University Of Santo Tomas Junior High School.docx

University of Santo Tomas Junior High School Espana, Manila

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in COMMUNICATION ARTS IN ENGLISH 10

This LIBRARY RESEARCH PAPER:

POLICE BRUTALITY is submitted by:

ANTHONY B. CARDENAS 10 – St. Denise to

MRS. MARIA TERESA C. CASADO-RAMOS

on April 5, 2019

Topic: Police Brutality Thesis statement: This paper intends to discuss the definition of police brutality, the victims behind police brutality, why police brutality is a widespread problem in our society, its negative impacts and the possible solution to stop police brutality.

Principle of organization: Analysis Outline format: Conventional Topic OUTLINE I.

Introduction to Police Brutality A. Background B. Definition

SOURCES  

II.

Victims of Police Brutality A. Unarmed people B. African-American Individuals C. Accused of running and selling drugs and illegal work D. Vulnerable E. Mostly people who are living in extreme poverty

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 

III.

Negative Impacts of Police Brutality A. People’s health and well being B. Serious psychological distress C. High levels of PTSD D. County doesn’t have a policy

 

Miller, Marshall (1998) “Police Brutality” Yale Law & Policy Review, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 149-200 Sail, Rajendra K. (2001) ”Police Brutality” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 35, No. 52/53 p. 4590

Brehm, John and Scott Gates(1997) “Policing Police Brutality” Working, Shirking, and Sabotage: Bureaucratic Response to a Democratic Public University of Michigan Press pp. 149172 Motley, Wanda (1980) ”Police Brutality Grows” Umoja Sasa pp. 6-7 Chaney, Cassandra and Ray V. Robertson (2013) “Racism and Police Brutality in America” Journal of African American Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 480-505

Maxwell, Kenneth (1997) “Police Brutality in Urban City” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 4, p. 158 Holmes, Malcolm D., and Brad W. Smith. 2010) “Race and Police Brutality: Roots of an Urban Dilemma” Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 39, No.1, pp. 43-44

IV.

Why Police Brutality is a Widespread problem in our society A. Human Rights is not present B. Structural Racism C. Inequality D. Lack of discipline among police forces







V.

Solution to Stop Police Brutality A. Join scholar to advocate B. Support movements like that raise awareness that stop police brutality C. Advocate for and support criminal justice reform





Misra, Sailendra (1988) “Police Brutality: An Analysis of Police Behaviour” The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 184-185 Ellis, Arthur L. “Where Is Social Work? Police Brutality and the Inner City” Social Work, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 511514 Sigelman, Lee et al. (1997) “Police Brutality and Public Perceptions of Racial Discrimination: A Tale of Two Beatings” Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 777-791 Rodríguez, Dylan (2012) “Beyond "Police Brutality": Racist State Violence and the University of California” American Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 301-313 Lawrence, Regina G. (2001) “The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality” Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 520-521

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: In today’s society the police abuse their power against people who commit crimes and innocent bystanders. Some people think that the police are protecting their community On the other hand, a lot of people feel that the police are prejudice, and unfair. Police officers engage in unjustified shootings, severe beatings, and other unnecessarily rough physical treatment in cities while their police superiors, and the Justice Department fail to act decisively to restrain or penalize such acts or even to record the full magnitude of the problem. AIMS: This research paper aimed to give more information about police brutality in order for everyone to be aware, explain the causes of police brutality, discuss the effects of it and how it affects our society, and suggest solutions to this controversial topic. METHOD: The method of analysis is used to know what are the negative impacts of it are and why police brutality is a widespread problem in our society. The process of gathering data in qualitative research and by which the emergent knowledge is applied to individuals problem. This data takes the form of records of group discussions and interviews, but is not limited to this. FINDINGS: The researcher gained knowledge from this research project that the causes of police brutality mainly involves the neurological makeup of the police officer. The researcher learned on what people should do about police brutality. CONCLUSION: The effects of police brutality to society are corruption, confusion and fear monger. People should follow the law, to report cases to the investigating division of the Philippine National Police, to know our basic rights, to have the government give constant seminars or neurological check-ups for every police officer.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter is consisted of an overview of police brutality, the research paper’s aims and its questions. This chapter will benefit the readers who

A. OVERVIEW Police brutality is one of the most serious, enduring, and divisive human rights violations, the problem is nationwide, and its nature is institutionalized. Police officers engage in unjustified shootings, severe beatings, fatal chokings, and unnecessarily rough physical treatment in cities while their police superiors, city officials, and the Justice Department fail to act decisively to restrain or penalize such acts or even to record the full magnitude of the problem. Habitually brutal officers usually a small percentage of officers on a force may be the subject of repeated complaints but are usually protected by their fellow officers and by the shoddiness of internal police investigations. A victim seeking redress faces obstacles at every point in the process, ranging from overt intimidation to the reluctance of local and federal prosecutors to take on brutality cases. Severe abuses persist because overwhelming barriers to accountability make it all too likely that officers who commit human rights violations escape due punishment to continue their abusive conduct. Victims of police brutality have many options for reporting abusive treatment by officers but little chance of seeing those officers punished or prosecuted. Citizen review agencies are often overwhelmed and understaffed; reporting an abuse to such an agency may, eventually, lead to an investigation, but it is unlikely to result in the offending officer's being appropriately punished. Filing an abuse complaint with a police department's internal affairs unit can be intimidating, and police departments' excessive secrecy usually means that the complainant learns nothing about any disciplinary action that may have been taken against the accused officer. Filing a civil lawsuit is an option for some victims, but success rates vary widely from city to city, and typically it is the municipality rather than the officer that is held financially responsible. Also, most victims of abuse correctly perceive that criminal prosecution, either locally or federally, is rarely an option except in highly publicized cases. As a result, resentment and

frustration often exacerbate the original abusive treatment. Because it is an open secret that oversight procedures for police abuse do not function effectively, many abuse victims do not even bother to pursue a complaint at all. This series of factors results in violent officers remaining on the job.

In the 2018 study of Whitmer (535) the number of people shot to death by the police in the United Stated had decreased. 457 white, 223 black, 179 Hispanic, 44 other and 84 unknowns are shot to death in 2017. It decreased in 2018 where 47 white, 23 black, 17 Hispanic, 3 other and 56 unknowns are shot to death.

B. RESEARCH AIMS 

This paper aims to: 1. give more information about police brutality in order for everyone to be aware 2. explain the causes of police brutality 3. discuss the effects of it and how it affects our society 4. suggest solutions

C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 

The proponent aims to provide answers to the following questions: 1. What is police brutality? 2. What are causes of police brutality? 3. What are the effects of it on our society? 4. What should people do about it?

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 

Victims -They are people who suffered from police brutality they can file a case on the court to punish these reckless police officers.



Researchers on the study - To have a further knowledge and understanding police brutality.

Chapter 2: METHOD TOPIC: Police Brutality A. Description of the Method Used David (2014, 19) this study will define the analysis of police brutality. The research attempts to focus why police brutality is a widespread problem in our society. This will also focus on findings for the possible solution to stop police brutality. Dwyer defined in 1993 that analysis is the process by which sense and meaning are made of the data gathered in qualitative research and by which the emergent knowledge is applied to individual's problem. This data often takes the form of records of group discussions and interviews, but is not limited to this. Through processes of revisiting and immersion in the data, through complex activities of structuring, reframing or otherwise exploring it, the researcher looks for patterns and insights relevant to the key research issues and uses these to address the individual’s brief. Analysis can be used in this study because this paper shows the definition of police brutality, what are the negative impacts of it are and why police brutality is a widespread problem in our society. It will also help this paper to think and explain of possible ways to stop police brutality. Explanation Police brutality is one of the most serious, enduring, and divisive human rights violations, the problem is nationwide and its nature is institutionalized. The use of deadly force by police against an unarmed person carries with it the weight of historical injustices and current disparities in the use of state violence against people. The absence of a policy is unfortunately the norm not the exception. Even those individual law enforcement agencies that attempt to regulate interactions almost always develop guidelines in isolation. One of the reasons why this still happens is that as a society we have focused on being reactive rather than proactive. Reviewing videos from body cameras, having grand juries, settling civil rights cases and the like will not ultimately prevent these deaths or restore what families and communities have lost. Instead, addressing the root cause of police

brutality is a preventive strategy that will be more impactful and have positive ripple effects across various sectors. To stop this join scholars to advocate for documenting police related deaths as notifiable conditions so that public health departments can monitor these deaths, learn about how structural racism and white supremacy operate within institutions, policies and laws and lastly support movements that raise awareness of police brutality and help expose and dismantle structural racism.

CHAPTER 3 FINAL: RELATED READINGS

Police brutality defined “The origin of 'modern' policing based on the authority of the nation-state is commonly traced back to developments in seventeenth and 18th century France, with modern police departments being established in most nations by the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Cases of police brutality appear to have been frequent then, with "the routine bludgeoning of citizens by patrolmen armed with nightsticks or blackjacks". Large-scale incidents of brutality were associated with labor strikes” (Sail, 2001, 4589).

Miller (1998, 152) portions of the populations may perceive the police to be oppressors. In addition, there is a perception that victims of police brutality often belong to relatively powerless groups, such as minorities, the disabled, the young, and the poor.

Locke (1961, 98) once stated: when used in print or as the battle cry in a black power rally, police brutality can by implication cover a number of practices, from calling a citizen by his or her first name to death by a policeman's bullet. What the average citizen thinks of when he hears the term, however, is something midway between these two occurrences, something more akin to what the police profession knows as "alley court" the wanton vicious beating of a person in custody, usually while handcuffed, and usually taking place somewhere between the scene of the arrest and the station house. “Racialized police violence is a recurring issue. Recent social movements have recentered police violence as a subject of public discourse, yet there has been little progress in reducing the number of people killed by police. Without further efforts in research and legal reform, this everyday crisis will continue. Thus, material interventions designed to fundamentally shift police practices away from deadly engagements are greatly needed” (Miller, 1998, 149).

These interventions have the potential to disrupt current policing practices. In the 2001 study of Sail (4290) he stated that it continues to determine which lives are valued physically and discursively and which can be lost to incessant police violence. While many strategies for addressing police violence have been proposed, existing discussions do not fully engage a primary factor in police violence and a major barrier to accountability use of force policies.

Miller (1998, 150) these are the policies that codify the rules that govern the levels and types of force that police are permitted to use against citizens, including deadly force. These rules are important because they are not only used to train police and guide their engagements with the community but are also used as benchmarks when evaluating whether their use of force is excessive.

Miller also stated that the use of force policies that often precipitate and absolve police violence as not only a legal or moral issue but distinctively as a public health issue with widespread health impacts for individuals and communities. This public health framing can disrupt the sterile legal and policy discourse of police violence in relation to communities of color where conversations often focus on limited queries such as reasonableness by drawing attention to the health impacts of state-sanctioned police violence (1998, 150).

This approach allows us to shift the focus from the individual actions of police and citizens to a more holistic assessment of how certain policy preferences put police in the position to not treat certain civilians’ lives as carefully as they should.

Causes of Police Brutality

Maxwell (1997, 158) the issue of police brutality continues to be a major concern for both the public and the law enforcement profession. Throughout American history violence in the form of police brutality, unwarranted use of force, and other forms of mistreatment of citizens is not uncommon. Police brutality occurs for a number of reasons. The most common is racial discrimination. “Police misconduct and instances of police brutality occur in many forms and have a variety of causes. One of the causes is the subculture of policing, which can have a negative effect on the system. New officers often seek to conform with traditions and standards of police behavior and demeanor. These standards require rookies to emulate senior officers and comply with superior's commands or otherwise face potential ridicule, criticism, or job loss” (Maxwell, 1997, 159). “No matter the reason a police officer used excessive force, the officer in question should be held accountable for his or her actions. Most of the time, police brutality cases are difficult and tricky. It is important to contact a lawyer that specializes in police brutality cases to help you properly build your case” (Michael Enfield, 2010, 99).

In the 2010 study of Holmes and Smith (44), police officers may also feel the nerve to harass an individual because of their financial stability and where they come from. This is known as classism. If a police officer pulls over a white man in a rich neighborhood, the officer will not be as harsh. The police officer may even be very polite. If an officer pulls over and African American or Latino male the police may feel intimidated only because of the color of their skin. The officer may abuse the individual and more than likely get away with it.

Effects of Police Brutality

“Defined as unmerited, excessive and aggressive abuse, police brutality is a phenomenon that causes serious harm to its victims. The abuse may be physical or psychological, and the victims can feel the effects of this abuse for a lifetime. These effects include not only physical wounds but also psychological damage. In some cases, the community also experiences the impact of police brutality on its victims” (Maxwell, 1997, 161).

In the 2010 study of Enfield (98) the use of excessive physical force often characterizes police brutality, and it sometimes results in the death of its victims. These cases occasionally receive great media attention, such as the 1999 shooting of Amadou Diallo, 23. Undercover police officers shot Diallo 19 times while he was reaching for his wallet. The officers fired 41 shots total, killing Diallo and, while they were acquitted of all brutality charges, this case and others like it remains notable.

Holmes and Smith (2010, 25) stated that victims of police brutality may suffer from psychological damage. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an affliction that can lead to panic attacks, depression, substance abuse or suicidal tendencies. While suffering from police brutality does not guarantee that someone will develop PTSD, many police brutality victims do suffer from the disorder. PTSD is more common when the trauma experienced by the victim was inflicted by another person, such as a police officer or prison guard. Other factors contributing to PTSD include the length and severity of the trauma and how long it takes to get into safer circumstances after the trauma is over.

Impact in our society

“Police brutality is not just about people dying during interactions with law enforcement. Brutality goes beyond the use of unjustified physical force that might cause death. It includes emotional and verbal assault and intimidation that ultimately dehumanize the victim. Brutality can occur regardless of the conscious intent of the officer” (Blue. 2008, 76).

According to Stella (2015), she shows that police brutality has health consequences for individuals who are victimized, and that those who live in disproportionately policed communities have poor health as a direct result, regardless of whether they themselves are victims of police brutality.

In the 1998 study of Misra (188) police torture has covered media headlines for the last few years. This torture exceeds the standard range of punishment. Extrajudicial killing is becoming common. The police officers responsible for the torture are not held for long before they are released to their normal duties. Studies have noted that police use excessive force to the general people rather than criminals. The police use this force on suspects, rather than the ideal victims of the offense. A number of people think that excessive force is necessary to prevent additional crimes in the society. Therefore, it is important to analyze the disparate views on the two sides of this aspect.

It takes two forms Thompson (2004), which is physical brutality which includes assaults, and non-physical brutality which includes the use of verbal language. In South Africa cases of brutality has been part of country history as it was happening during apartheid era because of protests, and at the present moment, it is much worse as people have rights and most people have access to camcorders to record such incidents which at the later stage attract media attention.

According to Ellis (2010), Police brutality has occurred all across the world and is still a major concern amongst society and police organizations. This brutality ranges from assaults, death as a result of the use of force and harassment. The

public is slowly losing trust in the police because of amongst other things such as brutality itself, criminal behavior and abuse of power. “Since the issue of police brutality is based on racial grounds, the police should be held accountable for their misconduct. This will enable them to treat all groups of individuals with equality; hence use an appropriate amount of force. According to social scientists, many police officers are not trusted by their communities as a result of misconduct. Their anger is imposed beyond measures.

Further

investigations also affirm that the brutality of police officers is persistent. Systems that deal with the abuses are no longer at ease. The complainants find difficulty in seeking administrative aid. Majority of the police officers evade punishment after violating the law” (Misra, 1998, 189).

Ellis (2010, 19) even though police brutality is noted to be a negative incidence by a vast majority, some think that it is a better way of ending crimes. The young and the old have improved their tactics in handling guns. Violent crimes are committed by very young individuals. Tapes of gun shows are viewed by a larger number of criminals. Maintaining law and order has been a tough task for the police officers. In this, what would a police officer do when they are robbed, and their tools are stolen? Getting the victim of the offense would provoke brutality. Therefore, the police should exercise their forces in order to scare criminals.

Solutions to stop police brutality No one disputes the idea that police misconduct is wrong, but reasonable people do disagree about the scope of the problem and how it ought to be addressed.

Individuals who are victimized by police misconduct should expect a review process that will seriously investigate complaints. The researcher believes good policy analysis can improve governmental decision making.

In the 2012 study of Rodriguez (301) every police department should be governed by clear, consistent standards developed by experts and other stakeholders convened by state agencies. These standards should be conveyed to every officer, supported by training, and used as the basis for evaluation and discipline. Law enforcement leaders should promote a vision in which use of force and arrest, especially when it comes to youth, are the last and least desirable outcome. “There are several ways by which an individual can contribute towards achieving health equity, improving the well-being of communities of color, increasing national productivity and creating a more equitable society. Join scholars to advocate for documenting police-related deaths as notifiable conditions so that public health departments can monitor these deaths. Support calls for more collaboration and partnerships

among

communities,

researchers,

policymakers

and

law

enforcement systems. Learn about how structural racism and white supremacy operate within institutions, policies, and laws. Regardless of your field of work, evaluate whether policies, laws, requirements, guidelines, etc., have unintentional negative consequences for people of color. Similarly, evaluate whether they disproportionately benefit white people and think of ways to level the playing field. Advocate for and support criminal justice reform, demilitarization of police, and decriminalization of behaviors such as loitering and minor traffic violations, and ending stop-and-frisk. Support movements that raise awareness of police brutality, and help expose and dismantle structural racism” (Lawrence, 2001, 520).

Rodriguez (2012, 201) stated that the government should require all police officers to wear body cameras in an effort to increase transparency, fairness, accountability and public safety between the police and the communities they serve. Change stop and frisk policies to be within the bounds of the constitution. The policies and

practices of dragnet policing of high crime neighborhoods do more harm than good and Build better trust between all communities and the police by requiring better police officer training on how to deal with community members in non-threatening ways and improve communication skills.

Chapter 4 Final: Proposition

Proposition 1: Numerous discussions have taken place over the efficacy of police brutality as a "solution" for the political.

Explanation: A vital underground press and a growing body of written commentary from an outspoken community of liberal scholars, both of which are highly critical of the administration's policies towards the suspension of civil liberties and the alleged manipulation of electoral and judicial processes.

Proposition 2: An equally vigorous number of publications in support of Police Brutality. Explanation: Policies has arisen to counter the charges of the "radical" critics and proffer instead for international consumption, a roseate view of a Philippines with gleaming streets, potted geraniums and bougainvillea along the sidewalks, and now-"disciplined" people willingly crossing streets between white lines.

Proposition 3: The police defended the declaration stressing the need for extra powers to quell the rising wave of violence allegedly caused by communists. Explanation: The emergency rule was also intended to eradicate the roots of rebellion and promote a rapid trend for national development. The autocrat assured the country of the legality of police brutality emphasizing the need for control over civil disobedience that displays lawlessness.

Proposition 4: Portions of the populations may perceive the police to be oppressors Explanation: There is a perception that victims of police brutality often belong to relatively powerless groups, such as minorities, the disabled, the young, and the poor.

Proposition 5: The move was initially supported by most people and was viewed by some critics as a change that solved the massive violence in the country. Explanation: Police brutalityceased the clash between the executive and legislative branches of the government and a bureaucracy characterized by special

interest. Police started to implement reforms on social and political values that hindered effective modernization.

Proposition 6: Police Brutality imposed the need for self-sacrifice for the attainment of national welfare. Explanation: Cases of police brutality appear to have been frequent then, with the routine bludgeoning of citizens by patrolmen armed with nightsticks or blackjacks. Large-scale incidents of brutality were associated with labor strikes.

Proposition 7: The deterioration of the political and economic condition in the people triggered the decline of support on police brutality. Explanation: Urban poor communities were soon conducting protest masses and prayer rallies. These efforts including the exposure of numerous human rights violations pushed.

Proposition 8: Racialized police violence is a recurring issue. Explanation: Recent social movements have re-centered police violence as a subject of public discourse, yet there has been little progress in reducing the number of people killed by police. Without further efforts in research and legal reform, this everyday crisis will continue. Thus, material interventions designed to fundamentally shift police practices away from deadly engagements are greatly needed.

Proposition 9: These interventions have the potential to disrupt current policing practices. Explanation: Only justice should be able to quell our rage and justice should have been meted to all of them long ago. Police cronies held on to their wealth, his enablers rehabilitated and held on to their positions in state institutions, and torturers and executioners held on to their lives.

Proposition 10: Police brutality is an aporia for democracy. Explanation: It suspends the rule of law in order to protect the law(ful order). But here, even with the explanatory parentheticals, the logic is twisted. What is democracy when the law that must protect citizens’ rights is swept aside. Yet police invoked it as democratic self-defense.

Proposition 11: The imposition of police brutality putatively removed rule of law restrictions on its enforcers who then acquired blanket powers. Explanation: Police maintained the appearance of legality through Presidential Decrees and Proclamations, whilst he imagined his rule as constitutionally authorized. And indeed, it was. Thus, wielding all powers of government, state agents, from the ordinary soldier and policeman to president himself as Commander-in-Chief, were arbitrary but also legal authorities over properties, relations, and lives. For it is asserted that whoever rules through martial law rules absolutely.

Proposition 12: It can also be deduced from the concept of prerogative that is assumed to underlie it the power that functions and lies external and in opposition to the rule of existing law. Explanation: The connection is shown in the sovereign authority that arrogates all state powers into deciding the exception.Police Brutality was the means for what became the Police dictatorial regime. And the dictatorship seemed to have followed inexorably from martial rule. Proposition 13: Police Brutality is not an act it’s a law for police officers who did not obligate as if they were the law. Explanation: It is law that appears to bring into the legal norm the violence of law’s founding, or the lawless violence of the political community’s outside. It says “appears” as these violences are not really lawless—they are the long-standing

normal to large

segments of Philippine society who are poor, marginal, or

unmanageable.

Proposition 14: Polce Brutality accomplished was widening the application of state violence to the elite from whose ranks were enemies. Explanation: This was contemptuous to the national oligarchy, from whose privileged ranks police emerged to violate its venerable and statesmen-like norm of and through transformed it into the tale-tale of local thuggish politics also a norm amongst the elites but the underside of a long-standing doubled politics.

Proposition 15: Use of force policies that often precipitate and absolve police violence as not only a legal or moral issue but distinctively as a public health issue with widespread health impacts for individuals and communities. Explanation: This public health framing can disrupt the sterile legal and policy discourse of police violence in relation to communities of color where conversations often focus on limited queries such as reasonableness by drawing attention to the health impacts of state-sanctioned police violence.

Proposition 16: The issue of police brutality continues to be a major concern for both the public and the law enforcement profession. Explanation: People know and can easily imagine how he directly issued the commands or the standing orders that controlled how soldiers enforced martial rule so that all massacres, murders, disappearances, tortures, and incarcerations trace a clear and indelible line to his culpability. Proposition 17: There was such a thing as “martial law” in police brutality that was an available solution to persistent problems of growing unrest and radicalization among students and other sectors of society, of continued allegations of spectacular surges in his personal wealth from the media and the opposition, of his slumping reputation and legitimacy in the eyes of the public.

Explanation: History violence in the form of police brutality, unwarranted use of force, and other forms of mistreatment of citizens is not uncommon. Police brutality occurs for a number of reasons. The most common is racial discrimination

Proposition 18: Police Brutality affected perplexity over the constitutional provision of martial law, which cannot be found in the American Federal Constitution. Explanation: This assertion of the legal lineage of his power to declare martial law was actually a brief digression in a speech about Asian self-determination and cooperation. What segues the aside is the “respectable opinion that 19th-century colonialism has succeeded in segregating the countries of Asia.

Proposition 19: Police misconduct and instances of police brutality occur in many forms and have a variety of causes. Explanation: One of the causes is the subculture of policing, which can have a negative effect on the system. New officers often seek to conform with traditions and standards of police behavior and demeanor. These standards require rookies to emulate senior officers and comply with superior's commands or otherwise face potential ridicule, criticism, or job loss.

Proposition 20: It was a case of a democracy defending itself legally this problematizes the status of police legality and raises the question of democracy’s relation to the martial law situation that eventually saves or defeats it. Explanation: Police brutality is an already existing tool that was convenient and useful because of some inherent features there are specific qualities in the concept and practice of martial law that made the police dictatorship possible.

Chapter 5: Conclusion This chapter features a concise synthesis of all major findings and facts learned from the research project. It also features a list or courses of action of recommendations for possible implementation and further study.

A. Summary of Findings This research paper aimed to answer questions that were stated in chapter one. It answers the questions based from interviews, books and journals. The material used is by professionals in the subject matter. Police brutality is the use of unnecessary authority, force or violence by authorized police officers to inflict harm onto civilians innocent or guilty. The researcher gained knowledge from this research project that the causes of police brutality mainly involves the neurological makeup of the police officer. The researcher also learned that the effects of police brutality to society are corruption, confusion and fearmonger to name a few. And lastly the researcher learned on what people should do about police brutality. Mainly, to follow the law, to report cases to the investigating division of the Philippine National Police, PLEB and criminal cases, to know our basic rights, to have the government give constant seminars or neurological checkups for every police officer.

Police Brutality Throughout American history violence in the form of police brutality, unwarranted use of force, and other forms of mistreatment of citizens is not uncommon. Police brutality occurs for a number of reasons. The most common is racial discrimination.

The use of force policies that often precipitate and absolve police violence as not only a legal or moral issue but distinctively as a public health issue with widespread health impacts for individuals and communities. This public

health framing can disrupt the sterile legal and policy discourse of police violence in relation to communities of color where conversations often focus on limited queries such as reasonableness by drawing attention to the health impacts of state-sanctioned police violence

Police misconduct and instances of police brutality occur in many forms and have a variety of causes. One of the causes is the subculture of policing, which can have a negative effect on the system. New officers often seek to conform with traditions and standards of police behavior and demeanor.

Effects of Police Brutality The use of excessive physical force often characterizes police brutality, and it sometimes results in the death of its victims. These cases occasionally receive great media attention, such as the 1999 shooting of Amadou Diallo, 23. Undercover police officers shot Diallo 19 times while he was reaching for his wallet. The officers fired 41 shots total, killing Diallo and, while they were acquitted of all brutality charges, this case and others like it remains notable. Police brutality may suffer from psychological damage. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an affliction that can lead to panic attacks, depression, substance abuse or suicidal tendencies. While suffering from police brutality does not guarantee that someone will develop PTSD, many police brutality victims do suffer from the disorder. PTSD is more common when the trauma experienced by the victim was inflicted by another person, such as a police officer or prison guard. Other factors contributing to PTSD include the length and severity of the trauma and how long it takes to get into safer circumstances after the trauma is over.

Solutions to stop police brutality

Law enforcement leaders should promote a vision in which use of force and arrest, especially when it comes to youth, are the last and least desirable outcome. Government should require all police officers to wear body cameras in an effort to increase transparency, fairness, accountability and public safety between the police and the communities they serve. Change stop and frisk policies to be within the bounds of the constitution.

B. Recommendations After a diligent research, the proponent recommends that: 1. To provide more information on the general information of police brutality. 2. To gather more newer information on statistics related to police brutality 3. To exclude statistics of other countries to your locality. 4.

BIBLIOGRAPHY In the Belly of the Beast: Black Policemen Combat Police Brutality in Chicago by Tera Agyepong et.al How does it feel to be a problem? The missing kerner commission report by Keisha L. Bentley-Edwards et.al Police, People, and the New Professional by Sophie Prod-Gendrot et.al Dealing with Uncertainties in Policing Serious Crimes by Tim Carmody et.al The Effects of the Neighbourhood Legal Service Program on Riots and The Wealth of African Americans by Jamein P. Cunningham et.al Where is Social Work? Police Brutality and the Inner City by Arthur L. Ellis et.al Police Use of Force: Individuals, Situations, and Organizations by Robert J. Friedrich et.al Corruption & Anti-Corruption by Barry Hindess et.al The Scholarly Network by Ngasha Junior et.al Introduction: #BlackLivesMatter and the Mediatic Lives of a Movement by Charles P. Linscott et.al Transformation of Gender in Melansia by Stephanie Lusby et.al Gilded Age by Nicola Macbean et.al City of Crisis: The Multiple Contestation of Southern European Cities by Maria Markantonaton et.al Civic Insecurity by Abby Mclead et.al Mexico Is Not Colombia; Alternative Historical Analogies for Responding to the Challenge of Violent Drug-Trafficking Organizations, Supporting Case Studies by Christopher Paul et.al Police Development in Papua New Guinea: The Need For Innovations by Gordon Peake et.al The Indigenous State: Race, Politics, and Performa nce in Pluractional Bolivia by Postero Nancy et.al

Blacks and Law Enforcement: Towards Police Brutality Reduction by Bruce Pierce et.al Police Brutality by Rajendra K. Sail et.al Colonial Systems of Control: Criminal Justice in Nigeria by Viviane Saleh-Hanna et.al Name, Shame, Blame: Criminalising Consenual Sex in Papua New Guinea by Christine Stewart et.al Capital, State, Empire: The New American Way of Digital Warfare by Scott Timcke et.al Psychological Health Tests for Violence-Prone Police Officers by Michelle A. Travis et.al Trends: Racial Differences in Attitudes Towards Police by Steven A. Tuch et.al Alicia Sotero Vāsquez: Police Brutality Againts an Undocumented Woman by Rite E. Urquijo-Ruiz et.al

MATRIX OF RESEARCH MATERIALS RESEARCH TOPIC: POLICE BRUTALITY MATERIA L#

TITLE / AUTHOR/S

PUBLICATION INFORMATION

TYPE OF MATERIAL / SOURCE

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In the Belly of the Beast: Black Policemen Combat Police Brutality in Chicago by Tera Agyepong et.al

The Journal of African American History, vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 253 – 276, June 2013, October 24, 2018

Article JSTOR

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How does it feel to be a problem? The missing kerner commission report by Keisha L. BentleyEdwards et.al

Article JSTOR

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Police, People, and the New Professional by Sophie ProdGendrot et.al Dealing with Uncertainties in Policing Serious Crimes by Tim Carmody et.al

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Science, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 20-40 September 2018, October 24, 2018 Amsterdam University Press, America, 2006, October 25, 2018 ANU Press, America, 2010 October 25, 2018

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The Effects of the Neighbourhood Legal Service Program on Riots and The Wealth of African Americans by

SUBTOPIC S DISCUSSE D -Effects of police brutality to black communitie s -Black power -Criminal justice -Riots -Back & white relations -Violence against women

Book Chapter JSTOR

-Racism -Racial Profiling

Book Chapter JSTOR

-In-depth definition of common law -Juries -Criminal investigation -Urban riots -Funding -Legal aid -Civil Disorder

RSF: The Article Rusell Sage JSTOR Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, vol. 4, no 6, pp 144-

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Jamein P. 157, September Cunningham et.al 2018, October 24, 2018 Where is Social Social Work, Work? Police vol. 26, pp.511Brutality and the 514, November Inner City by 1981, October Arthur L. Ellis 22, 2018 et.al Police Use of The Annals of Force: the American Individuals, Academy of Situations, and Political and Organizations by Social Science, Robert J. vol. 452, no. 1, Friedrich et.al pp.82-97, October 24, 2018 Corruption & ANU Press, Anti-Corruption America, 2013, by Barry Hindess October 25, et.al 2018

Article JSTOR

-Physical police brutality -Protests

Article JSTOR

-Public’s attitude and behaviour towards the police and government

Book Chapter JSTOR

-Corruption & political side of police brutality -Social media -Black people community -Christianity -Violence against women -Relevance of social media to police brutality

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The Scholarly Network by Ngasha Junior et.al

Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 136, no.1, pp.208-212, December 2017, October 24 2018

Article JSTOR

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Introduction: #BlackLivesMatte r and the Mediatic Lives of a Movement by Charles P. Linscott et.al Transformation of Gender in Melansia by Stephanie Lusby et.al

Black Camera, vol.8, no.2, pp.75-80, Junes 2017, October 24, 2018

Article JSTOR

ANU Press, Melansia, 2017, October 25, 2018

Book Chapter JSTOR

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-Sexual Violence

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Gilded Age by Nicola Macbean et.al

ANU Press, China, 2018, October 25, 2018

Book Chapter JSTOR

13

City of Crisis: The Multiple Contestation of Southern European Cities by Maria Markantonaton et.al Civic Insecurity by Abby Mclead et.al

Transcript Verlay, Europe, 2015, October 25, 2018

Book Chapter JSTOR

ANU Press, Melanesia, 2010, October 25, 2018

Book Chapter JSTOR

Mexico Is Not Colombia; Alternative Historical Analogies for Responding to the Challenge of Violent DrugTrafficking Organizations, Supporting Case Studies by Christopher Paul et.al Police Development in Papua New Guinea: The Need For Innovations by Gordon Peake et.al

RAND Coroporation, Mexico, 2014, October 25, 2018

Book Chapter JSTOR

The Indigenous State: Race, Politics, and Performa nce in

University of Book California JSTOR Press, California, 2017,

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Security Article Challenges, JSTOR vol.10, No.2, pp. 33-52, 2014, October 24, 2018

-Human Rights in China being violated -Torture -Oppression -Repression -Protests -Police brutality in Europe

-HIV & AIDS -Sexual Harassment by policemen -Drug war -Mexico and police brutality

-Violent crimes -Sexual Violence -Urban crime -Violence against women -Policemen abusing indigenous people

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Pluractional Bolivia by Postero Nancy et.al Blacks and Law Enforcement: Towards Police Brutality Reduction by Bruce Pierce et.al Police Brutality by Rajendra K. Sail et.al

Colonial Systems of Control: Criminal Justice in Nigeria by Viviane SalehHanna et.al Name, Shame, Blame: Criminalising Consenual Sex in Papua New Guinea by Christine Stewart et.al Capital, State, Empire: The New American Way of Digital Warfare by Scott Timcke et.al Psychological Health Tests for Violence-Prone Police Officers by Michelle A. Travis et.al

October 25, 2018

The Black Scholar, vol.17, No.3, pp.49-54, May/June 1986, October 22, 2018

Article JSTOR

-African American Culture and its relevance to police brutality -Police brutality in India -Human rights

Economic and Political Weekly, vol.35,no.52/53, pp.4590 Dec. 2000, October 22,1018 University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, 2008, October 25, 2018

Article JSTOR

Book JSTOR

-Abuse of prisoners by police guards in Islam

ANU Press, Papua New Guinea, 2014, October 25, 2018

Book JSTOR

-Connection of police brutality and AIDS -Sexual harassment

University of Westminster Press, America, 2017, October 25, 2018

Book JSTOR

Stanford Law Review, vol.46, No.6, pp.17171770, July 1994, October 24, 2018

Article JSTOR

-How police brutality is stapled onto African American culture -Physical police brutality -How police departments can stop similar incidents

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Trends: Racial Differences in Attitudes Towards Police by Steven A. Tuch et.al

The Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 61, No.4, pp.642-663, June 1997, October 24, 2018

Article JSTOR

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Alicia Sotero Vāsquez: Police Brutality Againts an Undocumented Woman by Rite E. Urquijo-Ruiz et.al

Chicana/Latina Article Studies, JSTOR vol.4,No.1,pp.62 -84

-How White people, Hispanics and African Americans still experience police brutality -Human Rights violation -Immigrants