Elago Thesis 1.docx

MAPUA UNIVERSITY School of Architecture, Industrial Design, and Built Environment

“Restricted Space” on Mental Health of People Reforming AR 200 - Thesis Research Writing

BY

ELAGO, BEACILLE IXABEL R. 2015121518 2019

This thesis research considers the contribution that the physical environment, especially its restrictiveness, makes to the pains of imprisonment. It discusses the ways in which the architecture and aesthetics of penal environments affect the psychological functioning of people reforming. Through analyzing correctional facilities in Asia and the Philippines with different approach in prisoner movement, programs, and principles; this research aims to provide strategies on how to address the problems in the architecture of control and enclosure.

The Effect of “Restricted Space” on Mental Health of People Reforming ELAGO, BEACILLE IXABEL R. 2015121518 4/1/2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................. 3 1.1

Introduction ............................................................................................................. 3

1.2

Statement of the Problem........................................................................................ 4

1.3

Goals and Objectives ................................................................................................ 5

1.4

Significance of the Study .......................................................................................... 6

1.5

Scope and Limitation ................................................................................................ 7

1.6

Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................ 7

Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................. 8 2.1

Foucault, Power and the Modern Panopticon ......................................................... 8

2.2

Architectures of Incarceration: The Spatial Pains of Imprisonment ........................ 9

2.3

Just Design: Healthy Prisons and the Architecture of Hope .................................. 10

2.4

Wellbeing in Prison Design ..................................................................................... 11

2.5

A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System .................................... 12

2.6

Psychologically Supportive Design based on Health Care Lessons ........................ 13

2.7

Prison Architecture and Inmate Misconduct: A Multilevel Assessment. ............... 14

2.8

Psychiatric Implications of Sensory Deprivation in a Maximum-Security Prison ... 16

Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................18 3.1

Research Design ..................................................................................................... 18

3.2

Population and Sampling Research ........................................................................ 18

3.3

Research Instruments ............................................................................................ 18

3.4

Case Studies ........................................................................................................... 19 3.4.1

Case Study of International Prison Facility .............................................. 19

3.4.2

Case Study of Local Prison Facility........................................................... 27

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The Effect of “Restricted Space” on Mental Health of People Reforming ELAGO, BEACILLE IXABEL R. 2015121518 4/1/2019

Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................32 4.1

Presentation of Collected Data .............................................................................. 32 4.1.1

Case Study of International Prison Facility Review ................................. 32

4.1.2

Case Study of International Prison Facility Review ................................. 35

4.1.3

Prison Economy of Space ........................................................................ 38

4.1.4

Restricted Space on Mental Health Inside Prison ................................... 40

4.1.5

Need Analysis .......................................................................................... 41

4.2

Design Recommendations...................................................................................... 45

4.3

References .............................................................................................................. 51

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The Effect of “Restricted Space” on Mental Health of People Reforming ELAGO, BEACILLE IXABEL R. 2015121518 4/1/2019

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM 1.1

Introduction Throughout the entire course of humanity, there have always been those who, whether by inner compulsion or extenuating circumstances, break the rules of society. When these violations are severe or occur repeatedly, it becomes necessary to separate those who cannot or will not function within the bounds of society from those who can. Thus, the need to impose restriction because these people who exhibit deviant behavior need to be separated and contained within correctional facilities or more commonly known as prison, jails, and rehabilitation centers. Prisons function 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. It serves as a place of living and work for both staff and prisoners making its conditions have enormous impact on those inside. While it is clear that incarceration affects mental health, we do not know what particular aspects of the prison environment are most associated with poor mental health during the term of imprisonment (Liebling 1992; Porter and Novisky 2016). Most research on the topic has examined whether current incarceration overall is associated with poor mental health but has not accounted for the wide variety of incarceration experiences (Liebling 1995). While prison design has historically sought to deprive incarcerated people of their “sense of self”, recent findings suggest that supporting a strong and positive sense of identity is critical to the rehabilitative function of these spaces. As the 5 purpose of imprisonment are protection, reform, punishment, cure mental afflictions, and serve as a public statement. Firstly, to protect the general public from those who wish to do harm and also to protect some inmates from others. Reform which is the acquisition of moral, religious, and social habits that require a spatial environment. To cure mental afflictions and criminal behavior through therapy and group activities. Punishment as a deterrent for inmates and those outside while trying to “cure” the former of crime. Exemplary

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righteousness as a public statement of moral, political, and social virtue. An environment of incarceration and rehabilitation without causing a sense of oppression and hopelessness. Even with steps towards better correctional architecture, there are still many unanswered questions concerning the effects of the prison environment and its overall impact to a person’s behavior and psychological functioning. This thesis research seeks to identify what particular aspects of the prison environment and prison life are most associated to the failure of rehabilitation.

1.2

Statement of the Problem The Cambridge Dictionary defines “restrict” and “restricted” as to limit someone’s actions or movement, especially by official rules, laws, etc. Its overall impact on people experiencing it depends on the level of deprivation applied but a restricted space can become confined if conditions or practices change (insert source). When this happens, the space becomes hazardous for its users thus living and working in such condition is not recommended. The Philippines is currently facing a humanitarian crisis due to overcrowding in prisons. There is a 436 percent congestion rate as of January 2018 according to the World Atlas (Feb 2018) and it has taken a massive toll on the physical and mental health of not only the inmates but also of the prison staff. Extreme overcrowding is one of the most punishing aspect of life in prison which makes rehabilitation harder to achieve. This is a violation to many international treaties on human rights of the inmates such as the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT) and also of the rights of inmates found in BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual 2015 Edition under Rule VIII Section 63.

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Haiti

454.40%

Philippines

436.00%

El Salvador

348.20%

Zambia

303.00%

Guatemala

296.20%

Uganda

293.20%

Sudan

255.30%

Bolivia

253.90%

Comoros

246.70%

Benin

240.00%

0.00% 50.00% 100.00%150.00%200.00%250.00%300.00%350.00%400.00%450.00%500.00%

Figure 1 The World's Most Overcrowded Prison Systems The restricted nature plus the overcrowding of prison environment is antithetical to the setting required for inmates in need of rehabilitation and resettlement. It is just not feasible to expect inmates to be healthy in an unhealthy environment. 1.2.1 Research Questions In order to come up with a solution to this problem, this research shall attempt to respond to these queries:    

1.3

Why is there a need to restrict most spaces in prison? What are the strategies that must be applied to encourage movement and interaction while maintaining security? What is the effect of restricted space on the psychological functioning of an inmate? What are the ways to make flexibility-controlled freedom possible?

Goals and Objectives

1.3.1 Goal The research study aims to improve the environment of prisons for all their users, through analyzing possible adjustments needed in the architectural design. It aims identify

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the adverse effects of restricted space on a person’s behavior and psychological functioning and to develop additional guidance aimed at improving the well-being of those people residing, working, and visiting prisons. The ultimate goal is to find an architectural solution that will alleviate the mental pressure prison architecture has. 1.3.2 Objectives The research therefore aims to understand the behavior of inmates and their experience inside prison conditions to provide information on how to alleviate the condition of present-day correctional facilities and provide inmates a psychologically supportive environment while maintaining maximum security. In line with this, it will attempt to accomplish the following objectives:    

To propose and architectural design that provides a psychologically supportive environment while maintaining security. To reduce the long-term stress levels of all the users of prisons through design To analyze how to incorporate the design of flexibility-controlled freedom To improve the mental health of inmates and reduce mental pressure inside prison

1.3.2 Strategies 

 

1.4

To research through reliable sources such as books, related literature, thesis studies, the specific codes and standards, and other reliable sources about correctional facilities and rehabilitation. To gather relevant information to produce an informative and useful thesis paper To analyze the typical design of prisons and propose an evolved and conservative rehabilitation design

Significance of the Study The purpose of this study to address the adverse effect of restricted spaces to the overall success of rehabilitation and reform. Considering the subjective perception of people undergoing reform to provide an environment that supports rehabilitation and resettlement to reduce recidivism. On the other hand, it also promotes awareness by contributing data and recommendations to the government that facilities that aim to rehabilitate should reconsider the limits of restriction in spaces and how continuous neglect of these facilities have further deteriorated the penitentiary system in the Philippines.

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1.5

Scope and Limitation

1.5.1 Scope This study aims to identify the particular factors of the prison environment which makes it difficult for rehabilitation to happen. The study will focus on how the extremely restricted environment of prisons is detrimental to a person’s psychological functioning and rehabilitation. The proponent will discuss ways on where restriction may be decreased and where possible inmate autonomy be implemented through the design of the prison. 1.5.2 Limitation The study will be limited to national prisons and will not include City Jails and Juvenile Prisons. The funding and resources of the construction of the facility will also not be included in this study. 1.6

Conceptual Framework

Government and Bank buildings

Small residential living spaces

Figure 2 Conceptual Framework

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Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature 2.1

Foucault, Power and the Modern Panopticon

Figure 3 Radial-Panopticon

According to Connor Sheridan (2016), Jeremy Bentham’s notion about prisons and panopticons was primarily based in prisons as places where the principles of severe example and deterrence would operate by promoting suffering to the offenders. His view of prison was in part of a reformist view which is the belief that by severe discipline and labor permanent socialization, it would result to prisoners avoiding the pains of disobedience. “To apparent submissiveness they will be forced and, after a time, from apparent submission real will ensue. Men become at length what they are forced to become” The concept of the panopticon is seeing all from a central vantage point even though it does not really see everything all at once. The panopticon is the carceral superego,

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omnipresent but strangely invisible, so that the inmate may never know for sure when one is being observed and there is no moment in which one could not be. It was thought that when inmates are subjected to this gaze, they would modify their behavior as they try to avoid the punishment of disobedience. The self-disciplinary measures introduced by it was intended to drastically simplify measures in a prison, with no external force or overt method of disciplinary power being necessary. The panopticon “must not be understood as a dream building: it is the diagram of a mechanism of power in its ideal for; its functioning, abstracted from any obstacle, resistance or friction, must be represented as a pure architectural and optical system. It is in fact a figure of political technology that may and must be detached from any specific use (Focault, 1973)”. Disciplinary power allows those in power to decide what is “normal” and then impose that idea on those who are in the lesser level in the hierarchy. The aim of the system is to reduce individuality while at the same tine alienates the subjects. Thus, it constitutes delinquents through concrete manipulation and discursive objectification. The idea of a system where everyone is kept in a prescribed and restricted place combined with activities that must be done because there are extreme surveillance results to a person losing one’s self. “Human beings have been released from the physical chains, but there have been replaced by mental ones. One of the main themes is how external violence has been replaced with internalization (Sarup, 1993)

2.2

Architectures of Incarceration: The Spatial Pains of Imprisonment According to Philip Hancock and Yvonne Jewkes (2015), the changing physical environment makes to the pains of imprisonment is considered by two distinct but interrelated fields of study. The first is the relatively established field of penal architecture and design. The second is critical organization studies. What both of fields of study share is the different ways and means by which the built environment can influence or even prescribe patterns of behavior, thinking and individual group identity formation. In this sense, both can be said to focus on the relationship between space, meaning and power.

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Prisons exist as little more than human warehouses designed to remove from society a sub-class of people who are economically unproductive and instill in them work habits and discipline (Rusche (1939) and Kirchheimer (1968). What these writers have been less concerned about, however, are the ways in which the architecture of prisons, like of that the work organizations, contribute to the production of restricted economies of experience and understanding. Organizational employees are rarely seen as inmates because of the freedom and liberty they have to be in a free market to sell their labor to the highest bidder. Nonetheless, both the physical confinement of spatial emplacement and the psychological costs of constrain and promotion of particular ways of thinking, forms of identity and modes of behavior. In many custodial settings, sensual disengagement becomes sensory deprivation and the aesthetics of incarceration blunts or depressed the senses. The architecture, internal landscaping, fixtures and fittings of traditional prisons all convey very clear messages about the individuals confined within them, their supposed characteristics and how they are expected to behave. From their bland exteriors that draw little attentions from the public who have a stigmatized view of offenders and do not engage with notions of penal reform in any meaningful way, to the cage-like interiors and heavy vandal-resisted furnishings that communicate to inmates that they are animals promotes reinforcement of criminal and criminalized identities.

2.3

Just Design: Healthy Prisons and the Architecture of Hope According to Yvonne Jewkes (2018). Prison buildings share many similarities with hospitals. Both tend to be large in scale, densely occupied and are semi-accessible every day, though with imposed restrictions, limits of visitors, functions around the clock, need to be lit constantly and must ensure that electrical devices, including security alarms and cameras are active at all times, making them environmental “toxic hogs”. But aside from the practicalities of the building types, prison and hospitals both convey clear messages about the individuals behave. Neither setting do most occupants have control over egress and are infantilized by the fact of their dependence on staff for almost everything that is

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vital to their existence, which frequently results in misbehavior. On top of this both establishments can involve physical and psychological crowding and isolation and also sensory deprivation and overload. The topic of ‘good’ prison design is often argued on its actual limitations. However, for those who believe that advocating a more progressive prison design agenda is about creating ‘softer’ or ‘prettier’ prisons or that those research about progressive prison design are doing nothing to challenge the institution of the prison itself. The researcher would argue that a focus on designing prison spaces that support rehabilitation and desistance could be a vital component in achieving radical justice reform including de-carceration. In jurisdictions across the world, prisons are designed to be hard, restrictive and ugly, and their design supports a view of the ‘prisoner’ as dangerous ‘others’. However, when a prison communicates positive attributes, the design challenges the cultural stereotype of what a prison is and through this it becomes considerably harder to hold the view that prisoners ‘deserve’ to be held in brutal conditions. Taking this a step further through design, the idea of housing people in a ‘prison’ is not significantly different from housing people in a well-designed healthcare or in any other kind of ‘normal’ social environment, it may not be a huge conceptual leap to connect the prison to notions of justice that can be achieved, while offenders remain in the community.

2.4

Wellbeing in Prison Design According to Lily Bernheimer, Rachel O’Brien, and Richard Barnes (2017), institutional environments like prisons and hospitals are known as ‘low control’ or ‘low choice’ spaces which are designed to limit a person’s ability to move around the area or control their surroundings. Situations like this can reinforce feelings of helplessness, ineffectiveness, and abnormality which does not support the goals of a rehabilitative environment. Institutional environments that enable choice and physical movement hold the potential to foster more uplifting psychological states and increase the inmate’s sense of wellbeing and self-efficacy.

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There are four prison criteria which determines if a prison is healthy enough to instigate rehabilitation; safety, respect, purposeful activity, and resettlement. This criterion draws a line between the hard and soft regimes, the stability and reform, and security and rehabilitation. There have always been a lot of scrutiny when it comes to modern prisons and how inmates do not deserve better conditions because of what they did. The problem with change is the stigma that people have with prisons and how it has to be punitive instead of rehabilitative. For reaching the higher purpose of prisons, people have to change the way they think and understand the contribution of design and buildings can bring. The nature of this impact will depend on factors including the old and new spaces provided which allows for strategies of choice to be maximized, giving autonomy as much as possible, and to signal to those inside that they are not animals and that they have a chance to become better and go back to society. The population of prison is diverse and has varying risks and needs. For rehabilitation to be effective, the prison needs to be more responsive to an individual’s needs. Rehabilitation is a process by which a person begins to shift values, behavior, and thinking to stop committing crime. The building design of prison can ultimately support or restrict the process of rehabilitation. It can add value by being adaptable, reinforcing positive messages through symbolism, and by assisting coherence. Decreasing fear and stress factors is a necessity in a healthy prison and that of which focuses on rehabilitation. This type of prison isn’t just about making the environment better, but also by improving the conditions for all those inside.

2.5

A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System According to Abelardo Albis, Jr. and Eleandro Madrona (2015). There are three schools of thought when it comes to prison systems: The Classical, Neo-classical and the Positivist school. The classical school of thought is prison system approach which is punitive and retributive in nature. It is based on the belief that people have free will and are reprimanded to know the full extent of the law. The Neo-classical has the same contents as the classical doctrines, except when it comes to children and the mentally disabled are as

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they are greatly reconsidered. The positivist school of thought is based on the thought that crime is a social phenomenon. It views criminals as sick patients that need to be treated as its principle is to be reformative and preventive while punishment is individualized. The Philippine’s approach to penology can be considered effective if the basis is the Classical and Neo-classical approach. However, the 21st century has shifted to rehabilitation as the sole purpose of prisons. Philippine prisons fail as it barely reintegrates its prisoner into the community as responsible and reformed individuals. This paper recommends that the country should start to look in a different perspective when it comes to treatment of prisoners. it is needed to redefine national prisons in the Philippines with a system that will comply with the Minimum Rules for Treatment of Prisoners by providing decent and effective facilities that will not only alleviate the hardships of present-day incarceration but help the physical and mental health of the inmates while promoting rehabilitation and resettlement. Disciplinary systems such as prisons crush individuality and are obstacles to positive social goals such as rehabilitation and peaceful coexistence. (Foucalt, 2014)

2.6

Psychologically Supportive Design based on Health Care Lessons According to Roger Ulrich, M. D., the design of healthcare facilities has always emphasized the importance of functional delivery which often produces facilities that are functionally effective but are psychologically hard. Facilities that are psychologically hard usually fail because they are stressful or otherwise unsuited to the mental needs of patients, staff, and visitors. It is critical for designers to create physical surroundings that are “psychologically supportive”. The design should foster with coping with stress and should not raise obstacles in coping with stress or contain features that are in themselves stressors. In relation to this, there are three main principles that suggests a psychologically supportive environment—Sense of control with respect to physical/social surroundings, access to social support, and access to positive distractions in physical surroundings.

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Sense of control is an important factor influencing stress levels and wellness (Steptoe and Appels, 1989). There are a lot of scientific evidence that indicates that humans have a strong need for control and the related need of self-efficacy with respect to the environment and situations. Lack of control is associated with negative consequences such as depression, passivity, elevated blood pressure, and reduced immune system functioning. Situations or conditions that are uncontrollable usually are aversive and stressful. There has been a consistent finding in stress research that if an individual has a sense of control with respect to a potential stressor, the negative effects of the stressor are actually reduced or even eliminated. Patient derive important benefits from frequent contact with social support. Many studies in the fields of behavioral medicine and clinical psychology have found across a wide variety of health and non-health situations that individuals with high-social support, compared to those with low-social support, experience less stress and have higher level of wellness (Cohen and Syme, 1985). For example, studies of day rooms or lounges have found that social interaction is reduced considerably when chairs are arranged side-by-side and heavy, unmovable furniture usually inhibits social interaction. Research in environmental psychology suggests that human well-being is usually supported when physical surroundings provide a moderate degree of positive stimulation. Nature as a positive distraction is an environmental element that elicits positive feelings, holds attention and interest without stressing the individual. If patients are exposed to low levels of environmental stimulations it produces boredom and other negative feelings. For instance, research on intensive care units has shown that sensory deprivation stemming from lack of windows is associated with high levels of anxiety.

2.7

Prison Architecture and Inmate Misconduct: A Multilevel Assessment. According to Robert G. Morris and John L. Worall (2014), it is clear that a variety of individual and prison level variables are associated with inmate behavior, but the effect of architecture remains unclear. Since prison architecture influences inmate behavior—

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directly or indirectly, exploring the role of architecture may help better inform corrections theory and policy. The emergence of new prison design specifically focuses on increased security (Irwin, 2005). This includes use of wings, separation of buildings, and construction of dormitories rather than cells for the use of many inmates. There are two common designs found in prisons today which include the older telephone pole layout and the more modern campus plan. The telephone pole design uses several rows of parallel multistory buildings resembling the rungs of a typical above-ground telephone pole. The idea behind it is to increase security and restrict movements of inmates outside the corridors (Johnston, 2000). The cell block corridors were known for being dramatically long, making it difficult for guards to observe all inmates all the time. Though the design was intended to ease the work of the administrators, the design actually amplified problems for them because there was difficulty in controlling riots particularly if the prison houses a large number of inmates. In contrast to the telephone pole design, the campus design is characterized by freestanding buildings surrounded by open space, often in the shape of a rectangle (Johnston, 2000). Such prisons typically consist of several small housing and operations buildings that allow for more direct supervision of inmates. There are three perspectives that correlate to inmate misconduct; The deprivation perspective, the importation perspective, and the situational perspective. The deprivation model of inmate misconduct postulates that when a person (inmate) is subjected to a restrictive environment, certain basic needs may go unsatisfied and an inmate may adapt to the situation by satisfying needs via maladaptive behavior (Sykes, 1958). Prison architecture fits as a factor of deprivation as certain aspects of design may aggravate, or mitigate, adjustment to prison life which may directly or indirectly influence inmate behavior. The importation perspective suggests that inmate behavior is determined by an inmate’s attitude, experiences, and characteristics that are developed prior to incarceration. The importation theory variables include characteristics such as age, race, gender, social class, education level, socioeconomic status prior to entry, criminal history,

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social network, and subjective attitudes and beliefs. The situational model posits that inmate misconduct is contextually based on temporal, environmental, and sociological circumstances. Situational factors may also depend on prison architecture, crowding, staff characteristics, geography, climate, inmate mobility, and any other factor of the situation that may play a role in misconduct.

2.8

Psychiatric Implications of Sensory Deprivation in a Maximum-Security Prison According to G. D. Scott, M.D and Paul Gendreau, M.A. (1969). Imprisonment is characterized by many depriving conditions; the loss of individual freedom, the loss of communicability, the loss of possessions and the loss of family relationships, together with the awareness that eventual re-entry into society notions the individual to a second-class citizenship from the stigma of his prison record. Social isolation is experienced by a formidable percentage of our population and includes the physical captive, the aged, the mental hospital patients who exist in boring monotony inside chronic wards and the captive man who lives in a prison setting of varying security. The common factor existing in this varying security in prison cases is that the inmate exists in reference to 'time alone', with motivation, mental stimulation and activity practically at a minimum. Psychiatric Syndromes in Prison are several well-defined psychiatric conditions seen in prison medicine which are not obvious in the parent society. Firstly, the admission fog which is a state of complete indifference to his prison situation and past emotional experiences which lasts several weeks. The coasting is a rejection of social identification with daily mechanical motivationless adjustment associated with central period of sentence. The slashing and self-mutilation is an expression of irresolvable frustration in a relationship to prison routine. The lock-up request which is a further withdrawal into the world of mental inactivity by requesting complete isolation from all physical and emotional experiences. The confinement psychosis is a psychotic reaction characterized frequently by hallucinations and delusions, produced by prolonged physical isolation and inactivity in completely segregated areas. And lastly, the pre-release anxiety which is an expression of

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overwhelming anxiety as the date of release stirs up the inevitable doubts of returning to a competitive hostile society. The research program scientifically evaluated the effects of varying degrees of sensory deprivation upon the inmate captive and formed a basis for the understanding of these prison syndromes. Two opposing theories were advanced as a background to the study: The Need Theory of Optimal Sensory Input and The Input-Output Theory. According to The Need Theory of Optimal Sensory Input, chronic sensory deprivation in childhood could be related to compensatory intrapsychic activity classified by types of hallucinations, overactive fantasy life and a disinclination to take part in a verbal communication. While the Input-Output Theory is based upon principles of physics as it applies to the redistribution of energy. The results of the research show that the Need Theory of optimal sensory input in a simplified version does not apply to the prison situation. In effect the greater the degree of social deprivation the greater the withdrawal, supporting the Input-Output Theory. This observation has far-reaching relationships in applied psychiatric situations in prison. Thus, Adequate sensory stimulation must be introduced into maximum security institutions to prevent the development of the 'Deprivation Syndrome of Disinterest and Withdrawal' and the 'Prison Psychiatric Syndromes’. The greater the security of an institution, the more intense must be its activity program. Maximum prison lock-up without an appropriate activity program is detrimental to the inmate's health and his rehabilitative prognosis.

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Chapter 3 Research Methodology 3.1

Research Design This research shall be descriptive in nature to gather enough data for the analysis needed in this study. Descriptive method of research is the most appropriate research method as it describes current and existing conditions, phenomenon, and events where research questions, data analysis, and design are undertaken. The data gathering method shall be composed of interviews, observation from ocular visits, and case studies of correctional facilities in the Philippines. The researcher will conduct an interview with different personnel in the New Bilibid Prison, former inmates, and professionals who are knowledgeable with penitentiary systems. Observation will be made by ocular inspection of the different zones of prison. Lastly, case studies shall be made on related facilities found around Asia and locally.

3.2

Population and Sampling Research This research shall consider the entire prison population from the 7 penal facilities in the country for statistical evidence. The 7 penal facilities in the Philippines are New Bilibid Prison, Correctional Institute for Women, Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm, Davao Prison and Penal Farm, San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm, Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm, and Leyte Regional Prison. The surveys and other related data shall be taken from a sample of people coming from representatives of their sector. Age, gender, and educational background will be the determinant of the sample of this study.

3.3

Research Instruments The research instruments that were used in this study include case studies with similar projects, interview questionnaires, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) Analysis, and statistical evidence from the Bureau of Corrections. The interview focus will be based on different related literature and studies and personal questions from the researcher. The questions will range from the daily life inside prison, the level of restriction given to inmates in different security classifications (Minimum security, medium security, and maximum security) to the administrative issues involved. The research study will be supported by both qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data from the statements of the prison staff, inmates, concerned government and nongovernment agencies, and professionals who are knowledgeable in this field. Quantitative

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data from statistical evidence from BuCor, sex and age inmate ratio, recidivism rate, and case histories of inmates.

3.4

Case Studies

3.4.1

Case Study of International Prison Facility For the purpose of this study, three international prison facilities with varying design and approach in rehabilitation shall be studied thoroughly. This shall be made to gain more knowledge and insight of current situations of international prisons.

3.4.1.1 Qincheng Prison

Figure 1 Qincheng Prison Aerial View

The Qincheng Prison is a maximum-security prison located in Changping District of Beijing. It was built in 1985 with aid from the Soviet Union making it the only prison in China that belongs to the Ministry of Public Security while all other prisons operate by the Ministry of Justice.

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Figure 2 Qincheng Prison Facade Approach to Rehabilitation: Special militarized organization, special enterprise, and special school. Design Overview: Qincheng prison is divided into 3 sections as it is built in accordance with the 1954 Reform Through Labor Regulations. The first section is for jail houses for both low-ranking prisoners and high-ranking prisoners. The second section is the management and work section which includes a farm for field labor. The third is the residential section for employees and their relatives. The area in front of each building is fenced with a brick wall where inmates can exercise. Each exercise yard is divided into two sections by a wall, where a guard will patrol as it gave him visibility in both sections. The prison watch tower is the tallest in the world making it one of the most high-security prisons. There are four 3-storey brick buildings that serve as jail houses. Prison houses are dependent upon ranking. Ranking is often based from the status of conviction and their job or ranking before incarceration. Inmates that have higher ranking are provided with better rooms which are wider, include more windows, and has proper toilets. Each common

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20sqm prison cell has its own toilet and the only furniture in the cells are a small bed, and a desk which will be provided only if a prisoner wants to write a confession, and windows that inmates are unable to open placed 2 meters off the ground, so that prisoners can only see the sky and nothing else. For safety and security reasons, every sharp cell has been changed into smooth edges and there are also suicide watch cells with walls made of rubber, to prevent prisoners from committing suicide by running into the walls.

Figure 3 Qincheng Prison Perimeter Wall 3.4.1.2 Tihar Prison Complex

Figure 4 Tihar Prison Complex Aerial View

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Figure 4 Tihar Prison Complex Facade The Tihar Ashram is South Asia’s largest prison complex and it is run by the Department of Delhi Prisons, government of Delhi. The prison contains nine central prisons and is one of the two prison complexes in Delhi. In the past, Tihar used to be a maximumsecurity prison run by the State of Punjab. The control was then transferred to the National Capital Territory of Delhi during the year 1966. Soon after that, additional facilities were constructed, and the complex became Tihar Prison. Approach to Rehabilitation: The prison is styled as a correctional institution that has the main objective of converting its inmates into ordinary members of society by providing them spaces meant for learning of new skills, education, and respect for the law. Tihar uses music therapy to engage, rehabilitate, and reform its inmates by having music training sessions and concerts. For the reformation of prisoners, it offers 3 programs: 

Educational Program (Padho Aur Padhao, NIOS Centre)

 

Vocational Program (80 different courses) Meditation Program (Art of Living, yoga, etc.)

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Figure 5 Tihar Prison Complex Program Session

Figure 6 Tihar Prison Complex Program Session Design Overview: There are 9 separate prisons inside Tihar. It is specifically designed for women and young adults (between ages 18-30 years). The supposed capacity is 6,250 prisoners but It houses about 11,500 inmates in 400-acre complex in Tihar Village. Around 300 prisoners are admitted daily and an equal number of prisoners are also released. The 9 prisons are

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undertaking different activities such as education, games, counseling, law, health, vocational, meditation, reformation, and factory production. Tihar has 36 factories where thousands of inmates work and make items such as cakes, light bulbs, furniture, etc. The building complex comprises of the open and semi-open prison. The semi-open jail houses prisoners who have been sentenced to life. they have a chance to step out of their cells and acquire contract-based jobs within Tihar premises. The medical care inside the Tihar jail features 150 bedded hospital with medical, surgical, tuberculosis, psychiatric wards, a minor operation theater, round the clock dispensary with medical observation room facilities. There is a Legal Aid Cell which is visited by lawyers from Delhi State Legal Service Authority. Inmates can visit Legal Aid Cell if they have any queries about their cases.

3.4.1.3 Yancheng Prison

Figure 7 Yancheng Prison Facade

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Figure 8 Yancheng Prison Aerial View

The Yancheng Prison is located in Sanhe City in northern China’s Hebei province. It is the only central prison directly under the Ministry of Justice and is known as a central level prison. It was founded in 2002 to house non-violent criminals; foreign criminals, economic criminals, and those who commit ordinary offenses. Approach to Rehabilitation: The prison is styled like a college university. There are dormitories, actual schools, basketball courts, track and field, sewing rooms, and a vegetable field. Planting and taking care of plants and fruits aims to teach them to care for something other than themselves.

Figure 9 Yancheng Prison Field

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Figure 10 Yancheng Prison Program Area Design Overview: The white house inspired prison covers an area of 40 hectares and can accommodate 1,000 inmates. The cells in Yancheng prison are similar to college dormitories as it houses eight people in a room with bunk beds 1.92 meters long and two lockers per inmates. There are added safety consideration of no sharp edges on the bunks in each room. There is an artificially created river which travels through the grounds of the facility.

Figure 11 Yancheng Artificial River

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3.4.2

Case Study of Local Prison Facility For the purpose of this study, two local prison facilities with varying design and approach in rehabilitation shall be studied thoroughly. This shall be made to gain more knowledge and insight of current situations of local prisons.

3.5.2.1 New Bilibid Prison

Figure 12 New Bilibid Prison Aerial View On November 15, 1940, the inmates of the Old Bilibid Prison in Sta. Cruz, Manila were relocated in the remote and outskirts of the urban area, which is currently Muntinlupa City. This development is due to the projected increase in population of prisoners and urbanization of Manila. The New Bilibid Prison “NBP” is the national penitentiary facility of the Philippines that is handled by Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) under the Department of Justice (DOJ). Approach to Rehabilitation: The institution is continuing to be a maximum-security prison, which is preventing crimes with stakeholders providing opportunities for the inmate’s reformation to have a descent environment and secured setting.

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Design Overview: An area of 587 hectares or 1450 acres was for the prison reservation. The prison compound proper had an area of 300 by 300 meters or a total of 9 hectares, in square shape. The perimeters of the prison originally have three layers of barbed wire fences which is reinforced with concrete slabs after the World War II. The NBP was divided into 3 compounds, which is the maximum, medium, and minimum security. As of May 2018, the three compounds currently accommodate 26,877 convicted criminals all over the Philippines.

Figure 13 New Bilibid Prison Interior

Figure 14 New Bilibid Prison Facade

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3.5.2.2 Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm

Figure 15 Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm Aerial View

The Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm is located in the rain forest of Puerto Princesa, Palawan. The facility was established in the year 1904, during the Spanish regime but was only just administered during the American occupation, and currently it is being sustained by the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) under the Department of Justice (DOJ).

Figure 16 Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm Facade

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Approach to Rehabilitation: Due to Ihawig’s minimum security, the prison’s main problem is breakouts. It is only in 1906 under the management of Colonel John R. White that made a successful settlement. A merit framework was implemented, and vocational activities were offered for inmates. A prison with right implementation and labor opportunities, provides reintegration of inmates to the society with reformations through rehabilitation programs.

Figure 17 Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm

Design Overview: Ihawig Penal Colony used to serve as a depository for prisoners who could not be accommodated at the Bilibid Prison in Manila. Originally, the area of the Penal Institution is 22 acres but in 1995, with the implementation of Administrative Order No. 20, the Ihawig Penal Colony was granted 101,000 acres of land, that developed into Prison and Penal Farm. Currently, the size of the prison reservation of Ihawig have drastically minimized due to the recent developments and presidential proclamations, reducing to a land area of 65,800 acres for the colony. One of the world's largest open-air jails, the Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in the Philippines is a prison surrounded its perimeter by wire fences instead of concrete walls. Inside the institution are vernacular structures, that are resided and used by the inmates.

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Figure 18 Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm Multi-Purpose Hall

Figure 19 Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm Crafts Program

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Chapter 4 Findings and Design Recommendation

4.1

Presentation of Collected Data

4.1.1

Case Study of International Prison Facility Review

4.1.1.2 Qincheng Prison Review The Qincheng Prison’s environment and activities are still unknown as it is one of the most secretive and secured prisons in the world. Information regarding its interior can only be verified through descriptions made by inmates who have already been released from the prison. Although it is functional as a place for incarceration, rehabilitation does not seem to be well attained because of the extreme restrictions imposed to the inmates. First, the difference in treatment facilities of low-rank and high-rank inmates (hierarchy based on social rank) shows corruption. The wooden door of each cell is sandwiched between two iron plates, and the only interaction that can be made between staff and inmate in that cell is through two peepholes. The only available furniture inside cells is a bed making it impossible for inmates to write, study, or even think especially since there is only one small window in every cell that prevents inmates from seeing anything but the sky. S.W.O.T Analysis:

STRENGTHS

It is recognized as of the most escapable prisons in the world because of its high-level security.

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WEAKNESS

The design of the prison has high levels of sensory deprivation which appears to be the type of punishment they are imposing.

OPPORTUNITIES

The facility is able to adapt a modernistic approach especially since there is enough land and facilities that can be geared towards rehabilitation.

THREATS

Because of its confidentiality and elusiveness, activities inside the prison are unknown. Possibility of circumstances linking to the occurrence of human rights violation and corruption due to segregation based on the social rank of inmates.

4.1.1.3 Tihar Prison Complex Review The design approach of Tihar prison complex is different from the usual prison as it features a more open layout that does not elicit the feeling of incarceration or punishment to the inmates. The facility provides inmates with different programs; Educational, vocational, and meditation—that helps promote rehabilitation. Tihar runs many humanistic schemes for improving the conditions of the prisoners. there are short term trainings, and they also allow inmates to leave the prison complex daily to work in contract-based jobs within Tihar premises. The wages earned by the inmates can only be claimed after their release, but they may also use the funds through the TJ debit card for making purchases inside prison canteens. The abundance of opportunities and activities available gives inmates a chance at resettlement. While there is a high peripheral wall that separates the outside world and the prison, there is also an equally high inner perimeter wall with guard towers with armed officers. This wall separates the free-movement areas from the areas of confinement which grants guards high visibility making it almost impossible to escape.

S.W.O.T Analysis

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STRENGTHS

There are a lot of programs offered in the prison complex that help inmates in rehabilitation and resettlement.

WEAKNESSES

The cost of maintaining the prison is expensive that is why most prisons in India cannot adapt the same approach.

OPPORTUNITIES

The prison supports resettlement and rehabilitation which can pose as a model for prisons in Asia that rehabilitation does not necessarily point to aesthetics, but the prison system and programs.

THREATS

Allowing inmates to leave the facility daily poses a risk in the safety of the public, as well as increasing the chances of them escaping.

4.1.1.4 Yancheng Prison Review The design of the Yancheng prison follows a campus like approach. The open approach is made because this facility only houses non-violent criminals making it easier to control the prison environment because convicts are not housed there due to violence. There are dormitories, actual schools, basketball courts, running field, sewing rooms, and a vegetable field. The prison’s approach to rehabilitation is through integrating responsibilities to an inmate’s daily activities. Teaching them to care for something other than themselves. 8 inmates are housed together in 1 room that has a bed and desks that are movable granting inmate’s personalization and somewhat autonomy. This facility houses higher ranking people which makes corruption inside apparent. It is recognized as a place where known Chinese convicts who were powerful are housed here as a final benefit given by the government. S.W.O.T Analysis

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STRENGTHS

The campus style design provides inmates more open spaces meant for interaction and movement

WEAKNESSES

Due to the amount of openness, even with the rooms, inmates are together, there is not enough space for privacy and thoughts

OPPORTUNITIES

There are a lot of facilities meant for rehabilitation making it possible to add more reform programs for inmate development

THREATS

Campus like prisons are known to fail due to the lack of privacy that inmates receive as privacy helps with a person’s selfefficacy

4.1.2

Case Study of International Prison Facility Review

4.1.2.1 New Bilibid Prison Review: The New Bilibid Prison is massive, and it is designed with two watch towers located on each side on the façade. The small window openings, high white-painted walls, give the impression that the structure is a highly-secured prison. Being the national penitentiary facility of the Philippines and a maximum security prison, it has more modern features compared to similar facilities in the country. The offices and other facilities inside are still in good condition. However, the main prison facility is congested due to high population of inmates, this can affect the structural condition of the building and overall health of the users of the facility. Some of the features present at the facility are the Olympic tennis court, basketball court, places of worship, park with playground, zoo and a library. According in some reports,

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that averaging 60% of the inmates who were imprisoned in NBP and then released, goes back inside the facility to have a more structured life rather than living outside without a job and a shelter.

S.W.O.T Analysis

STRENGTHS

The prison features higher level of security measures compared to that of similar facilities in the country. With its modernizing the penal system, it now focuses on rehabilitating the inmates.

WEAKNESSES

Poor condition of the facility plus the overcrowding breeds diseases and makes life in prison extremely tough because of the lack of activities and facilities meant for inmates

OPPORTUNITIES

The prison is now geared towards better inmate rehabilitation which may lead to lower rates of recidivism making the condition of overcrowding lessen.

THREATS

Due to overcrowding, tension continually increases making inmates seek refuge by joining gangs which constantly threatens safety of inmates and prison staff.

4.1.2.2 Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm

Review:

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The IPPF is more likely to be seen as a community or settlement than a prison. Unlike any other prisons, the designers planned IPPF as a site that can give job opportunities to its inmates. Having the buildings scattered around the site could let the prisoners appreciate the environment in a provincial setting. Furthermore, the vernacular type of architecture reflects the local traditional living of the ancestors that gives liberty in rehabilitation. The design as it can be seen, is quite a success for the bureau of corrections, to have a rehabilitation and treatment programs that will focus on providing services that will encourage and enhance the inmates self-character and responsibility as a person. There are three IPPF’s vision first, is to make the inmates prove that he is in “good conduct”. Second deals with the physical rehabilitation of the inmates by giving a conducive environment that will make them relax and recuperate on there health. Third, is giving accommodation on the families of the colonists. Although penal farms escape is fewer than any other jails in the Philippines, some inmates have alleged deficiencies in the prison’s management, by that there is a great possibility that corruption is involved. S.W.O.T Analysis STRENGTHS

The unconventional way of rehabilitating the prisoners makes it more productive inside the prison, giving opportunities and success to the institution.

WEAKNESSES

The prison lack in terms of security, the perimeter wall is made with wired fences and absence of watch tower, making an easy approach from inside to outside or vice versa, compared to other modern prisons.

OPPORTUNITIES

Having a wide-open land area, there will be room for new construction if the population increases. Another advantage of having more space for agriculture, there will be more production.

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THREATS

Minimal security can make the visitors or inmates break-in and out of the site.

4.1.3

Prison Economy of Space

ZONE

FUNCTION

Administration Building

Meant for office and administrative use;

(Outer zone- Public)

includes spaces such as courtrooms, staff offices, etc.

Health Services

For health-related services of inmates

(Second zone- Semi- Private)

such as hospital or infirmaries

Rehabilitation Facilities

Recreational activities meant for the

(Second zone- Semi- Private)

rehabilitation of inmates; includes sports facilities, education facilities, religious facilities, etc.

Visitors Area (Second zone- Semi-Private)

Area meant for the visitation of inmates

External Relations Center

Responsible for the pre-release and post-

(Second zone- Semi- Private)

release programs for in mates due for release

Reception and Diagnostic Center

Administers reformation programs for

(Second zone- Semi-Private)

inmates and prepare them for reintegration

Dormitory (Inner zone- Private)

Inmate accommodation

Service Personnel Facilities (Service Area

Housing for service personnel

(Private) Utilities

Operational areas of the facility

Open Space

Buffer zone/Open area

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Figure1 Prison Bubble Diagram

Restricted Economy of Space in Prison REHABILITATE Outer zone; public spaces, recreation and rehabilitation

REFLECT

RESTRICT

Second zones of prison; semi-private

Inner zones of the prison; inmate

Spaces; inside prison cells

Accommodation, security entrance, Service Personnel

FLEXIBILITY CONTROLLED FREEDOM Circulatory spaces, hallways, etc.

RESTRICTED SPACE

SEMI-RESTRICTED SPACE

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LOW-RESTRICTED SPACE

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4.1.4

Restricted Space on Mental Health Inside Prison Research in environmental psychology suggests that human well-being is usually supported when the physical surroundings promotes moderate degree of positive stimulation. The built environment we are placed in has a significant impact on a person’s attitude, behavior and mental wellbeing. Although a place cannot necessarily make a person happy or depressed, it could develop into these feelings by boosting or reducing mental energy level. Designing to satisfy both the functional and psychological desires can greatly influence the effectiveness of the space. The architecture of control and enclosure is especially administered in prison design. The reason why there is restriction imposed inside correctional facilities is due to many factors such as the removal of their liberty, the need to protect the general public from them, and to reform them. Institutional environments are known as ‘low control’ or ‘low choice’ spaces which is designed to limit a person’s ability to move around, control the surroundings, or possibly even have human interactions. Poor mental health during incarceration also adds to the collateral consequences of incarceration by reducing employability and ability to find housing post-release (Mallik-Kane and Visher 2008) and likely contributes to continued mental health difficulties post-incarceration given the high risk of recurrence associated with some mental health conditions (Kendler, Thornton, and Gardner 2000). Movement barriers decrease self-efficacy and exacerbates tension because it inhibits self-efficacy and damages trust relationships inside prison because of informal social control. Losing inmate’s liberty plus losing themselves in an institutionalizing and restricted prison makes them lose their sense of self thus making it harder for them to reflect on their sins and it easier for them to lose determination when it comes to participating in reform programs. Architecture should claim prisons as object of critical design and reclaim its role in multiplying possibilities opposed to limiting them.

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Need Analysis

BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS BUCOR CONGESTION RATE As of December 2018 Axis Title

4.1.5

30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Ihawig Prison and Penal Farm

Davao Prison and Penal Farm

Sablayan CIWPrison Mindana and o Penal Farm

San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

Leyte Regional Prison

New Bilibid Prison

CIWMandalu yong

Capacity

10,082

2453

968

2261

288

1405

799

1012

Population

27243

3175

2939

5838

413

2064

1754

1924

Figure 1 shows the contrast between the prison capacity and the prison population in the seven penitentiaries (and one satellite prison) in the country. This capacity to population ratio results to 170% congestion rate in NBP, 29% congestion rate in CIWMandaluyong, 204% congestion rate in IPP, 158% congestion rate in DPP, 43% congestion rate, 47% congestion rate in CIW-Mindanao, 119% congestion rate in SPPF, 90% congestion rate in SRPPF, an d 136%in LRP, totaling an overall congestion rate of 136% for all prison facilities.

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Figure 2 shows the causes and population of inmate deaths in the 7 penal facilities in the country. Death are by Natural means; death from illness or disease, Unnatural means; death from questionable circumstances or suicide, and Violent means; death cause by inmate riots of fights within the facility. The graph shows that most inmates die due to natural deaths. One of the lead causes is the poor maintenance of the facilities inside prison.

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Number of Inmates

14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0

Number of Inmates

Illiterat e

Elemen tary Level

Elemen tary Gradua te

High School Level

High School Gradua te

College Level

College Gradua te

Vocatio nal/ Others

1925

14279

6941

6502

6331

3394

1380

683

Figure 3 shows the number of inmates and their educational profiles in the 7 penal facilities in the country. Most inmates, 34%, only attained up to Elementary level, 17% Elementary graduates, 16% are High school level, 15% are High school graduates, only 8% reached college level, 5% are illiterate, 3% are college graduates, and 2% have vocational course merits. 82% of inmates did not reach college and it shows how lack of education is a massive factor that affects prison population.

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Figure 4 shows the different Rehabilitation Programs of BUCOR and the number of participants per program. It is noticeable that health and welfare programs, moral and spiritual programs, and recreation programs have the most participation by inmates. In total, there is 95% participation rate in rehabilitation programs in the 7 penal institutions in the country. This shows how inmates engage in rehabilitation facilities showing their determination in reforming.

Figure 5 shows the admission and recidivism rate in the 7 penal institutions of the Philippines. The bar shows increase of recidivism from year 2006 to 2012 but drastically decreased 77% in 2013. This shows that the rehabilitation programs, even though embraced by most inmates, isn’t effective in actually reforming them. This study will aim at continually decreasing the recidivism rate by studying way on how rehabilitation programs can be effectively done through architecture.

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4.2

Design Recommendations

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General Provisions

Possible Design Response

Typical Outlook Situation



Limited view or no view beyond the exercise yard





Increases the sense of being trapped





Front-facing windows decreases inmates’ privacy resulting to stress and tension



Typical Outdoor Situation

There are multiple benefits from having views that feature natural elements Non-facing windows provides inmates adequate amount of privacy Allows more daylighting

Possible Design Response

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

Usual outdoor recreation spaces are determined by the blocks of the layout



Size is often inadequate; he configuration makes it difficult to use or maintain



Limited free activity due to the degree of enclosure



It is easy to maintain clearly defined spaces



Activities are encouraged because spaces are sized and proportioned based on the number of users and the types of activities that will be done

Possible Design Response

Typical Autonomy Situation



Restricted access adds to daily frustrations experienced by inmates



Movement barriers decreases selfefficacy and exacerbates tension because it hinders trust, cohesion, and informal social control







Flexibility controlled freedom that allows movement to different facilities and maximizes use of time and resources



Possible through appropriate use of technology

Need for additional staff in escorting inmates from location to location reducing potential time for other activities



Reduces cost of human barriers



Removal of barriers develops inmates’ self-efficacy

The aesthetics of control and enclosure do not promote wellness



More legible layout makes it easier to navigate

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Typical Form Situation

Possible Design Response



Has limited natural daylight, heavy reliance on artificial lighting



Varied plan forms increase opportunities for natural daylight penetration



No variation in lighting reduces the level of visual comfort which results to stress



Reduces dependency on artificial lighting



 Prolonged exposure to artificial lighting upsets human circadian rhythms

Dynamic and diffuses light has health and wellbeing benefits



Results in high contrast situations and silhouettes making observation and supervision more difficult

Possible Design Response

Typical Form Situation

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

Long corridors increase dissociation between people







Low ceilings impact on personal space bubbles. Heightens the feeling of overcrowding

Varied corridor widths add diversity reducing the institutional effects of repetition



Narrow corridors increase tension and compromise the personal space bubbles

Dead-end corridors discourage circulation. Corridors having multipurpose use encourages movement



2-tier wings encourage interaction and is a more physical activity

Typical Relationship Situation



Separating officer base and inmate wings lead to a segregation of an ‘us and them’ atmosphere



Poorly positioned points for observation create blind spots therefore making it difficult to supervise or observe

Possible Design Response

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

Reduced buffer zone creates closer relationship. Placing security barriers out of the way during normal use encourage more interaction



Lines of sight remain thus observation can be humanely made through plan configuration

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Possible Design Response

Typical Cell Situation



Cell layouts do not enable maximum flexibility. Exercise is difficult to do because there isn’t enough space



Inadequate storage. The height of the cell is not maximized due to antiligature requirements



Lighting cannot be controlled, and the cell allows limited personalization of space if even possible

Typical Window Situation



It is recommended to review overall cell dimensions



There should be intensive design in cells which will make the cell habitable, personalisable and adaptable as possible while maintaining maximum security

Possible Design Response

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

4.3

Typical windows in cells are bounded by bars which provide reduced amount of daylight and outside views



Full-height windows allow more daylight and allows more view of the outside which gives a sense of open-ness

References Marberry, Sarah O. (Ed) (1995) Innovations in Healthcare Design, Effects of Healthcare Interior Design on Wellness: Theory and recent scientific research (p88-104) The Guardian (2017, October 06) Architecture and Prisons: Why design matters. Retrieved from The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionalsnetwork/2016/sep/28/architecture-and-prisons-why-design-matters Bernheimer, Lily (2017) Wellbeing in Prison Design: A guide Jacobs, Ryan (2014, June 17) How Prison Architecture can Transform Inmates’ Lives. Retrieved from Pacific Standard https://psmag.com/news/jail-prison-architecture-inmates-crime-design-82968 Mallinder, Lorraine (2015 March 11) Norway’s Prison Without Bars https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/norway-prison-barstrust-150303121441430.html GMA News Online ( 2015, March 21) Congested prison cells pose health risks to prisoners. Retrieved From: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/456457/congested-prisoncells-pose-health-risks-to-prisoners/story/ Tolentino, Reina (2017, June 17) Congestion threatens inmates’ Health. Retrieved From: https://www.manilatimes.net/congestion-threatens-inmates-health/333216/ The OPCAT Report. The Condition of Philippine Prisons and Jails. Retrieved from: https://www.preda.org/media/research-documents/the-condition-of-philippineprisons-and-jails/

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