Traite San Francisco 1951 Fr Acte

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 1 sur 21

Langue française De Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Le Français (français, prononcés [fʁɑ̃ˈsɛ]) est une langue romane à l'origine parlée en France, en Belgique, au Luxembourg, et en Suisse, et aujourd'hui par environ 300 millions de personnes autour du monde comme indigène ou deuxième langue, [1] avec les populations significatives dans 54 pays. le français est descendu du latin de l'empire romain, de même que des langues telles qu'espagnol, italien, catalan, roumain, et Portugais. Son développement a été également influencé par les langues celtiques indigènes de Gaulois romain et par la langue germanique des envahisseurs franques poteau-Romains. C'est une langue officielle dans 29 pays, les la plupart dont la forme ce qui s'appelle en La française Francophonie, la communauté des nations de langue française. C'est une langue officielle ou administrative de l'union africaine, l'union de annonce européenne, ESA, l'union européenne, le Conseil de l'Europe, FIA, l'International Organization for Standardization, FIFA, NAFTA, FINA, IHO, le bureau international des poids et les mesures, la Cour de Justice internationale, le Comité olympique international, l'association politique internationale de la Science, le secrétariat international pour l'eau, Interpol, l'OTAN, l'UCI, organisation des états américains, les Nations Unies et toutes ses agences (union postale universelle y compris), l'agence Anti-Enduisante du monde, et l'organisation de commerce

Français Français Prononciation : /f ʁɑ̃sɛ/ Parlé dans :

Énuméré dans l'article

Région :

L'Afrique, l'Europe, Amériques, Pacifique, régions d'isolement de l'Asie

Haut-parleurs totaux :

Indigène : 65 [17] - 109 [18] millions Total : évaluations de 115 millions à 500 millions [19] [20] [21] [22]

Rang :

18 (indigène), total : 3 à 7

Famille de langue :

Indo-européen Italique Roman Italo-Occidental Occidental Gallo-Ibérien Gallo-Roman Gallo-Rhaetian Oïl Français Statut officiel

Langue officielle de :

29 pays Organismes internationaux nombreux

Réglé par :

Le française de québécois de la langue d'Office de française d'Académie (France) (Québec, Canada) Conseil versent en Louisiane (Louisiane) de français de le développement du

OIN 639-1 :

franc

OIN 639-2 :

fre (b)

OIN 639-3 :

ATF (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c? hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://www.sil.org/iso6393/documentation.asp%3Fid% 3Dfra&prev=/language_tools)

Codes de langue ATF (t)

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 2 sur 21

mondial. Avec l'anglais c'est la langue la plus utilisée dans la Commission européenne. Voir également la liste d'organismes internationaux qui ont le français comme langue officielle.

Carte du monde francophone Bleu-foncé : De langue française ; bleu : langue/employé couramment officiels ; Bleu-clair : langue de culture ; vert : minorité

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

n

Page 3 sur 21

12.1.1 Audio

Distribution géographique L'Europe Statut juridique en France Voir également : Loi de Toubon et langues de la France Par constitution de la France, le Français a été la langue officielle depuis 1992 [2] (bien que le texte légal précédent lui ont fait le fonctionnaire depuis 1539, voient l'ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts). La France exige l'utilisation du Français en publications officielles de gouvernement, éducation publique en dehors de des cas spécifiques (bien que ces dispositions sont souvent ignorées) et contrats légaux ; les annonces doivent soutenir une traduction des mots étrangers. En France, tous les sujets au sujet de l'orthographe, de la grammaire, du vocabulaire et de l'utilisation de la langue française ont été régis par le française d'Académie depuis le mi 17ème siècle.

La connaissance du Français dans les pays européens des syndicats et de candidat, selon ; Source : [1] (http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf), les données pour EU25, ont édité avant l'agrandissement 2007.

Contraire malentendu communtous les deux dans les médias américains et britanniques, France n'interdisent pas l'utilisation des mots étrangers dans les sites Web ni en aucune autre publication privée, comme qui violerait la droite constitutionnelle de la liberté de la parole. Le malentendu peut ont résulté d'une prohibition semblable dans la province canadienne du Québec qui a fait la demande stricte de la charte de la langue française entre 1977 et 1998, bien que ces règlements aient adressé la langue utilisée dans la publicité et la fourniture de services commerciaux offerts dans la province, pas la langue de communication privée. En plus de Français, il y a également une variété de langues régionales. La France a signé la charte européenne pour des langues régionales mais ne l'a pas ratifiée depuis qui irait à l'encontre la constitution 1958. La Suisse Davantage d'information : Démographie de la Suisse Le Français est l'une des quatre langues officielles de la Suisse (avec allemand, italien, et Romansh), et est parlé dans la partie de Romandie appelé par Suisse. Le Français est la langue maternelle environ de

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 4 sur 21

20% de tous les Suisses. La Belgique Davantage d'information : Langues de la Belgique et du Français belge En Belgique, le Français est la langue officielle de la région wallonne (à l'exclusion des cantons est, qui sont de langue allemande) et d'une des deux langues officielles - le long avec le Néerlandais de la région Bruxelles-Capitale où elle est parlée à la majorité de la population, que ce soit souvent pas en tant que langue Signes bilingues à Bruxelles. primaire. [3] Réciproquement la langue hollandaise domine parmi la main d'oeuvre en grande partie non-résidente de la ville. Les Français et l'Allemand ne sont pas des langues officielles ni des langues identifiées de minorité dans la région flamande, bien que le long des frontières avec les régions wallonnes et Bruxelles-Capitales, il y a une douzaine de municipalités avec des équipements de langue pour des Français-haut-parleurs ; une situation reflétante existe pour la région wallonne en ce qui concerne les langues hollandaises et allemandes. Dans les Français-haut-parleurs totaux et indigènes composer environ 40% de la population du pays, le 60% restant parlent néerlandais, le dernier dont réclamation de 59% pour parler français comme deuxième langue. [4] le français est ainsi connu d'un 75% environ de tous les Belges, ou comme langue maternelle, comme en second lieu, ou en tant que troisièmement langue [5]. Le Luxembourg Davantage d'information : Langues du Luxembourg French is one of the three official languages in Luxembourg, along with German and Luxembourgish. Monaco and Andorra Further information: Languages of Monaco and Languages of Andorra Although Monégasque is the national language of the Principality of Monaco, French is the only official language, and French nationals make up some 47% of the population.

Boîte aux lettres avec des langues françaises et allemandes, Luxembourg

Catalan is the only official language of Andorra, French is however commonly used due to the proximity to France. French nationals make up 7% of the population. Italy Further information: Languages of Italy French is also an official language, along with Italian, in the province of Aosta Valley, Italy. In addition,

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 5 sur 21

a number of Franco-Provençal dialects are spoken in the province, although they do not have official recognition. The Channel Islands Further information: Languages of Jersey and Languages of Guernsey Although Jersey and Guernsey, the two bailiwicks collectively referred to as the Channel Islands, are separate entities, both use French to some degree, mostly in an administrative capacity. Jersey Legal French is the standardized variety used in Jersey.

The Americas Legal status in Canada See Canadian French, Languages of Canada, Bilingualism in Canada About 7 million Canadians are native French-speakers, of whom 6 million live in Quebec [2] (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c? hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%

Bilingual (English/French) stop sign on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. An example of bilingualism at the federal government level in Canada.

7Cfr&u=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo11b.htm&prev=/language_tools), and French is one of Canada's two official languages (the other being English). Various provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms deal with Canadians' right to access services in both languages, including the right to a publicly funded education in the minority language of each province, where numbers warrant in a given locality. By law, the federal government must operate and provide services in both English and French, proceedings of the Parliament of Canada must be translated into both these languages, and most products sold in Canada must have bilingual labels. Overall, about 13% of Canadians have knowledge of French only, while 18% have knowledge of both English and French. In contrast, over 80% of the population of Quebec speaks French natively, and 95% can speak it. It has been the sole official language of Quebec since 1974. The legal status of French was further strengthened with the 1977 adoption of the Charter of the French Language (popularly known as Bill 101), which guarantees that every person has a right to have the civil administration, the health and social services, corporations, and enterprises in Quebec communicate with him in French. While the Charter mandates that certain provincial government services, such as those relating to health and education, be offered to the English minority in its language, where numbers warrant, its primary

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 6 sur 21

purpose is to cement the role of French as the primary language used in the public sphere. The provision of the Charter that has arguably had the most significant impact mandates Frenchlanguage education unless a child's parents or siblings have received the majority of their own primary education in English within Canada, with minor exceptions. This measure has reversed a historical trend whereby a large number of immigrant children would attend English schools. In so doing, the Charter has greatly contributed to the "visage français" (French face) of Montreal in spite of its growing immigrant population. Other provisions of the Charter have been ruled unconstitutional over the years, including those mandating French-only commercial signs, court proceedings, and debates in the legislature. Though none of these provisions are still in effect today, some continued to be on the books for a time even after courts had ruled them unconstitutional as a result of the government's decision to invoke the so-called notwithstanding clause of the Canadian constitution to override constitutional requirements. In 1993, the Charter was rewritten to allow signage in other languages so long as French was markedly "predominant." Another section of the Charter guarantees every person the right to work in French, meaning the right to have all communications with one's superiors and coworkers in French, as well as the right not to be required to know another language as a condition of hiring, unless this is warranted by the nature of one's duties, such as by reason of extensive interaction with people located outside the province or similar reasons. This section has not been as effective as had originally been hoped, and has faded somewhat from public consciousness. As of 2006, approximately 65% of the workforce on the island of Montreal predominantly used French in the workplace. The only other province that recognizes French as an official language is New Brunswick, which is officially bilingual, like the nation as a whole. Outside of Quebec, the highest number of Francophones in Canada, 485,000, excluding those who claim multiple mother tongues, reside in Ontario, whereas New Brunswick, home to the vast majority of Acadians, has the highest percentage of Francophones after Quebec, 33%, or 237,000. In Ontario, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Manitoba, French does not have full official status, although the provincial governments do provide some French-language services in all communities where significant numbers of Francophones live. Canada's three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut) all recognize French as an official language as well. All provinces make some effort to accommodate the needs of their Francophone citizens, although the level and quality of French-language service vary significantly from province to province. The Ontario French Language Services Act, adopted in 1986, guarantees French language services in that province in regions where the Francophone population exceeds 10% of the total population, as well as communities with Francophone populations exceeding 5,000, and certain other designated areas; this has the most effect in the north and east of the province, as well as in other larger centres such as Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton, Mississauga, London, Kitchener, St. Catharines, Greater Sudbury and Windsor. However, the French Language Services Act does not confer the status of "official bilingualism" on these cities, as that designation carries with it implications which go beyond the provision of services in both languages. The City of Ottawa's language policy (by-law 2001-170) has two criteria which would allow employees to work in their official language of choice and be supervised in the language of choice; this policy is being challenged by an organization called Canadians for Language Fairness. Canada has the status of member state in the Francophonie, while the provinces of Québec and New Brunswick are recognized as participating governments. Ontario is currently seeking to become a full member on its own.

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 7 sur 21

Haiti French is an official language of Haiti, although it is mostly spoken by the upper class and well-educated, while Haitian Creole (a Frenchbased creole language) is more widely spoken as a mother tongue. French Overseas Territories French is also the official language in France's overseas territories of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthelemy, St. Martin, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. French language spread in the United States. Counties marked in yellow are those where 6-12% of the population speak French at home; brown, 12-18%; red, over 18%. French-based creole languages are not included.

The United States Although it has no official recognition on a federal level, French is the third [6] or fourth [7] most-spoken language in the United States, after English, Spanish, and possibly Chinese (if Chinese languages such as Mandarin and Cantonese are grouped together), and the second mostspoken in the states of Louisiana, Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire. Louisiana is home to a unique dialect, Cajun French.

Africa A majority of the world's population of Francophones lives in Africa. According to the 2007 report by the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, an estimated 115 million African people spread across 31 francophone African countries can speak French either as a first or second language.[9] French is mostly a second language in Africa, but in some areas it has become a first language, such as in the region of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.[10] It is impossible to speak of a single form of African French, but rather of diverse forms of African French which have developed due to the contact with many indigenous African languages.[11]

Supermarket sign in French in Dakar, Senegal.

In the territories of the Indian Ocean, the French language is often spoken alongside French-derived creole languages, the major exception being Madagascar. There, a Malayo-Polynesian language (Malagasy) is spoken alongside French. The French language has also met competition with English since English has been the official language in Mauritius and the Seychelles for a long time and has recently become an official language of Madagascar. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand due to the

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 8 sur 21

expansion of education and it is also there the language has evolved most in recent years[12][13]. Some vernacular forms of French in Africa can be difficult to understand for French speakers from other countries[14] but written forms of the language are very closely related to those of the rest of the French-speaking world. French is an official language of many African countries, most of them former French or Belgian colonies: n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo (Brazzaville) Côte d'Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Equatorial Guinea (former colony of Spain) Gabon Guinea Madagascar Mali Niger Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Togo

Countries usually considered as Francophone Africa. These countries had a population of 321 million in 2007. [8] Their population is projected to reach 733 million in 2050.[8] Countries sometimes considered as Francophone Africa

In addition, French is an administrative language and commonly used though not on an official basis in Mauritius and in the Maghreb states, Mauritania, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Various reforms have been implemented in recent decades in Algeria to improve the status of Arabic relative to French, especially in education. While the predominant European language in Egypt is English, French is considered to be a more sophisticated language by some elements of the Egyptian upper and upper-middle classes; for this reason, a typical educated Egyptian will learn French in addition to English at some point in his or her education. The perception of sophistication may be related to the use of French as the royal court language of Egypt during the 19th century. Egypt participates in La Francophonie. French is also the official language of Mayotte and Réunion, two overseas territories of France located in the Indian Ocean, as well as an administrative and educational language in Mauritius, along with English.

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 9 sur 21

Asia In Asia, French is an administrative language in Laos and Lebanon, and is used unofficially in parts of Cambodia, India (Mahé, Karikal and Yanam) and Syria. French has official status in Union Territory of Pondicherry, along with the regional language Tamil. French was historically spoken by the elite in the leased territory Guangzhouwan in southern China. In colonial Vietnam, the elites spoke French and many who worked for the French spoke a French creole known as "Tay Boi" (now extinct). French is also spoken by many immigrants of French or Maghrebin origin and their descendants in Israel.

Oceania French is also an official language of the Pacific Island nation of Vanuatu, along with France's territories of French Polynesia, Wallis & Futuna and New Caledonia.

Dialects and creoles Regional varieties n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

Acadian French African French Aostan French Belgian French Cajun French Canadian French Cambodian French Guyana French (see French Guiana) Indian French Jersey Legal French Lao French Levantine French Maghreb French (see also North African French) Meridional French Metropolitan French New Caledonian French Newfoundland French Oceanic French Quebec French South East Asian French Swiss French Vietnamese French West Indian French

Derived languages n n n n

Antillean Creole Haitian Creole Lanc-Patuá Mauritian Creole

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre n n n n n

Page 10 sur 21

Michif Louisiana Creole French Réunionese Creole Seychellois Creole Tay Boi

History Sounds Although there are many French regional accents, only one version of the language is normally chosen as a model for foreign learners. This is the educated standard variety of Tours , which has no commonly used special name, but has been termed "français neutre" (neutral French). n

n

n

Voiced stops (i.e. /b d g/) are typically produced fully voiced throughout. Voiceless stops (i.e. /p t k/) are described as unaspirated; when preceding high vowels, they are often followed by a short period of aspiration and/or frication. They are never glottalised. They can be unreleased utterance-finally. Nasals: The velar nasal /ŋ/ occurs only in final position in borrowed (usually English) words: parking, camping, swing. The palatal nasal /ɲ/can occur in word initial position (e.g. gnon), but it is most frequently found in intervocalic, onset position or word-finally (e.g. montagne).

n

Fricatives: French has three pairs of homorganic fricatives distinguished by voicing, i.e. labiodental /f/–/v/, dental /s/–/z/, and palato-alveolar /ʃ/–/ʒ/. Notice that /s/–/z/ are dental, like the plosives /t/–/d/, and the nasal /n/.

n

French has one rhotic whose pronunciation varies considerably among speakers and phonetic contexts. In general it is described as a voiced uvular fricative as in [ʁu] roue "wheel" . Vowels are often lengthened before this segment. It can be reduced to an approximant, particularly in final position (e.g. "fort") or reduced to zero in some word-final positions. For other speakers, a uvular trill is also fairly common, and an apical trill [r] occurs in some dialects.

n

Lateral and central approximants: The lateral approximant /l/ is unvelarised in both onset ("lire") and coda position ("il"). In the onset, the central approximants [w], [ɥ], and [j] each correspond to a high vowel, /u/, /y/, and /i/ respectively. There are a few minimal pairs where the approximant and corresponding vowel contrast, but there are also many cases where they are in free variation. Contrasts between /j/ and /i/ occur in final position as in /pɛj/ paye "pay" vs. /pɛi/ pays "country".

French pronunciation follows strict rules based on spelling, but French spelling is often based more on history than phonology. The rules for pronunciation vary between dialects, but the standard rules are:

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 11 sur 21

n

final consonants: Final single consonants, in particular s, x, z, t, d, n and m, are normally silent. (The final letters 'c', 'r', 'f', and 'l' however are normally pronounced.) n When the following word begins with a vowel, though, a silent consonant may once again be pronounced, to provide a liaison or "link" between the two words. Some liaisons are mandatory, for example the s in les amants or vous avez; some are optional, depending on dialect and register, for example the first s in deux cents euros or euros irlandais; and some are forbidden, for example the s in beaucoup d'hommes aiment. The t of et is never pronounced and the silent final consonant of a noun is only pronounced in the plural and in set phrases like pied-à-terre. Note that in the case of a word ending d as in pied-à-terre, the consonant t is pronounced instead. n Doubling a final 'n' and adding a silent e at the end of a word (e.g. chien → chienne) makes it clearly pronounced. Doubling a final 'l' and adding a silent 'e' (e.g. "gentil" → "gentille") adds a [j] sound.

n

elision or vowel dropping: Some monosyllabic function words ending in a or e, such as je and que, drop their final vowel when placed before a word that begins with a vowel sound (thus avoiding a hiatus). The missing vowel is replaced by an apostrophe. (e.g. je ai is instead pronounced and spelt → j'ai). This gives for example the same pronunciation for "l'homme qu'il a vu" ("the man whom he saw") and "l'homme qui l'a vu" ("the man who saw him").

Orthography n

n

n

n

Nasal: "n" and "m". When "n" or "m" follows a vowel or diphthong, the "n" or "m" becomes silent and causes the preceding vowel to become nasalized (i.e. pronounced with the soft palate extended downward so as to allow part of the air to leave through the nostrils). Exceptions are when the "n" or "m" is doubled, or immediately followed by a vowel. The prefixes en- and emare always nasalized. The rules get more complex than this but may vary between dialects. Digraphs: French does not introduce extra letters or diacritics to specify its large range of vowel sounds and diphthongs, rather it uses specific combinations of vowels, sometimes with following consonants, to show which sound is intended. Gemination: Within words, double consonants are generally not pronounced as geminates in modern French (but geminates can be heard in the cinema or TV news from as recently as the 1970s, and in very refined elocution they may still occur). For example, "illusion" is pronounced [ilyzjɔ̃] and not [illyzjɔ̃]. But gemination does occur between words. For example, "une info" ("a news") is pronounced [ynɛ̃fo], whereas "une nympho" ("a nympho") is pronounced [ynnɛ̃fo]. Accents are used sometimes for pronunciation, sometimes to distinguish similar words, and sometimes for etymology alone. n Accents that affect pronunciation n The acute accent (l'accent aigu), "é" (e.g., école— school), means that the vowel is pronounced /e/ instead of the default /ə/. n The grave accent (l'accent grave), "è" (e.g., élève— pupil) means that the vowel is pronounced /ɛ/ instead of the default /ə/. n The circumflex (l'accent circonflexe) "ê" (e.g., forêt— forest) shows that an e is pronounced /ɛ/ and that an o is pronounced /o/. In standard French it also signifies a pronunciation of /ɑ/ for the letter a, but this differentiation is disappearing. In the late 19th century, the circumflex was used in place of 's' where that letter was not to be pronounced. Thus, forest became forêt and hospital became hôpital. n The diaeresis (le tréma) (e.g. naïf— foolish, Noël— Christmas) as in English,

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

n

n

Page 12 sur 21

specifies that this vowel is pronounced separately from the preceding one, not combined and is not a schwa. The cedilla (la cédille) "ç" (e.g., garçon— boy) means that the letter c is pronounced /s/ in front of the hard vowels A, O, and U. ("c" is otherwise /k/ before

a hard vowel.) C is always pronounced /s/ in front of the soft vowels E, I, and Y, thus ç is never found in front of soft vowels. Accents with no pronunciation effect n The circumflex does not affect the pronunciation of the letters i or u, and in most dialects, a as well (the circumflex on i and u is no longer compulsory: boite, chaine, Ile-de-France). It usually indicates that an s came after it long ago, as in hôtel. n All other accents are used only to distinguish similar words, as in the case of distinguishing the adverbs là and où ("there", "where") from the article la and the conjunction ou ("the" fem. sing., "or") respectively.

Grammar French grammar shares several notable features with most other Romance languages, including: n n n

n

the loss of Latin's declensions only two grammatical genders the development of grammatical articles from Latin demonstratives new tenses formed from auxiliaries

French word order is Subject Verb Object, except when the object is a pronoun, in which case the word order is Subject Object Verb. Some rare archaisms allow for different word orders.

Vocabulary The majority of French words derive from Vulgar Latin or were constructed from Latin or Greek roots. There are often pairs of words, one form being popular (noun) and the other one savant (adjective), both originating from Latin. Example: n n n n n n

This article is part of the series on: French language n n

n

n

n

Dialects and History Orthography n Reforms n Use of the circumflex Phonology n Liaison n Elision Grammar n Verbs n Conjugation n Verb morphology n Articles and determiners n Adverbs n Pronouns n Personal Pronouns Francophonie

brother: frère / fraternel < from Latin FRATER finger: doigt / digital < from Latin DIGITVS faith: foi / fidèle < from Latin FIDES cold: froid / frigide < from Latin FRIGIDVS eye: œil / oculaire < from Latin OCVLVS inhabitants of the city Saint-Étienne are called Stéphanois

The last example, Saint-Étienne/Stéphanois, illustrates common practice for gentilics throughout France. In some examples there is a common word from "vulgar" Latin and a more savant word from classical Latin or even Greek.

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre n

Page 13 sur 21

Cheval — Concours équestre — Hippodrome

The French words which have developed from Latin are usually less recognisable than Italian words of Latin origin because as French developed into a separate language from Vulgar Latin, the unstressed final syllable of many words was dropped or elided into the following word. It is estimated that 12 percent (4,200) of common French words found in a typical dictionary such as the Petit Larousse or Micro-Robert Plus (35,000 words) are of foreign origin. About 25 percent (1,054) of these foreign words come from English and are fairly recent borrowings. The others are some 707 words from Italian, 550 from ancient Germanic languages, 481 from ancient Gallo-Romance languages, 215 from Arabic, 164 from German, 160 from Celtic languages, 159 from Spanish, 153 from Dutch, 112 from Persian and Sanskrit, 101 from Native American languages, 89 from other Asian languages, 56 from Afro-Asiatic languages, 55 from Slavic languages and Baltic languages, 10 for Basque and 144— about three percent—from other languages (Walter & Walter 1998).

Numerals The French counting system is partially vigesimal: twenty (vingt) is used as a base number in the names of numbers from 80-99. The French word for 80, for example, is quatre-vingts, which literally means "four twenties", and soixante-quinze (literally "sixty-fifteen") indicating 75. This reform arose after the French Revolution to unify the different counting system (mostly vigesimal near the coast, due to Celtic (via Basque) and Viking influence). This system is comparable to the archaic English use of "score", as in "fourscore and seven" (87), or "threescore and ten" (70). Belgian French and Swiss French are different in this respect. In Belgium and Switzerland 70 and 90 are septante and nonante. In Switzerland, depending on the local dialect, 80 can be: quatre-vingts (Geneva, Neuchâtel, Jura) or huitante (Vaud, Valais, Fribourg). Octante had been used in Switzerland in the past, but is now considered archaic.[15] In Belgium, however, quatre-vingts is universally used.

Writing system French is written using the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics (the circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis, and cedilla) and the two ligatures (œ) and (æ). French spelling, like English spelling, tends to preserve obsolete pronunciation rules. This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. Moreover, some conscious changes were made to restore Latin orthography: n n

Old French doit > French doigt "finger" (Latin digitum) Old French pie > French pied "foot" (Latin pedem)

As a result, it is difficult to predict the spelling on the basis of the sound alone. Final consonants are generally silent, except when the following word begins with a vowel. For example, all of these words end in a vowel sound: pied, aller, les, finit, beaux. The same words followed by a vowel, however, may sound the consonants, as they do in these examples: beaux-arts, les amis, pied-à-terre. On the other hand, a given spelling will almost always lead to a predictable sound, and the Académie française works hard to enforce and update this correspondence. In particular, a given vowel

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 14 sur 21

combination or diacritic predictably leads to one phoneme. The diacritics have phonetic, semantic, and etymological significance. n

n

n

n

n

acute accent (é): Over an e, indicates the sound /e/, the ai sound in such words as English hay or neigh. It often indicates the historical deletion of a following consonant (usually an s): écouter < escouter. This type of accent mark is called accent aigu in French. grave accent (à, è, ù): Over a or u, used only to distinguish homophones: à ("to") vs. a ("has"), ou ("or") vs. où ("where"). Over an e, indicates the sound /ɛ/. circumflex (â, ê, î, ô, û): Over an a, e or o, indicates the sound /ɑ/, /ɛ/ or /o/, respectively (the distinction a /a/ vs. â /ɑ/ tends to disappear in many dialects). Most often indicates the historical deletion of an adjacent letter (usually an s or a vowel): château < castel, fête < feste, sûr < seur, dîner < disner. It has also come to be used to distinguish homophones: du ("of the") vs. dû (past participle of devoir "to have to do something (pertaining to an act)"; note that dû is in fact written thus because of a dropped e: deu). (See Use of the circumflex in French) diaeresis or tréma (ë, ï, ü, ÿ): Indicates that a vowel is to be pronounced separately from the preceding one: naïve, Noël. A diaeresis on ÿ only occurs in some proper names and in modern editions of old French texts. Some proper names in which "ÿ" appears include Aÿ (commune in canton de la Marne formerly Aÿ-Champagne), Rue des Cloÿs (alley in the 18th arrondisement of Paris), Croÿ (family name and hotel on the Boulevard Raspail, Paris), Château du Feÿ (near Joigny), Ghÿs (name of Flemish origin spelt "Ghijs" where "ij" in handwriting looked like "ÿ" to French clerks), l'Haÿ-les-Roses (commune between Paris and Orly airport), Pierre Louÿs (author), Moÿ (place in commune de l'Aisne and family name), and Le Blanc de Nicolaÿ (an insurance company in eastern France). The diaresis on ü appears only in the biblical proper names Archélaüs, Capharnaüm, Emmaüs, Ésaü and Saül. Nevertheless, since the 1990 orthographic rectifications (which are not applied at all by most French people), the diaeresis in words containing guë (such as aiguë or ciguë) may be moved onto the u: aigüe, cigüe. Words coming from German retain the old Umlaut ("ä", "ö" and "ü") if applicable but use French pronunciation, such as kärcher (trade mark of a pressure washer). cedilla (ç): Indicates that an etymological c is pronounced /s/ when it would otherwise be pronounced /k/. Thus je lance "I throw" (with c = [s] before e), je lançais "I was throwing" (c would be pronounced [k] before a without the cedilla).

There are two ligatures, which have various origins. n

The ligature œ is a mandatory contraction of oe in certain words. Some of these are native French words, with the pronunciation /œ/ or /ø/, e.g. sœur "sister" /sœʁ/, œuvre "work [of art]" /œvʁ/. Note that it usually appears in the combination œu; œil is an exception. Many of these words were originally written with the digraph eu; the o in the ligature represents a sometimes artificial attempt to imitate the Latin spelling: Latin bovem > Old French buef/beuf > Modern French bœuf. Œ is also used in words of Greek origin, as the Latin rendering of the Greek diphthong οι, e.g. cœlacanthe "coelacanth". These words used to be pronounced with the vowel /e/, but in recent years a spelling pronunciation with /ø/ has taken hold, e.g. œsophage /ezɔfaʒ/ or /øzɔfaʒ/. The pronunciation with /e/ is often seen to be more correct. The ligature œ is not used in some occurrences of the letter combination oe, for example, when o is part of a prefix (coexister).

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre n

Page 15 sur 21

The ligature æ is rare and appears in some words of Latin and Greek origin like ægosome, ægyrine, æschne, cæcum, nævus or uræus.[16] The vowel quality is identical to é /e/.

French writing, as with any language, is affected by the spoken language. In Old French, the plural for "animal" was "animals". Common speakers pronounced a "u" before a word ending in "l" as the plural. This resulted in "animauls". As the French language evolved this vanished and the form "animaux" ("aux" pronounced /o/ ) was admitted. The same is true for "cheval" pluralized as "chevaux" and many others. Also "castel" pl. "castels" became "château" pl. "châteaux".

Samples This section includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, see Wikipedia Media help. English

French

IPA pronunciation (Canadian accent)

IPA pronunciation (French accent)

French

français

/fʀɑ̃sɛ/

/fʁɑ̃sɛ/

English

anglais

/ɑ̃glɛ/

/ɑ̃glɛ/

Yes

Oui Except when responding to a negatively posed question, in which case Si is used preferentially over Oui

/wi/

/wi/

No

Non

/nɔ̃/

/nɔ̃/

Hello!

Bonjour ! (formal) Salut ! (informal)

/bɔ̃ʒuːʀ/

/bɔ̃ʒuːʁ/

Good evening!

Bonsoir !

/bɔ̃swɑ:ʁ/

/bɔ̃swa:ʁ/

Good night!

Bonne nuit !

/bɔnnɥi/

/bɔnnɥi/

Goodbye!

Au revoir !

/ɔʁvwɑːʁ/

/oʁøvwaːʁ/

Have a nice day!

Bonne journée !

/bɔnʒuʀne/

/bɔnʒuʁne/

Please

S'il vous plaît (formal) S'il te plaît (informal)

/sɪlvuplɛ/

/silvuplɛ/

Thank you

Merci

/mɛʀsi/

/mɛʁsi/

You're welcome

De rien ("it is nothing") / Je vous en prie (formal) Je t'en prie (informal)

Sorry

Pardon / Désolé (if male) / Désolée (if female)

/paʀdɔ̃/ / /dezɔle/

/paʁdɔ̃/ / /dezɔle/

Who?

Qui ?

What?

Quoi ?

/ki/

/ki/

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

Page 16 sur 21

/kwa/

/kwa/

When?

Quand ?

/kɑ̃/

/kɑ̃/

Where?

Où ?

/u/

/u/

Why?

Pourquoi ?

/puʀkwa/

/puʁkwa/

/paʁs(ə)kə/

/paʁs(ə)kə/

Comment vous appelez-vous ? What's your name? (formal) Comment t'appellestu ? (informal) Because

Parce que / "A cause de" literally "because of" or "due to"

For (when used as "because")

Car

Therefore

Donc

How?

Comment ?

/kɔmɑ̃/

/kɔmɑ̃/

How much?

Combien ?

/kɔ̃bjɛ̃/

/kɔ̃bjɛ̃/

I do not understand.

Je ne comprends pas.

/ʒə nə kɔ̃pʀɑ̃ pɑ/

/ʒə nə kɔ̃pʁɑ̃ pɑ/

Yes, I understand.

Oui, je comprends. Except when responding to a negatively posed question, in which case Si is used preferentially over Oui

/wi ʒə kɔ̃pʀɑ̃/

/wi ʒə kɔ̃pʁɑ̃/

Help!

Au secours !! (à l'aide !)

/oskuːʀ/

/oskuːʁ/

Can you help me please ?

Pouvez-vous m'aider s'il vous plaît ? or Pourriez-vous m'aider s'il vous plaît ? (formal) Peux-tu m'aider s'il te plaît ? or Pourrais-tu m'aider s'il te plaît (informal)

Where are the bathrooms?

Où sont les toilettes ?

/u sɔ̃ le twalɛt/

/u sɔ̃ le twalɛt/

Do you speak English?

Parlez-vous anglais ?

/paʀlevu ɑ̃glɛ/

/paʁlevu ɑ̃glɛ/

I do not speak French.

Je ne parle pas français.

I don't know.

Je ne sais pas.

I know.

Je sais.

I am thirsty.

J'ai soif.

/ʒə nə paʀlə pɑ

/ʒə nə paʁl(ə) pa

fʀɑ̃sɛ/

fʁɑ̃sɛ/

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

I am hungry.

J'ai faim.

How are you? / How are things going? / How's everything?

Comment allez-vous? (formal) Ça va? or Comment ça va ? (informal)

I am (very) well / Things are going (very) well // Everything is (very) well

Je vais (très) bien. (formal) Ça va (très) bien. / Tout va (très) bien (informal)

Page 17 sur 21

I am (very) bad / Je vais (très) mal (formal) Ça Things are (very) va (très) mal. Tout va (très) bad / Everything is mal (informal) (very) bad I am ok/so-so / Everything is ok/so-so

Ça va comme ci, comme ça.

I am fine.

Ça va.

"Meh" (most literal "Bof" - a general expression translation of disinterest at the question possible) posed

References 1. ^ (French) "Les francophones dans le monde" (Francophones worldwide") (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c? hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/dossiers/francophonie/francophonesmonde.shtml&prev=/language_tools) − Provides details from a report, (Rapport 1997-1998 du Haut Conseil de la Francophonie, "Etat de la francophonie dans le monde", La Documentation française, 1999, pp.612) which provides the following numbers: 112,666,000 with French as a first, second, or "adopted" language; 60,612,000 "occasional Francophones" for whom usage and mastery of French are limited only by circumstances or by expressive capability; 100-110 million "francizers", who have learned French for several years and have maintained limited mastery, or who have simply been required to learn enough to perform their job. 2. ^ (French) Loi constitutionnelle 1992 (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.languefrancaise.net/dossiers/dossiers.php%3Fid_dossier% 3D50&prev=/language_tools) - C'est à la loi constitutionnelle du 25 juin 1992, rédigée dans le cadre de l'intégration européenne, que l'on doit la première déclaration de principe sur le français, langue de la République. 3. ^ Van Parijs, Philippe, Professor of economic and social ethics at the UCLouvain, Visiting Professor at Harvard University and the KULeuven. "Belgium's new linguistic challenges (http://www.statbel.fgov.be/studies/ac699_en.pdf)" (pdf 0.7 MB). KVS Express (supplement to newspaper De Morgen) March–April 2007: Article from original source (pdf 4.9 MB) (http://www.kvs.be/kvs_express/KVS_EXPRESS_13_WEB.pdf) pages 34–36 republished by the Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy — Directorate-general Statistics Belgium. Retrieved on 2007-05-05. — The linguistic situation in Belgium (and in particular various estimations of the population speaking French and Dutch in Brussels) is discussed in detail. 4. ^ (French) (June 2006) "La dynamique des langues en Belgique (http://regards.ires.ucl.ac.be/Archives/RE042.pdf)" (pdf). Regards économiques, Publication préparée par

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

5. 6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15. 16.

Page 18 sur 21

les économistes de l'Université Catholique de Louvain (Numéro 42) Retrieved on 7 May 2007. “Les enquêtes montrent que la Flandre est bien plus multilingue, ce qui est sans doute un fait bien connu, mais la différence est considérable : alors que 59 % et 53 % des Flamands connaissent le français ou l'anglais respectivement, seulement 19 % et 17 % des Wallons connaissent le néerlandais ou l'anglais. ... 95 pour cent des Bruxellois déclarent parler le français, alors que ce pourcentage tombe à 59 pour cent pour le néerlandais. Quant à l’anglais, il est connu par une proportion importante de la population à Bruxelles (41 pour cent)” ^ 40%+60%*59%=75.4% ^ National Virtual Translation Center (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/november/USlanguages.html&prev=/language_tools) Languages Spoken in the U.S. ^ U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3 (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable%3F_bm%3Dy% 26amp%3B-geo_id%3DD%26amp%3B-qr_name%3DDEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP16%26amp%3B-ds_name% 3DD%26amp%3B-_lang%3Den&prev=/language_tools) - Language Spoken at Home: 2000 ^ a b Population Reference Bureau. 2007 World Population Data Sheet (http://www.prb.org/pdf07/07WPDS_Eng.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-08-16. ^ (French) La Francophonie dans le monde 2006-2007 (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.amazon.fr/Francophonie-dans-mondeOIF/dp/2098821778&prev=/language_tools) published by the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Nathan, Paris, 2007 ^ (French) Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://www.amazon.fr/fran%25C3%25A7ais-Abidjan-approche-syntaxique-nonstandard/dp/2271059682&prev=/language_tools) by Katja Ploog, CNRS Editions, Paris, 2002 ^ (French) "En Afrique, il est impossible de parler d'une forme unique du français mais..." (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://www.cecif.com/%3Fpage% 3Dla_francophonie&prev=/language_toolshttp://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie) ^ (French) http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie "Le français, langue en évolution Dans beaucoup de pays Francophones, surtout sur le continent africain, une proportion importante de la population ne parle pas couramment le français (même s'il est souvent la langue officielle du pays). Ce qui signifie qu'au fur et à mesure que les nouvelles générations vont à l'école, le nombre de Francophones augmente: on estime qu'en 2015, ceux-ci seront deux fois plus nombreux qu'aujourd'hui." ^ (French) http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie#francaisafrique c) Le sabir franco-africain "C'est la variété du français la plus fluctuante. Le sabir franco-africain est instable et hétérogène sous toutes ses formes. Il existe des énoncés où les mots sont français mais leur ordre reste celui de la langue africaine. En somme, autant les langues africaines sont envahies par les structures et les mots français, autant la langue française se métamorphose en Afrique, donnant naissance à plusieurs variétés." ^ (French) http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/centrafrique.htm Il existe une autre variété de français, beaucoup plus répandu et plus permissive: le français local. C'est un français très influencé par les langues centrafricaines, surtout par le sango. Cette variété est parlée par les classes non instruites, qui n'ont pu terminer leur scolarité. Ils utilisent ce qu'ils connaissent du français avec des emprunts massifs aux langues locales. Cette variété peut causer des problèmes de compréhension avec les Francophones des autres pays, car les interférences linguistiques, d'ordre lexical et sémantique, sont très importantes. (One example of a variety of African French that is difficult to understand for European French speakers). ^ (French) Septante, octante, huitante, nonante (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.languefr.net/index/S/septante.htm&prev=/language_tools). langue-fr.net. ^ (French) La ligature æ (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://monsu.desiderio.free.fr/curiosites/ligat-ae.html&prev=/language_tools)

See also n

French Wikipedia

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre n n n n n

n n n n n

n n

n n n n n

n n

Page 19 sur 21

Académie française Office québécois de la langue française La Francophonie History of the French language Alliance française Dialects of French French Creole languages French in Canada French in the United States List of countries where French is an official language French phrases used by English speakers List of English words of French origin French proverbs List of French phrases Morphology of the French verb Reforms of French orthography CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic) - French pronunciation

Verlan Louchébem

External links n

n

(French) Académie française (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-

8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.academie-francaise.fr/&prev=/language_tools) Ethnologue report for French (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp%3Fcode% 3Dfra&prev=/language_tools)

Important: n

n

Typing French Characters using the Keyboard (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://tlt.its.psu.edu/suggestions/international/bylanguage/french.html&prev=/language_tools) Why study French (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://www.fll.vt.edu/french/whyfrench.html&prev=/language_tools)

Courses and tutorials: n

n

n

French Language Course (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.jump-gate.com/languages/french/&prev=/language_tools) (basics) Free French Tutorial including Informal French & Slang (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c? hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://www.ielanguages.com/french.html&prev=/language_tools) (extensive) Learn French at About (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://french.about.com/&prev=/language_tools) (including French

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre

n

n

n

Page 20 sur 21

gestures) Learn the basic rules of French (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://perso.orange.fr/comptoir-desarchives/french.htm&prev=/language_tools) (easy tables) French lessons at Target Language (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.targetlanguage.co.uk/&prev=/language_tools) (extensive) Free French Lessons (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.loquella.com/learn-french&prev=/language_tools)

Dictionaries / Vocabulary Searchable: n

n

n

n

n

n

Great Terminologic Dictionary (by the office of French language of Quebec) (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://granddictionnaire.qc.ca/&prev=/language_tools) (unilingual) XMLLittré French dictionary (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://francois.gannaz.free.fr/Littre/accueil.php&prev=/language_tools) (unilingual) French dictionaries (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://lexilogos.com/francais_langue_dictionnaires.htm&prev=/language_tools) (unilingual) www.wordreference.com (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.wordreference.com/fren/&prev=/language_tools) (bilingual, English-French) French dictionary (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://www.lexibase.com/&prev=/language_tools) (bilingual, English-French) Huge collection (76 in number) of French bilingual dictionaries (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c? hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://dicts.info/dictlist1.php%3Fl% 3DFrench&prev=/language_tools)

Data bases: n

French vocabulary (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://www.frenchteacher.eu/french-vocabulary/&prev=/language_tools), with audio

Other: n

n

n

Machine translation (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.infopaw.com/french&prev=/language_tools) (French to English, German, Italian, and Dutch) Questions and answers (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://www.brain-tune.com/training/run_intro%3Fcatalog_id% 3D17&prev=/language_tools) A Two-Page PDF Reference Guide of the 681 Most Common French/English Verbs (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://www.dudziak.com/verbs.php&prev=/language_tools)

Audio

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Langue française - Wikipedia, l'encyclopédie libre n

n

Page 21 sur 21

Free Audio base of French Words (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=http://shtooka.moostik.net/dico-fr/index.php%3Flng% 3Den&prev=/language_tools) French audio files of the Shtooka.net project (http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en% 7Cfr&u=http://arael.shtooka.net/swf/french/index.php&prev=/language_tools)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" Categories: Semi-protected | Articles needing additional references from May 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since August 2007 | French language | Languages of Africa | Languages of Algeria | Languages of Belgium | Languages of Benin | Languages of Burkina Faso | Languages of Burundi | Languages of Cameroon | Languages of Canada | Languages of the Central African Republic | Languages of Chad | Languages of Comoros | Languages of Côte d'Ivoire | Languages of Djibouti | Languages of Equatorial Guinea | Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Languages of the Republic of the Congo | Languages of France | Languages of French Guiana | Languages of French Polynesia | Languages of Gabon | Languages of Guinea | Languages of Lebanon | Languages of Luxembourg | Languages of Madagascar | Languages of Mali | Languages of Mauritania | Languages of Mauritius | Languages of Monaco | Languages of Morocco | Languages of New Caledonia | Languages of Niger | Languages of Rwanda | Language of Saint Martin | Languages of Senegal | Languages of the Seychelles | Languages of Switzerland | Languages of Togo | Languages of Wallis and Futuna | Languages of Tunisia | Synthetic languages

n n

This page was last modified 19:51, 20 August 2007. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a US-registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.

http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=fr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&langpair=en%7Cfr&u=ht... 21/08/2007 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com