Thesis On Women

Chapter No 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction The present study has been carried out on the role played by the protection home in the rehabilitation of runaway women. The focus of the research is to observe and document the internal workings of a cross section of some of the larger protection homes in the region and to evaluate their collective social services and activities in view of the rehabilitation of runaway women. Inquiries into the contributions made by these institutions in the psycho-social resuscitation of runaway women; the role in the legal and economic empowerment of these women in the ever ongoing fight for their basic right to life and liberty. In order to determine the ‘rehabilitative’ factor of the runaway women we must define what problems they have that require rehabilitation. •

Are they all similar?

•

How (if at all) are the solutions being tailored to their specific needs?

•

Is rehabilitation at a practical life size level actually being achieved?

Questions such as: •

Are their psychological/ emotional needs being addressed?

•

Are the economic/support needs (of their children) being addressed?

•

Are their legal needs being addressed?

•

Are their social needs being addressed?

Are they able to avail opportunities others in the society would be able to…we must look at them as: a) women (a discriminated section of society) and b) Victims of emotional and physical crimes and deprivation.

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In order to determine whether rehabilitation of these women is in fact happening we must first define their problems: In general they fall within the ambit of these four: 1) psychological/ emotional 2) legal 3) economic 4) social These are the problems that beset runaway women in protections to varying degrees. 84% of the admissions are either already married or on/beyond the threshold of forced matrimony. The greatest incidence of admissions has been seen to be due to domestic violence leading to divorce or being the precursor of forced marriage. Domestic violence being in the form of physical, emotional, sexual, verbal or economic…which in most instances has originated from the spouse but in a significant number of cases from the male members of the family/ tribe etc. Divorce proceedings arising either as a consequence of endless years of domestic abuse or else as a direct outcome of coerced marriages (coercion employed in both the establishment as well as the dissolution of the marriage). If we were to stay within the confines of our society and examine a cross section of the protection homes working at present we may restrict our analysis of the role they play in the rehabilitation of women as to how they address the major most issue…that of divorce arising from domestic violence. More questions to be answered… •

Does matrimony for a woman in this society mean just what it is?

•

Does it mean the same as for a woman from another society?

•

Does it mean the same as it does for a man in this society?

•

What is the subjective view of the woman herself?

•

How does she (determine and) contribute to her sense of helplessness and victimization?

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•

Is she supposed to accept her fate silently?

•

What implications are there for her leaving the marriage?

•

Is psychotherapy alone going to fix a problem that is deep rooted in our cultural and religious ideals and customs?

•

What about when these women leave the protection home?

•

Is the rehabilitation meaningful?

According to a Government of Punjab report, 80% of women in Pakistan are subjected to violence. 42.4% accept it as their misfortune/fate 33.6% are ‘powerless’ and ‘unable’ to take action against the aggression/violence 19.2% protest against it 4.8% retaliate and only 7% females opt to leave their homes/abusive environments. The question that begs to be asked is why women in general do not retaliate against oppressive and violent behaviour as a matter of fact. The answer may be that women are entangled in a framework of extreme subjugation at levels ranging from the most direct to the subliminal; ever-propagated and reinforced by virtually all institutions of society. The courts of law- the main avenue by which these destitute women seek recourse- on a number of occasions (citation from Bari doc.), however subtly, have expressed their tacit agreement with the prevailing societal male biases that are at the very cause of these women’s miseries. The courts among others take it upon themselves to banish these redress-seeking women to a life of indefinite confinement that violates the very principles of liberty upon which the Constitution is founded. What role do these Dar-ul-Aman have in the rehabilitation, emotional support, counseling of these women? Do these institutions and others like them bring about any change in the mindset of these distressed women? 1.2

Background of the study

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Hospices for battered wives (malmaritate) can be found in Italy in the sixteenth century…malmaritate -literally meaning unhappily married- was a state presented as the woman’s problem to which only she had the solution(by modifying her life). Her husband’s infidelity, waste and violence are not addressed as problems he must control but rather conditions she must endure. This eventually gave rise to Casa del Soccorso di San Paolo- 16th century Bologna a refuge deemed very necessary for women who could not afford to live outside the home or without their husband. This refuge included women in abusive marriages (malmaritate), victims of rape, prostitutes, girls betrayed by suitors (broken promises of marriage in exchange for their virginity) The knowledge that there have been protections for battered women for over four hundred years strengthens the study…and gives a sense of continuing commitment regardless of the patriarchal social consciousness of the age to women over time and national boundaries…women didn’t just ‘wake up’ in the late 19th century! Jenea L Tallentire, PhD History, Univ. of British Colombia Since the advent of the concept of the refuge for women, there are a variety of women’s ‘homes’ around the world that provide refuge, crisis intervention, protection, protection,

medico-legal

aid,

psychosocial

counseling,

housing,

employment,

empowering activities and strategies; and that are, to varying degrees of success, trying to fill the abysmal void left by inhuman treatments, discrimination, violence etc meted out to the female gender. Women Crisis Centre, Brattlebro, Vermont. At this centre there are professionals who provide support and understanding regarding the problems faced by the women seeking protection. It offers a variety of assistance for women and their children who have been physically and or emotionally hurt by domestic and sexual violence. They provide Protection for women and children who are survivors of sexual and domestic violence and for this purpose they have a 24 hours crisis hotline for destitute women or child. In their center they provide emotional support and if, needed, provide

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legal support. They also keep records about the women’s personal information and about the referrals. While women are in the center they are rehabilitate in groups as well as individually through various means. A special rehabilitation service is provided to those who are drugs or alcohol addicted. Frauenhaus: 4th Anonymous Women Refuge, Berlin Germany. They offer protection and protection support to women and their children who suffer violence in their families. The center provide Day & night protection for women and children voluntary protection that is both anonymous and free. Psychosocial and medical rehabilitation services are offered in need. Administration assists in all matters concerning these womens children for example settling legal problem and claims securing basic needs. They also provide assistance in finding accommodation. Scottish Women’s Aid, Chiswick Scotland. Europe’s first domestic violence protection that operates in accordance with informal and Democratic principles and provides vital services like, temporary refuge upon request , domestic violence helpline ,advice on website and emphasis of self-determination. Moreover it provides medical, legal and social support for those who live and also for those who visit the center. Women Centre for Change Penang, Malaysia. A voluntary non-profit organization dedicated to enhancing women’s status in society through legal reform and support. They offer temporary protection and free legal and medical aid and in special cases they provide psychosocial support. Cambodian Women’s Crisis Centre Phnom Penh. A local NGO registered with the Cambodian Government Ministry of Interior in view of the fact that 40% of Cambodian women suffer from domestic violence. Its purpose is to provide assistance to women and children who are victims of domestic violence and sexual abuse etc. the services include drop in centre for women and children and provide short and long term accommodation according to the need of the

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cases and women are provided counseling by various psychologist and social worker. Medical treatment is also provided. The most important is they provide rehabilitation services like literacy training vocational training, imparting life skills, child care, monetary and legal assistance.

Reintegration/repatriation programs are also vital in this

regard. Rayhandeh Protection Home, Iran. Originally established as a temporary protection home for runaway girls, the purpose of this home is to transform the minds of women oppressed by the patriarchal culture of society. They provide temporary protection along with legal aid and awareness of rights. Rehabilitation services through counseling and therapy are also provided to the runaway women and girls. Nawa Centre for Women in Distress, Suleymania, Kurdistan Iraq. This was the first protection home for women in distress in Iraqi Kurdistan, opened in Suleymania in January 1999. This centre was built with the financial and administrative help of WADI and the co-operation of local women’s organizations. In the first six months of Nawa centre work, it’s assisted or helps out 47 women’s , 29 were successfully back to their homes through reconciliation. There are competent staffs who are working in the Nawa centre. The centre staff consists on social workers, psychologists and medical assistants, who were locally recruited. Nawa centre is providing rehabilitative services to the needy or distress women in regard to make them refunctional for the society. For this purpose, Nawa centre also providing psychological counseling and therapy to those female who are suffering in psychological problems or trauma. In 2001 the centre was taken under the financial responsibility of the Ministry of Social Affairs. One-Stop Crisis Centre OCC Dhaka, Bangladesh. A project of the Ministry of Women and Culture, it is a centre where violated and abused women and children can get the services they need all in one place.

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As part of their services they offer Protection services, medical treatments, counseling Police services and forensic tests. DILASSA-Women’s Crisis Centre India. This is the first of its kind as it is a hospital-based crisis centre for women with most of its clients being referred by doctors and other paramedical staff post treatment for domestic-violence injuries They provide protection, Informal counseling, awareness campaigning and highlighting of issues relating to violence against women PRAJNA- Short Stay Home, Karnataka India. A counseling centre supported by the Central Social Welfare Board Government Of India designed for providing protection to women in distress due to maltreatment by their families. It provides protection to women who are forced into prostitution, those with marital problems and victims of domestic violence. They provide protection, medical care, counseling, non-formal education vocational training, job placement. Rehabilitative/ reform activities and helpline service ‘santwana’ for runaway women.

Panah Protection Home Panah Protection Home was conceived after Amnesty International members upon reading AI’s report of “honor killing” in Pakistan, offered to give money to help alleviate the suffering of the women in such situation. AI contacted the human right NGOs, who identified the dire need of a protection in the province of Sindh where women could take temporary refuge from all those, including relatives, who sought to physically harm them or restrict their access to independent counsel. Panah seeks to provide a safe and peaceful haven for distressed women where they can regain their mental peace and develop self-confidence. It works to instill in women an understanding of their basic rights and start on the path of social and economic independence. These include women who are: •

Victims of domestic violence

•

Under threat of ‘honor killings’

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•

Under threat to their safety as a result of exercising their choice in marriage or divorce

•

Accused of zina under the existing ‘Hudood Ordinances’

•

Victims of sexual abuse, assault and exploitation (rape, incest, child marriage, sale of girl child etc).

Social Welfare, Women Development & Bait-ul- Maal Department, Govt of the Punjab. Vision. Strive to attain the ultimate objective of a welfare state according to the collective social and ethical aspirations of the people free from exploitation, deprivation and discrimination. Policy. •

Provide treatment, counseling and guidance, training and rehabilitative services for drug addicts in collaboration with civil society organizations.

•

Provide reconciliation services, counseling and guidance facilities, medico-legal aid, impart training in marketable skills for rehabilitation of women in distress.

•

Arrange counseling and guidance, recreational facilities and other rehabilitative facilities for the women and child prisoners by taking care of their socioeconomic and religious needs / requirements.

•

Organize training courses in different trades and skills for rehabilitation of women

•

Institutionalize quality services in old Age homes.

•

Provide accommodation facilities for the children Homes.

Strategic Interventions. •

Implementation of Gender Reform Action Plan (GRAP).

•

Conversion of Convalescent Home Multan into Drug Rehabilitation centre.

•

Establishment of Ghewara at Lahore and Multan.

•

Strengthening & capacity building of 8 existing Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman) & establishment of Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman) in 26 districts in Punjab.

8

•

Revamping existing socio-economic Welfare & Rehabilitation Centre for women & children prisoners in jail & establishment of 10 more centers in Punjab.

•

Enhancing capacity of existing women development centre in Model Town Extension Lahore.

•

Establishment of 8 Model Children Homes (Orphanages) in 5 districts in Punjab.

•

Strengthening of existing Old Age Homes and Establishment of 3 more Homes in Punjab.

•

Construction of building of protection homes (Dar-Ul- Aman) in 5 districts of Punjab.

•

Construction of female barracks for women prisoners Jails.

•

Establishment /up-gradation of 100 Vocational Training Institutes in Punjab.

Strengthening and Capacity Building of 8 Existing Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman)

Name of the project

Strengthening and Capacity Building of 8 Existing Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman) and Establishment of Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman) in remaining 26 Districts of Punjab.

Agency responsible for: i. ii.

Sponsorship

Social Welfare, Women Development & Bait-ul-

Execution

Maal Department, Govt of the Punjab Directorate General, Social Welfare, Women Development & Bait-ul-Maal Department, Govt of the Punjab.

Cost of the project

Rs. 92.649 million

Project Duration (months)

24 months

Approval Status:

12.06.2004

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(Date of Approval)

Brief description There are 33 Protection Homes (Dar-ul-Aman) in Gujranwala, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Multan, D.G. Khan, Bahawalpur and Lahore and all other districts of the Punjab. There are two Dar-ul-Amans in Lahore and one in each district. Dar-ul Aman (Protection Home) Department of Social welfare. Table 3.1 Sr

Dar-ul-Aman

#

(Rescue home)

1

District Rawalpindi

Address

Phone Number

Social welfare complex No.2 Shamas

051-4424301

abad Rawalpindi 2

Khanewal

065-9200282

3

Muzafar Garh

Civil lines near RCA Club Khanewal Gillani Street D.G Khan Road Muzaffar

4

Vehari

Garh Liaqat ali Balooch House Tariq bin zaid

067-3363796

Faisal Abad

colony Vehari 19-A 5 Gulam Muhammad Abad Faisal

041-2693170

Sargodha

Abad Block Z commissioners colony near

048-9230633

7

Goujranwala

satellite town Sargodha 539 satellite town nursery tower Goujran

055-9200149

8

Multan

wala Muhalla ameer abad shah faisal colony

061-222637

9 Rajun pur 10 Lahore

near anti corruption office Mulatan Aqeel pur road al-sadiq town rajun pur 36/30 near police station nawan kot chuk

0332-6058890 042-

11 Lahroe 12 D.G Khan

yateem khana Lahroe Rajun garh road chuburgi Lahore Social welfare complex D.G khan

042-7358315 0642-9260470

5 6

10

066-246736

13 Bhawal pur 14 Sialkot

Dilawar colony air port road bhawalpur Social welfare complex near sardar

0322-654047 052-9250491

15 Sahiwal

bagum hospital sialkot House no 171 Block no 07 kachahri Road

040-9200449

16 Mianwali 17 Jhalum 18 Bhakkar

sahiwal House haji akram ullah khan mianwali Muhalla sadat colony dhook juma jhalum House no 68 Block no 12 mandi town 13

0459-234387 0544-927020 0453920021

19 Liyah 20 Lodhran

road Bhakkar Sadat manzal sharif circular road Liyah 0606-414630 Jiwan wala behind DHQ hospital Lodhran 0608-361143

21 Hafiz abad

Muhammad Sharif pura near shaheen

0547-526120

marriage hall goujran wala road hafiz 22 Toba tek singh

abad House no 6 street no 2 muhmood abad

046-2512336

23 Kasoor 24 Chakwal

jhang raod T.T Singh Tehsil Bazar behind district court Kasur Village adhar wal bypass district complex

0543-543708

25 Attock 26 Khushab

chakwal Darul salaam colony Attock 28-83/A officer colony juhar abad

0543-541301 057-9316241 0454-920049

27 Mandi Bhaoudin

khushab Wapda colony road bankers street mandi

0546-501540

28 Sheikhupura

bhaoudin Muhalla islam pura near near Dr. Maj

056-3812273

Saeed Abdullah clinic railway road 29 Jhang

sheiikhupura 35/4 Block Z satellite town near police

0477-620189

30 Narowal

post Jhang Near Tal war church zafar wal by-pass

0542-410646

31 Pakpatan

narowal Muhalla anam abad near tehsil nazim

32 Gujrat 33 Okara

office pak patan Gujrat Government colony benazir road okara

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053-926059 0442-523267

These homes were established to provide immediate relief and protection to women / girls in distress. Categories of women in distress including referred by courts; referred by NGOs; and women may approach to these homes at their own for protection. Objectives of the Protection Homes •

To provide immediate boarding and lodging, medical and counseling/ guidance facilities for run away/ disadvantaged women / girls in distress.

•

To impart training in marketable skills to the inmates to enable them engage themselves in self-employment after their release from Protection Homes.

Achievements up to September 2006 •

All the protection homes have been established in hired buildings.

•

Recruitment of staff has been completed.

Services have been started in the Protection Homes in 26 districts. 1.3

Statement Of The Problem The present study has been carried out to examine the existence and success of the

spectrum of activities being offered to the residents at local women’s protection homes. There have been studies carried out on the state of Pakistani women’s protections in general however, there are no exhaustive studies pertaining to the actual rehabilitative activities (if any) that take place within such institutions and if so then to what extent do they contribute to the social restoration and reintegration of runaway women to mainstream society. The problem revolves around understanding the social fabric that these women are subject to; to understand their psychological makeup and to understand the phenomenon of ‘a woman running away from her home/family’ in this society. We want to see what part (if any) these protection homes are playing in restoring to these distressed women a more normal existence. 1.4

Sociological Significance Of The Study

According to the Constitution of the Pakistan:

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Article 4: Ensures inalienability of every citizen to enjoy the protection of the law and to be treated In accordance with the law. Article 9: No person shall be deprived of life or liberty in accordance with law. Article 14: Makes dignity of a person inviolable. Article 35: Directs the state to protect the marriage, the family, the mother, the child. According to these the protection of the family, the mother and the child is not so much a socially imposed quasi-moral obligation doled out as charity as much as it is a constitutional safeguard afforded by the law of the land to any section of the family that is in need of protection (usu. Women and children) The family is one of the institutions of society and a smooth environment within the family structure contributes to an optimally functioning society. However in instances where this family system breaks down the basic needs of the family members which were previously being met by the family need to be addressed by a parallel support system. Protection homes in theory are the social safety nets for disrupted marriages and familiesif these (and other) secondary lines of defense are not there the victims of dysfunctional families and marriages can become easy prey to various anti-social elements. This study is sociologically significant in that the safety, support and wellbeing of a society’s women is tantamount to the smooth running of the institution of family This study deals with the physical as well as the psychosocial element of the stigmatization that plagues residents of the protections being victims of domestic violence, rape etc. It assumes a darker psychological flavor that goes beyond the mere criminal commission of the act of brutality and abuse. In terms of the Pakistani society it deems to rid a woman of her social acceptance/ respectability, confidence in her basic human potential transforming hers into an unhealthy mental psyche plunging her into the depths of depression, guilt, self-blame with physiological manifestations such as schizophrenia, mental imbalance and nervous breakdown to name a few. It is hoped that this study will give an insight into the lives of runaway women and how our society is responding to their needs…in light of resident’s points of view as well as previous academic research. 1.5 Objectives of the Study

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The following objectives were extracted from the study: •

To see whether the basic human rights of the residents women were being respected in terms of the indicators previously defined

•

To find out what kind of services and /or rehabilitative activities these protection homes provide to their residents

•

To discover the various reasons of admission of these women

•

To discover which of the protections so studied is offering the ‘best’ care in terms of rehabilitative activities

•

To unearth the level of satisfaction, security and general sense of wellbeing among these women

•

To discover the success of the rehabilitative initiative (if any) of these institutions and in so doing to determine whether they are at all functional for society.

Chapter No 2 Literature Review Literature Review A perusal of the literature currently available on the topic produces many a subtheme related to the rehabilitative role of protection homes…such as •

The state of the facilities of these institutions,

•

The denial of basic freedoms to the inmates, 14

•

The attitude /competency level of the staff,

• •

The level of understanding of the underlying problems that beset these inmates,

•

The judgmental gender-insensitive treatment meted out by the concerned authorities such as the social welfare department, judiciary and protection home administration.

•

The importance of economic empowerment in the process of rehabilitation,

•

The importance of counseling in the process of rehabilitation.

•

Measures taken by the government and recommendations.

These areas are all equally important in ensuring the success of any rehabilitative program and hence all these themes must be visited to complete a review of literature on this topic. 2.1 The State of the Facilities These are rescue homes for women in distress or facing litigation in courts for cases mostly related to family and matrimonial matters. Women who are forced to leave their homes due to these reasons are accommodated in these houses. These houses provide protection to women and their children up to the time they need protection (6). The Public sector has 13 protections all of which lack the resources to provide support services to women. A national study on protections for women reveals that these protections are unable to meet women’s urgent need for support and rehabilitation. The administrative policy of the protections established control of the management over women’s lives and converted them into sub jails. (1) The findings of one study show that the existing facilities of refuges do not meet women’s urgent needs for support and rehabilitative services…however these refuges could play a more effective role in transforming women’s lives by providing them with opportunities to reduce their socioeconomic and psychological vulnerability and creating options in their lives.(1)

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…women, because they are so vulnerable and so frequently exploited in our society, sometimes need a second chance. They need a place where they can recover from their physical and emotional hurt, a protection from the security of which they can ask for justice, and a helping hand which can assist them until they are ready to face the world anew. This is what Dar-ul-Amans can be…it is crucial, however, not to lose sight of what Dar-ul-Amans are not…First Dar-ul-Amans are not some kind of sub-jail to which the law can send women tentatively for confinement. Thus the Government of the Punjab, Directorate General Social Welfare and Women Department issued instructions for running protections functioning under the Punjab government. The policy guidelines expressly state that “adult women must be admitted only with their voluntary and free consent, and be free to leave at will” (4) The Dar-ul-Aman in Lahore, run by the Anjuman Himayat I Islam, is the oldest of the protection homes in the country. Dastak, an NGO, serves as a similar resource for women in Lahore…The Dar-ul-Aman, Lahore has been forced to operate practically without an executive committee under the direction of a superintendent and a matron. Moreover, no expansion or rationalization of facilities has been possible. Everyone of the five rooms of the building houses ten to fifteen women, and each bed is shared by two. Overcrowding is not the only problem. Complaints of lack of cold drinking water, for example, are not uncommon. Access to competent lawyers is also an issue. Nevertheless the efforts of the management of these institutions are particularly laudable given the tight resources on which these protections are being forced to operate. Security is n important issue for protections. Many of the women who come to these protections are fleeing hostile pursuers who simply will not go away…for similar reasons, residents who wish to leave the Dar-ul-Aman temporarily for a court hearing for example, need adequate protection during their trip. The risk to their person is often significant. (4) 2.2 Denial of Basic Freedoms to the Inmates 94.1% respondents reported that they were not allowed to go out even to work or find work for themselves…

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Five managers justified the restriction on women’s mobility by arguing that the women were morally corrupt and hence could not be trusted: ‘How can we allow them to go out? These women have no character. If they become pregnant, how will we deal with the situation?’ (Remark from Dar-ul-Aman manager) ‘These are not good women. if they are allowed to go out they will indulge in immoral activities and bring a bad name to the Dar-ul-Aman’ (remark from a Dar-ul-Aman manager) ‘These women run away. They have no concept of Izzat (honor). We must control them’ (remark from a protection manager) …there were other women who had no court cases pending and had come to the refuges of their own free will but were not allowed to go out or leave if they wanted… …the reasons given by managers do not justify the denial of these women basic human right to liberty and also their constitutional right to freedom of movement. …the policies of the Dar-ul-Amans and protections violate women’s right to freedom of movement and destroy their chances of rehabilitation through their own efforts to do something for themselves and their children. (1) Dar-ul-Amans are not the custodians of the morality of the women who seek refuge in them. They are places of respite, not restraint. They are places of refuge, not reform. …the very notion of a protection Is defeated every time Dar-ul-Amans limit the freedom of residents without regard to why these women are there to begin with. The guidelines under which protections are supposed to operate betray their own misconception in this regard. Thus on the one hand, it is stated that: “while the management and staff must not enforce any restriction on the legitimate/ inevitable movement of the residents, those who are particularly at risk may be advised to remain within the protection of the protection”

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On the other hand the very next sentence throws the substance of this provision into jeopardy by asserting: “However, purposeless free movement of the residents must be restricted in their own larger interest” The idea that someone else knows what the ‘larger interest’ of an adult woman is, better than she herself does, is patronizing and degrading. Moreover, giving someone other than the woman herself the power to decide which movement is ‘purposeless’ and which is not puts into question the very concept of the Dar-ul-Aman by making it painfully close to being a prison.(4) … Some women have been sent by the courts for protection others have gone voluntarily looking for protection. When they want to leave they have problems. First they need a court order and second the darulaman are quite vociferous in their claims to get money from women who want out of the protection Karim had gone to the Dar-ul-Aman in Lahore with a Supreme Court order to get some women out of the protection, women who had indicated to her that they want to leave. And the superintendent said to her ‘we don’t accept the supreme court order just give us the money’ A Human Rights Watch (1992) report points out that the Dar-ul-Amans function like a prison. They are patrolled by armed guards and locked at all times. The women are locked in their cells which are barred at 5pm everyday and allowed only one phone call a week. Moreover some women complained to HRW of beatings by the warden. (5) Dar-ul-Amans need to be redefined as places of temporary refuge for women who are faced with violence and exploitation of one kind or another who protection and freedom from pressure in order to find a way towards a future of their choice. Protections and other similar institutions must be unambiguously charged with the task of protecting, rather than curbing, the freedom and rights of women in distress. (4) 2.3 Attitude & Competency Level of Staff

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In order to be admitted into these protections women need to be referred by the court or a journalist. The superintendent claims that she is not allowed to admit women without a reference because the protection could be sued by the relatives. At the Dar-ul-Aman women are taught sewing and embroidery. If they have no place to go and no one, the Anjuman Himayat-e-Islam eventually arranges their marriages for them. (5) The attitude and role of the supervisory staff is critical in ensuring a peaceful social environment in the refuges and restoring a sense of dignity to residents…Despite the high educational qualification of the majority of the managers, none had any training for the job. Some of the managers…were unsympathetic and unable to appreciate the predicament of these women. Some of the women had strong middle-class values and were found imposing their own standards of morality on the women. We were frequently told by the managers that these women were untrustworthy and that they were lying to us. 52% of the managers of the refuges considered these women morally corrupt.(1)

…the management of the refuges have become all powerful and have established full control over the lives of the residents…this has given way to tyranny of the supervisory staff and has created extremely oppressive and exploitative conditions for some of the residents. …the responses of the majority of the managers to what needed to be done to improve the functioning of refuges, showed little imagination. They did not have many suggestions on how to improve refuges and extend its role in helping women to stand on their own feet. (1) The superintendent pointed out that if there is a dispute between a woman and her family she (the superintendent) speaks to both and arbitrarily decides whom she believes. If she believes the family she sends the woman home with the family; if she believes the woman she supports her against the wishes of her family.

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When asked whether being sent home has ever caused problems for the women she responded in the negative because none of them has ever come back for protection again. But some activists have pointed out that those women could well have been killed by their families, a common fate of runaway women. (5) It requires special training to understand the problems of destitute. The staff of the Darul-Aman should be carefully selected. (12) 2.4 Understanding of Underlying Problem Of all the violations of human rights the most systematic widespread and entrenched is the denial of equality to women. Despite some progress in recent years there is not country in the world where women have achieved full equality. Although making up half or more than half of the population they are treated as a minority group, disadvantaged and powerless. (10) Today all women share a concern, degradation, indignity, oppression, violence, and discrimination in every society. Also the fact that this discrimination on the basis of gender is so deeply rooted in the history of humanity that often it is not perceived as discrimination.(8) Traditionally women have been raised to accept the values and attitudes of those around them. They have been socialized to be sweet, passive and dependent; to accept a social definition of their true vocation as being that of wife and mother: dependents in a male centered world. Their very identities and merely their status were determined not by their own characteristics but by those of the men they married. (11) Intimate partner violence occurs in all countries irrespective of social, economic, religious or cultural groups. Overwhelming burden of intimate partner violence is borne by women at the hands of men.

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Traditional notions of male honor…main reasons are the notions of male honor, female chastity that put women at risk e.g 47% of female murders in Alexandria, Egypt were killed by a relative after they were raped. Qualitative research has shown that most abused women are not passive victims but rather adopt active strategies to maximize their safety and that of tier children. Some women resist, others flee, others attempt to keep the peace by giving into their husbands demands. A woman response to abuse is often limited by the options available to her. Qualitative studies of women in US, Africa, Latin America, Asia and Europe show that various factors can keep women in abusive relationships. •

fear of retribution

•

A lack of alternative means of economic support.

•

Concern for the children

•

Emotional dependence

•

Lack of support from family and friends

•

Abiding hope that the man will change

20-70% of abused women never told another person of their abuse and those that do, do so mainly to a family member or friends rather than institutions/ police According to research leaving abusive relationships doesn’t happen all at once. Most women leave and return several times before deciding to end it because of factors such as denial, self blame, and suffering. In the developed world women’s crisis centers and battered women’s protections have been the cornerstone of programs. Since 1980’s protections and crisis centers for women have sprung up in many developed countries. However maintaining protections has been expensive and many resort to hot lines and non residential crisis centers (What is needed is to) change institutional cultures, embedded cultural biases and expanding informal sources of support (3)

21

Against wife beating the focus should not be on relief measures but on structured changes which will empower women and make them independent and hence less vulnerable to violence. The emphasis should not be on relief and rescue but on independence and empowerment. (9) In Pakistan violence against women is rooted in the social relations of patriarchy, which are based on a system of male domination and female subordination. Both overt and covert, it is the means by which patriarchy establishes and maintains these authoritarian hierarchies. The different instances of violence against women are part of a continuum of violence which underpins all spheres of private and public life. These range from the most extreme forms of overt brutality such as rape and mutilation, to the more subtle and invisible forms like son preference and child marriage, which cripple the mind and destroy human potential. Any attempt, therefore, to perceive these acts of violence as disconnected acts of aberrant behaviour is to misread the phenomenon. Equally it needs to be understood that unless and until radical changes are introduced to the power bases of the social formation, attempts to address the problem will not go beyond the merely cosmetic and, at best, will have a short-term impact. For any attempts to deal with the issues of violence, it is critical to understand and recognize the structures and categories of violence that pervade in any society. Marital rape is an alien concept in Pakistan, and is not recognized as a category of violence. Incest and child abuse are crimes shrouded in silence and taboos, both because the perpetrators are in a position to prevent any outcry, and also because society, caught in its own image of moral purity, is reluctant to admit their existence. Psychological and mental abuse of women comes in many guises and pervades all areas of their lives. Bound up with the male control of their sexuality, this form of abuse is inherent in all socio-cultural institutions. The focus on female reproductivity, along with the high value placed on female chastity, pushes the girl-child into an early marriage and child bearing before her mind or body is fully mature.

22

Cultural practice and age-old traditions deny the majority of women in Pakistan the right to choose their own marriage partners, to reject one chosen for them, or to remain single if they want to. As a divorced mother, a woman is often forcibly deprived of her children, since both law and custom designate the father as the ‘natural guardian’. Unequal divorce law, apart from the mental anguish it causes makes women susceptible to blackmail and compromise. Customary practice particularly in rural areas often deprives women of their inherited property, which is ‘kept’ by the men of the family. Some of the measures taken by the government since 1993 include the establishment of women’s crisis centre with the involvement of NGO’s. Some of the innovative activities and programs of the women’s movement and NGO’s include: •

Awareness-raising through nationwide workshops, seminars, newspaper articles, television and radio programs on issues of violence against women.

•

Legal aid counseling, Para legal training to assist victims of violence.

•

Establishment of crisis centers and protections for victims of violence.(19)

Abused women are experts of abuse. A study shows that abused women are more likely to believe that society gives tacit consent to abusive behaviour through its silence and that talking about it makes it easier to solve. These findings suggest that initiatives aimed at changing the social norm around domestic violence may assist in intervention efforts (16) According to the staff of a woman’s protection PANNAH Karachi the perpetrator of domestic violence are not only the husbands but also in laws and male relatives. In the city of Lahore during 2003 not even a single wife beater has been brought to justice despite 315 complaints.(7) An adult woman who has been battered by a partner must deal with the element of social evaluation. She may be perceived to be contributing to her victimization more so than victims of other forms of violence. (18)

23

The insight into these women lives also shows that the majority of women who resist male oppression…do so because…they have reacted to extreme forms of violence. Therefore the study recommends that the refuges should extend their role and try to convert the reactive consciousness of these women into critical consciousness. This would be the most effective strategic intervention to empower women in their struggle to restore their status. (1) Separated and divorced women constitute the largest category of depressed individuals… women are likely to become depressed in a disrupted marriage. …fear of loneliness, loss of self-esteem, practical problems of living and specific concerns for children as the major stressors facing single mothers. Divorced mothers experience little respect and negative social attitudes. In fact single mothers often are blamed for a variety of social problems such as the need for welfare…depressed women have difficulty with child rearing (21) 2.5 Judiciary Biases & Need for Sensitization/ Awareness The Government of Punjab, Directorate General of Social Welfare and Women Development issued instructions for running protections…the policy guidelines expressly state that “adult women must be admitted only with their voluntary and free consent, and be free to leave at will.” This is in keeping with decisions of the superior courts including the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Nevertheless the courts do not consistently apply this approach. For example, in cases where the parents complain that their daughter has been kidnapped, the court, pending decision, often send s the woman to a Dar-ul-Aman even though she, fully adult, contends that the so-called kidnapper is her lawfully-wedded husband and that she left the home of her own free will. Another example of this mindset because of which Dar-ulAmans are viewed as detention facilities is seen when the courts order female witnesses to be confined in a protection against their will. Of course the protections are not to blame for being used as de facto prisons. The hands of those who operate these facilities are frequently tied in the face of court orders requiring detention at a Dar-ul-Aman. (4)

24

…the residents are judged by patriarchal standards of morality and they confront male biases in the management of refuges as well as the judiciary and law enforcement agencies. (1) The women’s length of stay in the protection and the severity of the abuse were the strongest predictors of return to protections. The findings suggest that culturally sensitive mental health services and longer stays in protections may foster women’s independence from their abusers.(14) Qualitative research at a battered women’s protection indicates that despite an implicit philosophy of empowerment, a protection is indeed an organization like any other. To prevent an inadvertent return to traditional patriarchal structures that oppress women, feminist social workers must continually assess how ideology affects the organizational environment in which services are delivered.(15) Providers of medical and mental health need to be aware that domestic violence may be a significant contributing factor to a wide range of physical and mental problems. (17) The fact that Dar-ul-Amans tend to operate in this way, however, is not entirely surprising. Whenever a society makes a transition towards modernism, the complexion of institutions which presume to protect the lives of those that they consider ‘weak’ and incapable of making their own decisions meets with resistance from the target group that they seek to protect. The situation of protections in Pakistan is no different. Throughout history otherwise well meaning institutions have set out to protect women and children but all to often have ended up controlling the lives of the very people they seek to help. With the passage of time, such institutions have either had to change the assumptions on which their existence is premised, or close down. Change has never been easy because it has been resisted by society which is still living under the misconception that women and children are the property of the family to be dealt with according to the patriarch sense of justice and morality. For this reason existing protections have to be encouraged at a governmental level to change their attitudes and at the same time be

25

protected from those who are unwilling to accept what they perceive to be ‘uncalled for interference’ into the lives of individuals “belonging” to the family. Such notions must be countered by raising awareness and a sense of social justice.(4) 2.6 Economic Empowerment & Rehabilitation Dar-ul-Aman is not a special place it is like a prison. Economic dependence is one of the factors in a woman’s ability to say ‘NO’ to their oppression and subordination. With our economic means women cannot rebuild their lives at Dar-ul-aman. It is necessary to improve women’s economic empowerment by giving them marketable skills.(12) The profile of the women…living in protection shows that the majority are not educated, do not have marketable skills and have a low socioeconomic status. They need social and economic support to rebuild their lives. None of the refuges run by NGO’sin the study offered any vocational training to residents. All the Dar-ul-Amans run by the government reported that residents were offered vocational training. However, only traditional skills of sewing and embroidery were taught. Since these are traditionally women’s skills, these are under-valued and lowpaid. No efforts were made by the administration of Dar-ul-Amans to teach women marketable skills. Providing jobs can be an important step towards rehabilitation of those women who do no want to be reconciled with their families…the majority of them (the refuges) showed reluctance to do so. More than nine managers said that they could neither trust nor give guarantees about these women. Since the residents of all of the refuges, with the exception of Dastak, were not allowed to go out, it was impossible for women to secure employment for themselves. In Dastak women were encouraged to look for employment, however according to the rules of the protection, a woman had to leave the protection within 10 days of securing a job. …The level of income they earned would not be enough to afford accommodation therefore this was a disincentive for women to seek employment. (1)

26

2.7 Counseling & Rehabilitation Counseling is one of the most critical needs of the women in refuges as all of them live under stress. None of these refuges in the private and public sectors had in-house counselors despite the guidelines for Dar-ul-Aman that states “arrange for psychiatric and other medical services for emotionally disturbed and those who need them” …the managers did not consider counseling as specialized knowledge or a professional skill. …counseling and psychiatric services are very much needed in these refuges. However counseling cannot be treated as unproblematic. The counselor who is not gender sensitive could reinforce social biases. Therefore, gender sensitive professional counselors must be hired by these refuges so they could help women to deal with their emotional stress and worries and facilitate them to take rational decisions for themselves.(1) Family counselors recognize the standards of care and standardized models of intervention and evaluation in the case of domestic violence. Various at risk factors need to be recognized by counselors when screening for abuse traumas of domestic violence, physical and behavioral indicators of domestic violence. (13) An adult woman who has been battered by a partner must deal with the element of social evaluation. She may be perceived to be contributing to her victimization more so than victims of other forms of violence. Show of ambivalence:

client may not attend scheduled counseling sessions- it is

important for the clinician to understand the dynamics of such behaviour. Compliance and willingness to please Ambivalence Trust Issues Emotional detachment. Self-blame/ Guilt

27

Useful clinician attitudes and behaviours: 1. Present calm supportive demeanor. Let the woman know the clinician is willing to be exposed to a recounting of her experiences without rejecting her (professionalism) 2. Develop sympathetic listening. 3. Provide validation for the victims feelings, thoughts, behaviour- let her know she isn’t ‘crazy’ 4. Respond to the victim’s unique concerns and needs. Avoid statements like ‘he won’t really hurt you’. 5. Resist urge to push the victim or rush her, allow her to have a sense of control. 6. Anticipate a variety of physical and emotional responses on the part of the victim. 7. Focus on immediate affective experiences grieve with her. 8. Convey an understanding of a woman’s situation by the use of techniques such as clarification, labeling and generalizations. 9. Encourage client decision making and planning to allow her to regain a sense of control. 10. Facilitate self care on the part of the woman. Guided imagery exercises, hypnosis, relaxation techniques, body awareness techniques, physical exercise, self care. 11. Develop survivor mentality- reframing her maladaptive coping strategies as attempts to cope not pathology. 12. Offer hope and realistic reassurance. It is strongly believed that only through an appreciation of and sensitivity to the issues presented here can a clinician make an informed decision…and will facilitate increased knowledge, consciousness-raising and clinical competence when working with victims and survivors of intimate violence so that the basic goal of assisting women to achieve violence-free living and re-empowering them to become survivors rather than victims can be achieved.(18) 2.8 Measures Taken By the Govt. & Recommendations

28

The Government of Pakistan is fully sensitive to the issue of violence against women and is engaged in taking such measures to address the abuse of women in all forms and manifestations. Some of the measures taken in this direction: Ten crisis centers for women in distress have been designed to provide temporary protection, free legal aid, medical relief and psychosocial counseling services to women. Five such centers have been established in different cities of Pakistan (Islamabad, Karachi, Vehari, Sahiwal, Quetta) In addition to this the government of Punjab has set up seven centers under the name of PANNAH for providing relief to women victims of violence, while 12 Rescue Homes are already available at each divisional headquarter. A toll free telephone help line facility for every crisis centre is being arranged to provide meaningful instant support and advice to women in distress. In addition to public sector institutional interventions there are a number of crisis centers run by NGO’s throughout Pakistan.(2) Provincial Advisory Committee for Dar-ul-Amans presented new guidelines for running administration of Dar-ul-Amans in Punjab. These were approved in 1996 and to be adopted by protections, rescue homes, Dar-ul-Amans in the private and public sector. In 1997-1998 a working group was constituted in collaboration with the Ministry of Women Development to draft proposed reforms for Dar-ul-Amans. (4) The Commission has no doubt that detention of any person unless they have committed a crime or are put into preventive detention for solid reasons are unconstitutional. Institutions like protections may, however, of course make administrative rules to manage their facilities and services. Consequently, adequate provisions must exist to guard protections and to provide their residents with safe transportation when this becomes necessary. Finally external objective supervision of how Dar-ul-Amans are performing is key to their ongoing improvement. Regular checks of facilities, security, and the accommodations provided will help toward this end. (4) 2.9 Recommendations

29

1. Protections whether set up by NGO’s or the government, should be run as a wholly voluntary recourse for women; their purpose should be only protective and neither custodial n or reformatory. 2. Thus redefined, protections should be set up throughout the country; they should collaborate and be linked to legal aid, social welfare and vocational training facilities for necessary assistance and ongoing support. 3. The government should make certain rules regarding such institutions. Their purpose being to protect both the residents from being exploited and the management from being harassed by the families of the residents. Such institutions should: a) Be registered b) Have a proper board of management c) Notify its address with the magistrate and the deputy commissioner of the area. d) Be provided adequate security by the government where requested. 4. Adequate resources should be provided to women’s protections in order to ensure appropriate accommodations, basic facilities and necessary amenities 5. Citizen police-liaison committees should be made mandatory for all police stations. 6. Dar-ul-Amans, orphanages/ institutions protectioning women would be given a legal status to ensure safety of those residents who do not feel secure with their legal guardians. (4).

Chapter No 3 Research Procedure 30

Research procedure This chapter provides information about the research methods, universe, population, sampling, data collection, conceptualization and operational definitions of the present study. This chapter is divided into two parts. First part deals with the universe, sampling procedure and development of the instrument of the data collection. The second part explains the conceptualization and operationalization of the concepts and indicators. 3.1.1 Universe The universe of the study was runaway females who sought protection in the Dar-ulAmans governs by the private bodies and Social Welfare Department, Ministry of Women Affairs Government of Punjab and Federal government. 3.1.2 Justification of the Universe There are several justifications pertaining to the selection of the above universe. •

It was convenient to understand the characteristics of run away women at Dar-ulAmans as they belong to the different residential background.

•

It was the best options to see the various roles of Dar-ul-Amans through the women who were in Dar-ul-Amans at the time of study.

3.1.3 Sampling Procedures Researcher selected three public Dar-ul-Aman one from the Lahore, one from the Rawalpindi and one from Islamabad govern by Social Welfare Department Government of the Punjab and Ministry of Women Development Federal Government respectively. To enhance the further understanding of the phenomenon researchers also selected two private Dar-ul-Amans from Lahore through convenient sampling technique. The table below explains the selected Dar-ul-Aman including Public and Private from two cities of the Punjab and from the Islamabad the capital of the Pakistan.

Table 3.2 Cities

Lahore

Rawalpindi

Islamabad Cumulative 31

Public 1 Private 2

1 0

1 0

3 2

Total

5

3.1.4 Justification of the sampling procedures •

The above mentions cities are well developed where maximum cases were being referred.

•

The selected Dar-ul-Amans were operated by two different governments in different ways.

•

Several private bodies were also providing protections to the runaway women in their own ways.

•

It was convenient for the researchers to collect data from the above mention cities.

3.1.5 Sample Size After selecting the above Dar-ul-Aman researchers decided to interview each and every runaway female in the Dar-ul-Aman present at the time of study. The table (3.3) explains the sample size obtained from each Dar-ul-Aman.

Table 3.3 Dar-ul-Aman

Sample size

32

Category

1

City District Govt

23

Lahore

Public

2

Dastak crisis center

Private

3

Himayet-e-Islam

22 15

Private

4

Shamasabad

18

Public

5

Benazir Bhutto crisis

22

Public

center Total

100

In this way researcher were able to interviewed 100 respondents from all the selected Dar-ul-Amans. 3.1.6 Justification of the sample size Researchers wanted to obtain all the relevant data exhaustively and wanted to avoid misunderstanding and misconceptions that’s why they decided to interviewed all the women present at the time of study. 3.1.7 Techniques of data collection Interviewing technique was used to collect the data. Researchers asked several questions from the runaway women and summarized in the form of percentage, tables, graph and cross tables.

3.1.8 Tool of data collection The data was collected through the interview schedule. Researchers requested the each respondent and interviewed them individually according to the interview schedule. Researchers spent 15 to 20 minutes with every respondent.

33

3.1.9 Construction of Interview Schedule A semi structured interview schedule was constructed with the help of variables and indicators derived from the research objectives (research question). Semi-structured interviewed schedule was used because researchers wanted to have the explanation of some questions like, Q: Reasoning of joining Dar-ul-Aman. & Q: In your opinion what Dar-ul-Aman should do for the betterment of the run away women? 3.1.10 Justification of interview Schedule Through interview schedule, researchers were able, •

To keep face to face interaction.

•

They were able to observe the respondents along with hearing.

•

They were able to correct the errors if any happened during the interview.

•

They were able to keep the respondent focused on their objectives of the study.

•

They were able to communicate their questions into different languages for the convenience of the respondents.

3.1.11 Distribution of the Interview Schedule The interview schedule was comprised in four parts. The break down is as follows, •

First part contained the basic information about the respondents

•

Second part explained the house hold schedule of the respondents.

•

Third part dealt with services provided from the Dar-ul-Amans.

•

Fourth and last part was about the reasons and characteristics of runaway women for leaving the homes.

3.1.12 Pre-Testing and Finalizing the Interview Schedule Interview schedule was constructed and was pre-tested on 10 respondents of the City District Dar-ul-Aman Lahore. After the analysis of the pre-test results several

34

amendments were made. For example before pre-test respondents were more interested to tell the reasons of their leaving home rather than telling about the current facilities and activities, but after pre-testing researchers decided to ask this question at the end of the interview so that they could remain adhere to their objective. Moreover after pre-test researcher left some question open ended like, in your opinion what Dar-ul-Aman should do for the betterment of the women? Some trainings and services were also included such as hand made pouch making, candle making in the interview schedule.

3.1.13 Data collection Data was collected in the month of September and October 2008. It took three consecutive days to gather data from each Dar-ul-Aman. The data was conducted in between 9:30 am to 11:30 am. Researchers faced difficulties while gathering the data due to the following reasons. •

It was the holy month of Ramadan

•

Standard time of Pakistan was changed. i.e. one hour advance.

•

Wastage of time in obtaining the permission from the administration and in locating the peaceful corner where the researcher could do their work peacefully.

3.1.14 Field Experiences Researchers were much more enthusiastic and dedicated and took a great opportunity to interact and to understand the problems of the runaway women directly. They enjoyed meeting with the higher authorities of the Dar-ul-Amans. Researchers feel pleasure when the respondents said “when people like you came here, we feel relax and we found opportunity to inform the other people about the Dar-ul-Amans and visits of you people decrease the tensions of our monotonous life”. Researchers enjoyed the traveling and driving. While research, researchers felt proud of being the students of the Punjab University and especially the students of the sociology discipline.

35

3.1.15 Limitations •

Researchers faced a lot of difficulties and formalities to get the permission from the higher authorities to visit the Dar-ul-Aman .Iit was very time taking and difficult as it depend on their availability.

•

Most of the time, male researcher could not get permission to interact directly with the respondents.

•

It was really difficult to explain the purpose of the study to the every respondent.

•

Questions about the respondent’s family background were difficult to ask.

•

Researcher had put full concentration while interview as all the respondents were from different cultural, sects, educational, residential background.

•

Some questions like age, income were asked tactfully.

•

Researchers were able to collect the data in cordial and co-operative situation.

•

It was difficult to ask about the services of Dar-ul-Aman critically within the premises and in the presence of administration.

•

There was no study available regarding to the rehabilitation of the run away women in Dar-ul-Aman.

36

3.2.1 Conceptualization and Operationalization This chapter provides the clear definitions of the basic concepts used in the present study and operationalizes them in term of different indicators so that they could be measure and comprehended. •

Dar-ul-Aman (protection home)

•

home

•

Rehabilitation

•

Runaway

•

Role

Conceptualization 1. Protection: 1. Webster dictionary define protection as: A: “The state of being covered and protected; protection; security” B: “The condition of being protected or kept safe, e.g. from rain, danger or attack.” C: “That which covers and defends from injury or annoyance; a protection; a screen”. The oxford advanced learner dictionary defined as; “A building provided, e.g. by a charity, for those in need, e.g. people without a home or badly treated”. 2. Home: 1.

Webster dictionary define home as:

A: “One’s own dwelling place; the house in which one lives; esp.; the house in which one live with his family; the habitual abode of ones family; also ones birthplace”. B: “The abiding place of the affections, especially of the domestic affections”. The oxford advanced learner dictionary defined as; A: “The place where one lives, especially with one’s family”. B: “This district or country where one was born or where one had lived for a long time or to which one feels attached”. 3. Rehabilitation:

37

According to Webster’s third new international dictionary rehabilitation mean: “The action or process of rehabilitating or of being rehabilitated as a: the reestablishment of the reputation or standing of a person”. The oxford advanced learner dictionary defined the term rehabilitate as; “To restore one’s former higher status or position”. Formal definition A: “The process of helping a person achieves the highest level of function, independence, and quality of life possible”. B: “The restoration of someone to a useful place in society.” C: “Vindication of a person's character and the re-establishment of that person's reputation” D: “Rehabilitation means; to restore to useful life, as through therapy and education or to restore to good condition, operation, or capacity.” 4. Runaway Webster dictionary define as: A: “Running away; fleeing from danger, duty, restraint, etc.; as, runaway soldiers; a runaway horse”. B: “Accomplished by running away or elopement, or during flight; as, a runaway marriage”. The oxford advanced learner dictionary defined the term runaway as; “To leave a place sudden; to escape from a place” 5. Role According to Webster dictionary: “A part, or character, performed by an actor in a drama; hence a part of function taken or assumed by any one; as, he has now taken the role of philanthropist” The oxford advanced learner dictionary defined the term role as; “A function that a person or thing typically has or is expected to have” Formal definition A: “A role (sometimes spelled rôle) or a social role is a set of connected behaviors, rights and obligations as conceptualized by actors in a social situation. It is mostly defined as an expected behavior in a given individual social status and social position”

38

B: “A character or part played by a performer or actor; The expected behavior of an individual in a society; The function or position of something; C: “A position, or status, within a social structure that is shaped by relatively precise behavioral expectations (norms). A role has been described as active component of status” Operationalization When we define the concepts which have used in the study, after the explanation of such concepts we took further step the operationalization of these concepts. In operationalization we give the real meanings to the concepts according to our nature of study, that what are the meanings of these concepts in our study. The purpose fulfills when we gives the operational definition to such concepts. Protection home “Darul – Aman (protection home) is a place or institution that provides protection to the needy people and fulfills their needs and make them re- functional for the society”. Rehabilitation A Process of restoration of runaway women through reform activities/services, psychological and social counseling to build their capacity and to make them seresourceful person for the society. Runaway A person who leave his/her home due to the fear of domestic violence, being abused or humiliated and killed by his/her family and society as well. Role Expected behavior of a particular institution and the people who are performing something in that institution that how they perform the duties to restore a particular part of the society. 3.2.2 Indicators and Measurement Various questions were derived from the indicators that were catering the objective of the study. Section A: Basic information about the respondent. Name:------------------------Age:----------------------------

39

Marital status:----------------If married, Number of children:------------Status of house you lived in:------------------------

Work status: 1: working 2: non working. If working then occupation:-----------Monthly income (if applicable):-------------Section A of the interview schedule indicates the basic information about the respondents including name, age, educational status and marital status along with the status of the house where the respondents lived before join Dar-ul-Aman.

Section B: Household schedule of respondent:

40

Other

Sex

family members.

Age

Relationship

Marital

Education.

Occupation.

Male=1

with the

status.

Illiterate=1

Govt

Female=2

respondents.

Married=1

Primary=2.

official=1

Please

Father=1

Separated=2

Middle=3

Teacher=2

mention

Mother=2

Divorced=3

Matric=4.

Agriculturist

their

Husband=3

Widow=4

F.A=5.

=3

name.

Brother=4

Never-

B.A=6.

Labor =4

started

Sister

married=5

M.A=6.

Tailor=5

with the

Father in-

Madrassa=7.

Housewife=6

head of

law=6

Retired =7

the family.

Mother in-

Student=8

e.g.

law=7

Lawyer=9

(father)

Brother in

Doctor=10

=5

law=8 Sister-in law=9 Uncle=10 Aunt=11 Section B provides the house schedule of the respondents where it was tried to know how much family members respondents had and what were there educational, occupational, marital status. And what was the relation with the respondent. Section C Facilities in Dar-ul-Aman. 1. Living 2. Legal 3. Medical 4. Security 5. Marriage Physical needs of the run away women provided by the Dar-ul-Aman.

41

The third part of the interview schedule comprising the question on 2 to 8 measured the above indicator about the provision of basic needs of the run away women. Recreations through celebration of the special days like religious and cultural. Through question no 9 it was measured whether women in Dar-ul-Aman celebrate any special day and get recreation and feel the part of whole society rather than alienated. Section D: Rehabilitation activities at Dar-ul-Aman. 1. Vocational training 2. Professional training 3. Assistance in getting job 4. Religious education Counseling & Reconciliation services offered by Dar-ul-Aman. 1. Social worker 2. Psychologist 3. Teacher 4. Reconciliation with relatives Visitors. Who visit you? Frequency of visit. Procedure Hindrances The indicator of rehabilitations activities was measured through the question no 14 to question no 21 where it was measured what kind of rehabilitation activities are being held in the Dar-ul-Aman for the best of women so that they could become functional for the society and could be self dependent and whether these activities helped them to come out from any trauma if some one is in that condition. Rehabilitation activities were including counseling, and various trainings like cooking, informal education, awareness programs and resettlements with in-laws or parents.

42

The indicators of visit of relatives to the respondents was measure through question no 22 to 23 whether the relatives of the respondents are in touch with the respondents and how they came there to met the respondent. Section E: Reasons for joining Dar-ul-Aman. Social Economical Psychological Familial relationship Marital relationship Distress Question no 28 of the interview schedule measured the reason for joining the Dar-ulAman and this part was little bit explanatory. Section F: Referral to Dar-ul-Aman. NGO Court Police Lawyers Self The indicator that who referred the respondent to the Dar-ul-Aman, was measure through question no 26. Section G: Services charges, issues and satisfaction. Legal aid Medical aid Food / Boarding Self attitude and self satisfaction. Change in life course Satisfied from services and behavior of staff Satisfied from colleague

43

Question no 10 to 13 measured that whether Dar-ul-Aman provide legal and medical facilities to the run away women needed time to time. And if these are provided than at what cost or free of cost. The opinions of the respondents about the Dar-ul-Aman and about the services , rehabilitation activities provided by the Dar-ul-Aman and problems faced by the women, were measured through question no 29 and question no 30.

44

Chapter No 4 Data Analysis Data analysis This chapter provides results of the data after analysis and interpretation. The numerical data in the present study was subjected to various statistical analyses. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to conduct analyses of the collected data. The data was collected with the help of interview schedule that contain some open ended and close ended questions that were converted into numerical values. To have more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon, the statistical tools like frequency count and cross tabulation of various variables, were used to analyzed the data. This chapter is divided into two parts. First part deals with the frequency of the variables and their interpretation and the second part deals with the cross tabulation of various inter-related variables and their interpretations. Table 4.1.1 name of se le cte d darul amans. Frequency Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home Total

Percent

22

22.0

18

18.0

15

15.0

22 23 100

22.0 23.0 100.0

The above table (4.1.1) shows the percentage of sample selection from the selected Dar-ul-Aman. 3 Dar-ul-Amans (City District Dar-ul-Aman (Govt), Anjum Himayat-e-Islam (pvt), Dastak (pvt)) from Lahore were selected. Amongst the three Darul-Aman, one was operated by the City District Government and other two was operated by the local and private bodies. One Dar-ul-Aman (Shamasabad Protection home (govt)) was selected from Rawalpindii and the fifth one (Benazir Bhutto Protection home (govt)) was selected from Islamabad, the capital. In this way total five Dar-ul-Amans were

45

selected. After selecting the Dar-ul-Aman researcher decided to study all the women present at the time of the study. So there were total there were100 respondents in all the above mentions Dar-ul-Amans at the time of study. Table 4.1.2 Re sponde nt age

10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 more than 60 Total

Frequency 20 52 21 3 2 2 100

Percent 20.0 52.0 21.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 100.0

The above table (4.1.2) shows the age of the respondents. It is the sad fact that majority of the respondents were 20-29 years old as table shows 52% of the total. However, 20% respondents were10-19 years and 21% were30-39 years old. Only 7% respondents were above 40 year old. From the above table it is clear that majority of the women were young having maximum age of 39 years. Mostly respondents who were in the age group of 20-29 years were married and were forced to left the home due to domestic violence as the data in the table 4.2.1 and 4.2.7 shows. Table 4.1.3 re sponde nt e ducation

Primary middle matric F.A B.A M.A Madrassa illeterate Total

Frequency 2 15 11 16 6 3 3 44 100

Percent 2.0 15.0 11.0 16.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 44.0 100.0

The above table is illustrating the educational level of the respondents. A major proportion (44%) of the respondents was illiterate. Others 2% and 15% were primary and 46

middle pass respectively. However 17% of the respondents had the education up to intermediate. Only 25% respondents had bachelor or above education. One reason of illiteracy among the respondents may be was that, that mostly respondents were from rural areas as the data in table 4.1.3 presents. Table 4.1.4 M artial status

single married divorce seperated widow Total

Frequency 16 72 3 2 7 100

Percent 16.0 72.0 3.0 2.0 7.0 100.0

Interestingly or ironically 72% respondents were married as the table 4.1.4 shows. And 16% respondents were single. Only 12% were those respondents who were separated, widow or divorced. As the women in early age are forced to bond in wed lock as the table 4.1.2 shows above. Table 4.1.5 if marrie d the n Numbe r of childre n

1--3 4--6 7--9 No Does not apply Total

Frequency 10 30 14 33 13 100

Percent 10.0 30.0 14.0 33.0 13.0 100.0

Table (4.1.5) show that how much children respondents had? As we see from the above table 33% married respondents were those who had no children and 16% respondents were single that’s why this question doesn’t apply on them. Although 28% respondents had 4-6 and 14% had 7-9 children. Only 9% respondents had 1-3 children.

47

Table 4.1.6 house status

Missing Total

own rented other Total System

Frequency 71 20 8 99 1 100

Percent 71.0 20.0 8.0 99.0 1.0 100.0

The above table (4.1.6) illustrates the status of the house where respondents lived. So 73% respondents lived in their own houses like father’s own house or husband’s own house. While 20% respondents lived in the rented houses and only 7% of the total respondents lived in some one’s house or house taken as Mortgage (Girvi). Table 4.1.7 working satus

yes no 99 Tot al

Frequency 41 58 1

Percent 41.0 58.0 1.0

100

100.0

Working status of the respondents is analyzed through the table (4.1.7) as it shows that majority of the respondents (58%) were non working or had no employment as most of the respondents were from rural areas where there is no employment. Only 42% respondents were engaged in different professions like house wife, teaching or other small level jobs.

48

Table 4.1.8 occupation

Household teaching other Does not apply Total

Frequency 25 9 7 59 100

Percent 25.0 9.0 7.0 59.0 100.0

Occupation of the working respondents is shown in the above table. Out of 42% respondents 26% were household women, 9% were in teaching profession and other 7% were in other domestic level occupation like swing and carpet making etc. However 58% were non-working women. Table 4.1.9 monthly income Frequency less than and equal to 5000 6000--10000 11000--15000 16000--20000 Above 21000 dont know Total

Percent

36

36.0

3 1 2 2 56 100

3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 56.0 100.0

The most important factors affecting the lives of women in Dar-ul-Aman was the total monthly income of their houses. A major chunk of respondents that was 36% had less than Rs.5000 income / month. However, only 3% respondents had income range of Rs.6000 to 10,000/month. Only 5% had good monthly income up to 30,000. Although 56% respondents were those who refused to answer or they did not know about the monthly income of their house and mostly these were those respondents who were nonworking.

49

Table 4.1.10 fathe r

yes no Total

Frequency 15 85 100

Percent 15.0 85.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the status of relatives. As table 4.1.10 shows that only 15% respondent’s father were alive while 85% respondents were those, whose fathers have been expired. Moreover those 15% were living in the house of father before joining Dar-ul-Aman. Table 4.1.11 mothe r

yes no Total

Frequency 17 83 100

Percent 17.0 83.0 100.0

In the above table 4.1.11 we see that 17% respondents had their mothers alive and they lived in father or mother’s house. Mostly these were those respondents who were single and few of them were separated. While 83% were those respondents who lived in husband’s house or their mothers were not alive. Table 4.1.12 husban

yes no Total

Frequency 72 28 100

Percent 72.0 28.0 100.0

From the above table we see that majority of the respondents that is 72% had their husbands and they lived in husband’s house. While only 28% were single, separated and widow and lived in in-laws or in father’s house.

50

Table 4.1.13 brothe r

yes no Total

Frequency 19 81 100

Percent 19.0 81.0 100.0

The data in the table 4.1.13 indicates that 19% respondents lived with father’s house and had their brothers and 81% respondents lived in-laws or they had no brothers at all. Table 4.1.14 siste r

yes no Total

Frequency 19 81 100

Percent 19.0 81.0 100.0

The data in the table 4.1.14 indicates that 19% respondents lived with father’s house and had their sisters and 81% respondents lived in-laws or they had no sisters at all. Table 4.1.15 fathe in Law

yes no 6.00 Total

Frequency 30 69 1 100

Percent 30.0 69.0 1.0 100.0

From the above table it can be seen that only 30% of the respondents had their father in laws and they lived in in-laws. The remaining 70% respondents may not lived in in-laws or their father in laws were expired.

51

Table 4.1.16 mothe r in law

yes no Total

Frequency 35 65 100

Percent 35.0 65.0 100.0

From the above table it can be seen that only 35% of the respondents had their mothers in laws and they lived in in-laws. The remaining 65% respondents may not lived in in-laws or their mothers in laws were expired. Table 4.1.17 uncle

yes no Total

Frequency 4 96 100

Percent 4.0 96.0 100.0

The table 4.1.17 illustrate that 4% respondents lived with their uncle before joining Dar-ul-Aman and other 96% respondents were living with their in-laws or with their parents. Table 4.1.18 aunt

yes no Total

Frequency 3 97 100

Percent 3.0 97.0 100.0

The table 4.1.18 illustrate that 3 % respondents lived in their uncle’s house before joining Dar-ul-Aman and their aunts were alive while other 96% respondents were living with their in-laws or with their parents.

52

Table 4.1.19

othe rs

yes no Total

Frequency 2 98 100

Percent 2.0 98.0 100.0

In this table the status of other relatives like brother in-law, sister in – law etc are shown. Only 2% respondents replied that they had other relatives and 98% had no any other relatives or they did not lived with them. Table 4.1.20 house hold size

5-9 10-14 15-19 Total

Frequency 61 31 8 100

Percent 61.0 31.0 8.0 100.0

The above table 4.1.20 shows the total household size of the respondents. The table shows that 54% respondents were living with 5 to 9 members of their family. And 27% were those respondents who had 10 to 14 family members. 3%, interestingly, had 15 to 19 members and constituted to big family. Only 16% were those respondents who had not more than 4 members of their family.

53

Table 4.1.21 fathe r e ducation

illiterate primary matric Madrassa does not apply Total

Frequency 9 2 5 1 83 100

Percent 9.0 2.0 5.0 1.0 83.0 100.0

In the above table (4.1.21) the data shows the educational level of the respondent’s fathers. Majority of the respondents (83%) weather had no father alive or they did not live with their father so this question doesn’t apply on them. However remaining 8% out of 12% were those respondents who’s father were illiterate and remaining 6% respondent’s fathers had primary to middle level education. Table 4.1.22 mothe r e ducation

illiterate primary middle Madrassa does not apply Total

Frequency 15 1 1 1 82 100

Percent 15.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 82.0 100.0

In the above table (4.1.22) the data shows the educational level of the respondent’s mothers. Majority of the respondents (82%) weather have no mothers alive or they do not live with their mothers so this question doesn’t apply on them. However remaining 15% out of 18% were those respondents who’s father are illiterate and remaining 3% respondent’s mothers have primary to middle level education or have got education from Madrassa.

54

Table 4.1.23 husband e ducation

illiterate primary middle matric F.A B.A M.A does not apply Total

Frequency 39 4 10 14 1 1 4 27 100

Percent 39.0 4.0 10.0 14.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 27.0 100.0

The table (4.1.23) illustrates the educational level of respondent’s husbands. Ironically 39%, a major proportion, respondent’s husbands are illiterate. Although 10% have husbands who’s education is up to middle and 14% are those who’s husbands have up to metric level education while 4% are those who’s husbands are only primary pass. Only 6% respondent’s husbands have the education up to master level. However this question doesn’t apply on 27% respondents. Table 4.1.24 brothe r e ducation

illiterate primary matric B.A M.A does not apply Total

Frequency 9 1 5 3 1 81 100

Percent 9.0 1.0 5.0 3.0 1.0 81.0 100.0

As for the educational level of respondent’s brother is concerned, the above table (4.1.24) shows that this question doesn’t apply 81% respondents. 9% respondents have illiterate brothers. However 1% and 5% respondent’s brothers have primary and metric level education respectively. Only 4% respondent’s brothers are those who have up to master level education.

55

Table 4.1.25 siste r e ducation

illiterate primary middle matric F.A M.A does not apply Total

Frequency 8 3 2 2 1 3 81 100

Percent 8.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 81.0 100.0

As for the educational level of respondent’s sisters is concerned, the above table (4.1.25) shows that this question doesn’t apply 81% respondents. 8% respondents have illiterate sisters. However 3% and 4% respondent’s sisters have primary and metric level of education respectively. Only 4% respondent’s sisters are those who have up to master level education. Table 4.1.26 fathe r in law e ducation

illiterate primary matric does not apply Total

Frequency 21 1 6 72 100

Percent 21.0 1.0 6.0 72.0 100.0

The present table (4.1.26) illustrates the educational level of father in laws of the respondents. As the table shows that father in law of 21% respondents are illiterate. Only 7% respondent’s fathers in law have up to matriculation qualification. However this phenomenon does not apply on 72% respondents.

56

Table 4.1.27 mothe r in law e ducation

illiterate primary matric B.A does not apply Total

Frequency 30 2 2 1 65 100

Percent 30.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 65.0 100.0

The present table (4.1.27) illustrates the educational level of mothers in laws of the respondents. As the table shows that mothers in law of 30% respondents are illiterate. Only 5% respondent’s fathers in law have up to matriculation and B.A qualification. However this phenomenon does not apply on 65% respondents. Table 4.1.28 uncle e ducation

illiterate B.A does not apply Total

Frequency 2 1 97 100

Percent 2.0 1.0 97.0 100.0

In this table (4.1.28) the educational level of uncles of the respondents is shown. Uncles of 2% respondents are illiterate and only 1% respondents have educational level up to B.A. however this does not apply on 97% respondents because they did not live with their uncles.

57

Table 4.1.29 aunt e ducation

illiterate 90.00 does not apply Total

Frequency 2 1 97 100

Percent 2.0 1.0 97.0 100.0

In this table (4.1.29) the educational level of aunts of the respondents is shown. Aunts of 2% respondents are illiterate and only 1% respondents were those who did not answer this question. However this does not apply on 97% respondents because they did not live with their uncles or aunts. Table 4.1.30 fathe r's occupation

agriculturist labor retiered other No Does not apply Total

Frequency 3 2 1 9 2 83 100

Percent 3.0 2.0 1.0 9.0 2.0 83.0 100.0

The occupation of the respondent’s father is shown in the above table (4.1.30). only 3% respondent’s fathers are in agriculture occupation and other 12% respondent’s fathers are in labor or others small level occupation. Although this question also doesn’t apply on 83% respondents as they have no father alive or they do not lived with their fathers.

58

Table 4.1.31 mothe r occupation

housewife lawyer other No Does not apply Total

Frequency 10 1 1 6 82 100

Percent 10.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 82.0 100.0

The occupation of the respondent’s mothers is shown in the above table (4.1.31). 10% respondent’s mothers are housewife and other 7% respondent’s mothers do nothing. Although this question also doesn’t apply on 82% respondents as they have no mothers alive or they do not lived with their parents. Table 4.1.32

husband occupation

Govt official teacher agriculturist labor tailor retiered doctor other No Does not apply Total

Frequency 1 2 10 7 1 1 2 43 5 28 100

Percent 1.0 2.0 10.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 43.0 5.0 28.0 100.0

The occupation of the respondent’s husbands is shown in the above table (4.1.32). Husbands of 10% respondents are in agriculture occupation. And 57% were those respondents who’s’ husbands are in various local occupations. However 28% respondents are those who are not married, widow so this does not apply on them.

59

Table 4.1.33 brothe r occupation

agriculturist labor tailor lawyer other No Does not apply Total

Frequency 2 1 1 1 8 7 80 100

Percent 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 8.0 7.0 80.0 100.0

The above table shows the occupation of brothers of the respondents. As the table shows that brothers of 2% respondents are in agriculture occupation and brothers of 11% respondents are in local level occupation. While 7% respondent’s brothers do nothing. And this doesn’t apply on 80% respondents. Table 4.1.34 siste r occupation

teacher tailor housewife other No Does not apply Total

Frequency 1 1 4 1 12 81 100

Percent 1.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 12.0 81.0 100.0

The above table shows the occupation of sisters of the respondents. As the table shows that sister of 4% respondents are in housewife and sisters of 3% respondents are in local level occupation. While 12% respondent’s sisters do nothing. And this question doesn’t apply on 81% respondents.

60

Table 4.1.35 fathe r in law occupation

Govt official agriculturist labor retiered other No Does not apply Total

Frequency 1 6 1 3 15 4 70 100

Percent 1.0 6.0 1.0 3.0 15.0 4.0 70.0 100.0

The occupation of the respondent’s father in-law is shown in the above table (4.1.35). Only 6% respondent’s fathers in-law are in agriculture occupation and other 18% respondent’s father in-law are in labor or others small level occupation. Although this question also doesn’t apply on 70% respondents as they have no father in-law alive or they are single or do not lived with in-laws. Table 4.1.36 mothe r in law occupation

agriculturist labor housewife No Does not apply Total

Frequency 1 1 16 13 69 100

Percent 1.0 1.0 16.0 13.0 69.0 100.0

The occupation of the respondent’s mothers in-law is shown in the above table (4.1.36). Only 1% respondent’s mothers in-law are in agriculture occupation and other 16% respondent’s mothers’ in-law are hose wives. 13% are those respondents whose mothers’ in-law does nothing. Although this question also doesn’t apply on 69% respondents as they have no mothers’ in-law alive or they are single or do not lived with in-laws.

61

Table 4.1.37 uncle occupation

labor other Does not apply Total

Frequency 1 2 97 100

Percent 1.0 2.0 97.0 100.0

The above table shows that only 3% respondents lived with their uncle and they are in labor or other small level occupation. However this question does not apply on 97% respondents. Table 4.1.38 aunt occupation

housewife No Does not apply Total

Frequency 1 1 98 100

Percent 1.0 1.0 98.0 100.0

The above table shows that only 2% respondents lived with their aunt and they are house wives or do nothing. However this question does not apply on 98% respondents. Table 4.1.39 re sponde nt re side ntial are a

urban rural Total

Frequency 37 63 100

Percent 37.0 63.0 100.0

The above table (4.1.39) illustrates the residential area of the respondents. It can be seen that mostly women in Dar-ul-Aman belong to the rural area background as table show 63% and 37% respondents are those who belong to urban area.

62

Table 4.1.40 for how long at Darul Aman (in month)

Valid

1--2 3--4 5--6 7--8 9--10 13--14 Total

Frequency 65 20 7 4 3 1 100

Percent 65.0 20.0 7.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 100.0

Valid Percent 65.0 20.0 7.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 65.0 85.0 92.0 96.0 99.0 100.0

The above table (4.1.40) shows the respondents’ duration (in months) spend in Dar-ulAman. As the table shows 65% are those respondents who joined Dar-ul-Aman from last 1 to 2 months. 20% where those respondents who have spent up to 4 months. Others 15% were in Dar-ul-Aman from last one year or more. Table 4.1.41 how many person liv e in a room

5-6 7-8 9-10 Total

Frequency 40 44 16 100

Percent 40.0 44.0 16.0 100.0

This table shows the response of the respondents when they were asked that how many persons they lived in a room of Dar-ul-Aman? A major chunk of the respondents (42%) said they live 7 to 8 members in a single room. 39% were those who are 5-6 roommates. And 10% lived 2-4 members. However 9% were those who lived 9 to 10 roommates in a room which indicates the insufficient place in Dar-ul-Aman.

63

Table 4.1.42 attitude of the colle ague and staff me mbe rs

good, nice attitude politics, colleague,roomats fights not good, not satisfied Total

Frequency 76

Percent 76.0

18

18.0

6 100

6.0 100.0

In this table the data shows the attitude of staff and room mates or colleagues of the respondents. A great number of respondents (76%) were satisfied with their staff and colleagues. However 18% respondents said they are disturb by the politics and fights among the colleagues. Moreover 6% respondents were not satisfied at all. Table 4.1.43 Boarding facility

yes no Total

Frequency 90 10 100

Percent 90.0 10.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the boarding facility provided to the respondents by the Darul-Aman administration. Good to see that 90% respondents replied yes they have and only 10% replied they have but its not good. Table 4.1.44 food facility

yes no Total

Frequency 98 2 100

Percent 98.0 2.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the food facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ulAman administration. Good to see that 98% respondents replied yes they have and only 2% replied they have but food is not good. 64

Table 4.1.45 te le phone facility

yes no 22.00 Total

Frequency 48 51 1 100

Percent 48.0 51.0 1.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the telephone facility provided to the respondents by the Darul-Aman administration. The table shows that 48% respondents replied yes they have but 52% replied they have no telephone facility. Table 4.1.46 out door picnic facility

yes no Total

Frequency 20 80 100

Percent 20.0 80.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the outdoor picnic and recreation facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that 20% respondents replied yes they have but 80% replied they have no such facility. It may be due to different rules of different Dar-ul-Aman.

65

Table 4.1.47 indoor and out door e ntry re giste r

yes no Total

Frequency 28 72 100

Percent 28.0 72.0 100.0

This table shows the responses of the respondents that weather is there any indoor and out door entry register when they and their relatives visits them? Only 28% respondents said yes there is but majority (72%) said there is no such activity. Table 4.1.48 police prote ction for court case s

yes no Total

Frequency 36 64 100

Percent 36.0 64.0 100.0

This table shows the responses of the respondents that weather is there any police protection whey they go to the court for their cases. A small proportion (36%) said that yes they have but mostly (64%) said they have no any protection from police. Table 4.1.49 lodging

yes no Total

Frequency 29 71 100

Percent 29.0 71.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the lodging facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ulAman administration. The table shows that only 29% respondents replied yes they have but 71% replied they have no lodging facility.

66

Table 4.1.50 clothe s and laundry

yes no 22.00 Total

Frequency 38 61 1 100

Percent 38.0 61.0 1.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the clothes and laundry facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 38% respondents replied yes they have but 71% replied they have no such facility. Table 4.1.51 T.V

yes no Total

Frequency 83 17 100

Percent 83.0 17.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the T.V or entertainment facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 83% respondents replied yes they have but 17% replied they have no such facility. Table 4.1.52 se curity guard

yes no Total

Frequency 80 20 100

Percent 80.0 20.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the security and security guard facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 80% respondents replied yes they have but 20% replied they have no such facility.

67

Table 4.1.53 prov ide food for child

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 68 7 25 100

Percent 68.0 7.0 25.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the food for the children of the respondents facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 68% respondents replied yes they have but 7% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 25% respondents. Table 4.1.54 prov ide e ducation for child

Missing Total

yes no Does not apply Total System

Frequency 55 19 25 99 1 100

Percent 55.0 19.0 25.0 99.0 1.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the education of the children of the respondents facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that 55% respondents replied yes they have but 19% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 25% respondents.

68

Table 4.1.55 prov ide milk for child

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 39 36 25 100

Percent 39.0 36.0 25.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the milk for the children of the respondents facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. Interestingly the table shows that only 39% respondents replied yes they have but 36% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 25% respondents. Table 4.1.56 prov ide day care ce ntre for child

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 8 67 25 100

Percent 8.0 67.0 25.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the day care services for the children of the respondents facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. Interestingly the table shows that only 8% respondents replied yes they have but 67% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 25% respondents.

69

Table 4.1.57 prov ide me dical facilitie s for child

yes no Does not apply Total System

Missing Total

Frequency 44 30 25 99 1 100

Percent 44.0 30.0 25.0 99.0 1.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the medical for the children of the respondents facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 44% respondents replied yes they have but 30% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 25% respondents. Table 4.1.58 satisfie d with facilitie s

yes no Total

Frequency 80 20 100

Percent 80.0 20.0 100.0

In this table (4.1.58) the data shows the satisfaction of the respondents by the facilities provided to them by the Dar-ul-Aman. Good to see that 80% of the respondents said that yes they are satisfied. However only 20% respondents said they are not satisfied. Table 4.1.59 pay for any se v ice s charge s

yes no Total

Frequency 24 76 100

Percent 24.0 76.0 100.0

The present table illustrates weather the respondents pay any services charges against the facilities provided to them. Majority of the respondents (76%) replied no they have free

70

facilities and only 24% respondents said they have to pay for any facility consumed by them. Table 4.1.60

what kind of cultural days are ce le brate Frequency yes celebrate 14th august, eid, mela out door picnin, park clothes, gifts religious days, melad No celebration, doesn't know Total

Percent

66

66.0

1 7 7

1.0 7.0 7.0

19

19.0

100

100.0

The above table shows the responses of the respondents that what kind of celebration they celebrate in the Dar-ul-Aman. A great proportion (66%) respondents said they celebrates like national days, religious day. 14% said they celebrate religious days and receive gifts and cloths on special days. However there were 19% those respondents who did not know or they do not celebrate any special day in Dar-ul-Aman. Table 4.1.61 lawye r facility

Missing Total

yes no Does not apply Total System

Frequency 46 46 7 99 1 100

Percent 46.0 46.0 7.0 99.0 1.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the lawyer’s facility for court cases provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 47% respondents replied yes they have but 46% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 7% respondents.

71

Table 4.1.62 police proce dure facility

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 34 59 7 100

Percent 34.0 59.0 7.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the police procedure facility for court cases provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 37% respondents replied yes they have but 59% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 7% respondents. Table 4.1.63 re conciliation facility

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 34 59 7 100

Percent 34.0 59.0 7.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the reconciliation facility with parents or in-laws provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 34% respondents replied yes they have but 59% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 7% respondents.

72

Table 4.1.64 div orce facility

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 47 46 7 100

Percent 47.0 46.0 7.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the divorce facility (if one wants) provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 47% respondents replied yes they have but 46% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 7% respondents. Table 4.1.65 custody of childre n

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 34 59 7 100

Percent 34.0 59.0 7.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the custody of children facility (if one wants) provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 34% respondents replied yes they have but 59% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 7% respondents.

73

Table 4.1.66 re cov e ry of dowry article s facility

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 36 57 7 100

Percent 36.0 57.0 7.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the recovery of dowry article facility (if one wants) provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 36% respondents replied yes they have but 57% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 7% respondents. Table 4.1.67 criminal facility

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 33 60 7 100

Percent 33.0 60.0 7.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the support in criminal cases facility (if one needed) provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 33% respondents replied yes they have but 60% replied they have no such facility. However this question does not apply on 7% respondents.

74

Table 4.1.68 pay for le gal charge s

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 16 59 25 100

Percent 16.0 59.0 25.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the legal services charges for the legal facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 16% respondents replied yes they have to pay but 59% replied they have free legal facility. However this question does not apply on 25% respondents. Table 4.1.69 me dicine (me dical facility)

yes no 99.00 Total

Frequency 65 33 2 100

Percent 65.0 33.0 2.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the medicines facility provided to the respondents by the Darul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 67% respondents replied yes they have but 33% replied they have no such facility. Table 4.1.70 surgical (me dical facility)

yes no 99.00 Total

Frequency 51 47 2 100

Percent 51.0 47.0 2.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the surgical facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ulAman administration. The table shows that only 53% respondents replied yes they have but 47% replied they have no such facility.

75

Table 4.1.71 Gyne cological (me dical facility)

yes no 99.00 Total

Frequency 50 48 2 100

Percent 50.0 48.0 2.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the gynecological facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 51% respondents replied yes they have but 49% replied they have no such facility. Table 4.1.72 Plastic surge ry (medical facilit)

yes no 99.00 Total

Frequency 50 48 2 100

Percent 50.0 48.0 2.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the plastic surgery facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 51% respondents replied yes they have but 49% replied they have no such facility.

76

Table 4.1.73 Laboratory (me dical facility)

yes no 11.00 99.00 Total

Frequency 49 48 1 2 100

Percent 49.0 48.0 1.0 2.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the laboratory test facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 51% respondents replied yes they have but 49% replied they have no such facility. Table 4.1.75 X-Ray (me dical facility)

yes no 99.00 Total

Frequency 50 48 2 100

Percent 50.0 48.0 2.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the X-ray test facility provided to the respondents by the Darul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 51% respondents replied yes they have but 49% replied they have no such facility.

77

Table 4.1.76 Ultrasound (me dical facility)

yes no 99.00 Total

Frequency 50 48 2 100

Percent 50.0 48.0 2.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the ultrasound test facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 51% respondents replied yes they have but 49% replied they have no such facility. Table 4.1.77 Hospitalization (me dical facility)

yes no 99.00 Total

Frequency 51 47 2 100

Percent 51.0 47.0 2.0 100.0

The above table illustrates hospitalization facility provided to the respondents by the Darul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 52% respondents replied yes they have but 48% replied they have no such facility. Table 4.1.78 pay for me dical charge s

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 34 62 4 100

Percent 34.0 62.0 4.0 100.0

The above table illustrates medical services charges for the medical facility provided to the respondents by the Dar-ul-Aman administration. The table shows that only 34%

78

respondents replied yes they have to pay but 62% replied they have no that is free of cost for us. However this question does not apply on 4% respondents. Table 4.1.79 some one he lp in counse ling

yes no 99.00 Total

Frequency 56 41 3 100

Percent 56.0 41.0 3.0 100.0

Data in the above table shows weather some one helps the respondents in their counseling? The table shows that 56% respondents said yes and 44% almost half of the respondents said no, no one helps them when they fights or when they are in distress conditions. Table 4.1.80 who prov ide he lp in couse ling

Psychiatrist Psychologist social worker religious teacher 5 for all of above 6 for non of above 99 does not apply Total

Frequency 6 4 12 7 25 1 45 100

Percent 6.0 4.0 12.0 7.0 25.0 1.0 45.0 100.0

The present table illustrates the most important services imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman to the respondents is the counseling through a professional counselor. The table shows that 7% , 5% ,12% and 7% respondents said psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker and religious teacher, respectively helps them in their counseling. However 25% were those respondents who said all of them help them. Although 44% were those respondents who did not avail the services yet or they do not need that.

79

Table 4.1.81 happy with counse lors

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 54 1 45 100

Percent 54.0 1.0 45.0 100.0

In this table the data show the satisfaction of the respondents about their counselors. Almost 100% of 56% said yes they are happy and only 1% respondents said no they are not happy. However there were 44% respondents on whom this question does not apply. Table 4.1.82 how they conduct counselling Frequency face to face interaction, coversation, incharge, lecture class, group, meeting, discussion individually don't join, don't know, no counselling only by visitors, once in a month, once a week, movie Total

Percent

18

18.0

25

25.0

3

3.0

47

47.0

7

7.0

100

100.0

The above table illustrates the way of counseling conducted by the counselors according to the respondents. 18% respondents said they conduct through face to face interaction, through conversation and usually in-charge deliver lecture. And 25% respondents said it is conducted in class and groups, according to 3% respondents, it can be done individually if some one is in trauma. Although there were 7% respondents who said they did not join yet and 47% were those respondents on whom this question does not apply as they recently join Dar-ul-Aman.

80

Table 4.1.82 Embroide ry (training)

yes no Total

Frequency 62 38 100

Percent 62.0 38.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the embroidery training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 62% respondents said yes we get training and 38% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.83 Compute r (training)

yes no Total

Frequency 23 77 100

Percent 23.0 77.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the computer training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 23% respondents said yes we get training and 77% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.84 candle making (training)

yes no Total

Frequency 19 81 100

Percent 19.0 81.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the candle making training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 19% respondents said yes we get training and 81% respondents said no here is no such activity. 81

Table 4.1.85 dying (training)

yes no Total

Frequency 21 79 100

Percent 21.0 79.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the dying (coloring) making training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 21% respondents said yes we get training and 79% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.86 se wing (training)

yes no Total

Frequency 70 30 100

Percent 70.0 30.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the sewing and tailoring training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 70% respondents said yes we get training and 30% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.87 Crafts (training)

yes no Total

Frequency 21 79 100

Percent 21.0 79.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the crafts making training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 21%

82

respondents said yes we get training and 79% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.88 Nursing (training)

yes no 22.00 Total

Frequency 5 94 1 100

Percent 5.0 94.0 1.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the nursing training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 5% respondents said yes we get training and 95% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.89 Blok Printing (training)

yes no Total

Frequency 14 86 100

Percent 14.0 86.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the block printing training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 14% respondents said yes we get training and 86% respondents said no here is no such activity.

83

Table 4.1.90 hand made pouche s and toys (training)

yes no Total

Frequency 24 76 100

Percent 24.0 76.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the hand made pouches and toys making training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 24% respondents said yes we get training and 76% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.91 Re ligious e ducation

yes no Total

Frequency 71 29 100

Percent 71.0 29.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the religious educational training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 71% respondents said yes we get training and 29% respondents said no here is no such activity.

84

Table 4.1.92

infromal e ducation

yes no Total

Frequency 40 60 100

Percent 40.0 60.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the informal educational training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 40% respondents said yes we get training and 60% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.93 English classe s

yes no Total

Frequency 13 87 100

Percent 13.0 87.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the English language training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 13% respondents said yes we get training and 87% respondents said no here is no such activity.

85

Table 4.1.94 le gal aware ne ss

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 38 61 1 100

Percent 38.0 61.0 1.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the legal awareness or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 38% respondents said yes we get training and 61% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.95 adult lite racy

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 17 82 1 100

Percent 17.0 82.0 1.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the adult literacy or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 17% respondents said yes we get training and 82% respondents said no here is no such activity.

86

Table 4.1.96 human rights

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 13 86 1 100

Percent 13.0 86.0 1.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the human rights training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 13% respondents said yes we get training and 83% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.97 he alth and hygie ne

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 19 80 1 100

Percent 19.0 80.0 1.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the health and hygiene training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 19% respondents said yes we get training and 81% respondents said no here is no such activity.

87

Table 4.1.98 social and ge nde r issue s

yes no Does not apply Total

Frequency 14 85 1 100

Percent 14.0 85.0 1.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the awareness on social and gender issues training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 14% respondents said yes we get training and 86% respondents said no here is no such activity. Table 4.1.99 curre nt affairs

Missing Total

yes no Does not apply Total System

Frequency 2 96 1 99 1 100

Percent 2.0 96.0 1.0 99.0 1.0 100.0

Data in the above table illustrates the awareness on current affairs and training or rehabilitative activity imparted by the Dar-ul-Aman staff to the respondents. As from the above table 2% respondents said yes we get training and 98% respondents said no here is no such activity.

88

Table 4.1.100 he lp in re se ttle me nt

reconcilation in home assistance in getting job professional training no 99.00 Total

Frequency 55 11 3 28 3 100

Percent 55.0 11.0 3.0 28.0 3.0 100.0

The above table illustrates that how Dar-ul-Aman helps the respondents in the resettlement. According to the 55% respondents it helps in reconciliation with parents and in-laws. While other 11% respondents said, it assists them in getting job and 3% respondents said it helps in professional training. However 28% were those respondents who said Dar-ul-Aman does not help them in resettlement. Table 4.1.101 how ofte n your re lativ e visit you

once a week once a month twice a month none Total

Frequency 30 23 9 38 100

Percent 30.0 23.0 9.0 38.0 100.0

The data in the above table shows the visits of respondent’s relatives to Dar-ul-Aman. 30% of the respondents said their relatives visits them once a week while 23% and 9% respondents said they visit us once a month and twice a month respectively. However 38% respondents said no one visits us at Dar-ul-Aman.

89

Table 4.1.102 do the y follow any procedure while visit

yes no 99 for does not apply Total

Frequency 53 16 31 100

Percent 53.0 16.0 31.0 100.0

Whether the relatives follow any procedure while their visit at Dar-ul-Aman. This table shows that 53% respondents said yes they follow but 16% said no they do not need to follow any procedure. However 31% were such cases on whom this question does not apply. Table 4.1.103 what kind of proce dure they follow

id, name, address enter in register, checked and asked us court permission does not know, no body visits her no restriction, no procedure Total

Frequency 24

Percent 24.0

11

11.0

11

11.0

31

31.0

23

23.0

100

100.0

In this table the data shows that what kind of procedure the relative follow while their visit at Dar-ul-Aman. According to the 24% respondents said they have checked their id, name and address at the Dar-ul-Aman gate. 11% respondents said they (security guard) checked them and ask us whether we want to meet them or not while other 11% said they must have to obtain court permission before visit. 31% were those respondents who said they do not know because no one visits them and there were 23% who said they follow no procedure.

90

Table 4.1.104

Darul Aman be tte r than home

yes no up to some extent Total

Frequency 35 43 22 100

Percent 35.0 43.0 22.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the opinions of the respondents about the Dar-ul-Aman and home. 35% respondents said Dar-ul-Aman is better than home and 22% said up to some extend Dar-ul-Aman is better. However 43% said home is better than Dar-ul-Aman. Table 4.1.105 in future where you want to liv e

Darul Aman home Total

Frequency 12 88 100

Percent 12.0 88.0 100.0

The future preference of the respondents is shown in this table. 12% respondents said they would prefer to stay at Dar-ul-Aman in future and 88% said they would like to go home if they get good circumstances.

91

Table 4.1.106 who re fe r you to v isit Darul Aman

NGO court police lawyer self other Total

Frequency 1 23 2 29 18 27 100

Percent 1.0 23.0 2.0 29.0 18.0 27.0 100.0

The data in the above table shows the referral body of the respondent to the Dar-ulAman. Majority of the respondents (23%) and (29%) are referred by the court and lawyers respectively. 30% respondents were referred by the NGO, Police and other persons like relatives and friends etc. however there were 27% respondents who themselves came to Dar-ul-Aman. Table 4.1.107 reason for joining Darul Aman

fear of honor killing exchange marriage forced marriage and prostitution domestic violence acid burning sexual assualt love marriage 13 for other Total

Frequency 4 4

Percent 4.0 4.0

15

15.0

51 1 1 10 14 100

51.0 1.0 1.0 10.0 14.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the reasoning for joining the Dar-ul-Aman. More than half of the sample (51%) said they leave their homes due to domestic violence. 15% left due to forced marriage and 8% left due to fear of honor killing and exchanged marriage. There were 14% respondents who join Dar-ul-Aman because of love marriage. However 14% respondents left home and join Dar-ul-Aman due to other reason which they did not reveal. 92

Table 4.1.108 what should do for the be tte rme nt of women Frequency employment,protection,l egal aid,phone,marriage,free dom,couns vocational training, stippends, legal aid every thing is ok nothing is good like food No answer Total

Percent

28

28.0

12

12.0

44 8 8 100

44.0 8.0 8.0 100.0

The above table illustrates the opinions of the respondents about the steps for the betterment of the Dar-ul-Aman. Most interestingly 44% respondents said every thing is enough. However 28% respondents said administration of Dar-ul-Aman should provide legal aids, counseling, arrangements of marriage and phone facility. 12% respondents said Dar-ul-Aman should provide vocational training and some stipends should be provided to the women in Dar-ul-Aman. There were 8% respondents who said nothing is good here especially food. However 8% respondents refused to response.

93

Section B Cross Tabulation This section of the chapter deals with the information about the different variables and their interdependence and relationships with each other. Table 4.2.1 Re sponde nt age * M artial status Crosstabulation Count single Respondent age

10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 more than 60

Total

1

married 10 42 16 3 1

16

72

8 6 1

Martial status divorce seperated 1 1 1 1

1 2

3

widow 3 3

1 7

Total 20 52 21 3 2 2 100

The data in the above table shows the relationships of the respondent’s age and the marital status. As we see from the above table mostly women who were married and were in the age of 20-29 years that constitutes to 42% and then 16% married women were in the age of 30-39 years and 10% were less than 20 years old. How ever 14% women having the age of 10-29 years were single while a fraction was separated and widowed. Table 4.2.2 if marrie d the n Numbe r of childre n * house status Crosstabulation Count own if married then Number of children

Total

1--3 4--6 7--9 No Does not apply

9 23 9 21 9 71

house status rented 1 5 3 9 2 20

other 2 2 2 2 8

Total 10 30 14 32 13 99

The data in the above table shows that 23% women having children 4-6 left their houses although they had their own houses and 21% were those who had their own houses but 94

had no children or they were single. There were 9% respondents who had children but lived in rented houses and 4% were living in some one’s else home and had children. Table 4.2.3 Re sponde nt age * working satus Crosstabulation Count yes Respondent age

10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 more than 60

Total

4 23 12 1 1 41

working satus no 16 29 9 2 1 1 58

99.00

Total 20 52 21 3 2 2 100

1 1

From the above table it can been seen that mostly women were not working as data shows that 58% were un employed and major chunk fall into the age category of 20-29 years. Only 41% were employed in some domestic level job in which mostly women 23% were in the age of 20-29 years and 12% were in the age of 30-39 years. Table 4.2.4 working satus * monthly income Crosstabulation Count monthly income

working satus Total

yes no 99.00

less than and equal to 5000 33 2 1 36

6000--10000 11000--15000 16000--20000 Above 21000 dont know 3 1 2 2 56 3

1

2

2

56

Total 41 58 1 100

More than half of our sample 56% respondents were those who even did not know about the monthly income of their house. That shows whether they were not working or they were not aware. There were 33% respondents who were also working but had the monthly income less than or up to Rs. 5000.

95

Table 4.2.5

working satus * house hold size Crosstabulation Count 1--4 working satus

yes no 99.00

7 9

Total

16

house hold size 5--9 10--14 20 12 34 14 1 54 27

15--19 2 1 3

Total 41 58 1 100

Working status and household size is shown from the above table where 20% women having the house hold size up 9 members were working. In this way 41% respondents worked, but mostly respondents though who had large family but did not work and such respondents constitute to 58% of the total sample. Table 4.2.6 working satus * fathe r Crosstabulation Count father yes working satus Total

yes no 99.00

no 7 8 15

34 50 1 85

Total 41 58 1 100

There were only 7% respondents who had their father or they lived with their father and a working status and 34% were those having working status but their fathers were not alive or they did not live with their fathers. There were 50% respondents whose fathers were not alive or they did not live with their fathers and they were also not working.

96

Table 4.2.7 Respondent age * reason for joining Darul Aman Crosstabulation Count

Respondent age

Total

10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 more than 60

fear of honor killing 1 1 2

4

exchange marriage 1 3

reason for joining Darul Aman forced marriage and domestic prostitution violence acid burning 4 10 8 27 3 11 1 2

4

15

1 51

sexual assualt

love marriage 4 6

13 for other

1

1

1

10

The data in the above table shows the reason of joining the Dar-ul-Aman. It can be seen that mostly respondents 93% left their houses because of fear of honor killing, exchange marriage, forced marriage and especially domestic violence and most of them were in the age of 20-29 years. There were 20% respondents who left their houses because of some above mention reason and they were in the age of 10-19 years. Table 4.2.8 name of se le cte d darul amans. * some one he lp in counse ling Crosstabulation Count someone help in counseling yes no 99.00 name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

19

3

22

1

17

18

5

10

15

13 18 56

7 4 41

Total

2 1 3

22 23 100

The above table shows the counseling therapy or activity conducted by the Dar-ul-Aman for the respondents who were in trauma or were special cases. In this regard Benazir Bhutto Protection home Islamabad and City District Protection Home Lahore were more active whereas Dastak Lahore was also conducting such activities. However, Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore and Shams Abad Rawalpindi least conduct counseling activities for the women at Dar-ul-Aman.

97

7 4 2 1 14

Total 20 52 21 3 2 2 100

Table 4.2.9

name of selected darul amans. * who provide help in couseling Crosstabulation Count

name of selected darul amans.

Psychiatrist

Psychologist

2

1

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

who provide help in couseling religious 5 for all of social worker teacher above 3

2

6 for non of above

10

4 6

2

2

1 1 4

4 3 12

2 1 7

6 9 25

and social workers as the data of Benazir Bhutto Crisis center and City District Lahore shows. How ever it is also conducted by psychologist and religious teachers. Table 4.2.10 name of se le cte d darul amans. * cooking (training) Crosstabulation Count cooking (training) yes no

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

22

22

18

18

11

4

15

8 11 30

14 12 70

22 23 100

The data in the above table represents the cooking training in the regard of rehabilitation activities conducted by the various Dar-ul-Aman under study. As table shows that this activity was only conducted by Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore and City District Lahore and at limited level in Dastak Lahore. However this training was not provided in Benazir Bhutto Crisis Center Islamabad and Shams Abad Rawalpindi. 98

17 10

From the above table it can be seen that counseling was mostly conducted by psychiatrist

name of selected darul amans.

4 1

1

99 does not apply

1

9 5 45

Table 4.2.11 name of se le cte d darul amans. * Embroide ry (training) Crosstabulation Count Embroidery (training) yes no name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

Total

16

6

22

4

14

18

10

5

15

21 11 62

1 12 38

22 23 100

Embroidery training to the women at Dar-ul-Aman was provided by Dastak Lahore and Benazir Bhutto Crisis Center Islamabad at a higher rate. However City District Lahore and Anjum Himayat Islam also conducted but less than the above mentioned and higher than Shams Abad where only 4% respondents said yes they have such facility. Table 4.2.12 name of se le cte d darul amans. * candle making (training) Crosstabulation Count candle making (training) yes no name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

16 3 19

Total 22

22

18

18

15

15

6 20 81

22 23 100

The above table shows that training of candle making was provided by Dastak Lahore according to 16% out of 22% respondents and only a small level up to 3% in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like Benazir Bhutto Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore. 99

Table 4.2.13 name of se le cte d darul amans. * dying (training) Crosstabulation Count dying (training) yes no name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

17 4 21

Total 22

22

18

18

15

15

5 19 79

22 23 100

The above table shows that training of dying of clothes was provided by Dastak Lahore according to 17% out of 22% respondents and only a small level up to 4% in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore. Table 4.2.14 name of se le cte d darul amans. * se wing (training) Crosstabulation Count sewing (training) yes no name of selected darul amans.

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

16

6

22

3

15

18

15 22 14 70

15 9 30

22 23 100

The Data in above table represents that swing training was being provided in all the Darul-Aman under study. However it was intensive and at higher rate at Dastak where it is almost 100% and BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection Home Islamabad where its rate was

100

16%City District Protection Home where it was up to 14%. Whereas in Shams Abad Rawalpindi it was on limited level up to 3%. Table 4.2.15 name of se le cte d darul amans. * Crafts (training) Crosstabulation Count Crafts (training) yes no name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

Total 22

22

18

18

1

14

15

17 3 21

5 20 79

22 23 100

The data in the above table shows that training of crafts making was provided by Dastak Lahore according to 17% out of 22% respondents and only a small level up to 3% in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore. Table 4.2.16 name of se le cte d darul amans. * Nursing (training) Crosstabulation Count yes name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Nursing (training) no 22.00

4 1 5

Total

Total

22

22

18

18

15

15

18 21 94

The data in the above table shows that training of nursing

1 1

22 23 100

was provided by Dastak

Lahore at a limited level, according to 4% out of 22% respondents and only a small level

101

up to 1% in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore. Table 4.2.17 name of se le cte d darul amans. * Blok Printing (training) Crosstabulation Count Blok Printing (training) yes no name of selected darul amans.

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

12 2 14

Total

22

22

18

18

15

15

10 21 86

22 23 100

The data in the above table shows that the training of block printing was provided by Dastak Lahore according to 12% out of 22% respondents and only a small and limited level up to 2% in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.

102

Table 4.2.18 name of se le cte d darul amans. * hand made pouche s and toys (training) Crosstabulation Count hand made pouches and toys (training) yes no name of selected darul amans.

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

5

16 3 24

Total

17

22

18

18

15

15

6 20 76

22 23 100

The data in the above table presents that training of hand made pouches was provided by Dastak Lahore according to 16% out of 22% respondents and only a small level up to 5% at BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection home and only up to 3% respondents said it is being provided in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.

103

Table 4.2.19 name of se le cte d darul amans. * doe s Darul Aman pay you for your job Crosstabulation Count does Darul Aman pay you for your job Does not yes no apply name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

3

Total

6

13

Total 22

18

18

1

14

15

14 1 19

6 21 65

2 1 16

22 23 100

The above data shows which Dar-ul-Aman pay to the women who worked their. In this regard Dastak Lahore was doing a good job however BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection home also pay but up to a certain level. Whereas this system was not in any other Dar-ulAman under the study. Table 4.2.20 name of se le cte d darul amans. * legal awarene ss Crosstabulation Count legal awareness Does not no apply

yes name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

The data in the

18

10 10 38

3

1

Total 22

18

18

15

15

12 13 61

22 23 100

1

above table shows that training or legal awareness programs was

provided by BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection Home according to 18% out of 22% respondents and at Dastak Lahore according to 10% out of 22% respondents and up to 104

10% in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore. Table 4.2.21 name of se le cte d darul amans. * adult lite racy Crosstabulation Count adult literacy yes name of selected darul amans.

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Does not apply

no 4

8 5 17

17

1

Total 22

18

18

15

15

14 18 82

22 23 100

1

The data in the above table shows that training or adult literacy programs was provided by BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection Home according to 4% out of 22% respondents and at Dastak Lahore according to 8% out of 22% respondents and up to 5% in City District Lahore. Whereas such training was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.

105

Table 4.2.22 name of se lecte d darul amans. * human rights Crosstabulation Count human rights yes name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

Does not apply

no 21

6 7 13

Total

1

22

18

18

15

15

16 16 86

22 23 100

1

The data in the above table shows that training or human rights awareness programs was provided by Dastak Lahore up to certain level as according to 6% out of 22% respondents and up to 7% respondents responds that they are being provided such awareness in City District Lahore. Whereas such training or programs was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore. Table 4.2.23 name of se lecte d darul amans. * health and hygie ne Crosstabulation Count health and hygiene Does not yes no apply name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

The data in the

21

10 9 19

1

Total 22

18

18

15

15

12 14 80

22 23 100

1

above table shows that training or health and hygiene awareness

programs was provided by Dastak Lahore up to certain level as according to 10% out of

106

22% respondents and up to 9% respondents responds that they are being provided such awareness in City District Lahore. Whereas such training or programs was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore. Table 4.2.24 name of se le cte d darul amans. * social and gender issues Crosstabulation Count social and gender issues Does not yes no apply name of selected darul amans.

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

21

1

Total 22

18

18

1

14

15

5 8 14

17 15 85

22 23 100

1

The data in the above table shows that programs of social and gender issues awareness was provided by Dastak Lahore up to certain level as according to 5% out of 22% respondents and up to 8% respondents responds that they are being provided such awareness in City District Lahore. Whereas such training or programs was not present at all in any other Dar-ul-Aman under study like BENAZIR BHUTTO Crisis Center Islamabad. Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore.

107

Table 4.2.25 name of se le cte d darul amans. * he lp in re se ttle ment Crosstabulation Count reconcilation in home name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

help in resettlement assistance professional in getting job training

no

99.00

6

2

14

22

9

1

8

18

11

4

16 13 55

3 1 11

15 3 3

6 28

The above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman provide better services regarding to the reconciliation of the respondents with their respective family members and in other wakes of life. In this regard Dastak Lahore is most active however City District Lahore was also providing such services like reconciliation with family members and assisting in getting job or imparting professional training so that when they (respondents) left Dar-ulAman they would be able to be self dependent. Others Dar-ul-Aman also assists but with less intensity. However it is good to see that all the Dar-ul-Amans under study were imparting such services.

108

Total

3 3

22 23 100

Table 4.2.26 name of sele cted darul amans. * lawye r facility Crosstabulation Count lawyer facility yes name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

Does not apply

no 11

Total

9

2

22

16

2

18

1

14

16 18 46

5 2 46

15 21 23 99

3 7

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing lawyer facility to the respondents. As we see from the data this support was maximum by the City District Lahore and then Dastak Lahore. However BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection home was on number third. Whereas, Shamsabad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities to the women who needed it. Table 4.2.27 name of se le cte d darul amans. * police proce dure facility Crosstabulation Count police procedure facility Does not yes no apply name of selected darul amans.

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

4

13 17 34

Total

16

2

22

16

2

18

15

15

9 3 59

22 23 100

3 7

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing police procedure facility to the respondents who needed such services. As we see from the data this support was provided maximum by the City District Lahore and then Dastak Lahore.

109

However BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection home was on number third. Whereas Shamsabad, Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities. Table 4.2.28

name of se le cte d darul amans. * re conciliation facility Crosstabulation Count reconciliation facility Does not yes no apply name of selected darul amans.

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

4

13 17 34

Total

16

2

22

16

2

18

15

15

9 3 59

22 23 100

3 7

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing reconciliation facility to the respondents who needed such services. As we see from the data this support was provided maximum by the City District Lahore and then Dastak Lahore. However BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection home was on number third. Whereas Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities.

Table 4.2.29

110

name of se le cte d darul amans. * div orce facility Crosstabulation Count divorce facility yes name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

Does not apply

no 16

Total

4

2

22

16

2

18

1

14

13 17 47

9 3 46

15 22 23 100

3 7

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing police procedure facility to the respondents who needed such services. As we see from the data this support was provided maximum by the City District Lahore and then BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection. However Dastak Lahore was on number third. Whereas Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities to those women who needed it. Table 4.2.30 name of se le cte d darul amans. * custody of childre n Crosstabulation Count custody of children Does not yes no apply name of selected darul amans.

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

4

Total

16

2

22

16

2

18

1

14

12 17 34

10 3 59

15 3 7

22 23 100

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing facility of custody of children if any women wanted. As we see from the data this support was provided maximum by the City District Lahore and then Dastak Lahore. However

111

BENAZIR BHUTTO protection home was on number third. Whereas Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities to those women who needed it. Table 4.2.31 name of selected darul amans. * re cov e ry of dowry article s facility Crosstabulation Count recovery of dowry articles facility Does not yes no apply name of selected darul amans.

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Total

4

Total

16

2

22

16

2

18

1

14

14 17 36

8 3 57

15 3 7

22 23 100

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing facility of recovery of dowry articles to the respondents who needed such services . As we see from the data this support was provided maximum by the City District Lahore and Dastak Lahore. However BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection Home was on number third. Whereas Shams Abad Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities to those women who needed it.

Table 4.2.32

112

name of selecte d darul amans. * criminal facility Crosstabulation Count criminal facility yes name of selected darul amans.

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

Does not apply

no 4

16

2

22

16

2

18

15 12 17 33

Total

10 3 60

15 3 7

22 23 100

The data in the above table shows that which Dar-ul-Aman was providing criminal facility to the special respondents who somehow committed crime and needed such services . As we see from the data this support was provided maximum by the City District Lahore and then Dastak Lahore. However BENAZIR BHUTTO Protection Home was on number third. Whereas Shams_ abad, Rawalpindi and Anjum Himayat Islam Lahore were not providing such kind of facilities.

Table 4.2.33

113

name of selected darul amans. * who refe r you to visit Darul Aman Crosstabulation Count who refer you to visit Darul Aman court police lawyer self

NGO name of selected darul amans.

Total

Benazir Bhutto Shelter Home Shamsabad Shelter Home Pindi Anjuman Hamait e Islam Shelter Home Dastak City District Shelter Home

1 1

7

1

7

1

2 6 23

1 2

other

4

3

14

22

2

2

5

18

4

2

2

15

11 8 29

7 4 18

2 4 27

22 23 100

The above table shows that maximum numbers of cases were referred by the lawyers as the data of City District Lahore shows above. There were a great numbers referred by the courts and some respondents by themselves seek protection in Dar-ul-Aman. However some cases were also referred by the police.

Chapter No 5 114

Total

Summary, Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations. Summary The present study is an attempt to understand the dilemma of runaway women and the role of the various Dar-ul-Amans with reference to the provisions of the services and facilities in the context of social and psychological rehabilitation. To serve the objectives five public and private Dar-ul-Amans from Lahroe, Rawalpindi and Islamabad were selected. A sample of 100 respondents was interviewed with the help of interview schedule. After collection, the data was analyzed in SPSS. The statistical tools like frequency percentage and cross tabulation of some variables were used. Finding reveals that mostly respondents were in the age of 20-29 years and belong to rural areas and most of them are married or separated. More over almost % of the respondents were illiterate and most of them have only primary level education. Females left their homes due to domestic violence and forced marriage and seek protection in Dar-ul-Aman where they are provided basic needs and some rehabilitation services and facilities. In this regard Dastak Lahore was providing the best services amongst the five selected Dar-ul-Aman. However all the Dar-ul-Aman were providing services up to services up to certain extends. Although they vary in the provision of various services.

Discussion

115

In this chapter, researchers discuss and link the major findings of the study with the objective and literature review that proposed the basic assumption on which the study is carried out. The basic purpose of the study was to see that whether the basic human rights of the resident’s women were being respected. Findings reveals that all the Dar-ul-Amans were providing security and basic needs like food, clothing, and lodging and up to certain extend medical facilities. However the standards of the services vary in different Dar-ul-Aman. It was because of governing bodies as some were operated by Government of the Punjab, Fedral Government and Private bodies. The study also aims to investigate the provision of services and rehabilitative activities provided by the Dar-ul-Amans so that women would be able to be a self dependent and consider themselves as the integral part of the society. Dastak Lahroe was playing a vital role in the provision and rehabilitative services where various trainings were provided like sewing, bangles painting, embroidery, handmade pouch making, social and psychological counseling. Such kinds of services were also provided in other Dar-ul-Amans but with different intensity and frequency. Anjum Himyat-e-Islam Lahore stands down on the list in this context. Another objective of the study was to discover the various reasons of admission of these women. Findings reveal that it was the domestic violence that compelled the women to leave their homes. Among such cases mostly respondents were married with age group of 20-29 years. Some women who were single and left their houses because of forced marriage or exchange marriage The best one Drul Aman in the provision of rehabilitative activities was also another objective of the present study. It can be seen from chapter 4 of data analysis that Dastak Lahore stands the best and Benazir Crisis Center Islamabad was the second one and Anjum Himay-e-Islam stood last one in the provision of services. Worth mentioning thing is that respondents felt a sense of security and were satisfied as they were able to have legal facilities from renowned lawyer through the Dastak Protection home and this way they were able to cope their legal needs. But in other Dar-ul-Aman like Anjum Himaye-e-Islam and City District Government some

116

respondents responds that they are not able to get rid of their legal cases and no one is here to help them or they have no money to pay for legal help. Another thing was noted by the researcher that respondents took these rehabilitative activities positively and consider them as helpful for their future in the context of socially and economically well being. Conclusion Following conclusion has been drawn in the light of statistical data analysis and discussion made with the respondents. Women left their home because of domestic violence and these are the women who are not educated and are not working so they are vulnerable to face such domestic violence and they belonged to the rural areas. Most of them were married and were brought to the Dar-ul-Aman through court that indicated that they were entangled in some legal cases. However when they joined Dar-ul-Aman they are provided with certain skills and some awareness programs like human rights, social and gender issues. Most of them took it positive and few of them even then do not take interest. In spite of having security , basic needs and certain trainings, women consider the Dar-ul-Aman like a prison and they wanted to get rid of that life and want to live in society with their family.

Recommendation.

117

1. After understanding the phenomenon up to certain extends researcher suggests the following recommendations, 2. Government should ensure the provision of rehabilitation services in the Dar-ulAman operated by the Govt body so that when women left their home they would be able to cope with all the difficulties and would be self dependent. 3. Dar-ul-Amans undertaken by the Govt and Private body should provide or arrange the professional training for the runaway females, so that they would be able to earn for their selves and for their children’s. 4. Government should take special initiative to promulgate laws in the Dar-ulAmans that provide a sense of well being and sense of security in the premises of Dar-ul-Aman. 5. To understand the women who were in distress and seek protection in Dar-ulAman, special people should be selected and they must be provided special training so that they can deal them successfully. 6. Govt and Private Dar-ul-Amans have need to rendered special attention and care for children’s who come with their mothers. Proper formal education should be provided to the children’s. 7. Private Dar-ul-Aman provides a temporary stay up to three months because of lack of resources. Such homes must be funded generously so that they can provide stay to the women who need more time. 8. Department of social welfare and the Ministry of Women Development should do more research and they utilize for the best of the women who seek protection in the Dar-ul-Aman.

118

Bibliography 1. Bari, Farzana; Pal, Mariam S., (July 2000): Country Briefing Paper: Women in Pakistan. Asian Development Bank, Programme Development (West) and Office of the Environment & Social Development. 2. Violence Against Women: Implementation of National Plan of Action(NPA): Pakistan National Report Beijing +10, Ministry of Women Development, Islamabad Government of Pakistan. 3. Helse, LL; Elsberg, M; Gottermoeller, M: Ending Violence Against Women. Baltimore MD Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health Centre of Communications Program (1999) [Population Reports Series 1, No.11] 4. Institutionalization: Commission of Inquiry for Women : “On the Path of Womens Empowerment”, Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Womens Development, Social Welfare and Special Education, Islamabad. 5. Khan, Shahnaz; Assistant Professor Womens Studies Program, St. Francis Xavier: “Gender, Religion, Sexuality and the State: Mediating Hadood Laws in Pakistan” 6. Shermani, Saifur Rehman, Pakistan 7. Human Rights Commission Reports Pakistan 8. Siddique, Fatima Ehtisham: “Women and Human Rights” 9. Sood(1990) 10. Tomasevski (1993) 11. Silverman, R (1986) 12. Wasi, Umaima: “Socio-economic & Psychological Factors of Destitute Women” 13. Miller, Thomas W; Veltkamp,J; Lane, Tina; Bilyeu, Jaye; Elzie, Nancy. 14. Hilbert, Judith C.; Koila, Raiza; Leenwen, Dawn M.:”Abused Women in New Mexican Protections: Factors that Influence Independence on Discharge” 15. Srinivasan, Meera; Davis, LianeV.: “A Protection: An Organisation Like Any Other?” 16. Nabi, Robin L.; Horner, Jennifer R.: “Journal of Family Violence”

119

17. Petretic-Jackson, Patricia A.; Witte, Tricia H.; Jackson, Thomas L.: “Handbook of Domestic Violence Strategies” 18. Johnson, Sharon: “Therapists Guide to Clinical Intervention”; Fresno, California 19. Handbook of Violence Against Women in South Asia: Women and Human Rights Development. 20. Bari, Farzana (1998) 21. Ilgenfritz (1996)

Webliography 1: http://www.panahprotection.org/vision.html 2: http://www.pndpunjab.gov.pk/page.asp?id=454

120

Appendix Role of Dar-ul-Aman in rehabilitation of Runaway women. Name:------------------------Age:---------------------------Education:--------------------------------------------------------------Marital status:----------------If married, Number of children:------------Status of house you lived in:-----------------------Work status: 1: working 2: Non working. If working then occupation:-----------Monthly income (if applicable):--------------

121

Other family

Sex

Age Relationship

Marital

Education.

Occupation.

members.

Male=1

(

with the

status.

Illiterate=1

Govt

Please

Female

yy)

respondents.

Married=1

Primary=2.

official=1

mention their

=2

Father=1

Separated=2

Middle=3

Teacher=2

name. started

Mother=2

Divorced=3

Matric=4.

Agriculturist

with the head

Husband=3

Widow=4

F.A=5.

=3

of the family.

Brother=4

Never-

B.A=6.

Labor =4

e.g. (father)

Sister

married=5

M.A=6.

Tailor=5

Madrassa=7.

Housewife=6

=5

Father inlaw=6

Retired =7

Mother in-

Student=8

law=7

Lawyer=9

Uncle=8

Doctor=10

Aunt=9

Others=11

Others=10

(Mention)

(Mention)

Q: 1 Respondent’s Native address. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Urban-----------------Rural -------------Q: 2 For how long you are at Dar-ul-Aman? DD-------MM, ------ --YY-------Q 3: How many person do you live in a room? -----------Q 4: How did you find the attitude of colleagues and staff at Dar-ul-Aman? Q 5: Do you have the following Facilities at Dar-ul-Aman? •

Boarding

•Lodging

•

Food

•Clothes and Laundry

122

•

Telephone

•Entertainment like TV etc

•

Out door Picnic

•Security guards

•

Indoor and Out door entry register

•

Police protection for court cases

Q 6: Does Dar-ul-Aman help for your children (if married and have children) Food

Milk

Education

Day care

Medical

Q 7: Are you satisfied with above facilities? Yes

No

Q 8: Do you pay any service charges at Dar-ul-Aman. Yes

No

If yes please specify:---------------Q 9: Do you celebrate special days like cultural and religious days.

Q 10: Do you have following Legal facilities at Dar-ul-Aman? •

Facilities of lawyers

•

Helping in police procedure

•

Reconciliation

•

Divorce

•

Custody of children

•

Recovery of dowry articles

•

Criminal Cases (Hudood Ordinance. Rape , Incest)

Q 11: Do you pay any charges for legal aid? Yes

No

If yes then how much?

------------Rupees.

Q 12: Do you have the following Medical facilities? •

Medicines

123

•

Surgical

•

Gynecological

•

Plastic surgery

•

Laboratory

•

X-Ray

•

Ultrasound

•

Hospitalization

•

Others

Q 13: Do you pay any charges for medical aid ? Yes

No

If yes then how much?----------- Rupees. Q 14: Does some one help you in Counseling? YES

No

If yes then who provides you? •

Psychiatrists

•

Psychologists

•

Social workers

•

Religious teacher

Q 15: how they conduct counseling. Q 16:Are you happy by Counselors? Yes

No

(Please specify if NO)-------------------------------Q 17: what kind of training you are provided at Dar-ul-Aman? Cooking

Sewing

Embroidery

Crafts

Computer

Nursing

Candle Making

Block Printing

Tie and dye

hand made pouches and toys

Q 18: Do you have educational Activities? 124

Religious education Informal Schooling English classes Q 19: What are the Awareness Programs Legal awareness Health and Hygiene Adult Literacy social and gender issues Human rights current affairs Q 20: Does Dar-ul-Aman helps you in the Resettlement? Reconciliation with husband , parents, in- laws. Assistance in getting job Professional training Q 21: How often your relatives visit you? Once a week Once a months Twice a months Never (why)---------------------------------------------------Q 22: Do they follow any procedure when they visit you? Yes (if yes please specify)-----------------------------No(why)-----------------------------------------------------------Q 23: Do you think Dar-ul-Aman is better than home? 1-Yes

2-No

3-Up to some extend

Q 24: In future where you want to live ? 1- Dar-ul-Aman

2- Home

Q 25: who Refer you to this Dar-ul-Aman? 1. NGO

Name:-----------------------------------------------------------

2. Court

Name:----------------------------------------------------------

3. Police

125

4. Lawyers 5. Politicians 6. Self Q 26: Did you face any problem while admission in Dar-ul-Aman. Q 27: Reason for joining Dar-ul-Aman. 2. Economic 3. Fear of Honor killing 4. Sale of girl 5. Exchange Marriage. 6. Forced marriage and prostitution. 7. Domestic Violence. 8. Acid Burning / hearth burning 9. Incest 10. Rape victim 11. Sexual Assault / sexual abuse 12. Love marriage 13. Hadood Ordinance Q 28: In your opinion what Dar-ul-Aman should do for the betterment of women Q 29: Any thing you Dislike and Like at Dar-ul-Aman Q 30: Please mention your daily routine life at Dar-ul-Aman Comments & Suggestions: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Thank you. Date and time: Name of Interviewer: ------------------------------------------------------Comments of interviewers:------------------------------------------------126

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Name of Dar-ul-Aman:------------------------------------------------------

127