Report_kiit_auto Head Deeper Wireless.docx

ABSTRACT Today in India, cities are racing against each other to be more advanced and smart. Almost everything is about to become digital. Digital India is now becoming an emerging trend in our society. Again making our city or Roads smart is one of the current priorities. Many Govt. Programs have been carried out using these concepts. Through this project, we have introduced a novel technique towards, digital college implementations.

To avoid such incidents, we have designed a prototype of automatic headlight dimmer/deeper. This automatically switches the high beam head light into low beam deeper light thus reducing the glare effect by sensing the approaching vehicle. It also eliminates the requirement of manual switching by the driver which is not done at all times.

Similarly we have used wireless power transfer to draw power from vehicle and to glow street lights from it, for giving a new innovation towards transportation system

CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS What is Embedded system? An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time control system, autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscious market. An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High-end embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc .Lower end embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with an minimal operating systems and hardware layout designed for the specific purpose. Examples Small controllers and devices in our everyday life like Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they are embedded in. SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS:

Figure 2(a): SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS

EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN CYCLE

Figuren 2(b) “V Diagram”

Characteristics of Embedded System •

An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a computer.

•

They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system software in addition to those we encounter when we write applications –

Throughput – Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of time.

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Response–Our system may need to react to events quickly

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Testability–Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult.

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Debugability–Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software is doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem.

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Reliability – embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without human intervention.

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Memory space – Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must make the software and the data fit into whatever memory exists.

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Program installation – you will need special tools to get your software into embedded systems.

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Power consumption – Portable systems must run on battery power, and the software in these systems must conserve power.

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Processor hogs – computing that requires large amounts of CPU time can complicate the response problem.

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Cost – Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded system projects; software often operates on hardware that is barely adequate for the job.

•

Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory. Some have a serial port or a network connection. They usually do not have keyboards, screens or disk drives.

APPLICATIONS 1) Military and aerospace embedded software applications 2) C om m u ni c at i o n Ap p l i c at i on s 3) In d us t ri al aut om at i o n and p ro c es s co nt r ol s o ft w a r e 4) Mastering the complexity of applications. 5) Reduction of product design time. 6) Real time processing of ever increasing amounts of data. 7) Intelligent, autonomous sensors. CLASSIFICATION 

Real Time Systems.



RTS is one which has to respond to events within a specified deadline.

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A right answer after the dead line is a wrong answer

RTS CLASSIFICATION 

Hard Real Time Systems

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Soft Real Time System

HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM 

"Hard" real-time systems have very narrow response time.

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Example: Nuclear power system, Cardiac pacemaker.

SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM 

"Soft" real-time systems have reduced constrains on "lateness" but still must operate very quickly and repeatable.

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Example: Railway reservation system – takes a few extra seconds the data remains valid.

AUTOMATIC HEAD-DIPPER FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE DESIGN

Headlights of vehicles pose a great danger during night driving. The drivers of most vehicles use high, bright beam while driving at night. This causes a discomfort to the person travelling from the opposite direction. He experiences a sudden glare for a short period of time. This is caused due to the high intense headlight beam from the other vehicle coming towards him from the opposite direction. We are expected to dim the headlight to avoid this glare. This glare causes a temporary blindness to a person resulting in road accidents during the night. To avoid such incidents, we have designed a prototype of automatic headlight dimmer/deeper. This automatically switches the high beam head light into low beam deeper light thus reducing the glare effect by sensing the approaching vehicle. It also eliminates the requirement of manual switching by the driver which is not done at all times. The requirement of headlight is very common during night travel. The same headlight which assists the driver for better vision during night travel is also responsible for many accidents that are being caused. The driver has the control of the headlight which can be switched from high beam (bright) to low beam (dim). The headlight has to be adjusted according to the light requirement by the driver. During pitch black conditions where there are no other sources of light, high beam is used to. On all other cases, low beam is preferred. But in a two-way traffic, there are vehicles plying on both sides of the road. So when the bright light from the headlight of a vehicle coming from the opposite direction falls on a person, it

glares him for a certain amount of time. This causes disorientation to that driver. This discomfort will result in involuntary closing of the driver’s eyes momentarily. This fraction of distraction is the prime cause of many road accidents. The prototype that is has been designed, reduces this problem by actually dimming down the bright headlight of our vehicle to low beam automatically when it senses a vehicle at close proximity approaching from the other direction. The entire working of the dimmer is a simple electronic circuitry arrangement which senses and switches the headlight according to the conditions required.

Range of low beam bulb (A) and high beam bulb (B) of a car

CICUIT DESCRIPTION

Tx

Light Transmitter

LED- Light Emitting Diode

Rx

Light Receiver LDR(Light Dependant Resistor)

Controller Name

Opamp LM393

CHAPTER2 WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER (WPT) Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission, or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link. In a wireless power transmission system, a transmitter device, driven by electric power from a power source, generates a timevarying electromagnetic field, that is capable of transporting power across space to a receiver device, which extracts power from this field and supplies it to an electrical load. Wireless power transfer is useful to power electrical devices where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.

Wireless power techniques mainly fall into two categories, non-radiative and radiative. In near field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred over short distances by magnetic fields using inductive coupling between coils of wire, or by electric fieldsusing capacitive coupling between metal electrodes. Inductive coupling is the most widely used wireless technology; its applications include

charging

handheld

devices

like

phones

and electric

toothbrushes, RFID tags, and wirelessly charging or continuous wireless power transfer in implantable medical devices[6] like artificial cardiac pacemakers, or electric vehicles. In far-field or radiative techniques, also called power beaming, power is transferred by beams of electromagnetic radiation, like microwaves or laser beams. These techniques can transport energy longer distances but must be aimed at the receiver.

Proposed applications for this type are solar power satellites, and wireless powered drone aircraft.[7][8][9] An important issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting the exposure of people and other living things to potentially injurious electromagnetic fields

APPLICATION OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER The system can be utilized in designing next generation recharging station that will recharge vehicles wirelessly using wireless power transfer technique,which may take energy from any of the renewable energy souces NEXT GENERATION RECHARGING STATION/PETROL PUMP Cutting down on air pollution is an important step in going green. While transportation is the most obvious generator of air pollution, other aspects of your lifestyle also affect the amount of emissions you create -- everything from the products you buy, your behaviors at home and the way you handle household waste. A number of small changes in different areas of your life can make a difference. The big results come when everyone is making such a contribution. While conventional fuels are derived from crude oil or gas, Solar Energy can be used for power generation and as an ulternative energy.

While conventional fossil fuels like petrol, diesel and CNG are derived from raw materials such as crude oil or gas, and the solar based energy can be used to power vehicles. It is a greenenergy solution for a green future. In this Project we have implemented a new technique to avoid Air Pollution and its adverse effects. We have directly replaced the Petrol pump with Next generation recharging station to power electric vehicles. Through this we may cut down air pollution and may lead for a better future.

Procedure Transmitter Take a PVC pipe and whirl a wire on it seven times after whirling a wire about three inches make a loop for center terminal and continue the process. Now take transistor 2N2222 and connect its base terminal to one end of the copper coil, the collector terminal to the other end of the copper coil and now connect the emitter terminal to the negative (–ve) terminal of AA battery. The center terminal of the

copper coil will be connected with the positive (+ve) terminal of an AA battery. When then the receiver coil is placed 1 inch above of the transmitter coil, then the LED will blink. Receiver Make a 15 turn copper coil and connect a light emitting diode to its ends. Wireless Power Transfer Circuit Working The wireless power transmission can be defined as, the energy can be transmitted from the transmitter to a receiver through an oscillating magnetic field. To accomplish this, power source (DC current) is changed into high frequency AC (Alternating Current) by particularly designed electronics erected into the transmitter. The AC boosts a copper wire coil in the transmitter, which produces a magnetic field. When the receiver coil is placed in proximity of the magnetic field, the magnetic field can make an AC (alternating current) in the receiving coil. Electronics in the receiving coil then alters the AC back into DC which becomes operating power. Application of Wireless Power Transfer The main intention of this project is to design a WPT system in 3D space (transfer power within a small range) and the block diagram of this project is shown below.The block diagram of the wireless power transfer mainly builds with HF transformer, capacitors, diode, rectifier, inductor coil filled with air and lamp. The person is mandatory to be worked every year to change the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power. Thus the power transfer can be done with the transmitter (primary) to the receiver (secondary) that is separated by a considerable distance (say 3cm). Therefore the power transfer could be seen as the TX transmits and the RX receives the power to run a load.

Moreover, WPT technique can be used to charge the gadgets like mobile phone, laptop battery, iPod, propeller clock, etc. And also this sort of charging offers a far lower risk of electrical shock. Furthermore, this project can be enhanced by increasing the distance of power transfer as the research across the world is still going on Thus, this is all about wireless power transmission, wireless power transfer circuit working and its applications which include simple electronic devices like mobile phones, mobile chargers, etc.. Wireless power transfer not only reduces the risk of shock and stops to plug frequently into the sockets. We hope that you have got some basic insights about this concept. Moreover, for any technical help on this topic as well on other electrical and electronic engineering projects you can contact us by commenting below.

CHAPTER3 INDIVIDUAL BLOCK EXPLANATION III (a) RESISTOR A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law: V = IR Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome). The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power they can dissipate. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by design.

Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.

III (b) CAPACITOR

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage. The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a high-power system, and many other important aspects.

III (C) RECTIFIER AND FILTER A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. In positive half cycle only two diodes ( 1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct, in negative half cycle remaining two diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward bias only. Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies for cathoderay and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the supply. This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can be relatively high. Below figure can show how the capacitor changes and discharges.

III (d) LED :

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability.

III (e) PUSH BUTTON A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return to their un-pushed state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch.

In industrial and commercial applications push buttons can be linked together by a mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be released. In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to be released. This method of linkage is used in simple manual operations in which the machine or process have no electrical circuits for control. Pushbuttons are often color-coded to associate them with their function so that the operator will not push the wrong button in error. Commonly used colors are red for stopping the machine or process and green for starting the machine or process.

Red pushbuttons can also have large heads (mushroom shaped)

for easy

operation and to facilitate the stopping of a machine. These pushbuttons are called emergency stop buttons and are mandated by the electrical code in many jurisdictions for increased safety. This large mushroom shape can also be found in buttons for use with operators who need to wear gloves for their work and could not actuate a regular flush-mounted push button. As an aid for operators and users in industrial or commercial applications, a pilot light is commonly added to draw the attention of the user and to provide feedback if the button is pushed. Typically this light is included into the center of the pushbutton and a lens replaces the pushbutton hard center disk.

(Push ON Button)

III (f) LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR) A light dependent resisitor is a resisitor whose resistance changes with the intensity of incident light. The working principle of light dependent resistor is photoelectric effect. A light dependent resisitor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If the energy of the incident light is greater than the band gap of the semiconductor, electron -hole pairs are generated. The photogenerated electron-hole pair transits the device giving rise to photoconductivity. The essential elements of a photoconductive cell are the ceramic substrate, a layer of photoconductive material, metallic electrodes to connect the device into a circuit and a

moisture resistant enclosed Light sensitive material is arranged in the form of a long strip, zigzag across a disc shaped base with protective sides. For additional protection, a glass or plastic cover may be included. The two ends of the strip are brought out to connecting pins below the base as shown below.

Top view

Side view

The commercial photoconductive materials include cadmium Sulphide (CdS), cadmium Selenide (CdSe), Lead Sulfide (PbS) and Indium antimonide (InSb) etc., There is large change in the resistance of a cadmium selenide cell with changes in ambient temperature, but the resistance of cadmium sulphide remains relatively stable. Moreover, the spectral response of a cadmium sulphide cell closely matches to that of a human eye. Hence, LDR is used in applications where human vision is a factor such as street light control or automatic iris control for cameras. The above mentioned features drive us to opt for CdS based LDR in our electronic circuit for Automatic street light controller.

III (g) VOLTAGE REGULATOR (7805 AND 7812) The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate

heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. FEATURES: • Output Current up to 1A. • Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V. • Thermal Overload Protection. • Short Circuit Protection. • Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

III (h) TRANSISTOR BC547 (NPN) AND BC557 (PNP) : Transistors are three terminal active devices made from different semiconductor materials that can act as either an insulator or a conductor by the application of a small signal voltage. The transistor's ability to change between these two states enables it to have two basic functions: switching or amplification. Then bipolar transistors have the ability to operate within three different regions:  Active Region - the transistor operates as an amplifier and IC = β IB  Saturation - the transistor is fully-ON operating as a switch and IC = Isaturation  Cut-off - the transistor is "fully-OFF" operating as a switch and IC = 0 The word Transistor is an acronym, and is a combination of the words Transfer Varistor used to describe their mode of operation way back in their early days of development. There are two basic types of bipolar transistor construction, NPN and PNP, which basically describes the physical arrangement of the P-type and N-type semiconductor materials from which they are made. A transistor is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. The Bipolar Junction Transistor basic construction consists of two PN-junctions producing three connecting terminals with each terminal being given a name to identify it from the other two. These three terminals are known and labeled as the Emitter (E), the Base (B) and the Collector (C) respectively. Bipolar Transistors are current regulating devices that control the amount of current flowing through them in proportion to the amount of biasing voltage applied to their base terminal acting like a current-controlled switch. The principle of operation of the two transistor types NPN and PNP, is exactly the same the only difference being in their biasing and the polarity of the power supply for each type.

CHAPTER4 CONCLUSION Flexibility with the technical customization and economy are the main advantages of the design .This project will have a large effect to the living standard of human being. In the system, a lot of other features can be added to the user's requirement depending upon the situation. The project has been successfully tested in Hardware giving satisfactory results.

REFERENCE [1].M.A.Mazidi, J.G.Mazidi and R.D.McKinlay, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems. [2]. National Semiconductor Corporation, “ADC 0808”, journal published, America, October 1999. [3]. R.P.Jain, “Modern Digital Electronics”, TMH Publication 2003 [4]. Atmel Corporation, “ AT 89S51”, literature journal published, CA. [5].Op-Amp and Linear integrated Circuits by Ramakant A. Gayakwad. [6].Electronic device and Circuit Theory by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky. [7]. Yuksekkaya, B., Kayalar, A.A., Tosun, M.B., Ozcan, M.K., Alkar, A.Z., “A GSM, Internet and Speech Controlled Wireless Interactive Home Automation System”, IEEE Transactions Consumer Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 837-843, 2006. [8]. Y. Zhao and Z. Ye, “A Low Cost GSM/GPRS Based Wireless Home Security System”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 567-572, 2008. [9]. GSM Based Home Automation with Security (Using Microcontroller) Dr. Shaik Meeravali 1, P. Sai Prasad 2 International Journal of Engineering Research &Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 9, September -2013ISSN: 2278-0181.