Thesis-book.pdf

A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

MAPUA UNIVERSITY School of Architecture, Industrial Design, and Built Environment

A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound BY HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 12/19/2017 ABSTRACT The Philippines crime status has always been a significant problem in our country. The prison status is undeniably overcrowded for the past 15 yrs. Proven in my research that different countries has been successfully practicing the unique reformation program that gives inmates a privilege to study alongside students which could benefit both parties. This will also address the exponential growth of inmates in terms of health, improved facility and security secondly their integration back to society once they are freed particularly issues like unemployment, recidivism and stigma directed towards them. Also proves that it is an effective solution to lessen the high crime rates and high recidivism rates.

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of my thesis. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not forget to thank them. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our Heavenly Father who gave me my strength to live and serve him each and every day of my life. Architecture is not an easy degree, but with hardships, determination, and patience, I’m now finished with my second to the last big thing in my degree, my thesis. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my dear thesis adviser, Architect Anna Christina Ealdama, for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my thesis book. I specially mention my parents, Mr. Bartolome Hadlocon and Mrs. Teresita Hadlocon, for their guidance, care, support and love to me ever since I was born into this world. Also to my three sisters, Fatima Faye Hadlocon for all your legal advices, Katherine Kaye Hadlocon for all your medical advices, Jesusa Jaye Hadlocon for all structural advices and for the bonding that we have whether at home or somewhere else, it gave me motivation to work on my thesis. Thank you very much for your support and understanding over these past four years. I respect and thank Mr. and Mrs. Diquiatco and Mr. and Mrs. Bautista for providing me all support and guidance which made me complete the project on time. I am extremely grateful for providing such a nice support and guidance though they had busy schedule. Thank you so much for my friends, cosoon architects Brian, Jowelyn, Patria, Hannah, Paule, Amiel, Emman, Chrisian, Lester, Joana, Justin, Eden, Vito, Winnie, Camille, Kuya Nino, Kuya Gani and to all my friends for the stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last four years. Also, I thank our friend Lexi for guiding us with her presence and I hope you are now in peace together with our Lord. And lastly to Neil Brian Diquiatco, who always gives me strength and helped me numerous times, for lending me laptop and for accompanying me miles away for my research. Your presence helps me battled wars I never thought I wouldn’t make it. Thank you for everything.

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Pauline Co Hadlocon is a Filipino who pursues her studies in the Philippines. She is a graduate of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao and is currently taking up BS Architecture at Mapua University in Intramuros Manila. She worked at Gruppo Arkiteko Company Incorporated, an architectural firm in Quezon City in completion of her Architectural Internship Course. She is young and adventurous women who wants to research and experiment possible things that could open more opportunities and doors by integrating experience and knowledge as form of radical approach of education. This lead her to focus on combining Graduate School of Criminology and Prisoners as her thesis project incompliance for her Undergraduate Degree of Architecture.

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………i APPROVAL SHEET………………………………………………………………………….………1 AKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………………….…………….2 ABOUT THE AUTHOR…………………………………………………………………….………..3 1

THE PROBLEM ..................................................................................................................... 7

1.1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 7

1.2

Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1

1.3

Research Questions..................................................................................................... 8

Goals and Objectives ................................................................................................................. 9 1.3.1

Goal ............................................................................................................................ 9

1.3.2

Objectives ................................................................................................................... 9

1.3.3

Objectives ................................................................................................................... 9

1.4

Significance of the Study......................................................................................................... 10

1.5

Scope and Limitation............................................................................................................... 10 1.5.1

Scope ........................................................................................................................ 10

1.5.2

Limitation ................................................................................................................. 10

1.6

Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................................... 11

1.7

Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................. 11

1.8

Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................. 12

2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .......................................................................... 13

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

2.1

Prisoners Study alongside Durham University in Unique Criminology Course ..................... 13

2.2

Inmates and College Education ............................................................................................... 14

2.3

A Radical New Approach to Prison Design ............................................................................ 15

2.4

PriSchool: A Prison + School Hybrid ..................................................................................... 16

2.5

How Prison Architecture Can Transform Inmates' Lives ........................................................ 17

2.6

A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System ................................................... 18

2.7

A Rules for Treatment of Prisoners and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 19

3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 21

3.1

Research Design ...................................................................................................................... 21

3.2

Population Sampling Research Design ................................................................................... 21

3.3

Research Instruments Research Design ................................................................................... 21

3.4

Interview Focus ....................................................................................................................... 22

3.5

Case Studies ............................................................................................................................ 24 3.5.1

Case Study of International Prison Facility .............................................................. 24

3.5.2

Case Study of Local Prison Facility ......................................................................... 36

4

FINDINGS AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATION .......................................................... 44

4.1

Presentation of Collected Data ................................................................................................ 44 4.1.1

Case Study of International Prison Facility .............................................................. 44

4.1.2

Case Study of Local Prison Facility ......................................................................... 59

4.1.3

Difference Between Prison and School .................................................................... 61

4.2

Surveys and Questionnaires Results ........................................................................................ 63

4.3

Statistical Evidences ................................................................................................................ 66

4.4

Prospect User ........................................................................................................................... 71

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

4.5

Design Recommendation......................................................................................................... 72 4.5.1

Architectural Concept ............................................................................................... 73

4.5.2

Structural and Utility Concept .................................................................................. 74

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ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATION................................................................................. 77

5.1

Project Profile and Analysis .................................................................................................... 77

5.2

5.1.1

Description of the Project ......................................................................................... 77

5.1.2

Problem and Significance ......................................................................................... 77

Site Profile and Analysis ......................................................................................................... 77 5.2.1

Description of the Site .............................................................................................. 77

5.2.2

Site Analysis ............................................................................................................. 78

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FINAL ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS ......................................................................... 93

6.1

Proposed Site Development Plan ............................................................................................ 93

6.2

Floor Plans ............................................................................................................................... 94

6.3

Elevations and Sections ......................................................................................................... 101 102 105

6.4

Perspective............................................................................................................................. 112

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REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 0

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

1

THE PROBLEM

1.1

Introduction Philippine Crime’s status has always been a significant problem in our country. As of October, 2016, a tremendous increase of 37% crime rate compared to the previous year. On the other hand, more than half a million has been turned themselves into authority for drug related matter as a campaign of “War on Drugs” by the newly-elected President Rodrigo Duterte. The prison status of the Philippines is undeniably overcrowded for the past 15 years and the population increases an average of 5% yearly. Luzon accommodates 29, 370 inmates and compressed them in 3 prisons. That is 70% of the total population of inmates in the Philippines. The Philippine Corrections System is composed of the institutions in the government, civil society and the business sector involved in the confinement, correction and restoration of persons charged for and/or convicted of delinquent acts or crimes. In the Philippines, there is a distinction between a “jail” and “prison”. A “jail” is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation or undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences. It is differentiated from the term “prison” which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managed and supervised by the Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the Department of Justice.5 Jails include provincial, district, city and municipal jails managed and supervised by the Provincial Government and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), respectively, which are both under the Department of the Interior and Local Government.

1.2

Statement of the Problem Prisons have long been described as “breeding grounds for crime.” (Samenow, 2011) The common prison design here in the Philippines affects inmates psychologically in a negative way more than positive. With facilities that are unhealthy and might as well be for animals, inmates often feel as if the government had turned its back on them and makes them feel like they no longer have the chance to become a better person. Add dirty tap water, dingy toilets, substandard meals, gang war, poorly trained guards and prison administrators, favoritism, and you have a system built for punishment, not for rehabilitation. As a result, instead of repenting for their sins, offenders are more likely to get worse as they stay inside the prison. Their

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

wrongdoings are all but cultured within the walls of their prison cell. Once released, most of the inmates go back to their wrong deeds and commit crimes, only this time being more careful of getting caught. Even if they do want to change, the isolation, rude treatment and denial from job opportunities caused by the negative connotation of the prison often force them to commit crimes again. Extreme overcrowding is the most punishing aspect of doing time in jails. According to the International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS), the Philippines has the fourth most overcrowded prison system in the world. With the newly elected President Duterte’s War-onDrugs Movement, the prison population has come into an explosion. In City Prisons such Manila City Jail and Quezon City Jail, inmates have to take turns in sleeping at the floor and, even worse, some even do sleep in the steps of a fair exit staircase. This condition is cruel, inhuman, degrading, and unjust punishment. Overcrowding is dangerous to health and may result to rampant spread of diseases. In addition, the lack of medical facilities in various prison turn the prison into a more inhumane facility. This is not the enlightened approach to penology which is reform geared towards a subsequent productive life upon re-entry to the community. It is almost like the 18th century, where prisoners are treated as animals unfit to renew themselves and rejoin the society. This is a violation to many international treaties on human rights of offenders such as the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT) as well as our very own Philippine Constitution. Through architecture, the researcher is seeking of a way to provide a positive ambience to the inmates and drug dependents that will encourage change, empowered and to once again become productive and law abiding citizens of the Philippines. 1.2.1

Research Questions • • •

In order to come up with a solution this problem, this research study shall answer the following: What strategies must be applied to encourage productivity and change to the inmates? How Lack of Education and Drop outs from High School have a high chance of being incarcerated?

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

•

1.3

How should the design approach can be secured at the same time it is open for interacting with the students and prisoners as well as it is well ventilated.

Goals and Objectives Prisons have long been described as “breeding grounds for crime.” (Samenow, 2011) The common prison design here in the Philippines affects inmates psychologically in a negative way more than positive. With facilities that are unhealthy and might as well be for animals, inmates often feel as if the government had turned its back on them and makes them feel like they no longer have the chance to become a better person. Add dirty tap water, dingy toilets, substandard meals, gang war, poorly trained guards and prison administrators, favoritism, and you have a system built for punishment, not for rehabilitation. As a result, instead of repenting for their sins, offenders are more like

1.3.1

Goal The Research study aims to provide a new prison facility that merges the program of incarceration and education. This intends to lessen the chance of recidivism through educational rehabilitation and to prepare the prisoners for their return to society.

1.3.2

Objectives • • • • •

1.3.3

This study intent to do the following: To formulate an architectural solution to the government services for the prisoners. To incorporate the different government policies in providing the services needed by the prisoners. To improve availability to the provinces that lacks prison facilities To propose new design ideas that will improve the negative connotation on prisoners.

Objectives • • • •

To gather relevant information and achieve excellent outcome of this thesis paper. To propose an architectural design that is secured and safe for the facility and users. To propose a facility that will focus on the needs of its users. To research through reliable sources such as books, related literature, thesis studies, the specific codes and other reliable sources about prison facility and rehabilitation.

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

•

1.4

To analyze and develop architectural solution for a secured, safe, well designed prison environment for rehabilitation.

Significance of the Study The study will benefit prisoners on what they can achieve by promoting educational empowerment which can reduce their chances of re-offending, and to lessen overcrowding and population density problems. On the other hand, it also gives awareness by contributing data and recommendations to the government that Prison Facilities is neglected and forgotten due to other architectural project opportunities.

1.5

Scope and Limitation

1.5.1

Scope This study aims to identify all the services needed by the offenders and students of criminology that connect all the facilities and establishments that are needed according to their types of services. The study will focus only the solution on how to be secured at the same time it is open for interacting with the students and prisoners as well as it is well ventilated. The proponent will discuss the positive effects of designing the prison compound will increased productivity of students and prisoners, and increased literacy and lessen the chance of recidivism.

1.5.2

Limitation The study will be limited to National Prisons and does not include City Jails and Juvenile Prisons. It shall cater to prisoners who are recommended by the head warden that has a good conduct and good record inside the prison for a certain period of time. The funding and resources of the construction of the facility will also not be discussed in the study.

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

1.6

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework

1.7

Definition of Terms Correctional Facility – (noun) “They serve to confine and rehabilitate prisoners” Empowerment – (noun) “the process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights” Illiterate – (adjective) “unable to read or write” Incarceration – (noun) “the state of being confined in prison; imprisonment” Penal- (adjective) “relating to, used for, or prescribing the punishment of offenders under the legal system” Penal Institution (noun) “means any institution used to house or detain a person who is convicted of a crime”

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

Penitentiary – (noun) “a prison for people convicted of serious crimes” Prison – (noun) “building in which convicted people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have committed.” Recidivism – (noun) “the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend” Reformation – (noun) “making changes to something with the intention of setting it back on the right path” Rehabilitation – (noun) “the action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and therapy after imprisonment” Re-offending – (verb) “commit a further offense”

1.8

Definition of Terms BuCor – Bureau of Corrections NCR – National Capital Region BJMP- Bureau of Jail Management and Penology DOJ- Department of Justice DILG- Department of the Interior and Local Government CHR- Commission on Human Rights NBP- New Bilibid Prison CIW- Correctional Institute for Women ICPS- International Centre for Prison Studies

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1

Prisoners Study alongside Durham University in Unique Criminology Course According to Sally Guyoncourt (2016). The professor of criminology at Durham University says the Inside-Out programme has been potentially life-changing for prisoners and undergraduates alike. When it comes to learning, nothing can compare to real-life experience – as a group of prisoners has proved in a ground-breaking new university course. Inmates at high-security Frankland Prison in County Durham have been studying alongside undergraduates from Durham University in a unique criminology programme. And it is the prisoners who are coming top of the class. “We have gained a deeper understanding of humanity and the inhumanity of the prisoners’ experiences,” she said. “The prisoners say they feel like humans again for the part of the week they do the course.” The professor claimed it is often the students “inside” who score better on parts of the course than their university counterparts. She said some of the prisoners were already studying to university level through Open University and had the advantage of time to commit to research. The course gives criminology students an insight into prison life, while for the prisoners it is a chance to turn their lives around through education. Durnham University envision itself to improve the system and reform of the prisoners and their life in rehabilitation alongside is to have a chance of criminology students to interact with the prisoners, aim to make the students fully aware of the real-life experience. It is an interaction of the two parties benefit each other. And it is said to work for most of the prisoners, where they even excel in interaction together with the criminal students. The students performed at its best as well, finding the real-life experience a life/ perception changing. The new reform of the prisons might help and work to lessen the numbers of recidivism by educating the misfortune prisoners who’s lack of education, but it might be a new setting and environment for the students that might affect their performances. Nothing is better compare to a real-life experience, and this is the reason why it should be studied, the application of the criminology course based on the real-life scenario which will be projected to help for the better performance of the criminology students.

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

2.2

Inmates and College Education According to Marina Salsbury, (2011). One of the main purposes of the criminal justice system is to keep criminals off the street so that the public will remain safe. What people tend to forget is that another major goal of the criminal justice system is to rehabilitate criminals so that when they’re released the public will still remain safe. Rehabilitation isn’t an easy process and isn’t always suitable or possible for every inmate, but with the right techniques, it can be accomplished for a great many. Typical rehabilitation practices include therapy, spiritual guidance, community service, and education. Research shows education is one of the most effective ways to rehabilitate criminals. It gives inmates a new purpose in life and may change the attitudes that landed them in prison in the first place. It also makes it a lot easier for inmates to find jobs upon release, a major benefit considering former inmates have a terrible time finding work after prison due to employers’ unwillingness to hire workers with criminal records. Often the chances of finding a job can be greatly increased by proving one was disciplined enough to pursue education while still behind bars. The skills and knowledge acquired also give inmates the ability to work in a larger variety of positions. Released inmates who are able to obtain employment are far less likely to return to prison than those who remain unemployed. According to University of Missouri policy analyst Jake Cronin, inmates who earned GEDs in prison were 33 percent less likely to return to prison. These numbers may be even higher for inmates who earn college degrees through online courses or prison-based programs. One surprising benefit of college courses in prison is that they actually save taxpayers money. This research flies in the face of the objection that providing education to prisoners wastes money. A 2009 report from the Correctional Association of New York revealed that the 1,200 inmates then taking part in 69 prison programs across the United States were far less likely to return to prison. Since it costs as much as $40,000 annually to house an inmate in prison, any measure that will prevent former inmates from returning to prison is a worthwhile endeavor.

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

Unfortunately, college education is not available in all US prisons. Some people believe criminals forfeit their right to education when they break laws. Some facilities simply don’t have the necessary resources for providing college-level education to inmates. GED prison programs are far more common than college programs, as they tend to be less expensive to run. Some prisons allow inmates to pursue college degrees online, but usually under close supervision. On the other hand, some schools themselves offer programs specifically designed for getting inmates educated. Boston University has a prison education program, from which over 200 degrees have been granted to inmates from MCI-Norfolk, MCI-Framingham, and the Bay State Correctional Center. Other notable schools with prison education programs include Harvard, Bard College, Georgetown University, and Wesleyan University. The overwhelming body of research shows providing college education for inmates is one of the most effective means of lowering recidivism rates. Nevertheless, at present most inmates don’t have access to college-level programs. As more research comes out highlighting the benefits of college education in prison, chances are politicians will find providing these opportunities more worthwhile.

2.3

A Radical New Approach to Prison Design According to Rory Stott (2014). Glen Santayana, a student at Harvard's Graduate School of Design, has used his thesis project to add to this debate, designing PriSchool - a prison which both integrates with a school of criminology and is embedded within the community. Santayana's thesis explains how, since the "war on drugs" began in the states in the 1970s, the population of the American prison system has swelled by 500%. 92% of the current prison population is incarcerated on non-violent charges. To make this problem worse, the US has 67% recidivism within 3 years after release. Prison is designed precisely for those non-violent offenders who struggle to stay on the right side of the law when released. Situated in a Brooklyn neighborhood surrounded by "million dollar blocks" - city blocks with such high crime that the state is spending over a million dollars a year to incarcerate their residents - the prison/school hybrid rethinks what a prison can achieve, positing it as a place where prisoners

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

and students can learn from each other, and where criminals can be rehabilitated in preparation for their return to society. Santayana’s thesis explains how this 500% increased of prisoners and 67% recidivism during the 1970s states “war on drugs” can be avoided by her new thesis proposal, the “prischool” prison-school integration and is embedded within the community. It is designed for the non-violent offenders who’s having a difficulty to obey the law, this prison-school hybrid will make a reformation to what we know on the typical prison, it will be rehabilitated and educate criminals in preparation for their return to society and also, to make the students learn from the behavior of the criminal. In today’s society, it is common to hear that those who’s in prison are considered someone who are bad. But in this “preschool” it will help to make a different perspective of a prisoners to our society, that the prisoners are one of us who commits mistakes, and through education they are being corrected. In the Philippines, the Duterte administration “war on drugs” takes control of the countries drug-related incidents, leaving a huge increase in the volume of the prisoners and the recidivism, and just like what they have done and proved, it will make the integration of prisoncriminology school so as both parties will benefit each other the way that they will share each other’s experiences and knowledge, this will educate the prisoners to make them aware and enlighten of the wrong doings they have done, and for the students, they will be aware on how the minds of the criminals work.

2.4

PriSchool: A Prison + School Hybrid According to Glen Santayana (2013). A prison + school hybrid addresses the outflow of prisoners and combat the challenges of recidivism. This is done through the implementation of a new typology of prison facility that symbiotically merges the program of incarceration and education. Rather than regarding prisons simply as a means of punishment that might ensure ex-convicts have no other future, this new system of higher education incarceration will promote rehabilitation and the creation of new productive members of society. In today’s generation, it is a common knowledge for everyone that if someone commits a crime and got a penalty for imprisonment, he/she might end up a miserable life, having no

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

job that accepts them after their punishment. And in this proposal, it will promote rehabilitation that will boost the education for every prisoner that will form them to become a new productive member of the society. Having an education for the prisoners, together with their sentence inside the jail, might help the prisoners to repent to whatever the wrong doings they have done, and this might make the society. In this study, it will aim to make the prison-school become a way for a better rehabilitation, where every user will learn something new with each other. And the imprisonment become a way to form the prisoner into someone who is a new person, not to make it look as a punishment who need to suffer, and to make them become ready to the outside world where no one will judge them and their past.

2.5

How Prison Architecture Can Transform Inmates' Lives Accoring to Ryan Jacobs (2014). Previous researches on Dutch prison studies have suggested that the feeling of isolation and wariness of constant surveillance can increase psychological tension among inmates and cause unhealthy relationship with prison staff. This causes prison misbehavior and misconduct. On the other hand, it is noted that prisons with strong inmate-staff relationship have less prisoner misconduct and less mental health problems of inmates. In other words, good staffprisoner relationships are important for the manageability and safety in prisons. (Beijersbergen, 2014) A study published in Crime & Deliquency has concluded that floor plans, building styles, and other design features are significant elements that affect the prisoners’ perspective in their relationship with prison staff. It is founded that the Panopticon layout— a prison layout which consist of a circular structure and has the purpose of complete inspection by prison staff— had the most mentally harmful effects on inmates. On the other hand, the high-rise, campus, and courtyard prison layouts have most positive impact on inmates. Open and wide spaces are usually offered without sacrificing the purpose of surveillance, security, and retribution. Spaces in light colors also uplift their moods and behaviors more than the dark and dead colors of the usual prison.

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

2.6

A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System According to Abelardo B. Albis, Jr., Eleandro F. Madrona (2015), A Study on the Effectivity of Philippine Prison System The paper is a study concerning the situations and system in Philippine Prisons and whether they are effective in rehabilitation or not. Discussed herewith are the theories and purposes of a prison system. Basically, there are three schools of thoughts when it comes to prison systems: The Classical, Neo-classical and the Positivist school. The Classical school of thought is prison system approach which is punitive and retributive in nature, is based on the belief that people has free will and aware of the penal code while the Neo-Classical has the same contents as the classical doctrines, except children and the mentally disabled are greatly reconsidered. The Positivist school of thought, on the other hand, is based on the thought that crime is a social phenomenon. This principle is more reformative and preventive and punishment is individualized. It views criminals as sick patients that need to be treated. Rehabilitation is the main purpose more than punishing of inmates. The entire paper is based on the Positivist School of thought as this study will be. Other issues discussed in the paper include the history of Philippine Prison System and Prison Systems in general, the Revised Penal Code, and the present set-up in prisons such as the organizational structure of prison staff. The paper also discusses the processes of prison life. Upon admission, a newcomer is confined in a quarantine cell for the first two weeks where he is oriented of the life in prison and examined whether he is in need of medical attention. The newcomer then undergoes extensive interviews to help determine which kind of treatment is suitable. A staff interview will be performed two months after admission. All the gathered interviews, tests and observations will determine where the inmate shall be transferred: New Bilibid Prison; Ihawig and Sablayan Penal Colonies; Davao Penal Colony; San Ramon Prison Penal Farm and; Manila Office. The paper also discusses few sections of the Rules for Treatment of Prisoners concerning accommodation of prisoners and whether or not these facilities comply with the Rules. In conclusion, that the Philippine Prison system is non-compliant or compliant only in lip service to the International Standards for Treatment of Prisoners just as facilities of the National Prisons itself. The system is effective if we will consider the classical and Neo-classical approach, however, in the 21st century, where the rest of the world’s prisons have long shifted to rehabilitation as the sole purpose of Prisons, it fails as it barely re-admits the prisoners into the

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A Proposed New Regional Prison Facility Integrated with Graduate School of Criminology Inside Prison Compound HADLOCON, PAULINE C. 2013123021 4/19/2018

free society as a responsible and reformed man. It is recommended that the country start to look in a different perspective when it comes to treatment of prisoners. In relation this, this study would consider the Prison design with a positivist point of view—to redefine National Prisons in the Philippines with a new, positive, and for long-term purpose— a Prison System that will comply with the Minimum Rules for Treatment of Prisoners and provide decent facilities which will help not just in the physical and mental health of prisoners, but also in their rehabilitation. Even as a penal institution, prisons should be designed considering human relations. Disciplinary systems such as prisons crush individuality and are obstacles to positive social goals such as rehabilitation and peaceful coexistence. (Foucalt, 2014) It is time for architects to design with the vision of a positive future, a long-term goal where prisoners reintegrate into the society.

2.7

A Rules for Treatment of Prisoners and International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a set of provisions on civil and political citizens of every citizen in all countries established by the United Nations. Article 10 of the Covenant states that: 1. All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person; 2. (a) Accused persons shall, save in exceptional circumstances, be segregated from convicted persons and shall be subject to separate treatment appropriate to their status as unconvinced persons; (b) Accused juvenile persons shall be separated from adults and brought as speedily as possible for adjudication; 3. The penitentiary system shall comprise treatment of prisoners the essential aim of which shall be their reformation and social rehabilitation. Juvenile offenders shall be segregated from adults and be accorded treatment appropriate to their age and legal status. Rules for Treatment of Prisoners, on the other hand, tackle the more specific issues regarding the rights of inmates and is concerned with the Philippines only. Some sections relevant for the pursuing of this study are as follow. Article IV Sec. 6. All accommodations provided for the use of prisoners and in particular all sleeping accommodations shall meet all requirements of health, due regard being paid to climatic conditions and particularly to cubic content of air, minimum floor space, lighting, heating and ventilation. Sec. 8. The sanitary

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installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to comply with the needs of nature when necessary and in a clean and decent manner. Sec. 9. The bathing and shower installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to make full use of them according to reason. Both of these provisions are drafted in the purpose of promoting against torture and other cruel treatment or punishment, which is still present in the country and widespread around other countries of the world. Both of these provisions state that prisoners are still intact with their human rights except for their right of liberty. These shall be a basis in identifying the minimum standards and space requirements of this study.

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3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1

Research Design This research study shall be descriptive in nature in order to gather sufficient data for analysis need in this study. Descriptive method of research describes conditions, phenomena, and situations as it is. Since the research study is concerned with the present conditions in National prisom, descriptive method is the most appropriate research method. The data gathering method shall be composed of interview, surveys, actual observations, and case studies. An interview will be conducted by the researcher to different personnel in the New Bilibid Prison and the educational facilities needed for the reformation program. Observation will be made by ocular inspection of the administration building and the maximum security compound, if possible, through the watch-tower. A survey shall be conducted to consider the views and opinions of concerned individuals. Case studies shall be conducted on related facilities.

3.2

Population Sampling Research Design The whole Prison Population from all Penal Facilities in the country will be considered for statistical evidences. Considering all inmates from New Bilibid Prison, Correctional Institute for Women, Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm, Davao Prison and Penal Farm, San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm, Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm, and Leyte Regional Prison. Surveys and other related data shall be taken from a sample of people coming from different fields as representative of their sector. This sample shall be determined by age, gender, and education to ensure flexibility of the results.

3.3

Research Instruments Research Design The research instruments of this study include, interviews questionnaires, survey form, site pictures, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis and statistical evidences presented by the Bureau of Corrections. Interview questionnaires shall be conducted based on the different related literatures and studies as well as personal questions

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from the researcher. The questions range from administrative issues to the daily life in the prison. Another form of data gathering that will be used is the survey form. A survey form with questions that are related to the research study will be answered by 100 criminology students. The form shall be also be validated by the adviser. The questions will be about their views and opinions regarding their needs to be exposed in real life scenario of their work as part of their academic curriculum. Furthermore, the research study will be supported by a mixture of qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data would be interviews and statements by prison staff, inmates, concerned government and non-government agencies as well as other concerned parties. Quantitative data would be Jail Statistics, sex and age inmate ratio, percentage of reoffending of ex-convicts, level of offense ratios, etc.

3.4

Interview Focus The proponent interviewed the following people to gather more relevant information And data about the thesis project:

Figure 2 SPO2 Michael Vito

SPO2 Michael Vito Philippine National Police

He is a graduate of Criminology Course in Philippine Criminology College in Quiapo, Manila. He said that he only get to know the real world when he is already at the service. Their academic curriculum has poor onsite activities like experiencing their real scope of work as a

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police officer that makes them hard to adapt the reality at their first years of work. He also talks about how police officers nowadays are lack of training and experiences which makes them more behind than other countries. He hopes that the government should address attention when it comes to educating future police officers. His insights about prison facilities of the Philippines are also poor and needs to be improved but due to its huge population the harder the government to provide and improve their needs. Though instead they should make use and take advantage the huge number of population into something productive.

Figure 3 SPO2 Bob Duran

SPO2 Bob Duran Philippine National Police

He is a graduate of Criminology Course in University of Iloilo in Iloilo City. He is a colleague of Officer SPO2 Michael Vito and assigned in district 8, Makati City. He shares some of his views before taking Criminology Course in college days. At first he doubted his capabilities and his fear that he might not finish his course. In process he knows that reality is more beyond what books and what school is teaching them. He said that “This job is dangerous that if you are not well prepared and well trained then this can take your life. Every time you wear your uniform it becomes a responsibility to protect and offer your life for the people.” He also added that you have to be fearless and brave enough to make decisions and you only get to learn that if you are exposed to reality. He shares also that, though many of his co-officers caught in associating with some crimes, those are the officers who lack of fear and their greed of money. In that he appreciates more of his freedom and fear of committing crime.

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3.5

Case Studies

3.5.1

Case Study of International Prison Facility For the purpose of this study, three foreign prison facilities shall be studied thoroughly, each of which varying in design and approach. This shall be made in order to gain more knowledge and insight from existing prison facilities.

3.5.1.1 Halden Prison

Figure 4 Halden Prison Digital Perspective

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Figure 5 Halden Prison Aerial View

Halden prison, which was established on 2010, is a maximum security prison, second to the largest prison in Norway with concentration on rehabilitation. This prison is also known to be the safest and humane prison around the world, with a multiple awards and praises coming from different awarding bodies. However, there are some criticisms that are thrown in this Halden prison, quoting that it is being too liberal.

Principle: The Norwegian penal system goal is to get inmates out of it.

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Figure 6 Halden Prison Activity Session

Figure 7 Halden Prison Activity Session

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Approach: The Norwegian penal system believes that the transition from prison to freedom may become easier if the life inside the prison would be a small difference from the outside world.

Overview: A 75 acres (ha) Halden prison, with the capacity of 248, 252 prisoners, houses that varies from a dangerous to a highly dangerous criminals, such as murderers, rapist terrorist and the likes. With a half of the prisons population are occupied by this variation of criminals. And the other half is composed of drug offenders. This prison accommodates both international and domestic law offenders. There are 3 units inside the compound of the prison. Unit A is for the criminals who need a high supervision, those who might commit violence against the other inmates and those who need some medical/ psychiatric supervision. On the other side, in Unit B and C focuses on rehabilitating those who are in line with drugs, this Unit B and C contain the majority of inmates, and also they live here more freely, and doesn’t deprived with recreations activities, sports and music. One of their unique program inside the prison was getting prisoners into college education. One of the main purposes of their system is to keep criminals off the street so that the public will remain safe. What people tend to forget is that another major goal of the criminal justice system is to rehabilitate criminals so that when they’re released the public will still remain safe.

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Figure 7 Halden Prison Front Yard

Figure 7 Halden Prison Facade

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Figure 7 Halden Prison Back Yard

Figure 7 Halden Prison Back Yard

Design: An entry competition held by the department of justice and the Norwegian directorate of public construction and property opens a gateway for the design of the new Halden prison in Norway. The tandem Erik Moller Architects and the british HLM architects takes the role and design of the Halden prison, with the aim of rehabilitation and to aid the inmates into their

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reintegration into the society. The building is designed with no conventional security devices (electric fences and the watch tower), with just 6-meters high safety glass and 1.5 –km concrete and steel wall, and an underground passed by the guards. The design of the interior tries to imitate the outside world, with hospitals, school and homes. Natural elements as well are added to contribute to the rehabilitation of the inmates. The overall design of the prison aims to solve the possible conflict of psychological impact and pressure among the inmates.

3.5.1.2 Qincheng Prison

Figure 8 Qincheng Prison Aerial View

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Figure 9 Qincheng Prison Facade

The 1958 Qincheng Prison in Changping district Beijing, China is a maximum-security prison that is considered as the only prison under the ministry of public security instead of the ministry of justice.

Principle: If the correct policy and methods are adopted, then the people can be reformed.

Figure 10 Qincheng Prison Security Gate

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Overview: The prison was built and divided into 3 sections, the jail house, the management and work section and the residential section, originally built to house the war criminals, although today is famous for housing the fallen politicians. Build in accordance with the china’s 1954 reform through labour regulations.

The prison houses here are allocated upon ranking: those with higher ranks can get better accommodation— wider room, more windows, proper hygienic utilities— while those with lower rank can get the basic cell room with steel doors and one narrow window. Ranking might differ and must first identify the convicted status, its job position and crime level before entering the prison.

Figure 11 Qincheng Prison Façade

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Figure 12 Qincheng Prison Security CCTV

Design: Qincheng Prison can be described with four 3-storey brick buildings that serves as a jail houses. Each cell with at least 20 square meters that has their own toilets, a small window that located 2 meters above the vertical wall and opens upwards which enables the inmates to see the skylights and prevent to see the grounds. The design provides a suicide watch cell as well that are made of rubber so as to prevent the suicide of the prisoners by running through the wall. Along the design is the smoothed edges for the safety of the prisoners as well. The overall design of the Qincheng Prison is inspired with the Chinese architecture as it was built during 1950s. Its watch tower is considered as the tallest among the prisons of the world, its perimeter wall give of the feeling of high security as well, making the Qincheng prison the most high-security prison around the world.

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3.5.1.3 Frankland Prison

Figure 13 Frankland Prison Aerial View

Figure 14 Qincheng Prison Front Yard

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Frankland was originally opened in 1980 with four wings each holding 108 in single cells. A further two wings opened in 1998 to an open gallery design to hold an additional 206. A specialist Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) unit opened at the prison in May 2004. The prison has increased in size in recent years following major redevelopment work including the construction of the new DSPD 'Westgate Unit'. In March 2008, the Ministry of Justice announced that Frankland would be expanded again, with planning permission being granted for an extra 120 places at the prison.

Principle: When it comes to learning, nothing can compare to real-life experience. Approach: Their program gives students an insight into prison life, while for the prisoners it is a chance to turn their lives around through education. Overview: Frankland holds male prisoners who are over 21 years old and whose sentence is four years or more, life sentences and high-risk remand prisoners. Prison accommodation is divided between wings, with wings A to D holding 108 inmates each, and wings F and G holding an additional 208. All cells are single occupancy. Education at the prison is provided by The Manchester College and Durnham University, with a range of courses provided - from basic skills to higher education level. Frankland also runs workshops in furniture production, a charity workshop and a sight-and-sound workshop. Inmates at high-security Frankland Prison in County Durham have been studying alongside undergraduates from Durham University in a unique criminology program. And it is the prisoners who are coming top of the class. The university offers a chance for third-year criminology students to work with a group of inmates for a 10-week module that counts towards

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their degree. Fiona Measham, professor of criminology at Durham University, says the InsideOut program has been potentially life-changing for prisoners and undergraduates alike.

Figure 15 Qincheng Prison Interior

Design: The Healthcare Centre at the prison consists of a 4-bedded ward and 10 furnished rooms, a dental suite, X-ray and a Suicide Crisis Suite. A number of clinics are held, many conducted by visiting specialists. There are also telehealth services and wing-based treatment rooms. Primary care is contracted to the County Durham & Darlington Foundation Trust. The prison has a library and gym to support inmate's learning and recreation. Frankland Prison has a visitors' center. Facilities include a canteen and children's play area, all with disabled access. 3.5.2

Case Study of Local Prison Facility For the purpose of this study, two local prison facilities shall be studied thoroughly, each of which varying in design and approach. This shall be made in order to gain more knowledge and insight of the current situation in the penal facilities of the country

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3.5.2.1 New Bilibid Prison

Figure 16 New Bilibid Prison Facade

Figure 17 New Bilibid Prison Aerial View

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The 551 hectares (1,360 acres) New Bilibid Prison facility is the main penitentiary facility of the Philippines, located in Muntinlupa and maintained and houses the headquarters of` Bureau of corrections (BuCor) under the supervision of Department of Justice.

Principle:

Ensure the public safety and security by preventing crimes together with stakeholders providing a person who’s in role of or under custody opportunities for reformation, descent environments and secure settings.

Approach:

The bureau guarantees the reintegration of the inmates to society upon release by ensuring the right implementation of reformation programs.

Overview:

The Prison which was divided into 3 compounds, the Maximum, medium and minimum security, all in which compacts and embodies the New Bilibid Prison “NBP”, this is the place where it houses 24,000 convicted prisoners from all over the Philippines, in which it must only contain a capacity of 8500 inmates. NBP was built with the power of Commonwealth Act No. 67 to address the congestion of the Old Bilibid Prison (OBP) and was officially named the New Bilibid Prison on January 22, 1941.

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Figure 18 New Bilibid Prison Interior

Figure 19 New Bilibid Prison Walls

Design:

The prison that has a reservation area of 531 hectares, a part of it was used for housing projects for its employees, therefore the area of 343 hectares are left for the operation of prison. The compound of maximum with 300x300metes diamond shape is divided into 4 quadrants to enable the control of the movement. Its features the four watch towers each in its four corners,

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and barb wire in the vertical end of their 2 meters perimeter wall. Recreational facilities are present as well and open for the inmates, as well as the hospital for the medical needs of the inmates.

3.5.2.2 Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm

Figure 20 Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm Facade

Iwahig Prison and Penal farm (IPPF) is one of the seven penitentiary facility of the Philippines, located at the heart of Puerto Prinsesa, Palawan, maintained by the bureau of corrections and operated by the Department of justice.

Principle: Ensure the public safety and security by preventing crimes together with stakeholders providing a person who’s in role of or under custody opportunities for reformation, descent environments and secure settings.

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Figure 21 Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm

Figure 22 Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm Crafts

Approach:

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The bureau guarantees the reintegration of the inmates to society upon release by ensuring the right implementation of reformation programs.

Overview:

Iwahig Penal Colony was established during the American Period. However, offenders were sent to Puerto Princesa as early as Spanish regime. The penal institution was originally comprised of an area of 22 acres and originally served as a depository for inmates who cannot be accommodated in the New Bilibid Prison due to high congestion. In 1995, with the promulgation of Administrative Order No. 20, the Ihawig Penal Colony was granted 101,000 acres of land, transforming it into Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm. However, recent developments and presidential proclamations have dramatically reduced the size of the prison reservation of Iwahig, leaving a land area of 65,800 acres for the colony.

Figure 23 Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm Multi-Purpose Hall

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Figure 24 Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm Grounds

Design: The IPPF is considered as the world’s largest open air jail, with the twice as size than the Paris. The perimeter fences segregated through the public by wire fences instead of having a concrete wall. And just a single guard are outpost at the entrance of the gate will greet the visitors and tourist, a free to all visitors without having inspecting them. Vast lands of the IPPF Buildings inside the institution all consist of vernacular architecture, making good use of the natural elements in the province.

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4

FINDINGS AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATION

4.1

Presentation of Collected Data

4.1.1

Case Study of International Prison Facility For the purpose of this study, three foreign prison facilities shall be studied thoroughly, each of which varying in design and approach. This shall be made in order to gain more knowledge and insight from existing prison facilities.

4.1.1.1 Halden Prison

Review:

Norway, with the most respected system of penal system, with lowest 20% of recidivism rate and the lowest crime rate, associates its success through their forgiving penal system that is geared towards the rehabilitation than punishment and the architecture of its prison. This design is more ideal than that what the Philippines penal system have.

The design of the Halden prison is a way different that the usual design of the prison. Its perimeter wall is the only distinction that makes it a prison, but the interiors give the impression of either school or office. This aspect will help to boost the mental health of the prisoners making the violence lesser. The interior spaces which does not gives off the feeling of segregation but instead making it feel homey and comfortable, and the outdoor that exposed them to nature which helps the prisoners from rehabilitation. Their program of putting prisoners into college education is also an ideal solution to lessen recidivism and crime rate which should be implemented not just in the Philippines but in other countries as well. It also shows how important education to them that all prisoners should take educational program.

In the Philippines, despite of the innovative ideas of the Halden prison, it might still too far to consider in the Philippines, due of its people who still believes of punishment rather than rehabilitation of the criminals. However, for the first world country like the Norway, who they have positivists point of view, this prison, the Halden is good in all point.

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SWOT analysis:

To further analysis and review the Halden prison, listed below are the strength, weakness, opportunity and the threats within the prison facility:

Table 1 SWOT Analysis of Halden Prison

Strengths

The prison facility enables the rehabilitation through a good environment, education and architecture, in such allowing the reintegration of the prisoners into society upon release

Weakness

The facility looks too luxurious that many conservatism and criticism will be present, questioning its prisoners liberation

Opportunity

Halden prison presents opportunity for a second chance of the prisoners, to see them the other way around. With its effectivity that have already shown as a result in crime rate in Norway, it will also lessen the chance of recidivism

Threats

The Positivists people puts too much trust into their ideas to the point that they lessen the security devices that is needed in keeping the inmates inside the prison, thus giving a higher chance of escaping.

4.1.1.2 Qincheng Prison

Review:

The image of the interior of the Qincheng prisons still remains in private, and the only source to know it is through the ex-prisoners’ review. This prison is considered as elusive and most secretive prison in china.

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Even though Qincheng prison becomes the most secretive and the most secured among all the prisons around the world, its actual design though does not suit with its principle of rehabilitation, the segregation of the low and the high rank inmates can be described as unsettling, aside from that, the rooms itself are made of an iron wall and can be checked only in the peepholes, and the windows that deprives the prisoners to see the society and look upon only in the sky, making their principle a failure.

SWOT analysis

To further analysis and review the Qincheng prison, listed below are the strength, weakness, opportunity and the threats within the prison facility:

Table 2 SWOT Analysis of Qincheng Prison

Strengths

The prison shows the highest security that can offer by a prison, a secretive prison that shows supremacy over the public.

Weakness

The prison is designed that is good as a punishment, not rehabilitated, and in contrast of its own principle.

Opportunity

The facility can still geared into modernization and reformation as it has enough land and facilities for rehabilitation

Threats

The separation of the low rank and the high rank prisoners as well as the being secretive can be described as good as the source of corruption or the wrongdoings inside the prison.

4.1.1.3 Frankland Prison

Review:

Frankland Prison is one of the unique prisons in the world for its approach by considering college education into an effective rehabilitation for prisoners. The Prison always aims what is better for the inmates that make them always look into improvements and consider all aspects that can make their facility more effective.

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Their goal is different from other prisons; they want their inmates to be more empowered that could make them more productive and helpful for others who might need their help. On the other hand this can help them to rehabilitate and bring back their innocence, dignity and pride to lessen their chances of re-offending in preparation for them in return to society.

The effectiveness of the program that both parties needs their participation has been extended into two universities who saw that this approach shows more than what can prison achieve. Durham University and Manchester University are all in support in this kind of unique rehabilitation in letting their Criminology Students study alongside prisoners.

Education has been the main instrument in almost all problems in a country and I still believe that when it comes to people who are been convicted into crime has the higher needs of education. They are the one who need to be focused and guided by program as a solution in fast growing prisoners in the country.

SWOT analysis

To further analyses and review the Frankland Prison, listed below are the strength, weakness, opportunity and the threats within the prison facility:

Table 3 SWOT Analysis of Frankland Prison

Strengths

The prison focused on improving their facilities and let prisoners be productive and at the same time they are being educated.

Weakness

The facility did not expect an enough spaces for incoming years which they still have to redevelop and expand some spaces .

Opportunity

They empower prisoner which brings back their sense of dignity and pride that could help them to start a new life after serving their sentence. This also helps to lessen and fight the chances of recidivism.

Threats

Since criminology students are studying alongside the prisoners this can have a chance of conspiracy outside the prison and also increases fear of the students.

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4.1.1.4 Changi Prison

Character of The Building and Typical Shapes Singapore’s Changi prison is of linear structure, placed side by side forming U-shape, and some new built facilities forming cluster type, with common open courts or yards for outdoor activity areas. In the futures to come, the prison department plans to build not a linear structure that occupies vast area and impractical. The existing change prison is classified under the low-rise correctional institution, since it has 3-4 levels only. As it was said before they said before they have limited land area for penal colony, the prison management plans to expand the existing institution by adding floor levels to make it high rise structures, thus saves more spaces. There is also a plan to build a new penal colony in a reclamated land, since Singapore is surrounded by bodies of water, but the cost is very huge and very crucial planning. The concept of an island penal colony is similar to the United States’ Alcatraz penitentiary. The character of the building in Changi Prison is simple, plain with canopies on grilled windows, and wall buffers serve as massing for the structure, but it’s not like a military barracks. The building(s) include housing for female inmates with capacity of 4300 inmates, 200 are for maximum security, 500 for medium, security inmates and the rest are minimum security inmates.

Administration buildings for jail officials and staff headed by the prison

superintendent (equivalent to jail warden). Space Program: (Based on Prison Management System of Prison Department in Singapore) Administration Department: 1/6 of the entire facilities

ROOM/SPACES

AREA

Prison Superintendent with Staffs Of 4

½ Of Buss. Managers’s Dept.

Depudy Superintendent with staffs of 2

Same size of deputy superintendent department

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Rep. from ministry of justice and prison ¾ of prison superintendent department department with staffs of 3 Medical Chief with staffs of 10

¾ of business manager’s dept.

Industries Manager with Staffs of 2

Same with dep. Supt. Dept.

Prison General Manager with crew and staffs of 2/3 of central control room and logistics area 14 Central control room, and logistics area with ¼ of entire admin. Area security facilities quarter Staffs dining hall

1/6 of entire admin. Area

Kitchen

½ of the staffs dining hall

Human right department office

Same dep. Supt. Dept.

Office of complaints

½ of dep. Supt. Dept.

Ancillary Spaces: ½ of the entire administration department SPACES

AREA

Maintenance and operations room

¾ of engineering office

Power generation plant with mechanical rooms

½ of ancilliary spaces

Office of technical planning and engineering

¼ of water pump space

Water pump and water tank or reservoir

¾ of power plant

Housing Units: 2/3 of the entire facilities SPACES

AREA

Maximum Security cell units

9 sq. m. each

Medium security cell units

14 sq. m. each

Dayrooms

30 sq. m.

Group shower rooms

50 sq. m.

Central dining hall

10% f the inmates

Central kitchen

½ of the central dining

Guards quarter

30 sq. m. each

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Changi Medical Center Operated by ministry of public health and prison department 1/8 of the entire inmates’ housing unit’s area SPACES

AREA

Outpatient Department: 5 clinics; 1 cardiologist, 1/5 of the entire medical centre area 1 orthopedic, 1 internal medicine, and 1 dentist. Physical Theraphy

1/6 of the O.P.D.

Wards (10 beds) each 10 sq. m.

2/3 of the medical ctr.

Emergency-Surgery

½ of the entire wards

Central diagnostic Facility

1/3 of the entire wards

Educational Facilities: 1/8 of the entire inmates’ housing units area SPACES

AREA

Central Library

½ of the entire ed. Fac.

Educational and vacional function rooms (4) 3/5 of the central library space each 64 sq.m. Centralized faculty room (composed of 8 1/6 of sum Ed. Rooms instructors) Audio Visual Room

1/5 of sum Educational Rooms

Education administrators (dean and staffs of 3)

1/2 of central faculty

Religious Facilities: 15% inmates are Christians, and 2% of conversion possibility SPACES

AREA

Chapel congregation

2/3 of the religious fac.

Chaplain office with staffs

1/5 of the chapel cong.

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Open Space, Yard Requirements Changi Prison has buffer zones, and clear setbacks around the entire lot. this is for security measures against any intruders or jail breakers. Watch towers are necessary, and coast guarts are monitoring in terms of sea. Inner courts are very common in all correctional institutes not only in Singapore, but also in other parts of the world. this will serve as the common activities of all inmates, such as recreational, farming, planting and digging (when constructing some support and ancillary facilities). Security Requirements Compartmentalization / Zoning Typically, change prison has compartmentalization and zoning for security measures. These are as follows: -ZONE 1 Inmates housing units for medium security and maximum- security cells. It includes central dining hall, and cell guards on each inmate departments (medium and maximum) -ZONE 2 These are the prison services, and work areas like farming, digging and planting. -ZONE 3 These are the administration department, and guard facilities.

4.1.2.5 Lai Chi Kok

Character of The Building and Typical Shapes

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Lai Chi Kok is a linear structure, cluster type arrangement, with common open courts or yards for outdoor activity areas. In the futures to come, the prison department plans to expand by means of vertical relationship. The existing Lai Chi Kok is classified under the low-rise correctional institution, since it has 4 levels only. As it was said before they have limited land area for penal colony, the correctional services plans to expand the existing institution by adding floor levels to make it high rise structure, thus saves more spaces. There is also a plan o build a new penal colony in a reclaimed land, since Hong Kong is surrounded by bodies of water, and the Tai Tam Gao correctional will be moved out. But the cost is big question for the hefty huge bulk of financing and very crucial planning. The concept of an island penal colony is similar to the United States’ Alcantraz Penitentiary. The character of the building in Lai Chi Kok Correctional is similar to change prison in Singapore where it is very simple, plain with canopies on grilled windows, and wall buffers serve as massing for the structure. The building(s) include housing for female inamtes with a capcity of 4600 inmates, 200 are for maximum security, 500 for medium inamtes and the rest are minimum security inmates. Administration buildings for jail officials, and staffs headed by the correctional superintendent (equivalent to jail warden) Space Program (based on commision on correctional service and prison department in hongkong s.a.r.) Administration Department: 1/6 of the entire facilities ROOM/SPACES

AREA

Prison Superintendent with Staffs Of 4

½ Of Buss. Managers’s Dept.

Depudy Superintendent with staffs of 2

½ of prison supt. Dept.

Rep. from Prison Management System with Same size of deputy superintendent department staffs of 2

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Rep. from ministry of justice and prison ¾ of prison superintendent department department with staffs of 3 Medical Chief with staffs of 10

¾ of business manager’s dept.

Industries Manager with Staffs of 2

Same with dep. Supt. Dept.

Prison General Manager with crew and staffs of 2/3 of central control room and logistics area 14 Central control room, and logistics area with

¼ of entire admin. Area

security facilities quarter Staffs dining hall

1/6 of entire admin. Area

Kitchen

½ of the staffs dining hall

Human right department office

Same dep. Supt. Dept.

Office of complaints

½ of dep. Supt. Dept.

Ancillary Spaces: ½ of the entire administration department SPACES

AREA

Maintenance and operations room

¾ of engineering office

Power generation plant with mechanical rooms

½ of ancilliary spaces

Office of technical planning and engineering

¼ of water pump space

Water pump and water tank or reservoir

¾ of power plant

Housing Units: 2/3 of the entire facilities SPACES

AREA

Maximum Security cell units

9 sq. m. each

Medium security cell units

14 sq. m. each

Dayrooms

30 sq. m.

Group shower rooms

50 sq. m.

Central dining hall

10% f the inmates

Central kitchen

½ of the central dining

Guards quarter

30 sq. m. each

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Medical Center Operated by Ministry of Public Health and Prison Department 1/8 of the entire inmates’ housing unit’s area SPACES

AREA

Outpatient Department: 5 clinics; 1 cardiologist, 1/5 of the entire medical centre area 1 orthopedic, 1 internal medicine, and 1 dentist. Physical Theraphy

1/6 of the O.P.D.

Wards (10 beds) each 10 sq. m.

2/3 of the medical ctr.

Emergency-Surgery

½ of the entire wards

Central diagnostic Facility

1/3 of the entire wards

Asylum Wards

½ of the medical wards

Educational Facilities: 1/8 of the entire inmates’ housing units area SPACES

AREA

Central Library

½ of the entire ed. Fac.

Educational and vacional function rooms (4)

3/5 of the central library space

each 64 sq.m. Centralized faculty room (composed of 8 1/6 of sum Ed. Rooms instructors) Audio Visual Room

1/5 of sum Educational Rooms

Education administrators (dean and staffs of 3)

1/2 of central faculty

Religious Facilities: 15% inamtes are Christians, and 2% of conversion possibility SPACES

AREA

Chapel congregation

2/3 of the religious fac.

Chaplain office with staffs

1/5 of the chapel cong.

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Buddhist and Lama Monastery

2/3 of the religious fac

Monks office and staff

¼ of the monestery

Open Space, Yard Requirements Lai Chi Kok has buffer zones, and clear setbacks around the entire lot. About 200 meters of clear distance from outer fence to inner fence of the compound. This is for security measures against any intruders or jail breakers. Watch towers are necessary, and coast guarts are monitoring in terms of sea. Inner courts are very common in all correctional institutes not only in Hong Kong and Singapore, but also in other parts of the world. This will serve as the common activities of all inmates, such as recreational, farming, planting and digging (when constructing some support and ancillary facilities). However, the inner courts for female offenders are different from male offenders. They are separated from each other, that’s why there are buffer zones between the two opposite sex offenders. Security Requirements Compartmentalization / Zoning Typically, Lai Chi Kok and Tai Tam Gap Correctional Institution have compartmentalization and zoning for security measures. These are as follows: -ZONE 1 Inmates housing units for medium security and maximum- security cells. It includes central dining hall, and cell guards on each inmate departments (medium and maximum) -ZONE 2 These are the prison services, and work areas like farming, digging and planting.

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-ZONE 3 These are the administration department, and guard facilities.

4.1.2.6 Kazakhstan-North Asia Character of The Building and Typical Shapes Plato Ustyurt State Prison is the simpliest among all other correctional institution in other Asian Nations. It is of linear structure, cluster type buildings, with common open courts or yards for outdoor activity areas. The character of the correctional institution in Plato Ustyert State Prison is like a military barracks or military camp for it is very plain, made up of bricks and CHB for wall finishes. The building(s) holds a capacity of 1000 inmate, 100 are for maximum security and death row convicts, and the rest are for medium security inmates and minimum security inmates. Administration buildings to houde correctional officials, and staffs headed by the correctional superintendent and security facilities. Space Program (Based on Existing Plan of Their Facilities) Administration Department The space plan of the administration department is relatively small. Like most prison in Asian neighbors, the relation between the security personnel and staff to inmates is typically 1:2 or one half of the penal population. 8% of the staff’s population were assigned in the control room and party is administration buildings. Security facilities are located in a place that cannot be seen by inmates and visitors. It is just adjacent to the control room. Weapons, tear gasses, water cannons, staffs’ and security personnel lockers and bath are located in this area. The spaces for offices staffs,

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and departmental heads are ½ of the central control and security facilities area. 10% of the staff’s population will use the staffs mess hall at the same time, however overcrowding has become the problem of staffs, and the dietician as well. The central dietary for staffs is ½ the size of the staff’s mess hall. Ancillary Spaces Plato Usturt State Prison has allocated 6% of the total land area to the ancillary spaces. About ¾ of the entire ancillary spaces were located to water reservoir, pumps, electrical facilities, power generation, and mechanical facilities. Only the remaining ¼ was allocated in maintenance and operations room, technical planning and engineering department, and ancillary staffs. Housing Units As it was said before, the women offenders who serve sentences are relatively low. Some death convicts were also places in the maximum-security detention, but only few of them. The remained inmate’s population is in medium and minimum security detention. The inmates central mess hall will be used by about 9% of the inmate’s population. The inmates are properly scheduled, thus traffic and overcrowding inside the mess hall was reduced. Some of the foods were delivered into each inmate. About 10 inmates will use the shower room at the same time around 7 to 12 minutes. Medical Center About 10% of the inmate’s population will use the medical facilities. The Plato Ustyurt State Prison has small 8-bed Medical Center, with 6 clinics, central diagnostic facilities, and emergency-surgery and physical and mental theraphy. Rooms for physicians and medical staff are also provided, and about 1/15 of the total medical center area is allocated. Educational Facilities There are no school buildings in Plato Ustyurt State Prison, since cell to cell education system is applied, and highly appraised by Prison Bureau, for small maintenance. The central mini library at the administration department can also be used as audiovisual room.

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Religious Facilities Kazakhstan has three main religious namely Orthodox (48%), Protestant Christian (18%), and Moslems or Muslim (30%). The remaining 4% are has atheist, and other nondominant religious. The Plato Ustyurt State Prison has provided mini mosque for the Moslems, and a Christian Chapel for Christians and Orthodox. Open Space, Yard Requirments Plato Ustyurt State Prison has buffer zones and clear set backs around the entire lot. Like most other parts of the world, this is for security measures against any intruders or jail breakwers. Watch towers are necessary and equipped with machine gun. Before, there were automatic machine guns installed at all perimeter fences along the buffer zines. This will activate when male or female inmates attempt to prison break. Inner courts are very common in all correctional institute not only in Plato Ustyurt State Prison, but also in other parts of the world. This will serve as the common activities of all inmates, such as recreational, farming, planting and gigging (when constructing some support and ancillary facilities).

Security Requirements Compartmentalization / Zoning Typically, Plato Ustyurt State Prison have compartmentalization and zoning for security measures. These are as follows: -ZONE 1 Inmates housing units for medium security and maximum- security cells. It includes central dining hall, and cell guards on each inmate departments (medium and maximum) -ZONE 2 These are the prison services, and work areas like farming, digging and planting.

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-ZONE 3 These are the rehabilitation centres like counselling and correction’s medical centre or clinics, religious institution like mosque, and Christian Chapel and recreational area. -ZONE 4 These are administration department and guard facilities.

4.1.2

Case Study of Local Prison Facility For the purpose of this study, two local prison facilities shall be studied thoroughly, each of which varying in design and approach. This shall be made in order to gain more knowledge and insight of the current situation in the penal facilities of the country

4.1.2.1 New Bilibid Prison

Review:

The architecture of the New Blibid Prison, especially on its façade of the administration building where one will be entering, are designed that you literally see the non-liberated life beyond the wall. With the massive castle like administration building with two towers on each of the two sides of the façade gives the impression that makes it distinguish as a prison. The offices and facilities inside, is in fact in good condition. However, the main prison facility is in the congested condition.

SWOT Analysis:

To further analyze and review the New Bilibid Prison, listed below are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats present in the prison facility:

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Strengths

The prison, through its modernization of the penal system, shows the high level of security, and now the focus of the institution is now geared towards the rehabilitation.

Weakness

Despite of a good modernization of the penal system, however, the facilities provided for the prisoners does not comply with the vision of the bureau.

Opportunity

The prisons architecture is geared towards rehabilitation. And together with the modernization of the penal system, the prisoners as well may be reformed.

Threats

The groups or the gangs formed inside might become a constant threat to NBP, especially when they try to think of a rebellion.

4.1.2.2 Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm

Review:

The IPPF is more likely to be seen as a community than a prison, they let off the usual image of a typical prisons, with no watchtowers, no concrete walls and other security facilities. This let the prisoners enjoy the environment, do some farm works and enjoy the life inside. Furthermore, the vernacular type of architecture sets off the image of a prison and makes it looks like an ancestor’s house. It’s designed as it can be seen, is in complete compliance of the mission of the bureau of corrections, having rehabilitation without getting excessively someone’s liberty. The IPPF with its success, records to have the lease re-offenders rate by having 0 record of recidivism.

SWOT Analysis:

To further analyze and review the Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm, listed below are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats present in the prison facility

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Strengths

With its untypical way of rehabilitating the prisoners, making the prisoners productive inside, it shows that the institution success of rehabilitating the prisoners

Weakness

Despite of a good rehabilitating system, the prison got lack in terms of its security, having no watch towers, perimeter walls and other security stuffs.

Opportunity

With its vast lands, the prison avoids the chance of congestion and increasing population, and can be developed to build houses in most of the inmates

Threats

Low security presents the threat of minimal control and higher possibility of escapees.

4.1.3

Difference Between Prison and School AUTHORITY Both prisons and schools function similarity in the sense that they both have an authoritative figure responsible for a group of people / students.

DAILY CYCLE Both prisons and schools function similarity in the sense that they both require their occupants to be at a certain place in a certain time.

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CORRIDORS The corridor within prisons and schools share similar traits in that the cellular programs like the prison cell and classrooms are attached to it, providing an internal circulation. The difference lies in the actual articulation of the corridor and the agitation of the corridor walls. The corridor wall tries to create more nooks for reading and social gathering whereas the prison corridor is more streamlined and taut. Showing the difference of both corridors in how they are articulated and its surface treatment. The prison has clear sight lines down all corridors, whereas the school tries to promote more of a meandering path, allowing discoveries along the way.

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4.2

Surveys and Questionnaires Results This section provides the outcome of the survey conducted in the Unibersidad de Manila, College of Criminology. These surveys verify the existing problem in what they are facing. It also intends to know the insights of the people experiencing the inefficiency of services.

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1. As a graduating student do you already get enough chance to have a sense of real life situations which you study or do you think you are prepared enough to be a Police Officer now?

NO

YES

According to the survey, 80% of the students are not satisfied with their academic activities that make them not prepared, not enough trained and makes them hard to cope up when they start working as a police officer. However there are still 20% of students who are confident of what knowledge they have right now. 2. In what part of your journey as criminology students is the hardest part?

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 On the Job Training

Thesis

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Exam and Projects

Minor Subjects

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Out of 100 students, 45 students said that the most difficult part of their college life was on the job training but at the same time they are having fun because they learned more about their work. 3. Regardless of the excitement in your graduation, do you still have fear or scared of starting working in the real world?

NO YES

All graduating students are excited for their graduation rites but still there are 60% who feel scared and feel that their not fully prepared yet for the reality because they know it is dangerous job though they are looking forward to work and to learn more. 4. Is there any teaching strategy you want to be added in your curriculum or in your academic activities? Most of the answers said that they are in need of onsite activities so that they can easily adapt the environment of their future work and can improve their decision making in different kind of situations. Also they said that they are lack of technology and computer base education which nowadays are really important and can be very helpful in their work.

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Statistical Evidences

BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS BUCOR CONGESTION RATE As of October 31, 2016

CIWMandal uyong

IPPF

DPPF

SRPPF

SPPF

LRP

CIWMindan ao

Prison Population 24227

2575

2568

6379

1490

2074

2038

317

Capacity

1525

1265

2091

802

1391

476

372

NBP

8460

35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

Number or Inmates

4.3

Figure 1 Figure 1 shows the congestion and contrast between the prison population and its capacity in the seven national penitentiaries (and one satellite prison) in the country, namely the New Bilibid Prison (NBP), Correctional Institute for Women (CIW) in Mandaluyong and Mindanao, Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm (IPPF), Davao Prison and Penal Farm (DPPF), San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm (SRPPF), Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm (SPPF), and Leyte Regional Prison (LRP). This capacity to population ratio results to 186% congestion rate in NBP. 69% congestion rate in CIW- Mandaluyong, 103% in IPPF, 253% in DPPF, -15% in CIW- Mindanao, 86% in SRPPF, 49% in SPPF and 328% in LRP, totaling to an overall congestion rate of 159% for all prison facilities.

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BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS

Number of Deaths

BUCOR DEATH RATE As of October 31, 2016 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

2013

2014

2015

2016

491

615

568

514

Unnatural Deaths

9

12

14

2

Violent

10

14

5

8

Natural Deaths

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows causes and population of inmate deaths in penal facilities of the country: by Natural means, meaning inmates died with an illness or disease; by Unnatural means, meaning inmates either die questionably or by suicide; and Violent means, meaning inmates died by riots or fights within the penal community. Most inmates die due to Natural Deaths while the Unnatural and Violent Deaths have almost the same number of deaths. The lack in education and reformation programs is still in need due to circumstances that inmates are lack of guidance and focus when it comes to restoring their dignity, empowerment and manner.

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Number of Inmates

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16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0

Number of Inmates

34%

17%

16%

15% 8%

5%

3%

Element Element ary Iliterate ary Graduat Level e 1925

14279

High School Level

6941

6502

2%

High College Vocatio School College Graduat nal / Graduat Level e Others e 6331

3394

1380

683

Figure 3 Figure 3 shows the number of inmates and their educational profile in penal facilities of the country: most of the inmates reached only up to Elementary level with 34% of overall total inmates, 17% only attained Elementary Graduate, 16% only reached in High School Level, 15% High School Graduate, 8% only reached College Level, 5% are illiterate, 3% attained College Graduate and 2% had vocational courses. The total of 71% did not reached High School Graduation shows how lack of education affects the population of inmates through their probability of incarcerated and to violate law.

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7000 6000 5000 4000

Total Offense

3000

First Offense Re-Admission

2000 1000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Figure 4

Figure 4 shows the admission and re-offended rate in the penal institutions of the Philippines. The blue bar represents total numbers of offenders; the red bar represents first time offenders’ rate and the green bar represent the re-offenders’ rate for the respective year. The act of recidivism or re- offending was growing from years of 2006-2012 but it has a sudden decrease in 2013. About 77% decreased and it had been consistent until 2016 with an average of 300 Re-offenders yearly admitted. This shows that the rehabilitation programs or other factors that could benefit and lessen the chance of re offending weren’t affective during the years of 2006-2011. On the other hand, the re-admission rate continued to grow down, although slowly in the year 2013 up to present. To aid the Bureau of Corrections with their new mission, this study shall aim to continue increasing effectively of rehabilitation of inmates through architecture.

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Philippine National Police (PNP) and Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA 155000 150000 145000 140000 135000 130000 125000 120000 115000 110000 2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

NUMBER OF POLICEMEN

Figure 5 Figure 5 shows the number of Policemen of the Philippines in the year of 2009 to 2014. The blue bar represents total numbers of policemen each year respectively. As the bar graph shows an increasing growth of policemen produce yearly but it has a sudden decrease in 2013. About 7 percent yearly, the average increase in the population of policemen yearly. According to New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa they have a total of 23, 996 inmates and 844 police guards as of 2016, that results a guard to inmate ratio of 1:85. However according to Republic Act No. 10575 (An Act Strengthening The Bureau Of Corrections (Bucor) And Providing Funds), The BuCor shall maintain the custodial personnel-to-inmate ratio of 1:7. That results that we are lacking of 10, 284 Police Officer in just one Prison in the Philippines. If this facility becomes operational, we shall be able to produce additional police officers from time to time that can fill in this demand.

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4.4

Prospect User According to my findings and research, it is said that criminology students are too vulnerable too be exposed in a community of criminals even if it is their future work after graduation. To make sure of their safety and security it is better for the graduates of criminology are the ones who is the real in need in this unique educational facility. The educational facilities will accommodate and offer the specializations for the graduate students that could help them understand more of their real-life work scenario. This will help them to level up their knowledge and experience into a promising great police officers in our country. They are not only equipped with knowledge but can also integrate knowledge with skills which will help them deliver satisfactorily in their field of work. These criminology specializations could lead to a fascinating, lucrative and rewarding career in the field of criminal justice. These are the specialization that the prison school offers inside the prison compound; 1. Law Enforcement Officer A career in law enforcement is one of the most obvious, straightforward and popular career paths a criminologist could pursue. National agencies such as the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) offer some of the most desirable opportunities in this specialization. 2. Probation Officer Probation officers fulfill an important role in the criminal justice system. Their main responsibility is the prevention of new crimes through careful monitoring of known criminals. 3. Police Detective Being a Police Detective will typically begin your career as a police officer and then work towards a promotion to detective. Your chances of becoming a detective are better if you work for a large and well-funded police department. 4. Private Investigator

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People hire private investigators to find information on a variety of topics that could be of legal, financial, business or personal importance. Some private investigators do background checks on job applicants on behalf of hiring organizations. Some work to find missing children. Some work to investigate phishing scams, hacking and other crimes committed via computer. 5. Juvenile Justice Department Staff Children have an innate desire to emulate the behaviors of the adults around them. Unfortunately, this makes them easy prey for people with criminal intentions to manipulate. Juvenile justice departments have a need for staffers who specialize in working with criminals under the age of 18. Often, these children have been compelled to commit crimes by the adults they know; apprehending the true criminals takes sensitivity and skill that is an increasingly crucial asset to the criminal justice system. People further specialize within juvenile justice departments in roles such as behavioral specialist, monitor, operations manager, correctional officer and compliance officer. Some of the roles in the juvenile justice specialization are better suited to counseling majors than criminology majors. In any case, counseling experience is a desirable asset in this specialization. If you decide to pursue a career in juvenile justice, it could be worthwhile to take courses in counseling in addition to studying criminology.

4.5

Design Recommendation The case study on international prison facilities provide a basis to this research study by giving examples of different approach in foreign countries, how those approaches affect inmate, and its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The Halden Prison in Norway and Frankland Prison in England is an open and less restrictive prison, has a lower recidivism rate than the Qincheng Prison in China, which is considered one of the most high-security prisons in the world. This suggests that the approach of the Halden Prison is more effective than that of the Qincheng Prison. On the other hand, the graduate criminology student seeks for new affective teaching strategy which can improve and exposed them into real life scenario of their work. Proven in my research that different countries has been successfully practicing the unique reformation

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program that gives inmates a privilege to study alongside students which could benefit both parties. Also proves that it is an effective solution to lessen the high crime rates and high recidivism rates. Prison architecture is one of the most neglected fields in the country, despite our need for it. In this new era of modernization of the Penal System of the Philippines, the mission of Bureau of Corrections is no longer to punish offenders by oppression of freedom, but to achieve a reformative justice through rehabilitation. However, the design of the most prisons here in the Philippines still holds the same goal— to punish. The heavy environment brought about by the architectural design of the prison hinders inmates from rehabilitating completely.

4.5.1

Architectural Concept To aid Bureau of Corrections in their mission towards a reformative justice, not only the system, but the architecture of the prison itself must be geared towards the goal of rehabilitation. Architecturally should consider an open environment but still it is secured and safe for the offenders to socialize, study and interact with the students of criminology as a process of rehabilitation at the same time that could benefit the both parties. The pattern of the corridor should be based of the combined similarities of a School and a Prison corridor to provide the best internal circulation. The prison should be build and design vertically to have the maximum daylight and views. There should be at least 50% open spaces of the entire lot for visual security purposes, buffer zones and recreational spaces. A star shape building, which ensures that all wings have a view of the landscape within the walls, but none have visual contact with each other. Star-shaped perimeter wall creates a dynamic sequence which gives a less restrictive appearance by providing a sense of dialogue with the outside world. The overall warm tones of brown and green will help calm the inmates and provide a soothing atmosphere. Successes in lowering the recidivism rate, and later on the crime rate, in other countries prove that a need for a new approach in prison design is also needed in the Philippines. A Problems encountered within the existing penal institutions prove the need for a new additional penal institution.

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Statistical evidences provided give a solid proof as to why the research study is needed. First of all, it is shown that congestion rate is severe in most penal institutions especially in the New Bilibid Prison. This shows that the allotted capacity of the said prison is 186% congestion rate. New Bilibid Prison and Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm are the only prisons in Luzon which causes a longer travel for those who are convicted in the north. This congestion rate proves that inmates are cramped up inside the facility. 4.5.2

Structural and Utility Concept

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Structural Post and Lintel- It can support a huge amount of weight, and is effective for reinforcing tall buildings or heavy structures. The post refers to the vertical support, which is paired with an identical support to form the full design. Specifications: •

8000psi @ 200mm thickness exterior wall

•

3000psi @ 150mm thickness interior wall

Main Material: •

Broom Finish Precast Concrete

•

Adhesive

•

½ inch brick

Potable Water Distribution Specifications: Maximum Cell per building: (6,236 galloon / day) •

2400 inmates

•

142 guards

Specifications: •

Gallon Capacity: 6,236

•

Diameter: 141’’

•

Overall Height: 160’’ 3m

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Minimum Cell per building: (2,159 / day) •

700 inmates

•

42 guards

Specification: •

Gallon Capacity: 2,159

•

Diameter: 95’’

•

Overall Height: 91’’

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5

ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATION

5.1

Project Profile and Analysis

5.1.1

Description of the Project The Project of a Regional Prison Facility will entail the proposal of a modern prison. Through this project a suitable prison facility will be created to provide adequate living spaces, facilities, and address the basic needs of inmates incarcerated in the existing penal facilities. The Regional Prison Facility aims to decongest the national prison by providing additional dormitories, adequate recreational spaces to accommodate the increasing inmate population and provide segregated facilities to reduce prison violence, for educational purposes and spread of diseases. It will also provide well-developed facilities for Inmate’s Rehabilitation Programs.

5.1.2

Problem and Significance Based from the updated study, the Commission on Human Rights was monitoring conditions in jails and detention centers from the past years, majority of the facilities covered by the visits were found not fit for human confinement. It was observed and described as “unlikely to rehabilitate, but certain to punish”. Henceforth, meticulous study and monitoring of the detention centers should be done to pursue the innovative project. Through this, it will cater all the needs of the detainees.

5.2

Site Profile and Analysis

5.2.1

Description of the Site Fort Magsaysay Military Reservation on territory of General Tinio, Nueva Ecija, is the largest military reservation in the Philippines, and is a key training area of the Philippine Army. It is the most suitable place for New Prison Proposal Project since it is secured and safe area for the prisoners and for the civilians as well. The Gross floor area is 600 square meters or 160 hectares footprint. The capacity should hold 26, 000 inmates and the accommodation of expected growth prison population in next 10-15 years.

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5.2.2

Site Analysis 5.2.2.1 Topography Macro Analysis The municipality of General Tinio, Nueva Ecija has an elevation ranging from 40 meters above sea level (masl) to 1,203 meters above sea level (masl). The lowest elevation 40 masl is located at Barangay Padolina, General Tinio, Nueva Ecija near the Penaranda River while the highest peak of 1, 203 masl is found at Barangay Pias of the same municipality. As shown in the map higher elevation of more than 1,000 meters above sea level are mostly situated in eastern portion of the municipality and lower elevation of 0 to 400 masl are mostly found within the Alienable and Disposable land near the western portion of the municipality. Table 1 – Elevation distribution within General Tinio, Nueva Ecija ELEVATION

AREA

PERCENTAGE (%)

0-200

18,494.42

27.11

200-400

20,737.36

30.39

400-600

17,072.43

25.02

600-800

9,596.22

14.06

800-1000

2,076.55

3.04

1000 above

252.31

0.37

TOTAL

68,229.29

100

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Site Analysis As shown in the Map below, the location of the Site is located in a color black land legend which indicates a 0-200 masl. The elevation of the site is ranging around 40 meters above sea level (masl). The location of the site has a negligible elevation and it is good for building construction.

5.2.2.2 Slope Macro Analysis The slope category in the municipality is generally classified as gently slope to very steep. This indicates the suitability of the area for agricultural farming, agro- forestry, reforestation or assisted natural generation and forest protection activities. Of the total area of 68, 229.29 hectares, 26.51% or a total of 18, 086.59 hectares falls within the 0-18% slope category (rolling to hilly), 9,041.67 hectares is within the 18 to 30% slope category (level to rolling), 19,378.19 hectares falls within the 30 to 50% slope category (hills to mountainous), and the remaining area of 21, 722.84 hectares is within 50% and above slope category. The

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highest slope is most pronounced in the east expose of the municipality near the boundary of Gapan, Laur and Gabaldon in Nueva Ecija, Dingalan, Aurora and San Miguel, Bulacan. Table 2 – Slope category within General within General Tinio , Nueva Ecija SLOPE CATEGORY

AREA (Ha.)

PERCENTAGE (%)

0-18 (Level to Rolling)

18,086.59

26.51

18-30 (Rolling to Hilly)

9,041.67

13.25

30-50 (Steep Hills to Mountains)

19,378.19

28.40

50 Above (Cliff-like, Stream Side Mountains)

21,722.84

31.84

Site Analysis As shown in the Map below, the location of the Site is located in a color green land legend which indicates a 0-18 (Level to Rolling). The location of the site has a negligible slope and it good it is good for building construction.

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5.2.2.3 Soil Classification Macro Analysis There are only six (6) predominant types of soil in the municipality namely: Annam clay loam, Quingua fine sand, Annam loam gravelly phase, Prensa silt loam, Mountain soil and Sibul clay. The Annam loam gravelly phase has the biggest area in General Tinio with 58, 4278.56 hectares. Principal crops grown in this type of soil are palay, banana, corn, sweet potato, papaya, mango and citrus trees. It could also be used for pasture and timber lands. Next t Annam gravelly phase are sibul clay and prensa silt loam which are suited to agricultural crops like vegetables and palay. There is also the Quingua fine sand utilized for quarry of gravel and sand. And the rest of the soil types-Annam clay loam and mountain soil are suitable for forest tress. Table 3 – Soil Type of General Tinio, Nueva Ecija SOIL DESCRIPTION

AREA (Ha.)

PERCENTAGE (%)

Annam Clay Loam

3,411.15

5.00

Quingua fine sand

398.04

0.58

Annam loam gravelly phase

58,428.56

85.64

Prensa sit loam

675.10

0.99

Mountain soil

1,428.89

2.09

Sibul clay

3,887.55

5.70

TOTAL

68,229.29

100.00

Site Analysis As shown in the map below, the site is located with an Annam loam gravelly phase soil that covers the whole site. Annam loam gravelly phase soil is also known as

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5.2.2.4 Climate Macro Analysis The municipality is characterized by three types of climate namely: Type I, III and IV. Type I which has two (2) pronounced seasons, dry during the months of November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Type III, wherein no pronounced maximum rain period with a dry season lasting only from 1-3 months, either during the period from December to February or from December to February or from March to May. This type is prevalent within the Dona Remedios Trinidad (DRT)- General Tinio watershed and Type IV wherein rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Table 4 – Climate Type of General Tinio, Nueva Ecija Climatic type

AREA (Ha.)

PERCENTAGE (%)

Type I

15,558.04

22.80

Type III

41,171.08

60.34

Type IV

11,500.17

16.86

TOTAL

68,229.29

100.00

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Site Analysis As shown in the Map below, the site is located in a color red legend which indicates as a Type I. Type 1 has two (2) pronounced seasons, dry during the months of November to April and wet during the rest of the year. This shows that the dry season runs for 6 months and 6 months of wet season, the building should be design that could sustain both seasons.

5.2.2.5 Recent Vegetation Cover Macro Analysis Based on 2010 land cover map, the municipality is composed of nine (9) land cover classifications, The municipal area is dominantly an open forest broad leaved with an area 33,113.27 hectares. Other wooded land, shrubs is 10,051.16 hectares, other wooded land, wooded grassland is 9, 064.05 hectares, the other land, cultivated, annual crop is 7, 305.40 hectares, closed forest, broadleaved is 4, 546.35 hectares, the other land, natural, grassland is only about 2, 177.97 hectares, inland water is 1,111.80 hectares and the other land, built-up area has a total area of 580.53 hectares.

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Table 4 – 2010 Land Cover (ha.) per subwatershed of General Tinio, Nueva Ecija LAND COVER 2010

Closed forest, broadleav ed

Inland Water

broadleav ed

SUBWATER Bugnan

Open forest,

33.50

Other land build-up area

Other land cultivated, annual crop

Other land cultivated, peremial crop

Other land natural, grassland

4,700.74

330.83

Other wooded land, shubs

8.45

Other wooded land, wooded grassland

75.51

TOTAL 5,149.03

Subwatershed Catmun

224.11

470.25

694.36

Subwatershed Coronel

204.41

137.64

8,150.38

11.48

242.79

393.08

7,866.89

493.92

5,308.47

519.46

11,517.81

49.76

1,635.58

28.12

407.20

25.38

218.56

1,111.80

33,113.27

580.53

7,305.40

887.84

2,461.09

889.46

12,885.09

206.91

6441.39

2,090.88

3,825.9

20,826.62

71.85

317.91

5,490.74

2,411.17

26,132.11

1,862.82

2,542.08

9,064.05

68,229.29

Subwatershed Penarandan Subwatershed Sumacbao

4,117.83

Subwatershed Taliclic Subwatershed

TOTAL

4,546.35

278.76

2,177.97

10,051.16

Site Analysis As shown in the Map below, the site is located in that cover a color light blue that indicates that the land is composed of wooded land and grassland. Most of the land are grassland which makes it as good site location for the building.

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5.2.2.6 Hazard Area Macro Analysis There are four faults lined within municipality area of General Tinio, Nueva Ecija. The Gabaldon-General Tinio fault lines and fault line within General Tinio. The Gabaldon – General Tinio fault lines traverses or runs parallel with the Coronel River while the other fault line branched in Sierra Madre Mountain. Earthquakes with intensity 4 occurred in the watershed area in 1990 and intensity 5.1 in 1991. Majority of the area of about 2, 036.03 hectares has high susceptibility to flooding, 47, 036.71 hectares has high susceptibility to landslide, 8, 371.81 hectares has low susceptibility t landslide. It was also showed that a total area of 5, 085.94 hectares has low to moderate susceptibility to flooding and 5, 698.80 hectares has moderate susceptibility to lands. Table 6 – Hazards Area (ha.) within Genereal Tinito , Nueva Ecija Description

Area

%of Total

High Susceptibility of Flooding

2,036.03

2.98

High Susceptibility to Landslide

47,036.71

68.94

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Low Susceptibility to Landslide

8,371.81

12.27

Low to Moderate Susceptibility to Flooding

5,085.94

7.45

Moderate Susceptibility

5,698.80

8.35

68,229.29

100.00

Total

Site Analysis As shown in the map below, the site is located in a color yellow and partially color green which indicates that has a low susceptibility to landslide and partially moderate susceptibility to landslide. The site is located in a safer place and far from the prone areas for landslide.

5.2.2.7 Population Density Macro Analysis

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According to the 2015 Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA) classification, General Tinio is 49.19% urban or a population 23,544 and 50.81% rural or a population of 24,321. Thus, General Tinio has a population density of 70.15 per square kilometre. Of the thirteen (13) barangay in the municipality, the five (5) most populated barangays are barangay Rio Chico with a population of 9, 608, Barangay San Pedro Concepcion with 6,695, Barangay Pias with 6,232, Barangay Padolina with 5,567 and Barangay San Pedro with 4,015 populations. As to household population, Barangay Palate due to its spatial limitation has the least number of households with a total of 308 while Barangay Rio Chico has the most with a total of 1,996. The average family size of the municipality’s household is currently at 4.68; the highest is in Barangay Pias of 5.88 and the lowest is in Barangay Poblacion West with 3.81. Table 8-POP-2 Population, Population Density, Number of households and Average Family Size by Barangay, 2015

Name of

Population

Area

Area

Population

Number of

Average

(sq.km.)

(has.)

Density

Household

Family size

23,544

17.846

1,784.55

1,319.32

5,455

4.32

Pob. Central

6,695

1.427

142.70

4,691.66

1,592

4.21

Pulong Matong

4,567

0.927

92.70

4,926.65

1,055

4.33

San Pedro

4,015

5.191

519.05

773.53

943

4.26

Pob. East

1,506

0.684

68.35

2,203.37

348

4.33

Pob. West

1,751

1.224

122.35

1,431.14

460

3.81

Concepcion

1,611

2.192

219.20

734.95

328

4.91

Sampaguita

1,611

0.470

47.00

3,427.66

366

4.40

Padolina

1,788

5.732

573.20

311.93

363

4.93

24,321

664.447

66,444.74

36.60

4,783

5.08

Pias

3,495

131.42

13,141.53

26.60

740

4.72

Nazareth

3,599

163.00

16,300.00

22.08

709

5.08

Rio Chico

6,232

320.02

32,001.66

19.47

1,060

5.88

Barangay Urban

Rural

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Bago

9,608

11.86

1,185.55

810.43

1,966

4.89

Palale

1,387

38.16

3,816.00

36.35

308

4.50

Total

47,865

682.29

68,229.29

70.15

10,238

4.68

]= Site Analysis As shown in the map below, the site is located in the Barangay of Nazareth which has a 3, 599 population. It is located near the urban area of General Tinio but at the same time the place is peaceful and solemn place for security purposes.

5.2.2.8 Yearly Municipality Population projection Macro Analysis The municipality’s yearly population projection was computed based on an average of 2.34 percent annual growth rate. The projection resulted to a population estimate of 60,390 by the year 2025. Table 14 – POP – 8

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Projected Yearly Population (2016-2025) Year

Projected Population

2016

48,948

2017

50,143

2018

51,322

2019

52,528

2020

53,763

2021

55,027

2021

56,322

5.2.2.9 General Land Use Existing Land Area and Uses Macro Analysis Features of the New Land Use Plan It can be seen that the Proposed General Land Use of General Tinio classification schemes make use of five (5) land use categories. The most significant reclassification will be from the existing Agricultural Land and forest, Hills and other Pasture Lands to Built-up areas, Industrial and Agro-Industrial area. About 2.56% (i.e. 1.82% of the agricultural land and 0.74% of Forest, Hills and other Pasture Lands) shall be reclassified for residential use, 0.34% for commercial, 0.09% for Institutional, 0.07% for parks and recreation, utilities and resorts, 0.01% for cemeteries and 0.17% for the opening of the new roads, while 0.20% will be reclassified for industrial use and 0.22% for agro-industrial. The total of 10% reduction in agricultural land is within the limit set in section 20 of RA 7160. “THE NEW LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE” for the reclassification of lands in the firstclass municipality and the 1.25% or 500 hectares which will be used for the establishment of New Prison Facility Project of the Department of Justice will be deducted from Forest, Hills and other Pasture Lands

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Table 78-LU-3 Comparative Land Uses (Existing and Proposed)

Net PROPOSED LAND USE

EXISTING LAND USE

Expansion Reqmt. For

CLASSIFICATION

Area Per

% of

Area Per

% of

The

Hectare

Total

Hectare

Total

Planning Period

Built-Up Area Residential

4,178.10

6.12%

2,426.81

3.56%

1,751.29

Commercial

471.40

0.69%

235.70

0.35%

235.70

Institutional

190.07

0.28%

126.71

0.19%

63.36

Open Spaces

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Parks & Recreation and

127.18

0.19%

54.79

0.12%

42.39

Cemeteries

17.18

0.03%

12.18

0.02%

5.00

Minalungao National Park

1,929.32

2.83%

1,929.32%

2.83%

-

Barangay , Municipal and

229.52

0.34%

114.76

0.17%

114.76

1,111.80

1.63%

1,111.80

1.63%

_

687.50

1.01%

550.00

0.81%

137.50

Agro-Industial

1,650.00

2.42%

1,500.00

2.20%

150.00

Agricultural

18,000.00

26.38%

20,000.00

29.31%

(2.000.00)

39.637.22

58.09%

40.137.22

58.83%

(500.00)

68,229.29

100.00%

98,229.29

100.00%

Open Spaces

Provincial Roads River , Creeks and other Water Bodies

Industrial

Forest,

Hills

and

other

Pasture Lands Total

The changes will increase in the Built-up, Agro-industrial and Industrial area to accommodate the increasing urbanization trend of the municipality and the expected increases in its economic activities. The comparative municipal land use figures and space allocations of the Existing General Land Use and Proposed General Land Use are given in the table below.

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6

FINAL ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

6.1

Proposed Site Development Plan

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6.2

Floor Plans

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6.3

Elevations and Sections

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6.4

Perspective

Minimum Security Aerial View

Medium Security Aerial View

Visitation Aerial View

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Maximum Security Aerial View

Graduate School of Criminology inside Maximum Security Compound

Main Administration Building Aerial View

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Main Graduate School of Criminology Building Aerial View

Main Administration Building Aerial View

Maximum Security Aerial View

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Whole Site Aerial View

Medium and Minimum Security Aerial View

Whole Site Aerial View

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Maximum Security Aerial View

Maximum Security Aerial View

Graduate School of Criminology Inside Maximum Security Aerial View

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Maximum Security Cell Hallway Interior View

Visitation Building Interior View

Graduate School of Criminology Building Common Area

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7

REFERENCES

Sally Guyoncourt (2016). Prisoners Study alongside Durham University Undergraduates in Unique Criminology Course from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/prisonersstudy-alongside-durham-university-undergraduates-in-unique-criminology-course-a6831826.html Marina Salsbury (2011) Inmates and College Education from https://cltlblog.wordpress.com/2011/10/ Rory Stott (2014). A Radical New Approach to Prison Design from http://www.archdaily.com/464371/a-radical-new-approach-to-prison-design Glen Santayana (2013). PriSchool: A Prison + School Hybrid from http://glensantayana.com/PriSchool-A-Prison-School-Hybrid Ryan Jacobs (2014), How Prison Architecture Can Transform Inmates' Lives from https://psmag.com/how-prison-architecture-can-transforminmates-lives-7b4fa1b7ab58#.2f9m39xc1 Albis, A., Jr., Madrona, E., Mariño, A., & Respicio, L. (n.d.). A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner (1976, March 23) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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