Traffic_report.docx

Executive Summary The mega city of Bhubaneswar cannot afford the burden of 140 million people on its 360kilometers of land. The concentrated populated itself poses a potential threat. The high-rise buildings, continuously rising industries, increasing number of transports and growing slums continue aggravating the situation. 60 percent of her citizens live beyond the city facilities in spite of their living in the ambit of the city. They throng to the city just to earn their living. Driven by extreme poverty, insecurity, river erosion, serious unemployment problem have sent them to this city. Quickly this situation cannot be changed. Traffic jam stands as the number one problem of Bhubaneswar city. 93%city dwellers are directly related to it. It was followed by pollution 62 percent, higher fares 46 percent, and frequent accidents 26 percent, hijacking 26 percent The city's vehicle population has almost increased ten times since 1992 as a result of our failure to introduce mass transport. Eighty percent of the vehicles are three wheelers, small buses of the old days and cars which spew more than half the major pollutants. Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, photochemical oxides e.g. ozone, nitrogen oxides, particular matter and lead are the main culprits .A recent study indicates that motor vehicles are a

major or primary source of other toxic air pollutants including benzene and a number of carcinogens. In developed countries governments have fought for clean air by regulating all major and many minor sources of air pollution. Industrial emissions have been significantly reduced. As a result of new motor vehicle emission standards introduced in 1988, new vehicles in developed nations are 90 percent cleaner than those manufactured in 1970s.The city dwellers, city planners, policy makers, the experts and researchers who think about the city will unanimously agree that Bhubaneswar is one of the most unplanned cities of the world. Therefore, it comes as no surprise to see that Bhubaneswar's pedestrians, the rickshaw pullers, baby taxi drivers, van wallas, and bus and truck drivers all vie for tiny spaces with noticeable and utter disregard for other's right of way. This obviously creates serious problems such as unnecessary traffic holdup and some unhappy incidents. Serious vehicular-related accidents are growing at an accelerated rate for growing traffic problem. It is reported that government has decided to withdraw about70000 old and dilapidated vehicles from the road. Very old and decrepit vehicles will not be allowed to ply. All these measure are aimed at mitigating the problem. When will it see the light of implementation is unknown to us.

2

Table of contents

Section

Page #

Introduction

4

Literature Review

15

Research Methodology and Objective

18

Data Analysis And results

28

Conclusion

47

Bibliography

49

3

CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION

4

CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION

Bhubaneswar city’s traffic system is considered to be one of the most chaotic ones in the world. The residents are compelled to undergo physical stress and suffer financial losses in terms of man-hours lost on working days. The media, both print and electronic, have been constantly highlighting the sufferings of the commuters in Bhubaneswar city because of the nagging traffic problem. Yet no solution to the problem, apparently, is in sight, at least, in the short and medium terms, though a lot has been said and a big-enough program, undertaken with the assistance from a multilateral lender to improve the traffic situation of the capital city in recent years. Various attempts were taken by previous governments including special meeting with the agencies concerned to devise means to help reduce the intensity of traffic problem in Bhubaneswar city. Some tangible improvements were assured within the shortest possible time. But, in fact nothing has happened with the traffic police remaining indifferent, in many cases, to their usual duty. The drivers of buses and trucks and the rickshaw-pullers continue to be as defiant as before. In the past 5

politicians were often blamed partially for the chaotic traffic because of their alleged involvement in billion-taka toll collection from bus and truck owners and bus terminals. The advisers of the caretaker government were believed to be clean in this respect. Yet, there was no improvement in the traffic situation. The public buses are still ignoring the authorized bus stoppages and picking up and dropping passengers from any point -- even from the middle of the road. At the bus stoppages, the drivers park buses in a haphazard manner blocking normal traffic movement. Then again, the buses do very often overtake other vehicles from the wrong side. Over 95 per cent of the buses plying on different routes of Bhubaneswar city do not comply with requirements under the Motor Vehicles Act (MVA). They do not have back lights, indicators etc. The on-duty traffic sergeants, deliberately or otherwise, overlook violation of MVA and other traffic rules, for reasons best known to them. Against this backdrop, the Bhubaneswar City Corporation (DCC), according to a report published, is considering to take a move for expansion of the electronic signaling system to 'ease' traffic congestion in the city. A good number of such signaling devices have been out of order more than a year. The DCC is responsible for installation and maintenance of the traffic signaling system and the traffic division of the Bhubaneswar Metropolitan Police (DMP) uses the same for 'smooth' traffic movement. The question is: How effective are the electronic traffic 6

signals? In most traffic intersections having installed traffic signaling system, the on-duty traffic policemen resort to the manual control of vehicular movement, on the plea that the system is ineffective during rush hours. This could be mainly due to the absence of a synchronized operation of the entire electronic traffic signaling system. But the basic problem of the city's traffic system is that the existing road network is incapable of holding the ever-increasing number of motor vehicles. Thus, the solution lies not in the installation of electronic signals or increase in the number of traffic police. The effective use of the two might provide some temporary relief but not a permanent solution. Some alternatives such as elevated expressways, subways and multi-layer fly-over across the city hold the key to solving the problem. The new government does need to consider some strong steps as one of its priorities to help address Bhubaneswar city’s chronic traffic problem. More than 7 hundred thousand rickshaws ply the city road, but only 75 thousand have legal number. From time to time attempts are made to reduce the number, but the initiative usually produces very slow impacts. Government has also tried many solutions like flyovers, bridges, and circular water ways. But, it still it needs a lot of planning. Traffic jam is obstructing trade and commerce. Illegal parking is another reason for traffic jam. Cars, trucks and other vehicles are parked almost everywhere. Faulty traffic signaling systems, inadequate manpower and narrow 7

road spaces and overtaking tendency of drivers create pro-longed traffic congestions and intensify sufferings of commuters keeping people motionless as well as creating suffocating condition in the streets. Due to traffic jam, we are suffering economically, physically and even mentally. So, we want to work on this vital issue to find out the causes and suggest some realistic possible solutions and their economical impact on the people of Bhubaneswar city.

Bhubaneswar /ˌbhubɔːnəsuɔːrɔː/ ( listen) is

the

capital

of

the Indian

state of Odisha. It is the largest city in Odisha and is a centre of economic and cultural importance in Eastern India. Along with the old town, the region historically was often depicted as Ekamra Khetra (Temple City). With the diverse ranges of heritage resources, it showcases significant sacred cultural landscape components which have evolved with the support of available natural resource base and cultural trigger.[5] Although the modern city of Bhubaneswar was formally established in 1948, the history of the areas in and around the present-day city can be traced to the 3rd century BCE and earlier. It is a confluence of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain heritage boasting of some of the finest Kalingan temples. With many 6th-13th century 8

CE Hindu temples, which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar

is

often

referred

to

as

a

"Temple

City

of

India".

With Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja ("Golden Triangle"), one of eastern India's most visited destinations.[6] Bhubaneswar replaced Cuttack as the capital on 19 August 1949, 2 years after India gained its independencefrom Britain. The modern city was designed by the

German

architect Otto

Königsberger in

1946.

Along

with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh, it was one of modern India's first planned cities. Bhubaneswar and Cuttack are often referred to as the 'twin cities of Odisha'. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities had a population of 1.7 million in 2011.[7] Bhubaneswar is categorised as a Tier-2 city. An emerging information technology (IT) and education hub, Bhubaneswar is one of the country's fastestdeveloping cities.

The foundation of the modern Bhubaneswar city was laid in 1948, although the areas in and around the city have a history going back to 1st century BCE or earlier.[9] Dhauli, near Bhubaneswar was the site of the Kalinga War (c. 262-261 BCE), in which the Mauryan emperor Ashoka invaded and annexed Kalinga.[9] One of the

9

most complete edicts of the Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, dating from between 272– 236 BCE, remains carved in rock 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the southwest of the modern city.[10] After the decline of the Mauryan empire, the area came under the rule of Mahameghavahana dynasty, whose most well-known rule is Kharavela. His Hathigumpha

inscription is

located

at

the Udayagiri

and

Khandagiri

Caves near Bhubaneswar. The area was subsequently ruled by several dynasties, including Satavahanas, Guptas, Matharas, and Shailodbhavas.[9] In 7th century, Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty established their kingdom in the area, and constructed a number of temples. After the Kesharis, the Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga area until 14th century CE. Their capital Kalinganagara was located in present-day Bhubaneswar City. After them, Mukunda Deva of the Bhoi dynasty – the last Hindu ruler of the area until the Marathas – developed several religious buildings in the area.[9] Most of the older temples in Bhubaneswar were built between 8th and 12th centuries, under Shaiva influence. The Ananta Vasudeva Temple is the only old temple of Vishnu in the city.[11] In 1568, the Karrani dynasty of Afghan origin gained control of the area. During their reign, most of the temples and other structures were destroyed or disfigured.[9] In the 16th century, the area came under pachamani Mughal control. The Marathas, who succeeded the Mughals in mid-18th century, encouraged pilgrimage in the region. In 1803, the area came under British colonial rule, and was part of 10

the Bengal Presidency (until 1912), Bihar and Orissa Province (1912-1936) and Orissa Province (1936-1947).[9] The capital of the British-ruled Orissa Province was Cuttack, which was vulnerabile to floods and suffered from space constraints. Because of this, on 30 September 1946, a proposal to move the capital to a new capital was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of the Orissa Province. After independence of India, the foundation of the new capital was laid by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 April 1948.[9] The name of the new capital came from "Tribhubaneswara" or "Bhubaneswara" (literally "Lord of the Earth"), a name of Shiva, the deity of the Lingaraja temple.[8] The Legislative Assembly of Orissa was shifted from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar in 1949.[9] Bhubaneswar was built as a modern city, designed by German

architect Otto

Königsberger with

wide

roads,

gardens

and

parks.[12] Though part of the city followed the plan, it grew rapidly over the next few decades, outstripping the planning process.[13] According to the first census of independent India, taken in 1951, the city's population was just 16,512. From 1952 to 1979, it was administered by a Notified Area Council or a nagar panchayat; a municipality was established only on 12 March 1979. By the 1991 census, the population of Bhubaneswar had increased to 411,542. Accordingly, on 14 August 1994, the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation was established

11

Bhubaneswar is in Khordha district of Odisha.[14] It is in the eastern coastal plains, along the axis of the Eastern Ghatsmountains.[15] The city has an average altitude of 45 m (148 ft) above sea level.[15] It lies southwest of the Mahanadi River that forms the northern boundary of Bhubaneswar metropolitan area, within its delta. The city is bounded by the Daya River to the south and the Kuakhai River to the east;[15] the Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary and Nandankanan Zoo lie in the western and northern parts of Bhubaneswar, respectively Bhubaneswar is topographically divided into western uplands and eastern lowlands, with hillocks in the western and northern parts.[15] Kanjia lake on the northern

outskirts,

affords

importance.[16] Bhubaneswar's

rich biodiversity and soils

are

65

is

per

a wetland of cent laterite,

national 25

per

cent alluvial and 10 per cent sandstone.[17] The Bureau of Indian Standards places the city inside seismic zone III on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility

to

earthquakes.[18] The United

Nations

Development

Programme reports that there is "very high damage risk" from winds and cyclones.[18] The 1999 Odisha cyclone caused major damage to buildings, the city's infrastructure and cost many human lives.[19][20] Floods and waterlogging in the low-lying areas have become common due to unplanned growth.

Urban structure 12

The Bhubaneswar urban development area consists of the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation area, 173 revenue villages and two other municipalities spread over 393.57 square kilometres (151.96 sq mi).[22] The area under the jurisdiction of the Bhubaneswar

Municipal

Corporation

covers

186

square

kilometres

(72 sq mi).[23] The city is somewhat dumbbell-shaped with most of the growth taking place to the north, northeast and southwest.[24] The north–south axis of the city is widest, at roughly 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi). Growth in the east is restricted due to the presence of Kuakhai River and by the wildlife sanctuary in the northwestern part.[24] The city can be broadly divided into the old town, planned city (or state capital), added areas and outer peripheral areas. It is subdivided into Units and Colonies. The old town or "Temple Town", the oldest part of the city, is characterised by many temples, including the Lingaraja, Rajarani, and Muktesvara temples, standing alongside residential areas. This area is congested, with narrow roads and poor infrastructure.[24] Among neighbourhoods in the old town are Rajarani Colony, Pandaba Nagar, Brahmeswara Bagh, Lingaraja Nagar, Gouri Nagar, Bhimatanki and Kapileswara. The planned city was designed in 1948 to house the capital. It is subdivided into units, each with a high school, shopping centres, dispensaries and play areas. While most of the units house government employees, Unit V houses the administrative buildings, including the State Secretariat, State 13

Assembly, and the Raj Bhavan. Private residential areas were later built in other areas of the planned city, including Saheed Nagar and Satya Nagar. Unit I, popularly known as the Market Building, was formed to cater to the shopping needs of the new capital's residents. Later, markets and commercial establishments developed along the Janpath and Cuttack-Puri Road at Saheed Nagar, Satya Nagar, Bapuji Nagar and Ashok Nagar. A dedicated institutional area houses educational and research institutes, including Utkal University, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology and Sainik School. Indira Gandhi Park, Gandhi Park and the Biju Patnaik Park are located in the unit.[24] The added areas are mostly areas lying north of National Highway 5, including Nayapalli,

Jayadev

Vihar, Chandrasekharpurand Sailashree

Vihar, #Niladri

vihar which were developed by Bhubaneswar Development Authority to house the growing population.[24] The peripheral areas are outside the municipal boundary or have subsequently been included within the extended boundary, including Tomando, Patia and Raghunathpur. Most of these areas were developed in a haphazard manner, without proper planning

14

CHAPTER2 LITERATURE REVIEW

15

CHAPTER2 LITERATURE REVIEW Current scenario Bhubaneswar, formerly Dacca and Jahangir Nagar, is the capital of Odisha and the principal city of Bhubaneswar District. Bhubaneswar is a mega city and one of the major cities of South Asia. Located on the banks of the Buriganga River, Bhubaneswar, along with its metropolitan area, has a population of over 12 million, making it the largest city in Odisha. Bhubaneswar is known as the City of Mosques and renowned for producing the world's finest muslin. As a cosmopolitan city, Bhubaneswar has been the center of Persio-Arabic and Western cultural influences in eastern South Asian Subcontinent. Today it serves as one of the prime centers for culture, education and business in the region. Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport, with close to 400,000 rickshaws running each day – the largest number for any city in the world. However, only about 85,000 rickshaws are licensed by the city government. Relatively low-cost and non-polluting cycle rickshaws nevertheless cause traffic congestion and have been banned from many parts of the city. Public buses are operated by the state-run Odisha Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) and by 16

private companies and operators. Scooters, taxis and privately owned automobiles are increasingly becoming popular with the city's growing middle class. The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine taxis with "Green taxis" locally called CNG, which run on compressed natural gas. Bhubaneswar has 1,868 kilometers of paved roads. It is connected by highways and railway links to Chittagong, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Faridpur and Sylhet. Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata and Agartala have been established by the BRTC which also runs regular bus services to those cities from Bhubaneswar. The Kamalapur Railway Station and the Airport (Biman Bandar) Railway Station are the main railway stations providing trains on suburban and national routes operated by the state-run Odisha Railway. The Sadarghat Port on the banks of the Buriganga River serves the transportation of goods and passengers upriver and to other ports in Odisha. The Zia International Airport is the largest and busiest in the nation.

17

CHAPTER3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND OBJETIVE

18

CHAPTER3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND OBJETIVE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN: -

• Visited the students across Bhubaneswar& gathered information required as per the questionnaire. • The research design is probability research design and is descriptive research. The success of the analysis mostly depends on the methodology on which it is carried out. The appropriate methodology will improve the validity of the findings.

 Area of the study: The study was mainly concentrated on Bhubaneswar region.

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 Research Design: Descriptive Research: Descriptive research includes survey and fact-findings enquire of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state affairs, as it exists at present.  Data Collection: The study is based on the data collected through primary and secondary sources.

 Primary Data: An interview schedule was designed to collect primary data from various broadband users.  Secondary Data: Secondary data was collected from journals, magazines, web sites and from other relevant publications.  Sampling Design: The sampling design mainly consists of the sample taken for the study along with the sample size, sample frame and sampling method.  Sample Universe: All People using broadband connection was taken as the sample universe.  Sample Size:

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From the universe, sample sizes of 200 People were selected for the purpose of the study.

 Sample Frame: The People were selected on a random basis from which the respondents were selected based on convenience.  Sampling Method: Convenience sampling was used, based on the willingness and availability of the respondents. The study was conducted on consumers with different type of business. Sample Size —200 respondents Sample Unit- Students of Graduation and the Post Graduation have been taken as sample unit. Sampling Area – Bhubaneswar. Sampling Technique - Random Sampling technique

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3.2 DATA COLLECTION:

• Primary data has been used by me in the form of Questionnaire & Observation, which are the two basic methods of collecting primary data, which suffices all research objectives.

• Secondary data sources like catalogue of the company, product range book of the company & various internet sites such as motorola.com & google.com have been used.

The primary objectives of the study was,  To Analyzing Traffic Problems in Bhubaneswar The secondary objectives of the study was, a) To find the awareness among the People for Traffic Rules b) To analyze the social position of Bhubaneswar Traffic Problems c) To analyze the helping status of the people. d) To identify the People actual problem and Government policies. e) To make suggestion, if any to improve existing condition. 22

f) To know if there are relationships between Traffic Problems and Solution

3.3 NEED AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Today, for any organization or firm to survive in this competitive world depends on its ability to be dynamic and be different from the competition to be unique in the industry. Traffic Problems Satisfaction helps every organization to keep the existing Traffic Problems and to build new Traffic Problems. This research is aimed at profiling the standard Traffic Problems with an aim to increase the network and improve company-Traffic Problems relations. The information gathered through this research can be used by the company to improve its services and became more People friendly. This can increase the goodwill of the company and its overall performance. Thus this study is aimed to provide the management with some knowledge about its status in market both in terms of sales and Traffic Problems awareness. The research also aims to provide some ideas to improve the company’s present condition.

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3.4 FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS a) The more satisfied the People are with the speed of data transmission, the higher is the Traffic Problems satisfaction. b) The more satisfied the People are with after sales service, the higher is the overall satisfaction. c) The process of getting the problem solved will increases the Traffic Problems loyalty and satisfaction d) The higher is the overall satisfaction, the higher is the intention of additional purchase. (up gradation or new purchase ) e) The higher is the overall satisfaction, the higher is the intention of recommendation.

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3.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY a) The behavior of the Traffic Problems while approaching them to fill the

questionnaire was unpredictable. b) The shortage of time was another constrain for the study. c) There may be error due to bias of respondents.

d) Lack of Traffic Problems’s cooperation was a major constraint. e) Majority of the Traffic Problems were too aggressive in nature. f) The sample was restricted to 200 People, which may restrict the scope and

completion of study.

3.6 RELIABILITY

To ensure reliability of this research, the questionnaire was designed to measure the concept in a consistency manner; it implies that the research study can be 25

conducted by anyone to arrive at the same findings. The reliability of research is ensured through transparency. In conducting this research study, accuracy and robustness of the research findings were given top priority, as in accurate data would jeopardize the research work. Certain steps were taken to assess and ensure the validity and the reliability of the data collected. . The questionnaires were made in English language. While students were answering the questionnaire, they were closely observed and a close discussion was conducted to ensure that all questions were clearly understood and were easy to answer. Students were asked to point out any difficulty that they encounter while answering the questionnaire. The results of the pre-testing indicate no flaws in the questionnaire. According to Bryman and Bell (2011, P.41) reliability is concern with the question of whether the result of a study are repeatable. He further notes that validity, reliability, and replication of research are the most prominent criteria for evaluation of research work. Reliability and validity are related in the sense that validity presumes reliability. In line with the above definition, priority would be given to both reliability and validity, given that one cannot exist without the other. While Matthias Baumgarten define reliability to be consistency of measurement of a concept, using an identical measurement, procedures and the replicable of the findings Priorities were given to reliability of the material. The assessment of the 26

quality of the material were based on provenance, references, precision of the writing, analysis and the research evidence as recommended by Fisher (2007,P.92). The books or the literature used in this research were written by renounced authors in the field of marketing. Peer reviewed journals and articles were among the materials used in this research study, given that they are more reliable than non peer review articles as acknowledge by Fisher (2007, P.92) .He further notes that thorough examination of the literature materials are essential prior to including it in the research work. The article used in this report is mostly from Emerald which are peer review. The prime purpose of using peer review article is to ensure that the data uses are reliable

27

CHAPTER4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

28

CHAPTER4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS The transport mediums of Bhubaneswar city are: 1) Public Bus, 2) Rickshaw, 3) Taxi, 4) Private Car, and 5) Motor cycle.

29

we can see that the most used transport is Public bus, which is 41%. After public bus, people use mostly rickshaw. It is very popular transportation in Bhubaneswar City, which is used 38% by people. People use taxi cab or small three wheel taxis also but not that much (11%). And only 8% of people use private cars. There are also few bicycle travelers in Bhubaneswar city. In Bhubaneswar City Corporation there are around 7 million people and in Bhubaneswar metropolitan there are more than 12 million people. In this mega city, people on an average spend 2.35 hours in the traffic of which 1.30 hours are due to traffic jam. It means they are losing 1.30 hours every day due to traffic jam. They are losing 1.30 hour of resource every day. It means it takes more than double transportation time.

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Body Causes of traffic jam (a) City lay-out (master plan) and over-population: The causes of traffic congestion in Bhubaneswar city are multifarious. Starting from the city itself, it is observed that the skeleton, structure and lay-out of Bhubaneswar City are not wellplanned and well-directed. Bhubaneswar is also a highly populated city. More than one crore people live here and the figure is increasing day by day. This huge population acts as an auto-catalyst of traffic congestion in Bhubaneswar City.

(b) Inadequate and unplanned roads: Bhubaneswar City has very inadequate road networks. For a standard city, where the minimum road requirement is 25%, Bhubaneswar has only 7.5% road of its total area. 30% of this 7.5% road is also occupied by the hawkers, salesman and shopkeepers. A significant portion is occupied by construction materials and waste-containers of the City Corporation. As a result, vehicles do not get sufficient space to move on.

31

Besides this, in most cases roads are serpentine rather than being straight. This ultimately breeds a number of unnecessary junctions where vehicles automatically slow down. Again, these roads are also not well constructed and regularly repaired. City Corporation, DESA, WASA, BTTB excavate the roads randomly without any integrated and central plan. Lack of proper maintenance causes the vehicle to stop without any prior notice. During the rainy season the situation becomes more critical while the roads go under water due to heavy rain.

(c) Heterogeneous vehicles and inadequate public transport: Bhubaneswar is a city of heterogeneous vehicles. Human puller to latest model automobile, mechanical to non-mechanical, slow to fast-moving, nothing left on the road of Bhubaneswar. It is quite difficult to control all these vehicles on the same road as they have different speed capacity. Besides this, public transport system in Bhubaneswar city is not adequate and properly-routed. Instead of big and spacious buses, presence of large number of mini-buses and private vehicles can only contribute to carry few passengers, but not to reduction of traffic congestion.

(d) Rail crossing: Every day we are experiencing movement of 74 trains to and from Bhubaneswar. On an average, it takes five minutes to get the clearance for 32

each crossing. Thus in one crossing, every day the vehicles stop for six hours that is really difficult to offset.

(e) Insufficient parking arrangement and road blockage: Limited parking arrangement is another major cause of excessive traffic in Bhubaneswar City. It has become a regular practice to park the car on road. Even during rush hours, people are seen loading and unloading their vehicles on a busy road. City transports also stop here and there without any valid reason. The three major bus stations, Sayedabad, Gabtoli and Mohakhali do not have sufficient capacity to accommodate all the buses operating from here. A recent addition to road blockage is the long queue of vehicles at CNG stations, which is really difficult to overcome.

Challenges we face

(a) People are not law abiding: At this stage, I am going to mention a few problems that we always face to address the traffic issues. Most important problem that we realize ‘people are not law abiding, they do not want to follow traffic rules’. Pedestrians show less interest to use footpath, foot-over-bridge or under-

33

pass. Similarly, drivers neither try to maintain the speed nor follow the lane. In most cases, as the punishment is nominal, they tend to breach the rules again and again.

(b) Inadequate logistics: Our traffic management system is not automated and well-equipped. All the junctions are not facilitated with signal lights. Where there are lights, most often those remain out of order. Moreover, uneven flow of vehicles from different directions reduces the effectively of traffic signals. Besides, we do not have sufficient vehicles to chase a car or bus committed an accident.

(b) Shortage of Manpower: We do not have sufficient and well-trained human resources. Four thousand officers work in two shifts- morning and afternoon. Due to administrative and other involvement, only fifteen hundred officers can be engaged in one shift to control the movement of millions of people and vehicles in Bhubaneswar City. This figure is quite insufficient to manage the existing traffic scenario.

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Solutions

of

Traffic

Jam

in

Bhubaneswar

City:

The solution of traffic jam in Bhubaneswar City is not easy. We will discuss solutions from three points of view. a. General people’s point of view, b. Vehicle operators point of view & c.

Expert’s

Solution Provided by General People:

The main solutions provided by general people are – 1) Awareness building, 2) Flyovers, 3) Public transportation, 4) Strict traffic law implementation, 5) Office/School time scheduling,

35

point

of

view.

6) Subway & 7) Removing rickshaw. So, most of the people think that traffic jams can be reduced by creating proper awareness. Other than that more flyovers, more public transportation, strict law enforcement

can

reduce

traffic

jam.

Figure 1: Solution provided by general people for traffic jams.

1. Awareness Building To reduce traffic congestion in Bhubaneswar City, the most vital prerequisite is the development of public awareness. Unless and until people change their perception and develop a mind to abide traffic rules, whatever strategy Government takes, that will not work properly. Law-abiding consciousness, good-intention and sincere cooperation can remarkably reduce traffic jam in Bhubaneswar city. 2. Flyovers 36

Many people 16% think that flyovers can be a possible solution to the current traffic condition of Bhubaneswar city. If flyovers can be construction in the main roads then the vehicles can move on the roads as well as on the flyovers at the same time. That will surely reduce the load on the busy roads. 3. Public Transportation More people, 12%, will be willing to travel through public transports rather than private cars if proper public transportation service can be offered. People think that public transport, like bus, can carry many passengers at the same time which will reduce the cost and time expense for them. 4. Strict Traffic law Implementation 23% people think that traffic jam in Bhubaneswar City can be reduced by implementing traffic law strictly. If all types of vehicle drivers follow the traffic rules properly then it can surely decrease the load on the road and improve the current scenario.

5.

Office/School

Time

Scheduling

Many people 16% think that flyovers can be a possible solution to the current

37

traffic condition of Bhubaneswar city. If flyovers can be construction in the main roads then the vehicles can move on the roads as well as on the flyovers at the same time. That will surely reduce the load on the busy roads. Government has successfully implement different timing schedule for schools of Dhanmondi area and that can be applied to all other areas as well. 12% people think that it will reduce the office and school time traffic load on the roads. 6. Subway Subway can be a possible solution for a busy city like Bhubaneswar which do not has the ability to provide wider road for the vehicles. Subway can provide underground access for the vehicles all over the city and reduce traffic jam. 7. Removing Rickshaw Bhubaneswar city has eighty-five thousand legal rickshaws whereas it has more than six lakh rickshaws. It is learnt that more one lakh is going to join them before the Eid. Still it becomes awfully difficult to get a rickshaw during office going and coming time. Rickshaw pullers don't want to go to the passengers' expected places. They just wait in particular places to move to some particulars areas causing traffic jam as well as tremendous problems to the passengers. 18% people think that rickshaw should be removed, at least from the main roads, to improve the current

38

traffic condition. They also think some more steps can be taken to reduce traffic jams. Like – 1) Sky train, 2) Restriction/ more tax on private vehicle, 3) Mandatory school bus, and 4) Modern equipped signaling system.

Solution Provided by Vehicle Operators The main solutions provided vehicle operators are – 1) Strict traffic law implementation, 2) Flyovers, 3)

Dedicated

road

for

vehicles

39

&

Decentralization.

Figure

2

:

Solutions

provided

by

vehicle

operators.

1. Strict traffic Law Implementation 41% vehicle operators think that traffic jam in Bhubaneswar City can be reduced by implementing traffic laws strictly. If all types of vehicle drivers follow the traffic rules properly then it can surely decrease the load on the road and improve the current scenario. 2. Flyovers Many drivers 25%, think that flyovers can be a possible solution to the current traffic condition of Bhubaneswar city. If flyovers can be construction in the main roads then the vehicles can move on the roads as well as on the flyovers at the same time. That will surely reduce the load on the busy roads. 3. Dedicated Road for Vehicles 40

Bhubaneswar is a city of heterogeneous vehicles. Human puller to latest model automobile, mechanical to non-mechanical, slow to fast-moving, nothing left on the road of Bhubaneswar. It is quite difficult to control all these vehicles on the same road as they have different speed capacity. There should be dedicated roads for difference types of vehicles. 4. Decentralization According to the drivers, people are normally moving from their home to the offices, schools, industries and markets. Bhubaneswar city cannot provide adequate road facility for all this activities. 16% drivers think that Bhubaneswar should be decentralized and major offices, industries like Tanneries, Cantonment etc. should be moved away from this busy city to reduce load on the roads.

Solution Provided by Experts: Experts mainly suggest solution in term basis. There should be dedicated roads for difference types of vehicles. They think it should be – a. Short term basis (less than 5 years), b. Midterm basis (5 to 10 years) and

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c. Long term basis (more than 10 years).

1. Short Term Solutions The main short term solutions are stated below i. Increasing pedestrian facilities, ii. NMT (Non-Motorized Transport) free road, iii. Maximum use of road width, iv. Banning unauthorized parking, v. Controlling road side activities, vi. Modern signaling system, vii. Speed wise dedicated road for vehicles, viii. Car free days, ix.

High

Parking

x. Discourage private cars, xi. Effective use of underpass and over bridge, xii. School bus, 42

charge,

xiii. Time rescheduling, xiv. TIA (Traffic Impact Assessment) before plan pass of any construction, xv. Increase the number of public vehicle, and xvi.

Training

of

traffic

polices.

2. Mid Term Solutions Mid-term

solutions

according

to

experts

are

given

below

i. BRT (Bus Rapid Transit), ii. Elevated express highway, iii. Only one authority to control traffic of Bhubaneswar City, iv. Construction of roads through East-West, v. Adequate parking facilities, vi. Circular embankment-cum-road along periphery of Bhubaneswar City, vii. Connecting the missing links of important roads, and

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-

viii.

Improving

the

efficiency

of

railways

and

river

ferries.

3. Long Term Solution Long term solutions that experts suggest are – 1) Environment sustainable transport, 2) MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) & 3) Grade separated road network.

1. Environment Sustainable Transport Experts suggest implementing environment sustainable transport to provide transportation facilities to people as well as not to harm the environment. It is essential to minimize the negative impact of transport sector on environment and create increased transport-related environmental awareness in society. While thee transport sector has played a vital role in supporting the economic and social development of Bhubaneswar, it has also brought with it environmental concerns and consequences that need to be addressed. The success achieved in Bhubaneswar with the replacement of highly polluting two-stroke engine version of the three

44

wheeled auto-rickshaws with CNG versions. The current heavy reliance on walking and rickshaw as a means of transport in Bhubaneswar is environmentally beneficial and should not be discouraged.

2. MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) To place all the reliance on one system (namely the BRT system) only which has a limited capacity could place the city at risk. Hence a blend of BRT and Metro is preferred to a single system based on BRT alone. As system capacities are exceeded, the ultimate system will need to include a METRO system. The first priority is to maximize the existing resources by a strong traffic management system. This should be complemented by an appropriate MRT system. It is also recognized that in the longer term, BRT will not be the ultimate solution for Bhubaneswar city which will exceed 36 million populations. 3. Grade Separated Road Network Bhubaneswar city does not have the capacity to provide enough road facilities for the huge number of people residing in the city. There can be alternative ways offered by the Government for the people to move through the city. Grade separated road network can be established for this purpose. Current road condition can be improved along with creating fly overs, elevated highways above the roads 45

and subways, METRO under the roads. These 3 types of road facilities can be implemented to solve the current traffic jam problem by providing more transport passages.

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CHAPTER5 CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER5

Conclusion Bhubaneswar City is the capital of Odisha which is a least developed country. It is very important for this City to take vital role in the economy of Odisha. But now due to traffic jam, this City is causing the major loss in the economy of Odisha. By reducing traffic jam, this city can play a very important role for the country and at the same it can also bring relief and peace for the citizens by ensuring healthy environment free from noise and pollution. To ensure a healthy generation, traffic jam must be reduced. There are lots of solutions. Some are short term and some are long term basis. We need to work on the basis of long term plan and at the same time take care of short term solution to remove current discomforts or problems. It needs a balance so that to fulfill too much short term solution we do not ruin the long term plan. Our focus should be the solution of traffic jam, strong economy and healthy environment.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Bibliography 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion 2. www.ccsenet.org/jms Journal of Management and Sustainability Vol. 2, No. 2; 2012132 3. http://emonhossain.hubpages.com/hub/Traffic-Jam-in-Bhubaneswar-City 4. Khan, M. A. (2007). When shall we get rid of Bhubaneswar city traffic jam? Bitter Truth. The Daily Star, Odisha. 5. Laskar, R. (2007). Rickshaw pullers get licences. The Daily Star. Retrieved from http://www.thedailystar.net/2007/03/04/d703042503132.htm. (November 12, 2011)

6. Statistical Pocket Book. (2008). Odisha Bureau of Statistics.

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