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Independent media in the Chinese-speaking societies
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong 文Question Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong 文Question Legitimacy crisis Malaysia What are the relationships between independent media, NewChanges information in political Mainland China technology and New media leadership environment? Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Independent media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia It refers to those media outlets which are independent of government and corporate Changes in political groupsChina and mostly engaging in social, cultural Mainland leadership and political issues or advocacy. Independent media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia It refers to those media outlets which are independent of government and corporate Changes in political groupsChina and mostly engaging in social, cultural Mainland leadership and political issues or advocacy. 本 Independent media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia New Information technology Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy Technologies aroundcrisis Internet Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy Technologies aroundcrisis Internet Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China Multiple media outlets leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy Technologies aroundcrisis Internet Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China Multiple media outlets leadership Synergy of multimedia本 本 Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China New media environment
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China New media environment
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political The rise of leadership
independent media
New media environment
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong AnyKong intervening Legitimacy factor? crisis Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China
Changes in political The rise of leadership
independent media
New media environment
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong AnyKong intervening Legitimacy factor? crisis Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China
Changes in political The rise of leadership
independent media
New media environment
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership The political movements are triggered off by Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership The political movements are triggered off by legitimacy crisis of the authoritarian regime. Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership The political movements are triggered off by legitimacy crisis of the authoritarian regime. Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonchanges inauthoritarian political regime leadership.
Hong Kong
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s) Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s) Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Independent media had been strong in the Changes in political 1970s (the late colonial period) Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s) Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Independent media had been strong in the Changes in political 1970s (the late colonial period) Mainland China leadership It was overwhelmed by the rise of media conglomerates since the 1980s. Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s) Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Independent media had been strong in the Changes in political 1970s (the late colonial period) Mainland China leadership It was overwhelmed by the rise of media conglomerates since the 1980s. Taiwan as an exception: The dot-com bubble (1995-2001) led to a independent media under nonfever in the commercial sector. authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities
The rise media did not Hong Kongof independent Legitimacy crisis regain its momentum until 2003. Malaysia Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities
The rise media did not Hong Kongof independent Legitimacy crisis regain its momentum until 2003. Malaysia Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis Economic recession (since 1997)
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political The SARS outbreak(2003) Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political The SARS outbreak(2003) Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political The SARS outbreak(2003) Mainland China leadership The public anxiety spread Taiwan as an exception: from economy and independent media under nongovernance to media authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Online radio (Shift from Taiwan ascommercially an exception:run to politically independent media under non- after 2003) orientated authoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Online radio (Shift from Taiwan ascommercially an exception:run to politically independent media under non- after 2003) orientated authoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Online radio (Shift from Taiwan ascommercially an exception:run to politically independent media under non- after 2003) orientated authoritarian regime
Mainland China
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China 文本
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China 文本
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian Legitimacy crisis meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia
Mainland China 文本
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian Legitimacy crisis meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia
Mainland China 文本
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian Legitimacy crisis meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia The hope for media reform in the early period of reform (1980s) Changes was crushed along with in political Mainland China 文本 the crackdown on student leadership movement in 1989
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian Legitimacy crisis meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia The hope for media reform in the early period of reform (1980s) Changes was crushed along with in political Mainland China 文本 the crackdown on student leadership movement in 1989 The sector of information technology and the investment in IT have been booming since the midexception: Taiwan as an 1990s. independent media under non-
authoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian Legitimacy crisis meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia The hope for media reform in the early period of reform (1980s) Changes was crushed along with in political Mainland China 文本 the crackdown on student leadership movement in 1989 The sector of information technology and the investment in IT have been booming since the midexception: Taiwan as an 1990s. independent media They underdidnonnot lead to the rise of independent media authoritarian regime until 2003
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis The new leadership since 2002/03: Malaysia Wen Jiaobao and Hu Jintao Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis The new leadership since 2002/03: Malaysia Wen Jiaobao and Hu Jintao The SARS outbreak and a series of Changes in political Mainland China civil right issues in 2003 leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis The new leadership since 2002/03: Malaysia Wen Jiaobao and Hu Jintao The SARS outbreak and a series of Changes in political Mainland China civil right issues in 2003 leadership Ascendancy of people's expectation for a Taiwan as an political exception: looseunder and free independent media non-environment authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
zuola.com Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Celebrity bloggers and citizen zuola.com journalist compete with internet censorship Changes in speed on internet in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Celebrity bloggers and citizen zuola.com journalist compete with internet censorship Changes in speed on internet in political Mainland China leadership Non-government-affliated Taiwan as an exception: NGO publications independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Celebrity bloggers and citizen zuola.com journalist compete with internet censorship Changes in speed on internet in political Mainland China leadership Non-government-affliated Taiwan as an exception: NGO publications independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Malaysia
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
Barisan Nasional (since 1957): Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Media ownership and cooperating Malaysia with media tycoons (such as Tiong Hiew-King) Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
Barisan Nasional (since 1957): Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Media ownership and cooperating Malaysia with media tycoons (such as Tiong Hiew-King) Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
TaiwanTight as ancontrol exception: over printing and independent media under non- and ISA broadcasting licenses authoritarian regime (Internal Security Act)
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Reformasi and its aftermath (1998) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Reformasi and its aftermath (1998) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership Anonymous websites posing Taiwanchallenges as an exception: to the ruling partyindependent owned media under non- and TV newspaper authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political Malaysiakinileadership (launched in 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political Malaysiakinileadership (launched in 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political Malaysiakinileadership (launched in 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Taiwan as anMerdeka exception: Review (launched independent media under nonin 2005, Chinese) authoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political Malaysiakinileadership (launched in 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Taiwan as anMerdeka exception: Review (launched independent media under nonin 2005, Chinese) authoritarian regime
Taiwan
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities A strong tradition and sector of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis independent media before the Malaysia popularity of Internet Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities A strong tradition and sector of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis independent media before the Malaysia popularity of Internet Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities A strong tradition and sector of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis independent media before the Malaysia popularity of Internet Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Before 1987 Political when the Martial Law opportunities was lifted, Taiwan was dominated by the authoritarian regime of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis KMT Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Before 1987 Political when the Martial Law opportunities was lifted, Taiwan was dominated by the authoritarian regime of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis KMT Malaysia Changes in political From the late 1980s to the early 1990s: Mainland China Democratization and the rise ofleadership independent media -Independent magazine and newspaper -Video Taiwan as an exception: -Pirate radio and TV independent media under non-E-newsletter
authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Decentralization of government funding to the civil society Changes ininstitution political -academic Mainland China leadership-NGO Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Decentralization of government funding to the civil society Changes ininstitution political -academic Mainland China leadership-NGO Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Decentralization of government funding to the civil society Changes ininstitution political -academic Mainland China leadership-NGO Blog and online activist media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Concluding remarks
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong 文Question Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong 文Question Legitimacy crisis Malaysia What are the relationships between independent media, NewChanges information in political Mainland China technology and New media leadership environment? Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Independent media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia It refers to those media outlets which are independent of government and corporate Changes in political groupsChina and mostly engaging in social, cultural Mainland leadership and political issues or advocacy. Independent media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia It refers to those media outlets which are independent of government and corporate Changes in political groupsChina and mostly engaging in social, cultural Mainland leadership and political issues or advocacy. 本 Independent media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia New Information technology Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy Technologies aroundcrisis Internet Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy Technologies aroundcrisis Internet Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China Multiple media outlets leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy Technologies aroundcrisis Internet Malaysia New Information technology New media environment 本 Changes in political Mainland China Multiple media outlets leadership Synergy of multimedia本 本 Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China New media environment
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China New media environment
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political The rise of leadership
independent media
New media environment
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong AnyKong intervening Legitimacy factor? crisis Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China
Changes in political The rise of leadership
independent media
New media environment
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong AnyKong intervening Legitimacy factor? crisis Malaysia New Information Technology
Mainland China
Changes in political The rise of leadership
independent media
New media environment
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership The political movements are triggered off by Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership The political movements are triggered off by legitimacy crisis of the authoritarian regime. Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
My argument
Political opportunities Against technological determinism
Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Political movements are key to the new Malaysia emergence of independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China Changes in political Mainland China leadership The political movements are triggered off by legitimacy crisis of the authoritarian regime. Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonchanges inauthoritarian political regime leadership.
Hong Kong
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s) Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s) Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Independent media had been strong in the Changes in political 1970s (the late colonial period) Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s) Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Independent media had been strong in the Changes in political 1970s (the late colonial period) Mainland China leadership It was overwhelmed by the rise of media conglomerates since the 1980s. Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The decline of independent Political opportunities media (1970s-1990s) Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Independent media had been strong in the Changes in political 1970s (the late colonial period) Mainland China leadership It was overwhelmed by the rise of media conglomerates since the 1980s. Taiwan as an exception: The dot-com bubble (1995-2001) led to a independent media under nonfever in the commercial sector. authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities
The rise media did not Hong Kongof independent Legitimacy crisis regain its momentum until 2003. Malaysia Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities
The rise media did not Hong Kongof independent Legitimacy crisis regain its momentum until 2003. Malaysia Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis Economic recession (since 1997)
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political The SARS outbreak(2003) Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political The SARS outbreak(2003) Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The political crisis of Political Tung Chee opportunities Wah's post-colonial regime Hong Kong Malaysia
Legitimacy crisis
Economic recession (since 1997) Governance crisis (Article 23) Changes in political The SARS outbreak(2003) Mainland China leadership The public anxiety spread Taiwan as an exception: from economy and independent media under nongovernance to media authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Online radio (Shift from Taiwan ascommercially an exception:run to politically independent media under non- after 2003) orientated authoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Online radio (Shift from Taiwan ascommercially an exception:run to politically independent media under non- after 2003) orientated authoritarian regime
New independent media Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Citizen journalism and media activism (Hong Kong In-media established in 2004) Changes in political leadership
Online radio (Shift from Taiwan ascommercially an exception:run to politically independent media under non- after 2003) orientated authoritarian regime
Mainland China
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China 文本
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China 文本
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian Legitimacy crisis meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia
Mainland China 文本
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian Legitimacy crisis meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia
Mainland China 文本
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian Legitimacy crisis meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia The hope for media reform in the early period of reform (1980s) Changes was crushed along with in political Mainland China 文本 the crackdown on student leadership movement in 1989
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian Legitimacy crisis meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia The hope for media reform in the early period of reform (1980s) Changes was crushed along with in political Mainland China 文本 the crackdown on student leadership movement in 1989 The sector of information technology and the investment in IT have been booming since the midexception: Taiwan as an 1990s. independent media under non-
authoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
The Chinese Communist Party: A Hong Kong and top-down authoritarian Legitimacy crisis meticulous control over media (since 1949) Malaysia The hope for media reform in the early period of reform (1980s) Changes was crushed along with in political Mainland China 文本 the crackdown on student leadership movement in 1989 The sector of information technology and the investment in IT have been booming since the midexception: Taiwan as an 1990s. independent media They underdidnonnot lead to the rise of independent media authoritarian regime until 2003
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis The new leadership since 2002/03: Malaysia Wen Jiaobao and Hu Jintao Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis The new leadership since 2002/03: Malaysia Wen Jiaobao and Hu Jintao The SARS outbreak and a series of Changes in political Mainland China civil right issues in 2003 leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
The year of civil right (weiquan) movement Political opportunities (2003) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis The new leadership since 2002/03: Malaysia Wen Jiaobao and Hu Jintao The SARS outbreak and a series of Changes in political Mainland China civil right issues in 2003 leadership Ascendancy of people's expectation for a Taiwan as an political exception: looseunder and free independent media non-environment authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
zuola.com Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Celebrity bloggers and citizen zuola.com journalist compete with internet censorship Changes in speed on internet in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Celebrity bloggers and citizen zuola.com journalist compete with internet censorship Changes in speed on internet in political Mainland China leadership Non-government-affliated Taiwan as an exception: NGO publications independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Hong Kong Malaysia
Individual practices Political opportunities vs. State Legitimacy crisis
Celebrity bloggers and citizen zuola.com journalist compete with internet censorship Changes in speed on internet in political Mainland China leadership Non-government-affliated Taiwan as an exception: NGO publications independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Malaysia
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
Barisan Nasional (since 1957): Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Media ownership and cooperating Malaysia with media tycoons (such as Tiong Hiew-King) Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Background
Political opportunities
Barisan Nasional (since 1957): Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Media ownership and cooperating Malaysia with media tycoons (such as Tiong Hiew-King) Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
TaiwanTight as ancontrol exception: over printing and independent media under non- and ISA broadcasting licenses authoritarian regime (Internal Security Act)
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Reformasi and its aftermath (1998) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Reformasi and its aftermath (1998) Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis A political movement initiated by Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim and his supporters shortly after he was sacked as Deputy Prime Minister in 1998. Changes in political Mainland China leadership Anonymous websites posing Taiwanchallenges as an exception: to the ruling partyindependent owned media under non- and TV newspaper authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political Malaysiakinileadership (launched in 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political Malaysiakinileadership (launched in 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political Malaysiakinileadership (launched in 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Taiwan as anMerdeka exception: Review (launched independent media under nonin 2005, Chinese) authoritarian regime
Online independent media Political opportunities Public services Journalism Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political Malaysiakinileadership (launched in 1999, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil)
Taiwan as anMerdeka exception: Review (launched independent media under nonin 2005, Chinese) authoritarian regime
Taiwan
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities A strong tradition and sector of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis independent media before the Malaysia popularity of Internet Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities A strong tradition and sector of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis independent media before the Malaysia popularity of Internet Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Taiwan as an exception Political opportunities A strong tradition and sector of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis independent media before the Malaysia popularity of Internet Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Before 1987 Political when the Martial Law opportunities was lifted, Taiwan was dominated by the authoritarian regime of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis KMT Malaysia
Mainland China
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Before 1987 Political when the Martial Law opportunities was lifted, Taiwan was dominated by the authoritarian regime of Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis KMT Malaysia Changes in political From the late 1980s to the early 1990s: Mainland China Democratization and the rise ofleadership independent media -Independent magazine and newspaper -Video Taiwan as an exception: -Pirate radio and TV independent media under non-E-newsletter
authoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Decentralization of government funding to the civil society Changes ininstitution political -academic Mainland China leadership-NGO Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Decentralization of government funding to the civil society Changes ininstitution political -academic Mainland China leadership-NGO Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Recent development Hong Kong Malaysia
Political opportunities
Democratization and Legitimacy crisis decentralization of state power
Decentralization of government funding to the civil society Changes ininstitution political -academic Mainland China leadership-NGO Blog and online activist media Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
Concluding remarks
Political opportunities Hong Kong Malaysia
Mainland China
Legitimacy crisis
Changes in political leadership
Taiwan as an exception: independent media under nonauthoritarian regime
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