like shadow. On the off chance that a ladies business visionary understands one, a couple of more manifest. It was recommended that an effective business visionary must be careful and fill in as a prudent director.

Jindal, U. 2015 at Ludhiana considered the business related issues looked by ladies. The discoveries demonstrated that 60.67 % respondents had no business related issues, 59.33 % had business related stresses, 13.33 % had arranged work as indicated by criticalness for culmination of errands. Just 14.67 % sorted out their work and set aside a few minutes plan as against 15.33 % who made no arrangements. 62.23 % knew about the provisions and types of gear and 88 % knew the strategy for finishing the work. 88

Trivedi, U. 2017 concentrated the issues of ladies workforce in India. Ladies are making essential monetary commitment to the general public through paid and unpaid work. Paid work implies working for budgetary returns while in unpaid work no cash is given. Paid work incorporates any sort of employment done in composed area. Unpaid work incorporates survival needs of family. It tends to be reasoned that issue of working ladies needs extraordinary consideration. Issue looked by ladies in association area are double obligations, confinements on development and others. Issues looked by ladies in sorted out segment included non installment of wages, longer long periods of work and so on.

2.12

STUDIES ON

WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS

FROM

DIFFERENT REGIONS

Rao, U. studied women working in Karnataka in 2015 and found that women formed 75 % of the total number of primary and middle school teachers in private sectors. The proportion of unskilled women was much higher in private sector with 26.82 % as compared to14.69 % in the public sector. The proportion of women in professional was 19.82 % in private sector as category as compared to 13.32 % in public sector. The absolute number of women workers in organised sector in Karnataka showed a steady increase in the public sector as noted earlier since 1970. The number of private sector women workers had been fluctuating. The proportion of women to total worker had 89

declined from 13.4 % in 1997 to 12.7 % in 2018.

Berna, in 2016 reported the entrepreneurs of Madras as under – Table - 5 Entrepreneurship in Madras. Sr. No.

No. of firms

Daily

Main product / Activity

Employment 1

7

89

Power driven pumps

2

9

87

Truck/bus body building

3

12

90

Electronic motors

4

24

250

Nut and Plastic button

5

25

114

Textile Machinery

6

32

52

Tar Boilers

7

39

53

Structural, craft, trailers

8

41

58

Power driven pumps

9

49

75

Structural

10

50

60

Radio

Fatehally, found that women entrepreneurs played a significant role in Pakistani economy It consisted of 0.25 of total population in 1995 and rose to 3.12 in 2014. It was also reported that attempts were being made to train women for self employment in rural sectors of Pakistan. 90

Gupta, in 2016 revealed the status of women entrepreneurship in Uttar Pradesh. He found that the average age for starting the enterprise was 32. Only 32 % of the selected samples were graduates or post graduates. The study also indicated that majority of entrepreneurs belonged to Vaisya community. Annonymous, in 2008 in surveys of activities carried by women in Nauthalta block revealed that besides chores within the house, most women collected fuel and fetched drinking water for the family. A large majority of women labour force were unskilled which included occupations like farming, raising of animals and producing and /or rendering services which otherwise a family would have to buy. Most of them were ashamed to be working. Mehta, P. in 2009 while studying market for papad industry found that cultural, social, personal, psychological, economical and environmental factors influenced buying behavior of a member in the family holding a leading position for purchasing the type and quantity of papad. It was further reported that packaging played a secondary role to attract consumers. In 2009, Murthy, N. selected a stratified population and took care to see that sample drawn covered enterprises of all sizes. The size of sample was fixed at 20 % in different line of activity, except in agriculture in which the proportion of sample was restricted to 10 % due to greater homogeneity of group compared to others. The majority of entrepreneurs both at anakapalle (54.3 %) and guduvada (51.2 %) had only school education and college education. It was suggested to take every corner of country to meet the twin challenges of unemployment and underutilization of resource to achieve 91

economic prosperity to each and every one in the society Sounderapanadian, 2009 conducted a study of women entrepreneurs in Chennai. A few characters in their social status were inevitable and described as under – 

Psychological dependency of business women on their family members in decision making



Lack of interest and proper exposure to the things leading to run enterprises with binomial names of women



Lake of proper training



Not involving in innovative ventures



Inability to distinguish entrepreneurial functions from management

Yadav, while studying women entrepreneurs of Saurashtra region in 2009 found that 50 % women entrepreneurs were managing their business successfully. None of them utilized 100 % production capacity. It was found that education; religion, age and marital status had significant impact on entrepreneurship. 90 % of the women responded that it was very difficult to start and manage the business venture as a women independently .Other problems reported by them were related to financing and marketing. Lack of training was also one of the major constraints and the respondent suggested setting up of mobile training centers.

Rao, 2012 studied role of women entrepreneurship in economic 92

development in Visakhapatnam. It was found that women ventured with support from government and voluntary organizations. It was shown that substantial number of women entrepreneurs came forward and were successfully running a variety of enterprises like toy making, basket making, handy crafts, etc. In spite of efforts by the government, it was found that rate of growth of entrepreneurial activity among women in country was still limited.

Rao, 2012 studied the women entrepreneurs of Pondicherry. He found that women constituted 55 % of the population and number of employed women was 49 % in Pondicherry. It was found that women had been taught to depend on others, to limit their time perspective and to avoid exposure to risk. As a result, of dependency and other female role prescriptions, women faced psychological barrier or lacked confidence in self.

Mehta, M. in 2013 studied women working in voluntary organizations in Vadodara. She pointed out that women attempted to attain rapid economic development and thereby to improve standard of living and quality of life. A lot needs to be done to control the quality of work environment. She further reports that today the development of women is a matter of national and international concern not only from the perspective of equity and justice but also from the point of view of human resource of nearly fifty percent. Women employed in labour force, no matter what social class they belonged to, perform a great variety of tasks during the working day and also face certain job related problems due to work environment. 93

A case study of women entrepreneurs in “Kadam Mahila Handicraft and Industrial Manufacturing and Sales Co-operative,” Delhi (NCR) was conducted by this researcher. A questionnaire was designed to collect information along with personal interview of 60 women workers of the unit. Various parameters ranking from economics of working condition, occupational hazards were evaluated. General information regarding current fashion trend in patola making and sale were also studied. On the basis of study, it was concluded that patola making was a very laborious art with little financial returns. So entrepreneurs in Delhi (NCR) were developing new pattern of patola with weaving design only in weft yarn which was more economical and viable in current situation.

2.13 STUDIES ON WOMEN IN FOOD PROCESSING

Oberi, with Kataria and Sharma examined ladies in dairy exercises in 2015. They announced that cooperation of ladies in dairy division was found as high as 75 million ladies against 15 million men. Two enhanced instruments sickles for cutting feed, and low stature spinning stool for sitting while at the same time draining creatures were structured according to the need of ladies. The effect of these devices was noteworthy as these exercises were most tedious and troublesome and was performed by the greatest number of ladies in Punjab.

Prasad, reported the employment in selected sub groups as under – 94

Table – 6 Employment according to sub Groups

Sr. No.

Group

Percent

Percent

2001

2018

Rank

1

Textile/Cotton

28.56

18.62

1

2

Wood Products

16.02

16.36

2

3

Food Stuff

11.14

13.15

3

4

Textile Products

09.32

11.40

4

5

Mineral Products

08.55

08.41

5

6

Leather Products

05.90

05.68

6

7

Tobacco Products

04.45

04.10

7

8

Jute Textiles

01.56

02.75

8

9

Wool Products

01.39

01.91

9

10

Silk Products

01.20

0.09

10

The above table shows that the employment in food stuff increased in 2018 to 453,699 from 1,106,163 ranking in 2001 6th among all industrial groups.

Devi, L while studying women in food processing in 2008 in Bombay unveil the relatively invisible type of food processing. Food processing involves the use of labour to transform raw or partially processed food material into a 95

from to ready for eating. In most cultures, women have had the major responsibility in food processing for family consumption. With the development of a market economy, women have extended their household food processing activities in various ways. Singh,I.S. reported the percentage of women workers to total as under –

Table -7 Percentage of women workers to total in certain industries, using or not using power No.

Industry

using Power

Not using Power

1

Manufacture of food Products

10.16

17.93

2

Manufacture of beverages, tobacco

35.50

49.00

3

Manufacture of cotton textiles

07.17

25.71

4

Manufacture of Metal Products

02.90

15.00

5

Manufacture of electrical Machinery

11.14

51.17

Here, answered to manufacturing plants having work of 10 specialists and are those with at least 20 laborers. Taking all enterprises more tightly, one finds that the level of ladies specialists declined to 27.80 in industrial facilities utilizing power and to 7.30 in processing plants not utilizing power. Further, inside some random plants, the variety in work of ladies ended up being sizeable relying on the modernity of the item or the procedure. An examination by Sharma, K. also, Gayal, M. in 2016, contemplated the business versatility of horticulture is decreasing which requests a need to grow the job of agriculturist/cultivate ladies from maker to business visionaries as processor. The present 96

investigation was led utilizing aonla organic products to use the inexhaustible accessibility of this transient natural product as esteem included safeguard items After different preliminaries, ten esteem included items were create and institutionalized based on tangible characteristics for example shading, season, appearance, surface/consistency taste and by and large worthiness by master board on nine point libertine positioning scale. The all out expense of the created items was determined based on the sustenance cost (60%). On tangible assessment, items information uncovered moderate to outrageous preferring among the board individuals. The all out expense of the items was found to monetary, going from Rs. 20 - 50/kg. It demonstrates that just with moderate cash and specialized learning a homestead ladies can process the esteem included items and contribute country just as family pay.

2.14 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MARRIED AND UNMARRIED WOMEN

A study on effect of certain personal variables on depression among working married and unmarried women was carried out by Bhatt in 2015. The sample consisted of 80 married and 80 unmarried women. Personal data sheet and Back Depression inventory were utilized for data collection. T- Test was used to analyze the data. The result revealed that the depression among unmarried working women was higher than married working women. Area of residence and type of family had significant effect on depression of married and 97

unmarried working women, but age did not have significant effect on depression of married and unmarried working women.

A study by Malek, M. in 2015 aimed at finding out mean difference in job involvement and social support among married and unmarried working women. The total sample consisted of 120 married and unmarried working women in the age group of 20 to 40 years from different parts of Delhi (NCR) city. The research tool used was the job involvement scale by Delhi, Gurgaon and Noida. Mean, F test and significant difference between married and unmarried working women in job involvement was used. There was a significant difference between married and unmarried working women who had to experience more or less than five years in social support.

Sidapara, in 2005 conducted a research with aim to find the emotional maturity of abandoned, married and unmarried of 180. 2* 3 factorial design was used. The emotional maturity scale developed by Dr. Yashvir Singh and Dr. Mahesh Bhargava was used for data collect. f test was used for data analysis.The results revealed that marital status , economic and social status and interaction significantly affected the emotional maturity of women

98

2.15 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON WORKING AND NON WORKING WOMEN Harshpinder, in 2013 inquired about on worry among 75 working and 75 non-working ladies. They were talked with by and by and result uncovered that working ladies were encountering worry because of elements like satisfying others, over weight of work, trouble in acclimating to marriage and reliance to take choices. While non– working ladies experienced more worry because of money related and natural components. Impacts of pressure were progressively unmistakable in working ladies when contrasted with non working ladies. Stress the executives procedures were utilized by the two classes yet the recurrence of utilization was more among working ladies.

An investigation by Chauhan and Khanesara in 2015 managed frailty among specialists, engineers, directors, teachers with working and non filling in just as wedded and unmarried ladies. An example of 160 ladies was contemplated. Pati's instability poll was utilized. The outcome demonstrated that wedded working proficient ladies were more secure than their partners. The outcome was talked about in the light of developing pattern of rivalry, family esteems and socialization design. Maru, R. in 2015 directed an examination to explore the distinction in change among working and non working ladies. The absolute example comprised of 160 working and non working ladies between 20 to 40 years old, from various parts of Delhi (NCR) city. The exploration device utilized was alteration scale by Dr D. J. Bhatt. F-Test, ANOVA and LSD were 99

connected to check the importance of contrast between change of working and non working ladies. Employment status and kind of family did not have noteworthy effect on alteration. Mishra, in 2015 looked into the pressure and adapting styles of working and non working ladies. For this reason 100 ladies 50 working and 50 non-working, were evaluated with respect to the idea of stress they encountered in a given period and adapting systems they used to beat these anxieties. Results demonstrated that there were critical contrasts in the fraudulency of utilization of adapting styles because of various zones of pressure.

2.16 BENEFIT OF EFFORTS BY GOVERNMENT So as to help working moms, the legislature gives offices of crèche to their youngsters. The state astute information viewing these crèches as given by National Institute of Public Co-activity and Child Development in 2006 was as under:

Legislature of India is effectively connected with the pioneering advancement and furthermore assumed a main job as a motor advancing modern and financial condition. The legislature has spent a gigantic measure of money related assets on open ventures.

The administration's draft of the National Perspectives Plan for Women, for the 2008 to 2015 has mooted a wide scope of proposition including work bookings for ladies in hostile to destitution developers, healthy projection of ladies in media and arrangement of intensive legitimate protections to ladies in different 100

undertakings. So as to urge more ladies to go to the field of industry, the legislature has presented a few plans for giving preparing and augmentation administrations to ladies business visionaries. The administration has 27 recipient situated and 45 preparing software engineers assigned for ladies. At present there are 1084 preparing organizations, of which around 126 are only for ladies with roughly 5600 seats. Table- 8 - Implementation of Programme of Crèches for Children Sr. No.

State/Union

No. of

Assam

Territories 79

Bihar

13

Delhi

89

733

Karnataka

204

Kerala

No. of

Amount

Amount

Units Beneficiaries Sanctioned released 79 1975 14.60 7.8

50

1250

9.24

10.80

18275

135.08

144.13

461

10025

74.35

73.98

412

568

14125

100.59

98.90

Maharashtra

255

1025

25625

189.44

189.90

Punjab

42

168

4175

31.14

26.00

Rajasthan

125

406

9300

68.56

67.14

WestBengal

335

498

12375

92.02

103.88

101

Delhi

23

132

3175

23.47

20.57

Ganeshan, S. in 2013 reports schemes for women empowerment as under:

Table – 9 Schemes for Women Empowerment Name of the

Objectives

programme/

Allocated

No.of

Funds

Beneficia-

Institution SBI

Activities Covered

ries To provide finance

54 cr.

1.8 lakhs

(Entrepreneur Scheme1967) TRYSEM

To

(1979)

unemployed women for self every year

(every

employment

year)

NORAD (1982) To

give

help

uneducated

training

educated

to 1.5

and 335.91

women

cr.

2

lakhs

64.200

Units in SSI

Electronics, computer

lakhs

programming,

financially

manufacturing watches,

of

printing,

etc DWCRA(1982)

To group strategy aiming to -

20 women Traditional

strengthen the role of women

each in 50 business. food and

in broader perspective

districts

beverages, cosmetics, dairy and animal husbandry, sericulture

and

horticulture. STEP(1987)

To provide

training to

1.44 cr.

increase production capacity

102

52000

Agriculture, fisheries,

milk,

handloom

khadi

development Rahstriya Mahila

To Kosh

(RMK) (1993)

enhance

the

daily

26 cr.

18.000

Training,

income of rural poor

apprenticeship and

women.

orientation programmers

Indira

Mahila

To give a forward thrust to 15 cr.

YojanA

income

generation

( IMY) (1995)

employment of women.

26.000

Education, awareness

and

and

income generation capacity.

Small Industries To provide training and

10

lakhs

85.000

Industrial units in

Development

per project

project

SSI

10 cr.

1 lakh

Units of SSI

6 states

Units of SSI

Bank

extension services

of

India(SIDBI) Mahila Udayam To provide Finance Nidhi (1995) To strengthen the process 191.21 cr.

RWDEP(1998)

and create an environment for employment of women

2.17 THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION

The International Labour Organization provides following facts about women employment in 2013, (www.ilo.org / seed).



Women are significant employers, employing an average of 7 persons per enterprise



A significantly large number of women operate as portfolio entrepreneurs, preferring to grow more than one enterprise rather 103

than expanding an existing one. 

Women entrepreneurs often have a clearly articulated business logic and marketing strategy underpinning their multiple enterprise strategies.



Women entrepreneurs are not risk averters; rather they balance risks in terms of likely impact on both the enterprise and the household.



Women’s perceptions of and attitudes to growth are broad based and often take into account impacts on customers, workers and family.



Women have to use personal saving to finance the establishment and growth of their enterprises. They have relatively easy access to micro finance but little access to formal finance.



Many women have limited awareness of and make little use of networks and membership associations.



The application and implementation of government policies and programs are often not evenly and equally applied to both women and men.



Further, ILO recommended following actions for governments:



Background gender analysis should be carried out so as to clearly identify the differing social, cultural and economic contexts and resource basis of both female and male entrepreneurs.



There is a need to provide more sophisticated marketing support mechanisms, such as design centre, packaging assistance, etc.



Government should engage and consult with representative 104

associations, including associations of women entrepreneurs, while holding investment and business for and when formulating enterprise development policies. 

There is a need to promote positive images of women and women entrepreneurs, in particular as partners and contributors to economic and social development.

2.18 CONCLUSION The studies reviewed in this chapter point out that lot of research have been done among women clientele. Studies on status of women highlight the fact that since ancient times women were unable to enjoy the deserved status. They were regarded as stereotype home makers in most cases. But their contribution towards the economic and social enlistment of family was never given consideration.

Research on work and health revealed that lot of problems occur among workers depending on nature of work. Stress was the major problem faced by all the selected women. However there were many influencing factors like closeness to husband, etc that influenced the problems faced.

Many researches have been undertaken with women entrepreneurs as the samples. The studies highlight that they are successful in areas related to food processing. Thus the researcher felt the need to research this area and create a detailed database of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing. 105

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

The study on women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing units was conducted by following systematic and scientific methodology.

3.1 SELECTING THE SAMPLE

The present study on women entrepreneurs was done on a sample of 300 women of Delhi (NCR) city who were engaged in various types of food processing activities. Hence, for the data collection of research study, they were divided into five categories as follows

 Dry and Wet snacks making units  Tiffin service, catering and canteen units  Namkeen making unit  Papad making units  Other food processing units

106

The diagrammatic representation can be seen as under: Figure - 3

Distribution of selected Sample

Total - 300 Women Entrepreneurs Engaged In Food Processing Units.



60

Women from Dry / Wet Snacks making units.



60

Women from Tiffin service, Dining hall, Catering , And Canteens.



60

Women from Namkeen making units.



60

Women from Papad making units.



60

Women from other food processing units.

.

The food processing units like Namkeen dry and wet snacks or tiffin service, catering and canteen services had similar types of functioning and thus were clubbed together. In addition to the four above categories, women entrepreneurs of Delhi (NCR) city were also engaged in production of bakery products, cold drinks, masalas, pickles, sweets, confectionaries and readymade batters [khiru]. But, their number was not large enough to form a separate category of sample. Therefore, they were clubbed together and referred to as others. All the enterprises selected in the five mentioned categories were managed by women 107

entrepreneurs.

To select the sample for the research study, the researcher obtained addresses of women entrepreneurs from various sources as follows:

 The packaging of various food products brought at home or sold at shops revealed the addresses of various such enterprises. They were contacted and found whether they suited the criteria for selection. List of selected women entrepreneurs was prepared.  The sales men/women moving from house to house or having their sales outlet at fairs [or similar gatherings] were contacted and addresses /contacts of women entrepreneurs were obtained or established. Selected ones were further added to the list.  A directory of women entrepreneurs in Delhi was obtained from the Centre of Entrepreneurship development [CED]. The addresses of women from Delhi (NCR) were short listed. Selected names and addresses were added to the prepared list.  Gatherings of students, women and those of cultural and caste clubs were organized by the researcher. People were informed about the purpose and methodology of the research study on women entrepreneurs. Contact addresses of many women were obtained with the help of these gatherings. 108

They were added to the list after contacting them personally.  Many addresses of other related women entrepreneurs were also given by women entrepreneurs themselves. Finally they were also added to the list.

The final list of women entrepreneurs engaged in food units of Delhi (NCR) was prepared in five categories. Each category had 70 names from which 60 were to be randomly selected. For the ease of data collection the list of entrepreneurs was divided in to geographical areas of Delhi (NCR) city, following:

 NCT of Delhi – North  NCT of Delhi – East  NCT of Delhi – West  NCT of Delhi – South  Delhi NCR – NOIDA Region  Delhi NCR – Faridabad Region  Delhi NCR – Gurugram Region

3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOLS The researcher was desirous to collect data on women entrepreneurs of Delhi (NCR) who were engaged in food processing units. For this purpose, first of all the researcher conducted an informal survey among the selected sample. She met some of them personally and obtained information about them, their family and their work. The details were roughly jotted down at all such meetings. 109

This helped the researcher to formulate the tool and gave an idea of what items to include in the tool.

It was decided that the data will be collected with the help of personal interview. Personal interviews would be helpful in following ways1.

Obtaining more detailed answers wherever required

2.

Rapport building with respondents

3.

Developing understanding with respondents so that they are not shy or hesitant to reveal any details

4.

Clarifying the purpose of research to the respondents

5.

Cross checking in case any doubtful data was given by the respondents

6.

Probing of answers where required

The interview schedule for research was developed in following parts –

3.2.1

Covering Letter

This consisted of a letter from the researcher to the respondent in order to clarify the purpose of data collection and the procedure of research. It clearly mentioned that the data was collected for research purpose only and that it will not be used for any other purpose. This note helped the respondent to get an overall idea of what was to be done and why. Addresses of the researcher as well as the guide were given so that the respondents may feel free to answer.

110

3.2.2 Demographic Information The first part of the interview schedule consisted of questions on name, address, contact number, age, education, marital status and other personal and family details. Most of them questions were kept close ended. Options were given and space was given to tick mark on the applicable option.

3.2.3 Basic Details of Enterprise / Unit In the second part, questions like training obtained, types of food products manufactured, reasons for starting the enterprise and other such related questions were asked. All of them were close ended questions with yes / no or multiple choice answers.

3.2.4 Information About Raw Materials The third part included questions like what they buy and how they buy the raw materials required for producing food products. Questions like whether they could get the raw materials at appropriate price and whether they face shortage of raw materials were asked. The answers were either in yes / no format or multiple choice options.

3.2.5 Information About Facilities Details like type and quantity of fuel used and water supply were included in fourth section of the interview schedule. Here multiple options (answers) were given for all questions wherein the applicable one or more were to be tick marked.

3.2.6 Information About Building / Infrastructure Area of the building, distance from home etc. were included in the fifth section of the interview schedule. All questions were close ended with multiple 111

choice answers.

3.2.7 Information About Workers / Employees The sixth section of the interview was about the workers working at the food processing enterprises/units. The details pertaining their number, age, sex, timing, education, pay etc. were sought. They were included in the form of close ended questions.

3.2.8 Information About Finance Details on investment, budgeting, profit, calculation, etc. were asked in this part of the interview schedule. Details about loan and accounting were also included.

3.2.9

Information About Production

Quantity, type, frequency, pricing and other related details about production were asked with the help of close ended questions in this part of interview schedule. Details on techniques of preservation and packaging were also included.

3.2.10 Information About Marketing The researcher asked about techniques of marketing, advertising, stock clearance and issues of rejection in the ninth section of the interview schedule. All possible options in this case were also laid down for close ended questions.

13.2.11 Information About Account This part of the interview schedules not only included the information on profit but also those on future investments /savings and efforts to survive in the competitive market. 112

3.2.12

Opinion Scale

It was a five point opinion scale with highly satisfied, satisfied, neutral, dissatisfied and highly dissatisfied categories. Scores of +2, +1, 0,-1 and -2 were given respectively for each of the above categories. Items like support of family members, problems faced, etc. were included in this part of the interview schedule.

3.2.13

Information about Experiences

This was the only open ended part of the interview schedule wherein the details about outstanding experiences were asked. While formulating the interview schedule, care was taken to use simple and clear language. This was done because the schedule should be easily understood and followed by anyone else other than the researcher, in case the researcher needed help. All desired details were clubbed together and divided into sections. Mostly close ended format was followed for the ease of statistical analysis. The content was neatly typed in Delhi with the help of computer software. Uniform fonts and margins were given in the layout of interview schedule. Multiple copies of the tool were taken.

3.3 PILOT STUDY

Thirty women entrepreneurs were selected randomly from the list (of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing industry in Delhi (NCR) ) prepared by the researcher for pilot study. Interviews of these women were conducted with the help of the tool prepared. The tool was analyzed in terms of 113

clarity, detailing, space provided, language used and time taken. Few modifications were made in the interview schedule on the basis of this pilot study.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION

The selected sample of 300 women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing units in Delhi (NCR) was divided in to 7 (seven) geographical categories. In each of these areas, around 15 to 20 women entrepreneurs were found. The schedule of data collection was spread into 50 days but the data collection continued till three months. This was because immediate dates could not be obtained after completing one particular area. Changes in planned schedule were also made due to some emergencies and unavailability of respondents. The researcher interviewed all the selected women entrepreneurs personally. However, she was accompanied by friends, relatives and colleagues whenever required. But collecting the data personally helped the researcher to gain better understanding of the entrepreneurs and their work. Although tiring and time-consuming, collecting the data personally was advantageous for the researcher.

114

3.5 CATEGORISATION OF VARIABLES

The categories of all the selected independent and dependent variables were made prior to data collection. They were as follows:

3.6.1 Success of Entrepreneurs The researcher had considered three criteria for assessing the success of selected entrepreneurs. The first criterion was the annual income of women entrepreneur. It was obtained in five categories of below Rs 50,000, Rs 50,001 to Rs 100,000, Rs100, 001 to Rs 200,000, Rs 200,001 to Rs 300,000 and more than Rs 300.001. Scoring of 1,2,3,4 and 5 were given respectively for the income categories. The second criterion was time since the enterprise got started functioning. The answers were obtained in four categories of 0 to 5 years, more than 5 to 10 years, more than 10 to 15 years and more than 15 years. Scores of 1, 2,3 and 4 were given respectively. The third criterion was number of workers in the enterprise. Data regarding this number was obtained in four categories of 1 to 10, 11 to 20, 21 to 30 and more than 30. For this scores of 1, 2,3 and 4 were given respectively. Thus the maximum attainable score was 5+4+4=13. The respondents were categorized into less successful and more successful.

3.6.2 Problems of Entrepreneurs The problems faced by the selected women entrepreneurs were probed in five parts. A five point scale of highly satisfied, satisfied, neutral, dissatisfied and highly dissatisfied was used for which scores of +2,+1,0,-1 and -2 were given. A respondent could gain a maximum of +2 score for each part and thus the 115

maximum attainable score would be 10. Here, three categories were considered on the basis of combined scores of 5 parts - faced problems- Negative scoring, Neutral- 0 scoring, faced no problems – positive scoring.

3.6.3 Education This independent variable was categorized into four:



Illiterate to primary education



Secondary education



Higher education till graduation



Higher education till post graduation and more

3.6.4 Training The entrepreneurs engaged in food processing industry may or may not have obtained the training for doing their work. Thus the dichotomous variable was categorized into two: 

Obtained training



Did not obtain training

3.6.5 Age The selected women entrepreneurs may be young or old. There was no fixed age decided for a person to be an entrepreneur. But from the informal survey and pilot study it was revealed that all respondents were above 20 years of age Therefore the following four categories were made116



20 to 30 years



31 to 40 years



41 to 50 years



More than 50 years.

3.6.6 Religion This polychromous variable was categorized into four – 

Hindu



Muslim



Christian



Others.

3.6.7 Marital Status It was found that both married and unmarried women were engaged in food processing. But it was even found that those women who were divorcees or were widows also started their own enterprise to make productive use of time and for economic independence. Thus, this variable was categorized into four as follows – 

Married



Unmarried



Widow



Others 117

3.6.8 Type of Family The selected women entrepreneurs may belong to different types of families Thus, this variable was categorized as – 

Joint family



Nuclear family.

3.6 ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

The complete data on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing units in Delhi (NCR) was obtained using interview schedule .The data were rechecked in the schedule to assure that no important or applicable information was missing. Then the data was coded in the form of numbers. Numbers 1, 2, and so on were given for the (closed ended) options for all questions. These codes were entered into coding sheets. Separate coding sheets were prepared for each of the five categories of 60 women entrepreneurs. The coding was then transferred to the computer using SPSS software. It was analyzed using mean distributions, standard deviations, ANOVA test etc. The derived results were converted into table and necessary explanation and interpretations were given

118

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The researcher conducted a study on 300 women entrepreneur engaged in food processing unit. The required data were collected using interview method. The data were than coded and analyzed using various statistical methods. The results of the same are presented in this chapter. Table -10 Types of women entrepreneurs Sr. No.

Types of Women Entrepreneurs

Number of Sample

1

Snack Preparations

2

Food Service Providers

3

Namkeen Makers

60 60 60

4

Papad Makers

60

5

Others

60

6

Total

300

119

Table -11 Detailed Distribution as per Type of Food Production Sr.

Type of Production

Variety of food Products

Total No. of Sample

Wet Snacks 1

Snack

Dry Snacks

60

Caterers Dining Hall 2

Food Service

60

Tiffin / Parcel Canteen

Namkeen

Namkeen (different varieties) 60

3 Uadad, 4

Papad

Moong Papad

60

Khichi Papad Cold- drinks Picklel/masala 5

Others

60

Bakery Others(khiru, sweets, ice cream)

6

Total

**************** 120

300

Figure – 4

NO

OF SAMPLE

Types of women entrepreneurs

,

121

In the principal class snacks. In the second class, it could be seen that bigger number of ladies were occupied with eating lobby, trailed by tiffin, food providers and bottle individually. In the third class, khakhra and thepla making endeavors were equivalent as far as number. In like manner, rise to number of business visionaries were locked in with udad – moong and khichi papad in fourth classification. In the fifth one, biggest number of business visionaries was discovered making pickles, while there was minimal numerical distinction among units making cold beverages/frozen yogurt, bread kitchen and different things. Table -12 Distribution of SSampe Acc ording to G eogra phica l Area l

1 South Ex.

2 Tilak Nagar

3 Hauz Khas.

4 Paschim Vihar.

5 South city1 Gurugram. 6 Manesar.

7 Faridabad.

8 Ghaziabad .

9 Noida

No

Food Products

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Total

1

Snack

08

01

16

17

00

01

07

04

06

60

2

Food Service

10

00

15

25

00

00

07

03

00

60

3

Namkeen

03

06

17

13

00

02

07

09

03

60

4

Papad

12

02

11

08

3

00

07

12

05

60

5

Others

06

00

16

14

01

08

05

06

04

60

122

6

Total

39

09

75

77

04

11

33

34

18

300

Distribution of the selected sample according to Geographical area shows that the highest number of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing was found at Manesar, Paschim Vihar, South Ex,, Noida and South City 1 Gurugram. The least number of samples were found at Tilak Nagar and Ghaziabad and Faridabad. All most equal size of sample was found from South Ex., Noida and Manesar.

Table –13 Age of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

Sr.No.

Food

20 to 30

31 to 40

41 to 50

51 and

Products

years

years

years

above

Total

years 1

Snack

06

30

13

11

60

2

Food Service

06

14

31

09

60

04

25

24

07

60

3

Namkeen

4

Papad

11

19

26

04

60

5

Others

03

29

23

05

60

6

Total

30

117

117

36

300

123

Figure -5 Percentage Distribution of Age of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

12%

10%

The sample distribution according to 4 age groups showed that a large majority of women entrepreneurs engaged in food unit belonged to the age group of 31 -50 years. A smaller size also belonged to the age group of 21 -30 years and above 50years. This could be seen among all the types of samples or, in other words, all the selected women engaged in different types of food processing showed a similar age group distribution according to age. The larger number of women entrepreneurs belonging to the age group of 31 -50 years may be because by this time they are mature enough to start their own professional life. In addition to this, it may also be possible that by this age they are free from major family responsibilities.

124

Table -14 Education of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

SrN o

1 2 3 4 5 6

Food Products Snack Food Service Namkeen

Papad Others Total

Primary

Secondary

Graduate

28 19 21 30 17 115

20 27 20 19 11 97

05 12 19 11 28 75

Post graduate 07 02 00 00 04 13

Total 60 60 60 60 60 300

Figure – 6 Percentage Distribution of Education of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

The collected data also pointed that a large majority of selected women had low level of education. 39% of women entrepreneurs had primary education followed by 32% having secondary education, 25% graduation and 4% postgraduation. This also points out that most women having higher education preferred service than business. Those having low education may not get suitable job and the need for income generation or creative utilize action of time leads them to undertake entrepreneurship.

125

Table -15 Marital Status of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

Sr.

Food

Married

Unmarried

Widow

Others

Total

No.

Products

1

Snack

56

00

03

01

60

2

Food Service

56

00

04

00

60

3

Namkeen

57

00

01

02

60

4

Papad

49

05

06

00

60

5

Others

53

06

01

00

60

6

Total

271

11

15

03

300

Figure-7: Percentage Distribution of Marital Status of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

MARITAL STATUS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Others 1.00%

Widow

Unmarried

5.00%

3.66% 90.33%

Married

126

The data in above table show that 90.33% of women were married, 3.66% were unmarried 5%were widow, 1% of the selected women were single. Others category included divorcee as well as married but separated women.

Table -16: Religion of Women Entrepreneurs Sr. No. 1

Snack

2

Food Service

3

Food Products Hindu

Namkeen

Muslim

Christian

Total

60

00

00

60

60

00

00

60

59

01

00

60

4

Papad

59

01

00

60

5

Others

56

04

00

60

6

Total

294

06

00

300

Figure – 8: Religion of Women Entrepreneurs

RELIGION OF SELECTED ENTERPRENEURS

Hindu Muslim 294

The data when distributed according to religion suggested that very large 127

majority of selected women entrepreneurs were Hindus. Only a small number of women were Muslim and no Christian women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing were found. Table – 17: Women Entrepreneurs from Different Social Strata Sr.

Food Products

Lower Social Strata

Upper Social Strata

Total

No. 52

248

S C.

O.B.C.

S.T.

Vaniya Brahimin

300

Patel Lohana

Others

1

Snack

00

13

00

10

07

20

07

03

60

2

Food Service

07

05

00

07

07

13

18

03

60

3

Namkeen

00

03

00

34

11

05

04

03

60

4

Papad

01

12

00

10

06

11

18

02

60

5

Others

00

11

00

16

06

15

10

02

60

6

Total

08

44

00

77

37

64

57

13

300

S.C. = O.B.C .= S.T. =

Scheduled Caste Other Backward Class Schedule Tribe

Figure – 9: Percentage Distribution of Women Entrepreneurs from different Social Strata WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS FROM DIFFERENT SOCIAL STRATA

82.66%

17.33%

128

Analysis of women entrepreneurs according to their social strata is very important for formulating suitable government policies. The sample was divided into two categories, viz women entrepreneurs belonging to lower social strata and upper social strata. Lower social strata constitute Scheduled Castes and Tribes besides Other Backward Classes. It was found that OBCs entrepreneurs form the large chunk in the lower social strata, while very few belonged to Scheduled Caste category. There was none from Scheduled Tribe category, understandably because their population in the city is much little

A glance at the number of women

entrepreneurs belonging to upper social strata indicate large number of women from this social category belonged to

Vaniya community, followed by Patels,

Lohana and Brahimins. Some women engaged in three castes food processing were found from other than these Women entrepreneurs in low social strata formed a smaller group compared to a much larger number belonging to the upper social strata. Table- 18 Number of Non Earning Members in Family of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

Sr.

Food

None

1

2 or 3

4 or

Total

No.

Products

1

Snack

09

14

30

07

60

2

Food Service

15

11

28

06

60

3

Namkeen

09

09

30

12

60

4

Papad

11

09

27

13

60

5

Others

15

12

25

08

60

6

Total

59

55

140

46

300

more

129

Figure -10 : Percentage Distribution of Number of non Earning on Selected Women Entrepreneurs NUMBER OF NON EARNING MEMBERS ON WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS

15.33

4 or more 2 or 3

46.66

18.33 19.66

None

About half of the selected sample had 2 or 3 non earning members in their/her family. The data also showed that the number of women entrepreneurs having 0 or 1 non earning member was more than those having 4 or more non earning family members. The earning member/s in the family besides the women entrepreneur was/were not considered here. Table – 19 Type of Family of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

Sr.No.

Total

Food

Joint

Nuclear

Products

Family

Family

1

Snack

22

38

60

2

Food Service

19

41

60

3

Namkeen

26

34

60

4

Papad

23

37

60

5

Others

18

42

60

6

Total

108

192

300

130

Table - 20 Help of Husband and Family Members in Joint Family & Nuclear Family Sr. No.

Food Prod

Type of Family

ucts Joint Family

Nuclear Family

108

192

Help

of Help

husband

of Help

Family

of Help

husband

members Yes 1 2

Snack Food

No

of

Family members

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

08

14

21

01

20

18

06

32

05

14

08

11

07

34

02

39

Service 3

Namkeen

06

20

08

18

11

23

04

30

4

Papad

03

20

17

06

08

29

03

34

5

Others

04

14

12

06

11

31

02

40

6

Total

26

82

66

42

57

135

17

175

131

Figure -11 Percentage Distribution of Type of Family of Selected Family

The above data point out that 64% of women entrepreneurs belonged to nuclear family. This could be because in nuclear families, women have fewer responsibilities and can take their decisions independently as compared to the women from joint family. A smaller number of entrepreneurs coming from joint families could possibly be due to more responsibilities and rigid mentality of not allowing women to work or earn.

132

Figure -12 Help of Husband and Family Members in Joint Family & Nuclear Family

As seen from the above figure, the sample had 108 joint families and 192 nuclear families. Help received from husbands in joint family was very little compared to that in nuclear families. Whereas help received from other family members was much more in joint families than in nuclear families, simply because of the composition of joint and nuclear families.

133

Table-21 (Yearly) Family Income of Women Entrepreneurs

Sr

Food

Below

Rs.50,001

Rs.1,50,001

.N

Products

Rs

to

to

50,000

Rs.1,50,000

Rs.3,00,000

o.

Rs.3,00,001

Above

to

Rs.

Rs.5,00,000

5.00.000

Total

1

Snack

07

36

14

03

00

60

2

FoodServie

02

34

17

06

01

60

3

Namkeen

01

36

20

02

01

60

4

Papad

02

26

25

05

02

60

5

Others

01

24

30

03

02

60

6

Total

13

156

106

19

06

300

Figure - 13 Percentage Distribution of (Yearly) Family Income of Women Entrepreneurs

Rs.50,001

The figures in the table related to family income showed that a high majority of selected women had their annual income between Rs 50, 000 to Rs 3, 00,000. Very few women having their family income below and above these figures were found. 134

Table -22 (Individual) Income of Selected Women Entrepreneurs Sr

Food

.N

Products

Below to Rs.50,000

o

Rs.50,001

Rs.1,00,001

to

to

Rs.1,00,000

Rs.2,00,000

Rs.2,00,001

Above Total

to Rs.3,00,000

3,00,000

1

Snack

22

34

02

01

01

60

2

Food

04

45

08

01

02

60

Service 3

Namkeen

00

43

12

01

04

60

4

Papad

05

35

14

02

04

60

5

Others

08

45

05

01

01

60

6

Total

39

202

41

06

12

300

Figure - 14 Percentage Distribution of Individual Income of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

On the other hand, the data on in ual in e ut tha 67% of me between Rs.50, 000 to Rs 1,00,000 annually. Only 2% women had their income between Rs. 2,00000 to 3,00,000. Whereas only 4% had their income higher than 3 lakh.

135

Table- 23 Inheritance of Enterprise Sr.No

Food Products

Has

Has not

inherited

inherited

Total

1

Snack

12

48

60

2

Food Service

05

55

60

3

Namkeen

10

50

60

4

Papad

14

46

60

5

Other

06

54

60

6

Total

47

253

300

Figure -15 Percentage Distribution of Inheritance of Enterprise

INHERITANCE OF ENTERPRISE 16%

Has inherited Has not inherited

84%

136

Table -24 Training Obtained by Selected Women Entrepreneurs From Various Institutions Food Obtained Training Total Sr.

Products

No EDI /CED

Yes

No

43

257

Mahila Udyog

Kutir

300

Others

Udyog

Kendra 1

Snack

01

00

00

08

09

2

Food Service

00

00

00

00

00

3

Namkeen

00

00

00

10

10

4

Papad

05

00

00

09

14

5

Other

06

02

00

02

10

6

Total

12

02

00

29

43

Figure -16 Percentage Distribution of Trained and Untrained Women Entrepreneurs

The data on training showed that 43 women entrepreneurs had obtained formal training. 257 women entrepreneurs had not obtained formal training.

181

Figure -17 Percentage Distribution of Trained Women Entrepreneurs from Various Institutions

The data on training showed that a small number of women had obtained formal training from respective institutes. The women who had obtained training had undergone a course organized by Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, The Centre for Entrepreneurship Development or Mahila Udyog Kendra.

182

Table -25 Source of Motivation for Selected Women Entrepreneurs Sr.No

Self

Others

Total

07

29

00

60

14

30

16

00

60

Namkeen

19

11

23

07

60

4

Papad

21

16

22

01

60

5

Other

20

12

27

01

60

6

Total

98

76

117

09

300

Food

Family

Friends/

Products

Members

Relatives

1

Snack

24

2

Food Service

3

183

Figure -18 Percentage Distribution of Source of Motivation for Selected Women Entrepreneurs

39 32.66

25.33 Family Members Friends/Relatives Others

The collected data described that for most of the selected women sample, the source of motivation was none other than self, followed by motivation by family, friends and relatives. Table- 26 Sr.No

Food

Need to Start Enterprise Adventure Interest Income

Others

Total

Products

Generation

1

Snack

43

08

05

04

60

2

Food Service

43

07

07

03

60

3

Namkeen

50

04

06

00

60

4

Papad

50

07

03

00

60

5

Other

37

11

10

02

60

6

Total

223

37

31

09

300

184

Figure -19 Percentage Distribution of Need to Start Enterprise

Interest

The above table shows that a 74.33% of women started food processing enterprise to generate income. Quite a few started because of interest or a sense of adventure. Table -27 Selection of Enterprise

Sr.No

Food

Everyday

Less

Residence

Products

Need

Investment

Based

Others

Total

1

Snack

08

38

14

00

60

2

Food

12

24

20

04

60

Service 3

Namkeen

16

26

18

00

60

4

Papad

16

25

19

00

60

5

Other

26

14

20

00

60

78

127

91

04

300

6

Total

185

Figure -20 Percentage Distribution of Selection of Enterprise SELECTION OF ENTREPRISE 42.33 30.33

26

1.33 Residence

Others

Large majority of selected sample considered less investment as the major criterion for selection of enterprise. It was followed by the option of residence based and every day need. Table -28 Status before Starting Enterprise Sr.No

Food

House

Products

Wife

Service

Daily

Total

Wager

1

Snack

45

07

08

60

2

Food

42

10

08

60

Service 3

Namkeen

39

12

09

60

4

Papad

39

02

19

60

5

Other

40

06

14

60

205

37

58

300

6

Total

186

Figure -21 Percentage Distribution of Status before Starting Enterprise

STATUS BEFORE STARTING ENTERPRISE 68.33%

19.33% 12.33%

Before starting enterprise, it was found that 68.33% of them were housewives and very few - 19.33% were daily wagers and 12.33% service women. Table - 29 Usefulness of past work experience Sr.No.

Completely

Products

Useful

1

Snack

05

04

51

60

2

Food Service

08

06

46

60

05

13

42

60

3

Namkeen

Partially Useful

Not Useful

Total

Food

at all

4

Papad

13

07

40

60

5

Other

09

05

46

60

40

35

225

300

6

Total

187

Figure -22 Percentage Distribution of Usefulness of Past Work Experience

In majority of the cases, the past experience could not be of much help. Of the 225 women entrepreneurs, 205 were house wives (Fresher) as mention in table Beside these women entrepreneurs 20 other also gained no benefit from the past work experience because it was found that most of the selected women were engaged in work which was completely different from the present work of food processing. However, 13 % and 12% also opined that past work experience was completely and partially useful. Table -30 Types of Enterprise Sr.

Food

No.

Products

Individual

Partnership

Co –

Total

Operative Society

1

Snack

60

00

00

60

2

Food

60

00

00

60

Service 3

Namkeen

57

03

00

60

4

Papad

59

01

00

60

5

Other

60

00

00

60

6

Total

296

04

00

300

188

The data clearly show that a very large majority of selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing had individual enterprise. The sample selected for the study comprised of unorganized sector and hence no unit was registered.

189

Table - 31 Duration of Production Unit Sr,

Food

0 -5

6-10

11-15

Above –

No.

Products

years

year

year

16 years

1

Snack

33

09

11

07

60

2

Food Service

30

16

09

05

60

24

24

06

06

60

3

Namkeen

Total

4

Papad

12

25

17

06

60

5

Other

20

25

13

02

60

119

99

56

26

300

6

Total

Figure -23 Percentage Distribution of Duration of Production Unit DURATION OF PRODUCTION UNIT 39.66 33 18.66 8.66

39.66% of the food processing units of selected women were 0 to 5 years old while there were 8.66 % numbers of units in existence beyond 16 years. This clearly points out that women are engaged in food processing enterprise and their number is increasing day by day since 15 years.

190

Table -32 Out station Visits due to Work Sr.

Food

Does go out

No.

Products

Station for work

Does not go

Total

Out station for work

1

Snack

04

56

60

2

Food Service

04

56

60

3

Namkeen

00

60

60

4

Papad

00

60

60

5

Other

01

59

60

6

Total

09

291

300

Figure -24

The data regarding outstation visits show that majority of selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing did not go out of station for their work. A few of them engaged in snacks and catering related enterprises visited out station for work related purposes. This may be because most of them had parallel responsibilities of home and children also. It may be also possible that majority of them may not have to go out station for raw materials, training, any such related work.

191

Table -33 Method of Purchasing Raw Materials

Sr.No.

Food

In

Seasonal

According

Products

Enough

Purchase

to Order

Total

Amount 1

Snack

12

14

34

60

2

Food Service

05

10

45

60

3

Namkeen

05

18

37

60

4

Papad

04

30

26

60

5

Other

12

17

31

60

6

Total

38

89

173

300

Figure -25 Percentage Distribution of Method of Purchasing Raw Materials

Purchasing details reveal that women entrepreneurs in all food processing fall under three categories. The number of women entrepreneurs opting for purchase according to order were more than those opting for seasonal purchase or bulk buying of raw materials.

192

Table-34 Storage of Raw Materials Sr.No.

Food

In Unit

Rental

Total

Products 1

Snack

47

13

60

2

Food Service

47

13

60

3

Namkeen

40

20

60

4

Papad

52

08

60

5

Other

47

13

60

6

Total

233

67

300

Figure -26 Percentage Distribution of Storage of Raw Materials

STORAGE OF RAW MATERIALS

22.33 Rental In Unit 77.66

It was found that a large majority of selected women entrepreneurs stored their raw materials in their own unit. A fewer number opted for rental storage.

Table -35

193

Time and Type of Testing

Sr.

Food

No.

Products

Testing of Time

Type Testing

Test

Test

Testing

Testing

at

at

of

of

Quantity

Quality

Purchase

Production

Tot Test

al

of Adulter ation.

1

Snack

49

11

19

24

17

60

2

Food

47

13

16

33

11

60

Service 3

Namkeen

39

21

16

30

14

60

4

Papad

31

29

25

34

01

60

5

Other

36

24

20

35

05

60

202

98

96

156

48

300

6

Total

194

Figure – 27

Figures -28

Percentage Distribution of

Percentage Distribution of

Time testing

Type of testing

16%

32%

52%

67%

Large number of women entrepreneurs in all five food processing categories preferred to test raw materials at time of purchase. However some of them also did testing at various stages of production. Most of them believed that test at the time of purchase decreases the possibility of wastage and quality degradation during stages of production. The data in above table clearly point out that majority of women did testing of quality followed by test of quantity and test of adulteration.

The tests conducted for detecting adulteration mainly involved those for testing the presence of inferior quality adulterants added, or use of non permitted colours. No quality control checks were done to assess the quality of materials used for preparation of various food items.

195

Table -36 Prevention to Avoid Spoilage

Sr.No.

Food

Immediate

Periodical

Use of

Products

Use

Checking

Cold

Total

Storage 1

Snack

25

30

05

60

2

FoodService

25

35

00

60

3

Namkeen

13

47

00

60

4

Papad

26

34

00

60

5

Other

26

21

13

60

6

Total

115

167

18

300

Figure -29 Percentage Distribution of Prevention to Avoid Spoilage

PREVANTION TO AVOID SPOILAGE 55.66 38.33

Storage Immediate Use

Periodical Checking

Use of Cold

In order to avoid spoilage 55.66 % of selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing preferred to check their food items periodically compared to those who preferred to use them immediately, only 6% preferred to use cold storage for prevention of spoilage.

196

Table -37 Issues Regarding Raw Materials

Sr.

Food

Availability

Reasonable

Shortage

Availability

No.

Products

of Raw

Cost

Of

of Water

Material

of Raw

Raw

Material.

Material.

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Tot al

No

1

Snack

60

00

36

24

05

55

60

00

60

2

Food

60

00

40

20

00

60

60

00

60

Service 3

Namkeen

60

00

60

00

00

60

60

00

60

4

Papad

60

00

50

10

00

60

60

00

60

5

Other

60

00

42

18

12

48

60

00

60

6

Total

300

00

228

72

17

283

300

00

300

Figure - 30 Issues Regarding Raw Materials ISSUES REGARING RAW MATERIALS

300 NO. OF SAMPLE

283

300

228

72 17 Yes

No

Availability of Raw Material

Yes

No

Yes

No

Reasonable Cost Shortage of Raw of Raw Material. Material. RAW MATERIALS

197

Yes

No

Availability of Water

The data regarding raw materials showed that all the selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing had easy availability of raw materials. More than half of them obtained their raw materials at reasonable rates. Majority of the selected women entrepreneurs did not face shortage of raw materials or water for food processing. Table - 38 Equipments used for Food Production Sr.

Food

Mixture Domestic

No.

Products

Floor Mill

Dough

Freeze

Making

Blend

Machine

er

for

Machine

Papad

1

Snack

37

20

01

10

23

00

2

Food

60

28

00

60

60

00

Service 3

Namkeen

00

22

16

00

00

00

4

Papad

00

20

12

00

00

28

5

Other

19

01

00

31

04

00

6

Total

116

91

29

101

87

28

Figure -31 Equipments used for Food Production

EQUIPMENTS USED FOR FOOD PRODUCTION

116

101

91 29

87 28

198

The figures related to use of equipments showed that a large majority of selected women entrepreneurs used mixture, followed by freeze, domestic flour mill, blender, dough making machine and papad making machine.

Table - 39 Types of fuel Used Sr.No.

Food

Gas

Coal/wood

Kerosene

Electricity

Total

Products 1

Snack

44

06

07

03

60

2

Food

60

00

00

00

60

Service 3

Namkeen

60

00

00

00

60

4

Papad

45

15

00

00

60

5

Other

31

15

02

12

60

6

Total

240

36

09

15

300

Figure -32 Percentage Distribution of Types of fuel used TYPE OF FUEL USED AT ENTERPRISE

80 %

Ga s

12 % Coal/woo d

5 %

FUE L

Kerosen e

3 % Electricit y

80% of selected entrepreneurs used gas as fuel. Some of them also used coal, wood, kerosene and electricity. All the selected women entrepreneurs engaged in services and khakhara / thepla categories used gas as fuel for food processing.

199

Table – 40 Ownership of Enterprise Premises Sr.No.

Rental

Total

44

16

60

40

20

60

Food

Personal

Products

Ownership

1

Snack

2

Food Service

3

Namkeen

36

24

60

4

Papad

47

13

60

5

Other

49

11

60

6

Total

216

84

300

Figure -33 Percentage Distribution of Ownership of Enterprise Premises

OWNERSHIP OF ENTERPRISE PREMISES 28%

72%

The above table reveals that a 72% of selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing owned the premises of their enterprises personally. There were 28% women entrepreneurs who managed their enterprises on rental premises. But in all categories of food processing, it was found that personal ownership was more than rental ones.

200

Table – 41 Distance between Residence and Enterprise Sr.

Food

No.

Products

0-1 Km.

2–5 Km.

5-6 Km.`

More

Total

1

Snack

30

21

09

00

60

2

Food Service

30

09

05

16

60

3

Namkeen

31

20

09

00

60

4

Papad

40

15

05

00

60

5

Other

42

13

05

00

60

6

Total

173

78

33

16

300

Figure -34 Percentage Distribution of Distance between Residence and Enterprise 5% 11%

58%

26%

0-1 Km.

2–5 Km.

5-6 Km.`

More

The collected data showed that more than half of selected women entrepreneurs had their food processing enterprise very near to their residence. As the distance between enterprise and residence increased, the number of enterprise decreased. However some entrepreneurs had to go to a distance more than 10 Km. for their work. High cost of land near residence and unavailability of suitable land infrastructure may be the major factors for far off manufacturing locations.

201

Table - 42 Location of Enterprise

Sr. No . 1

Food Products

Middle of City

Periphery of City

Out of Others City

Total

Snack

28

29

03

00

60

2

FoodService

38

05

03

14

60

3

Namkeen

29

23

08

00

60

4

Papad

25

24

11

00

60

5

Other

39

18

03

00

60

6

Total

159

99

28

14

300

Figure -35 Percentage Distribution of Location of Enterprise

When the data were analyzed according to their location, it was found that more than 53% of the foods processing enterprises were in the middle of the city followed by those in the periphery of the city and those out of city. Some entrepreneurs provided spot services wherever needed.

202

Table 43: Numbers of Workers in the Enterprise Sr.No.

Food Products

1 to 10

11 to 20

21 to 30

workers

workers

workers

Total

1

Snack

53

07

00

60

2

Food

50

05

05

60

Service 3

Namkeen

47

10

03

60

4

Papad

42

10

08

60

5

Other

54

04

02

60

6

Total

246

36

18

300

Figure -36 Percentage Distribution of Numbers of Workers in the Enterprise

NUMBERS OF WORKERS IN ENTERPRISE 6% 12% 1 to 10

workers 11 to 20 workers

82%

21 to 30 workers

The data on number of workers showed that a very large majority of selected women entrepreneurs had 1 to 10 workers in their food processing enterprises. Those having 11 to 20 workers were exactly double than those having 21 to 30. However, no enterprise had more than 30 workers.

203

Table – 44 Male and Child Worker Sr.No.

Food

Male Worker

Child Worker

Total

Products Yes

No

Yes

No

1

Snack

40

20

09

51

60

2

Food

23

37

17

43

60

Service 3

Namkeen

49

11

00

60

60

4

Papad

45

15

00

60

60

5

Other

17

43

04

56

60

6

Total

174

126

30

270

300

Figure -37 Percentage Distribution of Male and Child Worker

Above table shows that as many as 58% units had male workers while only 10% units had child workers.

204

Table -45 Training given to Workers by entrepreneurs Sr.No.

Food

Training

Training not

Products

given to

given to

Workers

Workers

Total

1

Snack

34

26

60

2

Food

10

50

60

50

10

60

Service 3

Namkeen

4

Papad

60

00

60

5

Other

40

20

60

6

Total

194

106

300

Figure-38 Training given to Workers by entrepreneurs

TRAINING GIVEN TO WORKERS BY ENTREPRENEURS

35%

65%

Training, being an important aspect of entrepreneurship, was studied in various perspectives. It was seen that 65% of entrepreneurs gave training to their workers, while 35% did not.

205

Table -46 Days & Hours of Training for Workers by Entrepreneurs S.

Food

Training Given To Workers by Entrepreneurs

r.

Products

N

Yes

No

194

106

Total

300

o. 15

30

45

4

6

8

Days

Days

Days

hrs

hrs

hrs

Total

Total

Days

Hrs

1

Snack

17

09

08

15

14

05

34

34

2

Food

08

02

00

07

03

00

10

10

30

20

00

23

27

00

50

50

Service 3

Namkeen

4

Papad

20

24

16

12

32

16

60

60

5

Other

15

10

15

20

08

12

40

40

6

Total

90

65

39

77

84

33

194

194

DAYS & HOURS TRAINING GIVEN TO WORKERS BY ENTREPEURS

90

77

65

84

39

15 Days

Days

Days

30

45

33 hrs

hrs 6 hrs

Figure-39: Percentage Distribution of Days & Hours of Training for Workers by Entrepreneurs

It was found that for most of enterprise the training period was of 15 days followed

206

by those with 30 and 45 days respectively. It was found that majority of entrepreneurs trained their workers for six hours per day followed by those giving training for four and eight hours respectively. Table -47 Stipend during Training Given To Workers by Entrepreneurs Sr.

Food

Rs.0-30

Rs.31-45

Rs.46 -60

Rs.61-75

No.

Products

Per day

Per day

Per day

Per day

Total

1

Snack

09

16

08

01

34

2

Food

02

06

02

00

10

Service 3

Namkeen

25

00

12

13

50

4

Papad

10

15

30

05

60

5

Other

18

10

07

05

40

6

Total

64

47

59

24

194

Figure – 40: Percentage Distribution of STIPEND DURING TRAINING GIVEN TO WORKERS BY ENTREPRENEURS 12% 34% Rs.0-30 Rs.31-45 Rs.46 -60 Rs.61-75

30%

24% Stipend during Training Given To Workers by Entrepreneurs Almost equal number of women entrepreneurs paid Rs. 0-30, 31 -45, 46 - 60 as stipend/per day to trainers. A few paid an amount higher than this as stipend/per day.

207

Table – 48 Method of Training Imparted

Sr.No.

Food

Demonstration

Practical

Products

On

Total

site

1

Snack

13

14

07

34

2

Food

02

06

02

10

Service 3

Namkeen

09

29

12

50

4

Papad

00

38

22

60

5

Other

08

12

20

40

6

Total

32

99

63

194

Figure – 41 Percentage Distribution of Method of Training Imparted

METHOD OF TRAINING IMPARTED

16% 32% Demonstration Practical On site 52%

The data revealed that a large majority of women entrepreneurs preferred to give practical training followed by those using on site and demonstration techniques.

208

Table -49 Experts for imparting training

Sr. No.

Food

Training

Products

by Self

Training by

Training by

Experts

Family Members

Total

1

Snack

26

08

00

34

2

Food

10

00

00

10

Service 3

Namkeen

38

06

06

50

4

Papad

42

05

13

60

5

Other

24

06

10

40

6

Total

140

25

29

194

Figure – 42 Percentage Distribution of Experts for Imparting Training EXPERTS FOR IMPARTING TRAINING

15% 13%

72%

The above table clearly depicts that 72% of the women entrepreneurs imparted training personally, whereas 15% cases family members also contributed to train workers for food processing. 13% took help of experts whenever needed.

209

Table -50 Terms of Appointment of Workers in Enterprise Unit Sr.No.

Food Products

Unit of

Unit of

Unit of

Permanent

Temporary

Daily

Workers

Workers

Wages

Total

Workers 1

Snack

15

07

38

60

2

Food

10

06

44

60

Service 3

Namkeen

16

07

37

60

4

Papad

12

33

15

60

5

Other

30

11

19

60

6

Total

83

64

153

300



Permanent = Those who had worked more than 5 years



Temporary = Those who had worked less than 2 years Figure – 43

Percentage Distribution of Terms of Appointment of Workers in Enterprise Unit TERMS OF APPOINTMENT WORKERS IN ENTREPRISE UNIT

51 %

21 % In case of appointment of workers, the collected data showed that 51% selected women entrepreneurs had employed daily wagers. 28% selected women entrepreneurs had employed permanent, who had worked more than 5 years. 21% selected women entrepreneurs had employed temporary workers, who had worked less than 2 years.

210

Table – 51 Number of Units and Site of Production / Work Sr.No.

Food Products

At Workers’

At

As per

Resident

Unit

Circumstances

Total

1

Snack

00

60

00

60

2

Food Service

00

47

13

60

3

Namkeen

30

30

00

60

4

Papad

30

30

00

60

5

Other

00

60

00

60

6

Total

60

227

13

300

211

Figure – 44

MNUFACTURING

Percentage Distribution of Numbers of Units and Site of Production / Work

In case of snacks and the other category, the data showed that all the entrepreneurs produced their food items at their unit only. The entrepreneurs producing Namkeen and Papad at home and at unit were exactly same. Whereas more number of entrepreneurs providing food related services at the place of the unit than at workers’ residence Table-52 Numbers of Units and Workers Related Problems Faced By Entrepreneurs Sr.

Food

No

Products

Pay

Leave

Related

Related

Productivity

Total

. 1

Snack

26

20

14

60

2

Food Service

28

24

08

60

3

Namkeen

37

13

10

60

4

Papad

30

17

13

60

5

Other

22

26

12

60

6

Total

143

100

57

300

212

Figure – 45

Percentage Distribution of Problems of Workers Faced by Entrepreneurs

NUMBER OF UNITS WORKERS RELATED PROBLEMS FACED BY ENTREPRENEURS

19 33.33

The data in above table clearly indicates that majority of problems were in terms of wages followed by those with respect to leave and productivity. Table -53 Duration of the Work at the Enterprise Sr.No.

Food

4 -6 hrs

7-10 hrs

11-13 hrs

Total

Products 1

Snack

22

33

05

60

2

Food

11

47

02

60

Service 3

Namkeen

00

60

00

60

4

Papad

10

50

00

60

5

Other

25

35

00

60

6

Total

68

225

07

300

213

Figure – 46 Percentage Distribution of Duration of the Work at the Enterprise

DURATION OF THE WORK AT THE ENTERPRISE 75%

22.66% 2.33% 4 -6 hrs

7-10 hrs

11-13 hrs

It was seen that 75% of enterprises worked for 7 to 10 hours followed by 4 to 6 hours and 11 to 13 hours respectively. This may be because many of workers were females and they had to attend to other household responsibilities also. Table -54

Means of Transport for Worker Sr. No.

Food Products

On

On own

Unit

Foot

Expense

Vehicle

Total

1

Snack

32

28

00

60

2

Food

29

18

13

60

Service 3

Namkeen

40

20

00

60

4

Papad

42

06

12

60

5

Other

46

14

00

60

6

Total

189

86

25

300

214

Figure – 47

Percentage Distribution of Means of Transport for Workers MEANS OF TRANSPORT FOR WORK

8.33% 28.66%

Unit Vehicle

63%

On own Expense On Foot

The data with respect to transportation showed that majority of workers used to come to their work place on foot followed by those who traveled at their own expense and by unit vehicle respectively.. Table – 55 Leave given by entrepreneurs to workers Sr.No.

Food

Weekly

Other

Total

Products 1

Snack

51

09

60

2

Food

47

13

60

Service 3

Namkeen

22

38

60

4

Papad

14

46

60

5

others

28

32

60

6

total

162

138

300

215

Figure – 48 Percentage Distribution of Leave given by entrepreneurs to workers LEAVE GIVEN BY ENTREPRENEURS TO WORKERS

Other

46%

54% Weekly

For a 54% of entrepreneurs leave / layoff were when there was no work, in other words there was no target to be met. 46% entrepreneurs followed weekly leave pattern. Table -56 Bonus given to Workers Sr.

Food

Bonus given to workers

No.

Products

Yes

Total

No 187

113

300

Rs.100

Rs.201

Rs.300

–

-

-

Rs.200

Rs.300

Rs.400

1

Snack

37

08

00

45

2

Food Service

23

11

00

34

3

Namkeen

18

10

02

30

4

Papad

36

12

04

52

5

others

21

05

00

26

6

Total

135

46

06

187

216

Figure – 49 Percentage Distribution of Bonus given to Workers BONUS GIVEN TO WORKERS 3% 25%

72%

The details of bonus showed that only about half the workers were given bonus. Mostly they were paid about Rs. 100 to 200 as bonus. Only few selected women entrepreneurs gave more than the above mentioned amount as bonus. Table -57 Number of Units Engaging Workers in Night Duty and Female Night Shift Sr.No.

Food

Night-

Products

shift

Female Night –Shift

Yes

No

Yes

No

1

Snack

11

49

10

50

2

Food Service

13

47

13

47

3

Namkeen

17

43

03

57

4

Papad

09

51

02

58

5

others

06

54

00

60

6

Total

56

244

28

272

217

Figure – 50 Percentage Distribution of Number of Units Engaging Workers in Night Duty and NIGHT DUTY OF WORKERS

18.66%

9.33%

Night-shift

Female

Female Night Shift It was found that 18.66% of units took night shifts and out of them only 9.33% % units had females working in night shifts. This may be due to family responsibilities and security reasons. Females could not stay back at night. Table -58 Physical Problems Faced By Workers Due To Work Sr.

Food

Heel/

Hand/Shoulder

Back

Burning

No

Products

Leg

Pain

Pain

Eyes

.

Pain

1

Snack

32

50

40

26

2

Food Service

39

38

38

30

3

Namkeen

12

54

45

41

4

Papad

06

55

52

08

5

Others

08

19

18

11

6

Total

97

216

193

116

218

Figure – 51

PROBLEMS

PHYSICAL

Percentage distribution of Physical problems faced by workers due to work

The work of food processing involved hand and shoulder to a maximum extent. Thus, it was found that workers suffering from hand and shoulder pain were maxim um in number. It was followed by back pain may be because of long hours of sitting or because of lifting heavy loads. Eye burning was also found among many workers, may be due to long hours of cooking and smoke. As compared to others, problems regarding leg pain and heel pain were found to lesser extent among the workers of food processing entrepreneurs.

Table -59

219

Investment at Starting Enterprise S

Food

RS.1000

RS.3001

RS.5001

RS.10,001

RS.25,001

r

Products

-

–

–

-

-

-

RS.3000

RS.5000

RS.10,000

RS.25,000

RS.50,000

RS.1,00,000

1 Snack

11

18

21

07

02

01

2 FoodServi

09

18

23

08

01

01

14

16

22

03

03

02

4 Papad

16

23

16

02

01

02

5 others

24

11

19

03

01

02

6

74

86

101

23

08

08

.

RS.50,001

N o

ce 3 Khakhara, Thepla

total

Figure – 52 Percentage Distribution of Investment at Start Investment data shows that at the start most of women entrepreneurs invested a sum of Rs. 5000 to 10,000 INVESTMENT AT STARTING ENTERPRISE

3% 2% 7%

24%

RS.1000 - RS.3000 RS.3001 – RS.5000 RS.5001 – RS.10,000 RS.10,001 - RS.25,000

36% 28%

RS.25,001- RS.50,000 RS.50,001 - RS.1,00,000

whereas minimum number invested an amount higher than Rs. 25,000.

220

Table -60 Investment at Present S

Food

Rs.10,000

Rs20,001

r.

Products

Rs30,001

Rs. 50,001

Rs.1,00,001

Rs.1,50,000

-

-

-

-

-

-

Rs.20,000

Rs.30,000

Rs.50,000

Rs.1,00,000

Rs.1,50,000

Rs. 2,00,000

1 Snack

09

24

13

05

04

05

2 Food

06

15

24

10

04

01

04

15

25

10

05

01

4 Papad

15

15

16

07

05

02

5 others

20

09

14

10

05

02

6

54

78

92

42

23

11

N o .

Service 3 Khakhara, Thepla

total

Figure – 53: Percentage Distribution of Investment at Present INVESTMENT AT PRESENT

8%

4%

Rs.10,000 Rs.20,000

18%

-

Rs20,001 - Rs.30,000

14%

Rs30,001 - Rs.50,000 Rs. 50,001 - Rs.1,00,000

26% 30%

Rs.1,00,001 - Rs.1,50,000

Rs.1,50,000 - Rs. 2,00,000

After consolidation and development of enterprises, the average investment rose substantially in most of the units. However, the average investment remained between Rs. 30,000 to Rs. 50,000 in nearly one third of sample units. Only handful of units had seen investment rising beyond one lakh.

221

Table -61 Source of Investment Sr.

Food

Own

No.

Products

Saving

From Family

Loan

members

Friends/

Total

Relatives

1

Snack

17

14

26

03

60

2

Food Service

19

15

24

02

60

3

Namkeen

25

08

17

10

60

4

Papad

22

12

16

10

60

5

Others

22

14

23

01

60

6

Total

105

63

106

26

300

Figure – 54 Percentage Distribution of Source of Investment

SOURCE OF INCOME Own Saving

9% 35% 35%

From Family members Loan Friends /Relatives

21%

The data in above table showed that almost equal number of selected women entrepreneurs’ investment came from own saving or they preferred to take loan. It was found that lesser number of entrepreneurs had borrowed money from family or friends to start their enterprise.

222

Table -62 Loan Details of Entrepreneurs Sr.No.`

Food

Demanded

Succeeded

Products

for loan

to get loan

1

Snack

32

26

2

Food Service

26

24

3

Namkeen

24

17

4

Papad

36

16

5

others

30

23

6

Total

148

106

Figure – 55 Percentage Distribution of Loan Details of Entrepreneurs

LOAN DETAILS OF ENTREPRENEURS

35.33

The data regarding loan showed that 49.33% entrepreneurs wanted to take loan but 35.33% entrepreneurs were successful in obtaining loan.

223

Table -63 Sources of Loan Sr,No.

Food

Private

Products

Co -

Bank

Total

0perative Society

1

Snack

11

04

11

26

2

Food

04

07

13

24

Service 3

Namkeen

04

07

06

17

4

Papad

08

04

04

16

5

others

06

02

15

23

6

Total

33

24

49

106

Figure – 56 Percentage Distribution of Sources of Loan

SOURCE OF LOAN

31% 46%

23%

The table shows that 46% of the entrepreneurs obtained loans from banks followed by private sector and co –operatives respectively.

224

Table -64 Problems faced to get Loan Sr.No.

Food Products

Slow

Demand

Process

of

High

Total

Interest

Documents 1

Snack

15

03

14

32

2

Food

07

10

09

26

Service 3

Namkeen

11

06

07

24

4

Papad

11

15

10

36

5

others

18

04

08

30

6

Total

62

38

48

148

Figure – 57 Percentage Distribution of Problems faced to get Loan

PROBLEMS FACED TO GET LOAN

32% 42% Documents

26% Majority of entrepreneurs felt that obtaining loan was slow process. Entrepreneurs also complained of high interest rates and procedural delays such as documents and securities.

225

Table -65 Benefits from Government Sr.No.

Food

Obtains

Obtains

Products

Benefits

no

Total

Benefits 1

Snack

01

59

60

2

Food

00

60

60

Service 3

Namkeen

00

60

60

4

Papad

04

56

60

5

Others

06

54

60

6

Total

11

289

300

Figure – 58 Percentage Distribution of Benefits from Government

4% entrepreneurs took benefit of loan\ schemes of C.E.D. (Centre of entrepreneur’s development) E.D.P. (Entrepreneurs development programme). 96% entrepreneurs of the sample asserted that they obtained no benefits from government. This may be because either they are unaware of various government schemes under which financial assistance is given or they may have not made the necessary efforts in the right direction.

226

Table -66 License, Labeling and Insurance Details of Food Production Sr.

Food

No

Products

Does Possess

Does Label

Insurance

Product

Details

License Yes

No

Total

Yes

No

Total

Yes

No

Total

1

Snack

28

32

60

54

06

60

13

47

60

2

Food

18

42

60

60

00

60

04

56

60

Service 3

Namkeen

30

30

60

27

33

60

11

49

60

4

Papad

20

40

60

17

43

60

18

42

60

5

others

36

24

60

30

30

60

12

48

60

6

Total

132

168

300

188

112

300

58

242

300

Figure – 59

More than half of the selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing did not possess any license for food processing. A large majority of them labeled their products because they found labeling to be very important for the sale of food products. The data regarding insurance showed that a very few entrepreneurs had obtained insurances.

227

Table -67 Time of Production Sr.

Food

No.

Products

Every

Alternate

At the Time

day

day

of Order

Total

1

Snack

36

24

00

60

2

Food Service

47

00

13

60

3

Namkeen

30

00

30

60

4

Papad

50

00

10

60

5

Others

32

04

24

60

6

Total

195

28

77

300

Figure – 60 Percentage Distribution of Time of Production

TIME OF PRODUCTION

26% Everyday Alternate day

9%

At the Time of Order

65%

Most of the selected entrepreneurs produced their food products on daily basis, whereas there were some who did production on alternate day or as per a requirement.

228

Table -68 Quantity of Production Sr.No.

Food

Per Piece

Products

Per

Total

Weight

1

Snack

36

24

60

2

Food

60

00

60

Service 3

Namkeen

30

30

60

4

Papad

00

60

60

5

others

11

49

60

6

Total

137

163

300

Figure – 61 Percentage Distribution of Quantity of Production

QUANTITY OF PRODUCTION 54.33%

45.66%

More than half

sample entrepreneurs accounted and sold their production in terms

of weight. Less than half sample entrepreneurs accounted and sold their production in terms of per piece.

229

Table -69 Use of Additives during the Food Production Sr.

Food

No.

Products

Tamarind

Yes

No

Citric

Food

Papdio

Acid

Colors

Kharo

Total

Soda

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

1

Snack

26

34

12

48

07

53

00

60

12

48

60

2

Food

52

08

42

18

07

53

00

60

60

00

60

Service 3

Namkeen

00

60

00

60

00

60

00

60

00

60

60

4

Papad

00

60

00

60

00

60

60

00

30

30

60

5

Others

30

30

13

47

24

36

00

60

15

45

60

6

Total

108

192

67

233

38

262

60

240

117

183

300

Figure – 62 Percentage Distribution of Use of Additives during the Production

The above data pointed out that soda was used to a large extent followed by tamarind, citric acid papadiokharo, and food colors respectively. It could be seen that the use of items was according to the items produced in the food processing enterprise.

230

Table -70 Use of Preservatives Sr.No.

Food

Use of Preservatives

Products

Yes

No

50

250

Vinegar

Total

300

Sodium Benzoate

Yes

No

Yes

No

1

Snack

00

60

15

45

60

2

Food Service

10

50

10

50

60

3

Namkeen

00

60

00

60

60

4

Papad

00

60

00

60

60

5

Others

11

49

04

56

60

6

Total

21

279

29

271

300

Figure – 63 Percentage Distribution of Use of Preservatives

The data on preservatives show that very less number of selected women entrepreneurs used preservatives. Out of those who used, use of vinegar and sodium benzoate was done for food preservation.

231

Table -71 Health and Hygiene preferences Health Sr.No .

Hygiene

Food

High

No Use

Cleanli

Products

Quality

Of non-

-

Pro.

edible

Total Vacuum Packing

ness

Pro.

1 2

Snack Food

Cover

No

Total

ing

Adultrati

food

on

items

24

18

18

60

13

29

18

60

18

22

20

60

00

40

20

60

Service 3

Namkeen

24

23

13

60

12

37

11

60

4

Papad

26

15

19

60

00

31

29

60

5

Others

35

18

07

60

30

23

07

60

6

Total

127

96

77

300

55

160

85

300

Pro= Production

232

Above data show that in order to maintain hygiene, 42% entrepreneurs used high quality products, 32% entrepreneurs did not used inedible ingredients, 26% entrepreneurs cared for cleanliness

Above data show that in order to maintain hygiene, 54% practice covering food item was followed by most of the entrepreneurs and 18% vacuum packaging was done for least number of times. However, selected entrepreneurs revealed that they made sincere efforts to ensure production of hygienic food items.

233

Table -72 Efforts to Upgrade Quality and to Reduce Price

Upgrade Quality

Reduce Price

Sr.

Food

Use

Pro.by

Use of

No.

Products

High

Except

Proper

Qua.

Total

Equip.

More

Seasonal

Quantity

Pro.

Buying

Pro.

Tota

in

Raw

less

M.

time

1

Snack

28

19

13

60

21

19

20

60

2

Food

32

15

13

60

29

23

08

60

Service 3

Namkeen

24

21

15

60

23

25

12

60

4

Papad

30

24

06

60

26

21

13

60

5

others

29

29

02

60

21

13

26

60

143

108

49

300

120

101

79

300

6

Total

Pro. =Production M. = Materials Figure – 66

Figure – 67

Percentage Distribution of

Percentage Distribution of

Quality upgrade

Reduce Price EFFORTS TO REDUCE PRICE

EFFORTS TO UPGRADE QUALITY 16%

26% Use High Qua. Raw

48%

36%

40%

Pro.by Except

More Pro. in less Seasonal Buying Quantity Pro.

Use of Proper Equip.

34%

For up-gradation of products most of the entrepreneurs used raw materials of high

234

quality followed by taking expert help. The use of appropriate machinery for up-gradation was minimal due to high cost of machinery.

To reduce cost of their production, most of the selected entrepreneurs made efforts to produce more quantity in less time. Many also opted for seasonal buying, when, due to high availability, cost of raw materials would be less. Many of the entrepreneurs also tried bulk production as and when possible. Table -73 Packaging Details Sr.No.

FoodProducts

Polythene

Plastic

Others

Total

Pac. 1

Snack

36

24

00

60

2

Food Service

14

12

34

60

3

Namkeen

60

00

00

60

4

Papad

60

00

00

60

5

Others

25

15

20

60

6

Total

195

51

54

300

Figure – 68 Percentage Distribution of Packaging Details

PACKAGING DETAILS 18 % 17 %

65 %

In above table, the data show that packaging was done in polythene by 65% entrepreneurs, 17% used plastic containers and 18% sold in different way of packaging

235

Table -74 Area of Marketing Sr.No.

Food

Local

State

Nation

Products

Inter-

Total

National

1

Snack

55

05

00

00

60

2

Food

58

02

00

00

60

Service 3

Namkeen

57

02

00

01

60

4

Papad

35

22

03

00

60

5

Others

54

06

00

00

60

6

Total

259

37

03

01

300

Figure – 69 Percentage Distribution of Area of Marketing

86.33% of the entrepreneurs were found selling their products at local market only. However, 12.33% entrepreneurs found State market, 1% national market and very rare international market for their products.

236

Table -75 Marketing Network

Sr.No.

Food Products

By Self

By By Sales men Family members 34 07

Total

1

Snack

19

2

38

22

00

60

3

Food Service Namkeen

22

18

20

60

4

Papad

15

18

27

60

5

Others

31

13

16

60

125

105

70

300

6

Total

60

Figure – 70 Percentage Distribution of Marketing Network

MARKETING NETWORK 41.66 35

By Self 23.33

By Family members By Sales men

The table shows that marketing is done by self or family members in most number of cases. However, few enterprises also employed sales person for the sale.

237

Table -76 Advertisement Details Sr.

Food

Advertisement Details

Total

No.

Products

Yes

No

300

114

186

News

T.V.

Pamphlets

Paper

Channel

1

Snack

03

01

22

26

2

Food Service

02

03

15

20

3

Namkeen

05

02

22

29

4

Papad

05

05

10

20

5

Others

06

02

11

19

6

Total

21

13

80

114

Figure – 71

Figure – 72

Percentage Distribution of

Percentage Distribution of

Advertisement Details

Media of

Advertisement

The figures related to advertisement point out that a little more than half of the selected women entrepreneurs advertised their products. Among those who advertised, maximum number of entrepreneurs used pamphlets for publicity. This was referred to as easy and cheaper source of advertising. However, some entrepreneurs also took help of newspaper and television media for advertising their food products.

238

Table-77 Marketing Problems Sr.No.

Food

Faces

Products

Total Gives

Competition Yes

Total

Credit

No

Yes

No

1

Snack

60

00

60

08

52

60

2

FoodService

60

00

60

12

48

60

3

Namkeen

60

00

60

16

44

60

4

Papad

60

00

60

24

36

60

5

Others

60

00

60

18

42

60

6

Total

300

00

300

78

222

300

Figure – 73

Percentage Distribution of Marketing Problems

MARKETING PROBLEMS 100% 74% 26% 0%

Competition

The data on competition suggest that as many as 100 % entrepreneurs faced tough competition by rivals. This should not be surprising because market competition is intense in retail sale. Therefore, even small entrepreneurs had to sell their products on credit.

239

Table -78 Rejection (left over) of Food Products Sr.

Food

No.

Products

Rejection of Food Products

Tota l

Yes

No

116

184

300

Thrown

Taken

away

by

Less

Workers

Price

Sold at

Others

1

Snack

10

14

00

12

36

2

FoodService

00

12

00

10

22

3

Namkeen

00

00

20

10

30

4

Papad

00

00

12

00

12

5

Others

00

00

10

06

16

6

Total

10

26

42

38

116

Figure – 74 Percentage Distribution of Rejection (left over)of Food Products

Given the nature of food products, the researcher was also interested to find out entrepreneurs’ strategy to deal with unsold food items. Nearly half of the selected entrepreneurs faced this problem. In this case, most of them sold the products at reduced price or distributed them among workers. Some other strategies such as self consumption and free distribution were also adopted as per convenience

240

Table -79 Maintenance of Accounts Sr.

Food

By

By

By

By Family

No.

Products

Self

Husband

Accountant

Members

Total

1

Snack

32

22

00

06

60

2

Food Service

42

12

00

06

60

3

Namkeen

37

13

02

08

60

4

Papad

32

22

02

04

60

5

Others

41

08

04

07

60

6

Total

184

77

08

31

300

Figure – 75 Percentage Distribution of Maintenance of Accounts

MAINTENANCE OF ACCOUNTS 61.33% 25.66% 2.66%

10.33% Members

Accounting is one of the important aspects of the enterprise. 61.33% of them maintained their accounts themselves. 25.66% also took husband’s help for the accounts, 10.33% took help of family members. Only 2.66% entrepreneurs appointed accountant to maintain their accounts.

241

Table -80 Duration of Account Sr.No.

Food

Daily

Weekly

Monthly Total

Products 1

Snack

60

00

00

60

2

Food

44

02

14

60

60

00

00

60

Service 3

Khakhara, Thepla

4

Papad

60

00

00

60

5

Others

50

05

05

60

6

Total

274

07

19

300

Figure – 76 Percentage Distribution of Duration of Account Keeping

Daily

Monthly

A very high majority of selected women entrepreneurs maintained daily accounts whereas some also preferred to have weekly and monthly accounts.

242

Table -81 Accounting Methods Sr.No.

Food

Non

Computerized

Total

Products

Computerized

1

Snack

52

08

60

2

Food

54

06

60

47

13

60

Service 3

Khakhara, Thepla

4

Papad

55

05

60

5

others

54

06

60

6

Total

262

38

300

Figure – 77 Percentage Distribution of Accounting Methods

TYPE OF ACCOUNT 87.33%

12.66%

Non Computerized

Computerized

The table shows that most of entrepreneurs still preferred to maintain accounts in traditional way. This is quite understandable because their level of education is low. Computerized accounting is being adopted by women entrepreneurs, albeit slowly. The modernization of accounting methods was seen in those enterprises which had large turn over.

243

Table -82 (Yearly) Turn Over Detail Sr.

Food

Turn Over

Turn Over

Not

No.

Products

Increased

Decreased

Steady

Total

1

Snack

38

08

14

60

2

Food Service

26

03

31

60

3

Namkeen

30

05

25

60

4

Papad

27

06

27

60

5

Others

27

08

25

60

6

Total

148

30

122

300

Figure – 78 Percentage Distribution of (Yearly) Turn over Detail

TURN OVER DETAIL

41%

10%

Yearly turn over is expected to increase when business is expanding. Turn over details of the sample enterprise showed that it got increased for nearly 49% of the enterprises. However, as many as 10% units registered decrease in turn over 41% opined that they faced fluctuation in their turn over.

244

Table -83 Profit Details Sr.No.

Food

Up to 10%

11 to 20%

21 to30%

Total

Products 1

Snack

05

35

20

60

2

Food

00

44

16

60

Service 3

Namkeen

01

48

11

60

4

Papad

10

21

29

60

5

Others

04

45

11

60

6

Total

20

193

87

300

Figure – 79 Percentage Distribution of Profit Details

PROFIT DETAILS

64.33%

29%

6.66%

The profit details show that the majority of women entrepreneurs had 11 to 20% profit margin followed by those with 21 to 30%, entrepreneurs earned up to 10%. Profit margin

245

Table -84 Saving Detail Sr.

Food

No.

Products

Bank

L.I.C.

Post

Property

Office

Multiple

Nil

Total

Investm ent

1

Snack

07

13

30

10

00

00

60

2

Food

22

04

28

01

05

00

60

21

11

07

00

20

01

60

Service 3

Khakhara, Thepla

4

Papad

23

18

13

03

00

03

60

5

Others

16

12

20

02

06

04

60

6

Total

89

58

98

16

31

08

300

Figure – 80 Percentage Distribution of Saving Detail

Above table shows that post office was preferred choice among the entrepreneurs for saving their money. This is quite natural because post office offers small saving instruments. Banks was the second choice, followed by Life Insurance policies. Some entrepreneurs however used multiple investment options, 5% invested in property while there were a few who couldn’t save at all.

246

Table -85 Means of Increasing Income Sr.No.

Food

Minimum

More

More Pro.

Products

Wastage

Sale at

in Less Time

Total

Less Profit 1

Snack

22

26

12

60

2

Food

29

15

16

60

18

33

09

60

Service 3

Khakhara, Thepla

4

Papad

10

25

25

60

5

Others

26

30

04

60

6

Total

105

129

66

300

Figure – 81 Percentage Distribution of Means of Increasing Income MEANS OF INCREASING INCOME

22% 35%

43%

To increase the income of their food processing enterprise about half of the selected entrepreneurs sold more food items at less profit. Some also tried to reduce the stages and time of production for increasing income.

247

Table -86 Means of Sustaining Competition Sr.No.

Food

Need

High Quality

Delivery

Products

Based

at Less Rates

according

Pro.

Total

to Order

1

Snack

15

10

35

60

2

Food

17

17

26

60

12

13

35

60

Service 3

Khakhara, Thepla

4

Papad

14

15

31

60

5

Others

13

20

27

60

6

Total

71

75

154

300

Figure – 82 Percentage Distribution of Means of Sustaining Competition

In this competitive world, the women entrepreneurs had to make concrete efforts to sustain competition. Most of them tried to serve as per need.

248

Table - 87 Opinion about Problems Sr

Problems

Food Products Scores---------------

1

2

3

Co-operation

2.

3.

6 to10 0 to5 00

4.

5.

-0 to-5 -6 to-10 Total

Snack

01

54 03

02

00

60

FoodService

00

50 03

07

00

60

Namkeen

00

49 03

08

00

60

Papad

00

49 05

06

00

60

others

00

53 05

02

00

60

Total

01

255 19

25

00

300

Snack

00

45 02

10

03

60

Food Service

00

46 02

10

02

60

Namkeen

00

44 06

10

00

60

Papad

00

41 05

14

00

60

others

00

50 03

07

00

60

Total

00

226 18

51

05

300

Work Related Problems Snack

00

12 02

46

00

60

15 00

44

01

60

Responsibilitie s

Food Service

4

1.

Personal Problems

00

Namkeen

00

09 01

49

01

60

Papad

00

12 01

47

00

60

others

00

14 02

44

00

60

Total

00

62 06

230

02

300

Snack

00

25 00

35

00

60

Food Service

00

24 00

34

02

60

Namkeen

00

28 00

30

02

60

Papad

00

23 00

37

00

60

others

00

25 00

35

00

60

Total

00

125 00

171

04

300

249

Figure – 83 Percentage Distribution of Opinion about Problems

OPINION ABOUT PROBLEMS 76.66%

75.33%

85%

57% 41.66%

0%33 1

17%

8.33% 6.33% 0% 0% 2

3

4

Co-operation

5

1

6% 2

3

20.66% 2%

1.66%0% 4

5

Responsibilities

1

2

3

0.66% 0% 4

Working Problems Related

5

1

1.33%

0% 2

3

4

5

Personal Problems

1. = Highly Satisfactory (6 to10). 2. = Satisfactory (0 to 5). 3. = Can’t Judge (Neutral) (00). 4. = Unsatisfactory (-0 to-5). 5. = Highly Unsatisfactory (-6 to -10) The problems of women entrepreneurs were analyzed in four aspects. They were Cooperation, Responsibilities, Work related problems and Personal problems. Each sample was asked to rate their problem in a five points scale. The analysis of results related to problems guided the researcher to following conclusions

It was found that problems related to co-operation were faced for least times whereas personal problems were faced by maximum women.



It was seen that no selected sample was faced the problem due to great extent as there were few women who marked in column of highly dissatisfied.

250



On other hand, there was little number of women highly satisfied in personal, work related, co-operation and responsibility aspects.



It was observed that high majority of women faced these problems to a smaller extent. Thus, there was highest number of women entrepreneurs in the center of distribution.



The researcher found out that highest number of problems were faced with respect to cooperation, followed by personal problems, responsibility related problems and work problems respectively.



The finding also highlighted that number of women facing different problems did not change very much with type of entrepreneurship. This means that all selected women engaged in food processing unit faced problems of similar kind and extent.



In the area of co-operation highest problems were faced by women engaged in snacks (160).The women engaged in papad (181- 240), faced minimum responsibility related problems, work related problems were faced least by women in khakhara /thepla(121-180), whereas personal problems were faced least by women engaged in papad (181-240).Thus no fixed distribution with respect to above aspects can be seen.

The last section of the study consisted of open ended question wherein the respondents mentioned some of their experiences. Some of the major responses were as follows: 

The order obtained is not steady.



Money is blocked due to credit given.



Some services are time bound.



There is heavy workload at time of festivals.



Returns are not obtained as per the inputs.



Starting of enterprise is extremely difficult.



No benefits from government.

251



Public relation and self confidence is developed.



One obtains respect in society.



The demand of packed products and bakery products has increased.



Children have more opportunity of business.

4.1 HYPOTHESIS TESTING 4.1.1

Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 1 stated that there will be no significant difference in the economic

factor influencing development of selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing unit. The economic status was categorized on the basis of their family income. This variable was categorized in five groups as below Rs. 50,000, Rs. 50,001 to Rs. 1,50,000, Rs. 1,50,001 to 3,00,000, Rs. 3,00,001 to 5,00,000, Rs. 5,00,001 and more. ANOVA test was done to find out if there was any significant difference between the economic factors of selected women. Table- 88 Difference between Economical Factors (ANOVA) On Success Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

F ratio

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

5.68

4

1.42

With in Groups

132.46

295

0.44

3.16

The values in table show that the difference is significant at 0.05 levels. Therefore hypothesis 1 is rejected. On further group wise comparison it was seen that the difference was significant between group 1 (snacks) and group 2 (services) and also between group 1 (snacks) and group 5 (others).

252

Table - 89 Group wise Comparison of Economical Factor Groups

1 (Snacks)

1-Snacks

2 (Service)

0

2-Services

3 (Namkeen)

4 (Papad)

5 (Others)

0.25

0.16

0.36

0.36

0

0.08

0.11

0.11

0

0.2

0.2

0

0

3-Namkeen 4- Papad 5-Others

4.1.2

Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 2 stated that there will be no significant difference in the extent of

success of selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing unit. The variable of success was analyzed on the basis of three criteria: 1. No. of years (age of enterprise 2. No. of workers 3. Income of the enterprise. On this basis three group of high, middle and low success levels were made. The results of ANOVA test are as under Table- 90 Difference between extents of Success (ANOVA) on Success Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

48.35

4

12.08

With in Groups

617.81

295

2.09

F ratio

5.77

It is clearly seen that the difference is significant at 0.05 levels. Therefore hypothesis 2 is rejected. The group wise comparison pointed out that the difference was significant between groups 2 (service) and 3 (Namkeen), 3 (Namkeen) and 4 (papad) and 5 (others).

253

Table – 91 Group wise Comparisons of Extents of Success. Groups

1 (Snacks)

2 (Service)

3 (Namkeen)

4 (Papad)

5 (Others)

1-Snacks

0

0.3

0.71

1.15

0.28

0

0.41

0.85

0.01

0

0.43

0.43

0

0,86

2-Services 3-Namken 4- Papad 5-Others

4.1.3

0

Hypothesis 3 The third hypothesis stated that there will be no significant difference in the

influence of education on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing unit. The independent variable education was divided into four – primary, secondary, graduated and post graduate. The ANOVA results could be seen as underTable - 92 Difference in the Influence of Education (ANOVA) On Success Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

12.94

4

3.23

With in Groups

228.4

295

0,77

F ratio

4.18

The data highlights that the difference was significant at 95% confidence interval. Thus hypothesis 3 was rejected. The GroupWise comparison show that the values were significantly different for group 1 (Snacks) and 5 (Others), 2 (Service) and 5 (Others), and 3 (Namkeen) and 5 (Others).

254

Table- 93 Group wise Comparison of Influence of Education. Groups

1 (Snacks)

2 (Service)

3 (Namkeen))

4 (Papad)

5 (Others)

1-Snacks

0

0.1

0.11

0.16

0.46

0

0.01

0.26

0.36

0

0.28

0.35

2-Services 3-Namkeen 4- Papad

0.63

5-Others

0

Hypothesis 4

4.1.4

Hypothesis 4 stated that there will be no significant difference in the influence of training on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing unit. The variable training was analyzed in two categories. The ANOVA test results are shown in the figure below. Table- 94 Difference in the Influence of Training (ANOVA) On Success Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

6.08

4

1.52

With in Groups

67.95

295

0.23

Total

74.03

299

F ratio

6.60

The data pointed out that the difference was significant at 0.05 levels. Thus hypothesis 4 was rejected. The group wise when compared concluded that the mean difference was significant for 3 (namkeen) and 4 (Papad), 3 (Khakhara) and (Others), and 1 (Snacks) and 3 (Namkeen).

255

Table -95 Group wise Comparison of influence of Training Groups

1 (Snacks)

2 (Service)

3 (Namkeen)

4 (Papad)

5 (Others)

1-Snacks

0

0.35

0.16

0.03

0.06

0

0.38

0.36

0.28

0

0.16

0.1

0

0.08

2-Services 3-Namkeen 4- Papad 5-Others

0

4.1.5 Hypothesis 5 In hypothesis 5 it was assumed that there will be no significant difference in the influence of religion on selected women enterprise. The aspect of religion was obtained in terns of Hindu, Muslim Christian and others. In order to find out if there was any significant difference among selected women with respect to their religion ANOVA test was done whose results where as under Table- 96 Difference in Religion (ANOVA) On Success Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

0.2

4

0.05

With in Groups

4.71

295

0.01

Total

4.91

299

F ratio

3.12

The data in above table shows that religion does influence the selected women entrepreneurs and therefore hypothesis 5 is rejected. When the figures were compared group wise, it was observed that difference was significant between group 1 (snacks) and 5 (others), 2 (service) and 5 (others), 3 (Namkeen) and 5 (others).

256

Table - 97 Group wise Comparison of Influence of Religion Groups

1 (Snacks)

2 (Service)

3 (Namkeen)

4 (Papad)

5 (Others)

1-Snacks

0

0.1

0.11

0.16

0.46

0

0.01

0.26

0.36

0

0.28

0.35

2-Services 3-Namkeen 4- Papad

0.63

5-Others

0

4.1.6

Hypothesis 6 Hypothesis 6 stated that there will be no significant influence of age on selected

women entrepreneurs. The age of selected women entrepreneurs was taken in four groups of 21 to 30 years, 31 to 40 years, 41 to 50 years and above 50 years. The results of ANOVA test reflected the following Table- 98 Difference in Age (ANOVA) On Success Variance

Between Groups

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

3.58

4

0.89 0.68

With in Groups

201.2

295

Total

204.78

299

F ratio

1.31

The results point out that age did not influence the selected women entrepreneurs. This may be because there were some women who started early and had more experience than other aged women who may have started late. In addition to this facilities and training provided by government was given irrespective of age, so that any entrepreneurs succeed in her work. Thus, hypothesis 6 was rejected. The result of group wise comparison of influence of age was as under:

257

Table -99 Group wise Comparison of Influence of Age. Groups

1 (Snacks)

2 (Service)

3 (Namkeen)

1-Snacks

0

0.23

0.06

0.1

0.01

0

0.16

0.33

0.21

0

0.16

0.05

0

0.11

2-Services 3-Namkeen

4 (Papad) 5 (Others)

4- Papad 5-Others

4.1.7

0

Hypothesis 7 Hypothesis 7 mentioned that there will be no significant

difference in the influence of type of family on selected women entrepreneurs’ type of family. There were joint and nuclear types of families for selected women. To check the difference between women belonging to different families ANOVA was done. Table -100 Difference in the Influence of Family. Variance

Sum of Squares

Degree of Freedom

Mean

F ratio

of Squares

Between Groups

0.74

4

0.18

With in Groups

68.65

295

0.23

Total

69.39

299

0.80

The data shows that there is negligible difference in the influence of selected variable. Thus hypothesis 7 is accepted

4.1.8

Hypothesis 8 Hypothesis 8 said that there will be no significant difference in the

influence marital status on selected women entrepreneurs. The selected women were divided into four categories namely married, unmarried, widow and others. The ANOVA test showed that the difference between them was not significant and thus hypothesis is accepted. Table -101 Difference in the Influence of Marital Status Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

0.95

4

0.23

With in Groups

92.68

295

0.31

Total

93.63

299

The above figures show that marital status did not influence significantly. Thus hypothesis 8 is accepted.

F ratio

0.75

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

5.1 SUMMARY In traditional Indian society women are accorded inferior status in family hierarchy. The Indian society considered women as weaker sex. Such sociological and cultural traditions and taboos have kept women dormant for quiet a long time. In 19th century many social reforms in India rose against the evil practices. From Ram Mohan Roy to Gandhiji, efforts were focused to improve status of women. With globalization and knowledge based society spreading like wildfire in the world today, the realization of women’s crucial role in human development has been gaining acceptance. The emergence of women on the economic scene as entrepreneurs is a significant development in the emancipation of women and securing for them a place in the society, which they have all along deserved. The association of women with economic enterprises would provide a healing touch in promoting peace and amity in the strife ridden world of today. Entrepreneurship is suitable to women and it is possible to do work when she has free time. Self-employed women has no restrictions and time bound work which makes it easy for her to manage the responsibilities of work, home and child at a time. Secondly, it is convenient for women to control a small business. This pattern of working in small business suits her dual role. With this, there is a growing realization that the strength of a country is in the small business.

The problems that present day working women face can be traced back through history to the Neolithic times when a division of labour already existed on the basis of sex. In those days also, men hunted and women gathered roots and fruits. The women’s capacity to give birth, a capacity that men lacked, quite naturally gave women a prominent place in the early agricultural society. So, at this time women and men were already doing different kinds of work, but women were not apparently subordinates to men. The department of food has been imparting training to women through its community canning and processing centers as well as mobile extension units. The growth of food processing industry generally also brings about increased opportunities for employment of women as packaging; quality control and marketing operation in this industry are specially suited for women Majority of women in Delhi have expertise and unique skill of preparing and processing food. Moreover the need to get involved in the income generation processes motivates many women to take up food processing as an enterprise. The women in this industry face different issues and problems than other working women. Thus, a study focused on women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing would be of great significance. The above discussion on various aspects of women and entrepreneurship lead the researcher to conduct a study entitled.

“ A Study of Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Micro, Small & Medium Food Processing Industry with Respect to Delhi (NCR) ” The present study will throw light on a specific section of working class – the women engaged in food processing. Women have been taking up variety of careers and sources to earn income. Days have gone when they were confined to four walls doing only household chores. Women, in addition to the stereotyped ones, have readily accepted these days challenging careers. One such work is food processing. Many women have been found to use their skills and knowledge about food in productive ways by engaging in food processing. The food processing may be of different types and quantity, but these enterprises have been found to be great success whether attached with home or not. They have obtained a great acceptance among the general masses. Most of the women have parallel household responsibilities. Thus, they adopt unique approach and attitude towards their own work. The present study will help to understand this approach and will throw light on their knowledge, attitude and practices and problems. It will be of great importance as a contribution to create database on working women. It will point out as to how these women differ with respect to other working women. The database will be useful in formulating policies and programs for working women. It will show what they need and thus create a base for program planning for government and non government agencies working in the area of women welfare.

The objectives behind this research study were listed as under:



To find out the impact of economic factors on women entrepreneurship development in food processing activity.



To find out the extent to which women entrepreneurs have been successful in entrepreneurship engaged in food processing.



To find out the relationship between entrepreneurship of women engaged in food processing activity and education, training, religion, age, type of family background and marital status.



To know about the problems faced by women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing work.



To know the factors that motivate women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing.



To know how far financial and other assistance provided by government are helpful to women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing sector.

The studies reviewed in this chapter point out that lot of research have been done among women clientele. Studies on status of women highlight the fact that since ancient times women were unable to enjoy the deserved status. They were regarded as stereotype home makers in most cases. But their contribution towards the economic and social upliftment of family was never given consideration. Research on work and health revealed that lot of problems occur among workers depending on nature of work. Stress was the major problem faced by all the selected women. However there were many influencing

factors like closeness to husband, etc that influenced the problems faced. Many researches have been undertaken with women entrepreneurs as the samples. The studies highlight that they are successful in areas related to food processing. Thus the researcher felt the need to research this area and create a detailed database of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing. The study was done on a sample of 300 women of Delhi (NCR) city who were divided into five categories namely snacks unit, food services unit, thepla and khakhara making unit, papad making unit and other food processing units. To select the sample for the research study, the researcher obtained addresses of women entrepreneurs from various sources. The final list of women entrepreneurs engaged in food units of Delhi (NCR) was prepared in five categories. Each category had 70 names from which 60 were to be randomly selected. For the ease of data collection the list of entrepreneurs was divided in to geographical areas of Delhi (NCR) city. The schedule was divided into subparts like background information. Information about raw materials, infrastructure training, government assistance, problems etc. Mostly all questions were kept close ended for case of analysis. The researcher was desirous to collect data on women entrepreneurs of Delhi (NCR) who were engaged in food processing units. For this purpose first of all the researcher conducted an informal survey among the selected

sample. She met some of them personally and obtained information about them, their family and their work. The details were roughly jotted down at all such meetings. This helped the researcher to formulate the tool and gave an idea of what items to include in the tool. The tool was then validated by subject experts, sample experts and language experts. Thirty women entrepreneurs were selected randomly from the list (of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing industry in Delhi (NCR) ) prepared by the researcher for pilot study. Interviews of these women were conducted with the help of the tool prepared. The tool was analyzed in terms of clarity, detailing, space provided, language used and time taken. Few modifications were made in the interview schedule on the basis of this pilot study.

5.2 CONCLUSION It was seen that there was lot of important information to be obtained from selected women entrepreneurs. The researcher found the following important facts about the selected women entrepreneurs

In entrepreneurs from nuclear family, more help was obtained from husband than the family members, whereas in joint family, more help was obtained from family members than the husband.



Most of them were Hindus.



Around 65% of women belonged to nuclear families.



Small number of women had obtained formal training.



Very few of selected women went out of station for business purpose.



Most of the selected women entrepreneurs stored their raw materials in their own unit.



A very large majority used gas as fuel.



Most of women entrepreneurs invested a sum of Rs. 5000 to Rs. 10,000 as initial investment.



More than half of the women wanted to take loan but could not succeed for the same.



Most of them did not have license.



Almost all of them made sincere efforts to maintain health and hygiene.



Women faced highest problems in the area of co- operation.



Further, the data analysis leads to the conclusion as follows –



Hypothesis 1, 2,3,4,5, and 6 were rejected.



Hypothesis 7 and 8 were accepted.



The following variables had significant influence on the selected women entrepreneurs – 

Education



Training



Religion



Age



Type of family

5.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

The researcher found that the collected data would be of great importance as data base. The researcher would recommend more case studies in this direction, so that a women entrepreneur gets more recognition and acceptance. Such studies will help the women to solve the problems faced. It will motivate agencies and government to provide help, support and benefit to women entrepreneurs.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS The following studies can be undertaken – 

Similar study with area specific samples.



Comparative studies of women entrepreneurs between districts and state.



Similar study with women engaged in other type of enterprises.



Studies including the perception of others regarding women entrepreneurs can be undertaken.

APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE A Study of Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Food Processing Guide

Organizer

Dr. Nilambari Dave

Veena S. Samani,

Professor & Head,

Head,

Home Science Department, Saurastra University Campus, Delhi (NCR). 360005

General Home Science M.V.M.Scienc & Home Science College, 360005

Dear Madam,

I am doing my Ph.D. at Home Science Department, Saurashtra University. As part of the study, I have to write a thesis on a chosen subject. As part of this, I have undertaken research on “A Study of Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Food Processing”. You are such entrepreneurs. I expect you to be helpful by providing relevant details.

I assure that information provided by you will be utilized for research study only, and not revealed to anyone else. Proper and current answers given by you will make my study more purposeful and fruitful.

I am thankful for your co-operation.

Thanking You,

V.S.Samani.

269

SECTION –1 1. Name: 2. Address: A Home Address

B Unit

Address:

3 Your husband helps you for production unit? YES / NO.

4. Your family members help you for production unit? YES / NO.

5. Education: 1.

Primary. 2. Secondary. 3.Graduate. 4. Post Graduate.

6. Age: 1.

20 to 30 Years.

2. 31 to 40 Years.

3. 41 to 50 Years.

4. 51 to 60 Years.

5. Above 61 Years.

7. Marital Status: 1.

Married

2. Unmarried.

3. Widow.

2. Muslim. 3. Christian

4.Others.

4. Others.

8. Religion: 1.

Hindu.

9. Caste: A: 1. S.C.

2.S.T.

B. 1. Baniya.

3. O.B.C.

2. Brahmin. 3. Patel.

4. Lohana. 5.Others.

10. No. of Non Earning members: 1. 00 to1.

2. 2 to 3.

11. Type of Family: 1.

Joint Family

2. Nuclear Family 270

4.Others

3. More than 4.

12. Total Income: A. Total Yearly Income of the Family---------------------B. Total Yearly Income of Entrepreneur-------------------

13. Have you inherited the production unit? YES / NO.

271

SECTION –2

14.

Have you been trained for running the production unit? YES/NO

15.

If the Answer is YES -----------------------------1. EDI, CED 2. Women Entrepreneurs center. 3. Small-scale unit.

17.

4. Others.

Type of production ----------------

18. Motivation for Women entrepreneurs. 1. Family members

2. Friends / Relatives 3. Self Wish 4.Others

19. Need for making entrepreneurs: 1. Financial Need

2 Adventure

3.Ambitions

4. Others

20. How did will you select production unit. 1. Daily requirement

2. Business of small capital

3. Business operated from residence

4. Others

21. Status before establishment of unit. 1. House Wife. 2. Service. 3.Daily Wager.

22.

4. Others.

Is your experience helpful? 1. Fully.

2. Partially. 3. Not at all.

4.Others.

23. Types of production unit: 1. individual 2.Partnership 3. Co- operative Society. 4. Others.

24. How old is your production unit? ----------------

25.

Does your business require you to go out of station? YES/NO

272

SECTION –3

25 How do you purchase raw materials? 1. In enough quantity. 2. Seasonal purchasing 3. According to Order. 4. Others.

26 Where do you store your raw materials? 1. In your unit.

2. Rental

27 How do you test your raw materials? 1. By weight. 2. By quality 3. Testing of adulteration. 4. Others.

28. When do you test your raw materials? 1. at the time of purchase 2. At each stage of production. 3. after production. 4. Others.

29. What measures are taken for prevention of spoilage of raw materials. 1. Immediate Use. 2. Periodical Checking. 3. Use of Cold –Storage.

4. Others.

30

Is raw material available as per need? YES/NO

31

Is the price of raw material reasonable? YES/NO

32.

Do you face the shortage of raw materials? YES/NO 33 Do you purchase water for your production unit? YES

273

SECTION –4

34 List of equipments: 1. Mixer

2. Domestic flour mill 3. Dough making machine

4.Freeze/

Freezer 5.Blender 6. Machine for papad making

35. Use of fuel: 1. Gas

2. Coal

3. Kerosene 4. Electricity

274

5. Others.

SECTION –5 36 Ownership of the unit. 1. Your own 2. Rental.

37. Distance of food production unit from your house 1. 0 to1 km. 2. 2 to 5 km. 3. 6 to 10 km. 4. About 10 km. 38. Location of food production unit. 1. Middle of the city. 2. On the periphery of the city. 2. Out of the city. 4. Others.

275

SECTION –6 39. No. of workers 1. 1 to 10

2. 11 to 20

3. 21 to 30

40. Are there Male workers?

4. Above 31.

YES/NO.

41. Are there Child workers? YES/NO. 42. Do you train your workers? YES /NO. 43. Information of workers training.

Period

Training

Training

Who

Stipend

of

hrs.

methods

gives

Rs.

Training 15 days

training? 4 hrs.

Demonstration

Self

0-30 Rs.

30 days

6 hrs.

Practical

Expert

31-45 Rs.

45 days

Others

8 hrs.

Others

On site

Family

41-60

training

members

Rs.

Others

Others

61-75 Rs.

44. How do you appoint the workers? 1. Permanent 2. Temporary 3. Daily wager 45. Where do you make your food product? 1. Prepared by workers at their home. 2.

Prepared at the production unit.

3.

As per the circumstances.

46 Problems of workers. 276

4. Others.

4. Others.

1. About remuneration.

2. About leave policy.

3. About processing of food products. 4. Others. 47. Working hours 1. 4 –6 hrs 48.

2. 7 –10 hrs

3.11-13 hrs

4. Other.

Means of transport: 1. On foot 2. At there own expense

3. Unit vehicle.

49. Do the workers get leave? YES /NO. 50. Do the workers get bonus? YES /NO. A How much? -------------51. Do the workers work in night shift? YES /NO. 52. Do the female workers work in night shift? YES /NO. 53 Physical hazards faced by workers due to continuous work 1. Heel/ Leg pain.

2. Palm / Shoulder pain

3. Back pain.

4. Burning of eyes.

277

SECTION –7 54. Investment in your Production Unit: 1. at Beginning. --------------------2. at

Present. -----------------------------

55. Source of Finance? 1. Saving of E.P. 2. Family members

3. Loan 4. Others

56. Do you wish to take loan for your production unit? YES /NO. 57. Have you succeeded in obtaining loan for your production unit? YES /NO. 58. Where did you obtain loan from? 1. Private sector. 2. Bank

3. C-operative society

59 Problems of obtaining loan: 1.Slow processing 2.Too many documents are required 3.Higher rate of Interest.

4.Others

278

4. Others

SECTION – 8 60 Are following items used in your production Unit? 1. Tamarind

2.Citric Acid. 3. Food colors

5. Papadio kharo

4. Soda

6. Others.

61 Do you use preservatives? YES /NO. 1. Vinegar

2. Sodium Benzoate

62 Maintenance of health: 1.

High quality of the products.

2.

2. Do not use inedible ingredients

3.

No adulteration. 4. Others

63. Maintenance of hygiene. 1. Cleanliness 2. Vacuum packing 3. Covering the food items

4. Others.

64. To upgrade the quality of production. 1. Raw materials of high quality.

2. Production by experts

Use of proper Instruments/ ingredients. 4. Others. 65. To reduce the price of production 1. More production in less time. 2. Seasonal buying

3. Quantity production

66. How do you pack production items? 1.

Polythene bag. 2. Plastic packing 4. Others

. 67 Have you insured your production unit? YES/NO. 68. Do you label the product? YES/NO.

279

4. Others.

SECTION – 9 69. Who is selling the product? 1. Your self-2. Family members /Husband

3. Sales Girls/Boy.

70. Where do you sale? 1. At local level

2. At the state level

2. At the national level

4. At the international level

71. Advertisement of product: 1.In newspapers

2. Pamphlets. 3.T.V. Channel 4.Others.

72. Do you face competition in business? YES/NO.

73. Do you give credit facility? YES/NO.

74. Is the prepared product rejected / leftover? YES/NO

75. IF yes 1. Thrown away

2. Taken by workers.

3. Sold at reduced price.

280

4.Others.

SECTION – 10 76. Who keeps Account? 1.By your self 2. Husband/ Family members 3. Accountant 4Others. 77. Duration of Accounting 1.Daily

2. Weekly

3. Monthly

4. Others.

78. Type of accounting. 1. Computerized

2. Non-computerized.

79. Turn Over. 1. Increased

2. Decreased

3. Not steady.

80. Profit margin. 1. Up to 10%

2. 11 to 20 %

3 . 21 to 30 % 4. Others.

81. Where do you save? 1. Nationalized Bank 5. Multiple investments

2 LIC 6.

3 Post office

5.Property

Nil

82. Means of increasing the income? 1. Minimum wastage

2. More sale at less profit

3. More Production in less time

4. Others.

83. Means of sustaining in the business competition. 1. Production as per the need of time 2. High quality at low cost 3. Delivery according to order

281

4. Other

SECTION – 11

Sr Problems

Co- operati on of family membe rs

Highly Satis factory

Sati sfac tory

Elders Husband Other lady members Others male members Children

2.

Justice to Domest ic duties

Cleanlines s Cooking Raising the Children Care of Elders Other Work

3.

Proble ms faced by Entrepr eneurs

Social Problems Economica l Problems Worker’s Problems Legal Problems

282

Can’t Judg e

Unsatisfactry Highly UnSatis factory

Out Station Night halt 4.

Person al Life style Proble Mental ms Stress Physical Fatigue Activities of choice Social Interaction

SECTION – 12 Any Remarkable Experience

283

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