Trabajo Resuelto Examen Final.docx

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT SECOND PARTIAL –ENGLISH I –Civil engineering  Names 1. Juan José Marenco Arias. 2012-41425 #25 

2. José Luis Pérez Hernández. 2008-24203#34

MODERN ARCHITECTURE 1.-Modern architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. 2.-The style was conceived early in the 20th century. 3.-Modern architecture was adopted by many influential architects and architectural educators, however very few "Modern buildings" were built in the first half of the century. 4.-It gained popularity after the Second World War and became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings for three decades. 5.-The exact characteristics and origins of Modern architecture are still open to interpretation and debate. 6.-Some historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and thus the Enlightenment. 7.-The Modern style developed, in their opinion, as a result of social and political revolutions. 8.-Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. 9.-In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his 'fireproof' design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. 10.-Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. 11.-Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. 12.-It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. 13.-The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from 1926 near Basel, Switzerland.

Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and EdwardianArt Nouveau. Note that the Russian word for Art Nouveau, "Модерн", and the Spanish word for Art Nouveau, "Modernismo" are cognates of English word "Modern" though they carry different meanings. Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new. An early use of the term in print around this time, approaching its later meaning, was in the title of a book by Otto Wagner. A key organization that spans the ideals of the Arts and Crafts and Modernism as it developed in the 1920s was the DeutscherWerkbund (German Work Federation) a German association of architects, designers and industrialists. It was founded in 1907 in Munich at the instigation of Hermann Muthesius. Muthesius was the author of a three-volume "The English House" of 1905, a survey of the practical lessons of the English Arts and Crafts movement and a leading political and cultural commentator.The purpose of the Werkbund was to sponsor the attempt to integrate traditional crafts with the techniques of industrial mass production. The organization originally included twelve architects and twelve business firms, but quickly expanded. EXERCISE I: BASED ON THIS READING, WRITE A SHORT SUMMARY. Modern architecture, is a name given to a series of construction completed, was conceived early in the 20.3 century, adopted by many influential aarchitects and teacher of architecture after the secon Word war and bécame the isntitutional and corporate architectural style in a three decades. mainly driven by technological advances and engineering, construction materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass led to the inveccion of new building techniques as part of the industrial revolution. in 1796 charles sherewsbury Bage first used the design of "litmus test" due to lack of knowledge of the properties of iron as a construction material, the 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the beam section, leading to widespread use of iron construction, the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass building, chicago around 1890 by william Le baron Jenney and they Louis Sullivan.

1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new arquictectonicas solutions to integrate traditional precedents. an early use of the term in print around this time, it approaches its meaning more afternoon was the title of a book by Otto Wagner

EXERCISE II: ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS 1. Do you think that Architecture and Engineering has any relationship? Why?

architecture and engineering has a great relationship that: the architecture is given to a series of constructions term, driven mainly by technological and engineering advances and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass.

2. Did you like this text? Write why? interesting because as has two branch relationship that part of society will continue Avaz many advances in a series of social and political revolutionary construction.