The Root Of 7 Jan

GarmÖkfa (Preface)   

esovePAenHsresreLIgkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,Idas;sμartI kUnecAExμrCMnan;eRkay RbCaBlrdæExμr TaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm TaMgkñúg nigeRkARbeTs RBmTaMgRbCaCatiTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn; Edl rgeRKaHedaysarkareKobsgát;CiHCan;BIyYnkumμúynisþ eGayPJak;rlwkemIleXIjBIeRKaHfñak;RbeTs Cati CaBiesscg;bgðajBI b£sKl;bBaða Edl)annigkMBugekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ. kñúgnam eyIgCakUnExμrmYyrUb EdlkMMBugGanesovePAenHenAkñúgéd eyIgRtUvrYbrYmKñaKitKUrBIGayuCIvitRbeTsCati rbs;eyIg edayminRtUvbeNþayeGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiiExμr enArgTukçevTna Føak;cUleTAkñúg kNþab;édyYnkumμúynisþ dUcRbeTscm,a: nig km<úCaeRkameLIy. eyIgCaExμrRtUvBicarNafa etIeyIgrs; enAelITwkdIExμr smCaBUCExμrsagGgÁrb¤eT? ebIsinCa eyIgmin)ansagGIVCaRbeyaCn_CUnCati EfmTaMg eyIgminGackarBarplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarekrþ×mt’krbs;dUntaeyIgEdl)ansagTuksMrab;kulbuRtExμr eGay)anKg;vgSenaH? eyIgminRtUvbeNþayeGayCnBukrlYy mYykþab;tUc bMpøajCati lYcCatiyk eTAeFIVCaRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn b¤bMerIplRbeyaCn_neya)ayeGaybreTsbnþeToteLIy. eyIgTaMgGs;Kña minRtUvbeNþayeGayRbeTsExμr CatiExμrkøayCakm<úCaeRkamTI2 tamneya)ayRtCak;rbs;yYn Edl manrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn CYybiT)aMgenaHeLIy. esovePAenHlatRtdagbgðajb¤sKl;énbBaðaenA kñúgRbeTsExμr edIm,IeGayRbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs;)aneXIjnUvGIVEdlCnpþac;kar BYkkumμúynisþxitxMlak; )aMgkb;Tuk mineGayRbCaBlrdæExμryl;dwgBIEpnkarneya)ayd¾exμARkxVk;rbs;yYnkumμúynisþ Edlman mhicätaelbykTwkdIExμr. edaysarmhicätaneya)ayyYnkumμúynisþenHehIy Edl)aneFIVeGay RbCaBlrdæExμr ExμreRkam nigRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;rgeRKaH søab;)at;bg;CIvitrab;lannak;knøgmk. Cak;Esþg bc©úb,nñeyIgeXIjRsab;ehIyfa bBaðaCaeRcInkMBugEtekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr dUcCakar kab;rukranéRBeQI CIkEr: kayPñM rwbGUsdIFøIRbCaBlrdæ BukrlYy biTsiTi§esrIPaB CnGenþaRbevsn_ yYnxusc,ab; kgT½ByYnTaMgÉksNæan TaMgsIuvilenAkñúgRbeTsExμr Etrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn enH KμanqnÞ³BitR)akdedaHRsayrkyutþiFm’CUnRbCaBlrdæExμr nigKμankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr eyIg eLIy. müa:gvijeTot tamry³esovePAenHEdr GñkniBnæcg;bgðajGMBIGIVEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)an RbCaBlrdæcg;eXIjkarpøas;bþÚrneya)aydwknaMRbeTsnigemdwknaM BIrbbkumμúynisþpþac;kareRkamyYn RtYtRta eTACaRbeTsmYyman ÉkraCü snþiPaB siTi§esrIPaB nigRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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RbCaBlrdæExμrCaCnrgeRKaHBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; edaysarEtemdwknaMrbs;xøÜnelaPln; GMNac KitRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnCagplRbeyaCn_Cati suxelIKMnrTukçRbCaBlrdæ CaBiessdUcBYkemdwknaM kumμúynisþpþac;karbc©úb,nñ h‘un Esn ehg sMrin Ca sIum )anlg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn. yYn)anykliTi§kumμúynisþenHCameFüa)ay mksabeRBaHelIExμr eGayExμrEbk)ak; eRbobdUcTwkexμAmYy tMNk;EdlRsk;elITwks¥atl¥brisuT§ eRBaHEtcg;deNþImrwbGUsykplRbeyaCn_BIExμr elbTwkdIExμr . yYnmanectnarMelIgb£sKl;ExμreGayFøak;exSay enAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt edIm,IbMeBjmhicätaelbTwkdIExμr ehIyRtYtRtaExμrtaMgBIéf¶7 mkra 1979 mk. RbeTsExμrCaRbeTstUcmYy Edlsm,ÚredayFnFanFmμCati esIÞrEtRKb;Ebbya:g b:uEnþCa Gkusl eRkamkardwknaMrbs;BYkRtYtRtabc©úb,nñ Edlsuxcitþ»nk,aleRkamyYnRtYtRta eGaymkbMpøaj FnFanFmμCatiExμr nigrwbGUsykeTARbeTseKKμansl; manCaGaT× dI éRBeQI Er: RtI stVéRB nigCaeRcIneTot. yYnkumμúynisþ)aneFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIelIRbeTsExμr edayeRbIsini§sBaØaxusc,ab; Edl)aneFIVeLIgCamYy h‘un Esn Ca sIum ehg sMrin taMgBIqñaM 1979 1982 1983 1985 sþIBImitþPaB snþiPaB shRbtibtþikar nigcuHhtßelxasin§isBaØabMeBjbEnßméf¶TI 10 Extula qñaM2005. eyIgeXIjehIy rdæaPi)albc©úb,nñpþl;dIsm,TaneGayRkumh‘unyYn Edlmanry³eBl 99 qñaM Gs;cMnYn 45 PaKry eRkamBaküfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_. karrwbGUsdIEdleFIVeLIgedayRkumh‘unyYnenH

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ebIsinCaRbCaBlrdæExμr)andwgehIy B¤ehIy eXIjehIy minrYbrYmKñaedaHRsaybBaðaenH eGay cb;eT vasnaExμrnigrgTukçevTnadUcCaExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam tkUn tecA eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; yYnEkøg ePTCaExμr CaminxaneLIy. cugbBa©b;enH ´rIkrayTTYlnUvkarriHKn;Eklm¥RKb;Ebby:agBIGs;elakGñkGan nUvral;kMhusqÁg TaMgLayNa EdlmanenAkñúgesovePAenH. sUmTMnak;TMng tamGIuEm:l sar_dharmmarainsey@yahoo .com (2)      

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esckþIepþIm

(Introduction)

RbeTsExμr CaRbeTsmYymanTItaMgsißtenAGasIuPaKGaeKñy_ manépÞdIcMnYn 181 035 KILÚ Em:Rtkaer: RBMRbTl;xaglicCab;RbeTséf xageCIgCab;RbeTséfnigRbeTsLav nigxagekItCab;RbeTs yYn. RbCaBlrdæExμrmancMnYn 14 5 00 000 nak; kñúgenaHmanCnCatiyYncMnYn 4 500 000 nak; kMBugrs;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr nigmYycMnYneTotCacarkmμyYnEkøgePTCaExμr kMBugRtYtRtaExμrenAkñúgRksYg sMxan;²sBVéf¶ manTaMgsIuvil eyaFa nigb:UlIseTotpg. ExμrPaKeRcInCaGñkkan;RBHBuT§sasna nigExμrcMnYntictYckan;sasna GIusøam nigRKwsþ. RbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñenHRtYtRtaedayrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlyYnelIkbnþúbeLIgeGayeFIVCaGay:g kan;GMNactaMgBITsvtS 1980. enAqñaM 1999 RbeTsExμr)ankøayCasmaCikeBjsiTi§rbs;smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ ehAkat;fa ¬Gas‘an¦. RbeTsExμrFøab;)anyYnRtYtRtamþgmkehIy enAkñúgrC¢kalesþcGgÁmIu cenøaHqñaM 1835-1841 EtRtUvExμrerIbMr:HrYcBIGaNaniKmn_enH edayExμrrYbrYmsamKÁIKña egIbeLIgedjyYnecj kalenaHemT½ByYn eRTOg mijya:g CaGñkkan;kab;RbeTsExμr. eRkaymkeTot Exμr)anFøak;;kñúgGaNaniKmn_)araMgenAcenøaH qñaM 1863-1954 cab;BIesþc neratþm rhUtmkdl;esþc neratþm sIhnu. Exμrk¾Føab;enAeRkamkar RtYtRtarbs;Cb:unmYyry³eBlxøI enAkñúgsm½ysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 Edr. eRkayBIExμr)anrYcBIGaNa niKmn_)araMgmk RbeTsExμr)anFøak;cUlenAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI2 . enAkñúgeBlenaH BiPBelak sßitenAkñúgdMNak;kalsRgÁamRtCak; rvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI ¬shPaB sUevot nig shrdæGaemrik ¦. cMENkÉRbeTsExμr)angakeTArkb:UlfμImYyeTot Rbkan;neya)ayGBüaRkit ¬mincUlbkSsm<½n§¦ KWcin. eBlenaH sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 )ancab;epþImeLIg EdlmanyYnxageCIg ¬yYnkumμúynisþ¦ dwknaMeday hU CImij KaMRTeday cin )ancab;epþImeFIVsRgÁamCamYyeyokNamxagt,ÚgdwknaMeday eg:a Dijyim EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik enAqñaM1958 edIm,IbRgYbbRgYmeyokNamTaMgBIr. eKalbMNg BitR)akdrbs;yYnkumμúynisþmanmhicäta vatTITwkdIcUlmkkñúgTwkdIExμr edIm,Ikan;kab;\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl . kalenaH sIhnu nig sa Lútsr ¬b:ul Bt¦ CaGñkKaMRT CYyxagkumμúynisþ ¬eyokkug¦ edIm,IRbqaMg ExμrsaFarNrdæ ln; nl; EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik. eBlEdleyokkug)anTTYlC½yCMnHelIExμr saFarNrdæenAelITwkdIExμr enAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 yYn)anbMBak;C½yCMnHenH nigelIkGMNac eTAeGay sIhnu nig b:ul Bt EdlbMerIxagkumμúynisþ. 13éf¶eRkayBIeyokkugQñHelIrbb niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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saFarNrdæExμr ln; nl; KW enAéf¶TI 30 Exemsa qñaM1975 yYnkumμúynisþ)anbBa©b;sRgÁamrvag yYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,ÚgPøam. Rtg;enHbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjfa sRgÁamEdlyYneFIVeLIg maneKal bMNgvatTITwkdInigplRbeyaCn_rbs;CatieK edIm,Idak;RbeTsTaMgGs;eGayeTACacMNuH shB½n§\NÐÚ cin. dUecñH éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 Caéf¶C½yCMnHrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlmanyYneFIVCaemekøag. enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü yYn)anerobcMEpnkarl¥itl¥n;tameKalkarN_shB½n§\NÐÚcin mkkkUr sßankarN_kñúgRbeTsExμrkñúgrbbenH rYmCamYyExμrkumμúynisþTaMgBIrRkum EdlyYn)anbMBak;bMb:n menaKmn_kumμúynisþrYcCaeRsc. ktþaTaMgGs;enHehIy CabuBVehtueFIVeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;eTAkñúgeRKaH mhnþraymYyya:gF¶n;F¶reTAkñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_. yYnykliTi§kumμúynisþCameFüa)ay eFIVeGay Exμr TaMgExμreRkam nigExμrbc©úb,nñ søab;rgÁalGs;rab;lannak; kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1975-1979. enAcenøaH eBlenaHRbeTsExμrdwknaMeday neratþm sI hnu nig saLút s ehAfa b:ul Bt. kñúgsRgÁamCamYy ExμrsaFarNrdæ ln; nl; eyokkug)anesøokBak; nigBak;rUbqayl½kçsemþc« edIm,IykQñHxag citþsaRsþ bMP½nþRbCaBlrdæExμreGayKaMRT edayEkøgeFIVCakgT½BsIhnu. eRkayBIQñHExμrsaFarN³rdæ yYn)anbþÚrexaGavBIeyokkug eTAesøokBak;exaGavexμAbMP½nþCaExμrRkhmvij rYmCamYyRkumExμrRkhm EdlbNþúHbNþalBIhaNUy)ansmøab;bBaØvnþExμr GñkR)aCJExμr GñkesñhaCatiExμr eFIVeGayRbeTs vikvrenAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt. eRkaymk yYn)anpøas;bþÚrneya)ayfμI bBa¢ÚnkmøaMgT½B cUlmkQøanBanExμr kan;kab; TwkdIExμrenAéf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979. CemøaHrvag yYn nig cin )aneFIVeGayyYnedaHédBIcin ehIy)angakeTATMnak;TMngCamYysUevot cMENkÉneya)ayExμrvij yYn)anbþÚrExμrkumμúynisþcas;Edl niymcin nigelIkExμrkumμúynisþfμIniymyYn dUcCa ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Ca sIum CMnYsvij eGaykan; GMNacbMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜn. RbeTsExμr)anFøak;cUleTAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI3 rvagyYn QøanBan nig rbbkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn xusc,ab; CamYynigRkumExμresñhaCati ExμrGñkts‘UtamCayEdn. sRgÁamenH minxusBIsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 EdlmanExμrmçagkumμúynisþyYn sIhnu nig b:ul Bt ¬enATsSvtS 60-70¦ cMENkExμrmçageTotxagesrI ExμrsaFarNrdæ ln; nl; esrImt³eLIy. sRgÁamenH)anbnþrhUtdl;sRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI bBa©b;enAqñaM 1989. yYnk¾)andkkg T½BÉksNæaneyaFaecjBIRbeTsExμr Etbgáb;TukkgT½BesøokBak;sIuvilRtYtRtaExμrbnþeTot enAkñúgCYr KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn edayminGnuBaØateGayGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtYtBinitüeLIy. rhUtdl;kic© RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIséf¶TI23 Extula qñaM1991 ExμrbYnPaKI)ancuHhtßelxa elIkic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaB niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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ebIk»kaseGayyYnedaHédecjBIqakGnþrCati rYcxøÜnBIkarecaTRbkan;fa yYnQøanBanExμr eRBaHyYn man h‘un Esn nig sI hnu CakUnGuk eFIVeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa sRgÁamEdlekItmanenAkñúg RbeTsExμr CasRgÁamsIuvileTAvij. enAqñaM 1993 RbeTsExμrTTYl)anBnøWénliTi§RbCaFibetyü tam ry³karerobcMe)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþiFm’ EdlerobcMeLIgedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati. xN³eBl enaH GgÁkarshRbCaCatiminTan;bBa©b;ebskkmμeBjeljpg Rsab;EteBlEdl h‘un Esn caj;eqñat enAqñaM1993 h‘un Esn )anbegáIttMbn;Gb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekIt KMrameFIVsRgÁam eRBaH h‘un Esn sMGagyYnenABIeRkayxñg EdlkalenaHmanneratþmcRkBgS CaGñkdwknaMeFIV. esþc sIhnu )anedj GgÁkarshRbCaCatieGaydkecjBIRbeTsExμr ehIyEbgEckGMNaceGayBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn eFIVCanaykrdæmRnþITI2. b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday RbCaBlrdæExμrKμanvasnaTTYl)annUvsuxsnþiPaB RbCaFibetyü nigkarGPivDÆn_BitR)akd dUcGIVEdlGgÁkarshRbCaCatixitxMenaHeLIy eRBaHenAéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbhardeNþImGMNac smøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr GñkRbCaFibetyü enAkñúgKNbkShViunsIunbiuc nig smaCikelakta sWn san Gs;Cag 280nak;. enHCa emeronExμrRtUvcgcaMfa BYkkumμúynisþminEdlcat;TukExμrGñkesñhaCati CaExμrenaHeT vaEtgEtsþab; ecAhVayyYnrbs;va eRbIl,ice)akR)as;Exμr eGaycUleTAkñúgRTug bnÞab;mkeKcab;smøab;Exμrtamcitþ. bBaðaTaMgenHk¾edaysarkarlg;eCOemdwknaMe)akR)as;dUcCnkumμúynisþ sI hnu mþgehIymþgeTot. cMENkkare)aHeqñateRkay²mkCabnþbnÞab; vaCakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkCati nigGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH lT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT. karerobrab;bgðajxagelI)ansreGayeXIjfa RbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñkMBugEtFøak;eTAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI EdleFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrrgTukç\tElðrhUtmkdl;eBlenH.

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esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

(Acknowledgement)

Cabzm´sUmelIkhtßfVaybgÁM RBHBuT§ RBHFm’ RBHsgÇ CaTIskáar³d¾x
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matika esckþIepþIm ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 GarmÖkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ----------------------------------------------------------- 7 CMBUkTI 1 b£sKl;bBaða I-edImkMeNItExμrkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr ----------------------------------------- 11 II-b£sKl;énrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμr --------------------------------------------- 20 III-ehtuGIV)anCaExμrFøak;kñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ ------------------------------------- 21 IV-b£sKl; éf¶ 7 mkra ------------------------------------------------------- 25 V-yYnkumμúynisþQøanBanRtYtRtaExμr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 ------------------------------- 26 VI-sRgÁamrvagExμrGñkts‘U CamYyyYnQøanBan nigrbbkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn xusc,ab; ----------- 27 VII-sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs ------------------------------------------------------ 28 VIII-kMeNItliTi§RbCaFibetyüenAkñúgRbeTsExμreLIgvij ------------------------------- 29 IX-karFøak;cuHliTi§RbCaFibetyü ------------------------------------------------- 30 X-RbeTsExμrFøak;kñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI ------------------- 31 XI-KμantulüPaBxagnitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtþi nigtulakar -------------------------------- 32 1-B½t’man ---------------------------------------------------------- 32 2-karGb;rM---------------------------------------------------------- 33 3-kare)aHeqñat ------------------------------------------------------- 34 4-esrIPaBbeBa©jmti --------------------------------------------------- 34 5-c,ab; ------------------------------------------------------------- 35 XII-emdwknaMpþac;karbc©úb,nñ)aneFIVGIVxøH b:HBal;RbCaBlrdæ ------------------------------ 35 1-karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæ rwbGUsykdI -------------------------------------- 35 2-GMeBIBukrlYy -------------------------------------------------------36 3-PaBRkIRk -------------------------------------------------------- 37 4-kat;eTasExμrRkhm ------------------------------------------------- 37 5-GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI ------------------------------------------------ 39 6-FnFanFmμCati ------------------------------------------------------ 39 niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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CMBUkTI 2 bBa©b;bBaða I-etIRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)anGIV? --------------------------------------------------- 42 II-etIExμrRtUveFIVGVIxøHedIm,ICYyseRgÁaHExμr? ------------------------------------------ 42 III-etIRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;EdlrgeRKaH Lav m:ug cam Exμr RtUveFIVdUcemþc? ---------------------- 43 IV-etIshKmn_GWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrik CYyGIVxøHdl;RbCaCatirgeRKaH? ----------------------- 43 V- RbeTsExμrRtUvdwknaMtameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüÉkraCüBitR)akd - ------------------- 44 1-nitibBaØtþi ---------------------------------------------------------- 45 2-tulakar ---------------------------------------------------------- 45 3-nitiRbtibtþi -------------------------------------------------------- 45 4-B½t’man ----------------------------------------------------------- 45 5-bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy --------------------------------------------------- 46 6-begIánCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæ ----------------------------------------------- 46 7-KNbkSneya)ay--------------------------------------------------- 46 8-KN³kmμkarerobcMe)aHeqñat -------------------------------------------- 46 9-CnGenþaRbevsn_ nigcarkmμyYn ------------------------------------------ 47 VI-karsnñidæan -------------------------------------------------------------- 47 Éksareyag --------------------------------------------------------------- 48

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CMBUkTI 1

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b£sKl;bBaða (The Root of Problems) I

-edImkMeNItExμrkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr

(Origin of Khmer Communism in Cambodia)

kñúgdMNak;kalEdlliTi§kumμúynisþkMBugEtrIkraldalxøaMgenATIVbGWur:ub ekItmansRgÁamelakelIk TI 2 ehIysRgÁamenH)anbBa©b;enAqñaM 1945. GgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtUv)aneKbegIáteLIg edIm,IedaH RsaybBaðaBiPBelak kñúgenaHmanRbeTssMxan;²CasmaCikGciéRnþy_ dUcCa shrdæGaemrik shPaBsUevot cin Gg;eKøs nig)araMg. BiPBelak)anFøak;eTAkñúgsRgÁamRtCak;. kalenaH BiPBelak)anEbgEckCaBIr kumμúynisþ nigesrI. RbeTskumμúynisþmancMnYn 97 RbeTs nigmYycMnYn epSgeTotCa RbeTskan;liTi§RbCaFibetyüesrI. kumμúynisþmanRbPBedImecjmkBIRbeTsr:UsSIú¬elnIn sþalIn¦ GaLWm:g; ¬GIuEtø kalma:kS¦ GIutalI GWur:ubxagekIt )araMg cMENkRbeTskan;liTi§RbCaFibetyü esrIvijKWman shrdæGaemrik Gg;eKøs nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTot. liTi§kumμúynisþ)anrIksayPay enAGWur:ubnig mktMbn; GasIu kñúgenaHmanRbeTscin ¬emA: esTug ¦ RbeTseyokNam ¬hU CImij¦ nigRbeTsExμrCaedIm Edl)anykliTi§kumμúynisþmkGnuvtþn_. RbeTsExμr)aneFIVtammenaKmn_kumμúynisþ eBlEdleyokNamykliTi§enHmkpSBVpSay cab;taMgBIExμrenAkñúgsm½yGaNaniKmn)araMg. enAeBl enaH eyokNamdwknaMeday hU CImij eFIVbdivtþn_pøas;bþÚresþc e)A day nigrMedaHRbeTseGayrYcecj BIGaNaniKmn_)araMg. edayrs;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_)araMg KμansiTi§esrIPaB Bi)akevTna eBlenaH esþcyYn e)A day )anmanKtibNÐitTukfa eFIVCaRbCaraRsþsamBaØkñúgRbeTsÉkraCü mansiTi§esrIPaB RbesIrCageFIVesþc mRnþIeRkambreTsRtYtRta. eTIbenAqñaM 1945 e)A day )andak;raCüRbKl;eGay hU CImij dwknaM. hU CImij )anpøas;bþÚrrbbRKb;RKgBIrbbraCaniymeTACasaFarNrdæsgÁmniymeyok Nam ehIybnþts‘Uedj)araMgecjBITwkdIrbs;xøÜn. nisSitExμrmYycMnYn Edl)anecjeTAeronenA eRkARbeTs CaBiess nisSitEdl)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg dUcCa saLúut s eGog sarI )annaMyk liTi§kumμúynisþmksabeRBaHenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. liTi§kumμúynisþenHminEmnecjBIqnÞ³neya)ayrbs;xøÜn BitR)akd Edlman\sSrHPaB ÉkraCü edIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatiExμreLIy EtCaliTi§kumμúynisþsaxa rbs;bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin Edl)anerobcMdwknaMedayyYn hU CImij. GñkdwknaMmanyYneQμaH swug g:ukmij ehAGacarü emon bnøMxøÜneFIVCab¥Ún swug g:ukfaj; CaRbFanbkSkumμúynisþkm<úCa ¬saxabkS kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin¦. TU samut nig sa Lútsr )ancUleTAeFIVkareRkambkSkumμúynisþenaH. eBlenaH ehIyEdlyYn)anykliTi§kumμúynisþenH mkbNþúHbNþaldl;kUnecAExμr Edlekμgx©I minTan;dwg GMBIRbvtþisaRsþ nigneya)ayc,as;las; edIm,IeGayExμrbMerIneya)ayrbs;eK kñúgeKalbMNgRtYtRta elbTwkdIExμr enAtMbn;\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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kñúgdMNak;kalEdlRbeTsTaMgbI Exμr eyokNam Lav enAeRkamGaNaniKm)araMg edayman CMnYyBIbkSkumμúynisþcin KUmIgtaMg nigRsbeBlEdl hU CImij )ancUlCasmaCikbkSkumμúynisþ GnþrCati yYn)anerobcMeFIVbdivtþn_mYyedIm,Iedj)araMgecjBITwkdI\NÐÚcin. yYn)anykliTi§kumμúynisþ CameFüa)ay GMBavnaveGayRbCaCnkñúgtMbn;cUlrYmts‘Uedj)araMgecjBITwkdI\NÐÚcin edIm,IRbeTs TTYl)anÉkraCü. sUmbBa¢ak;fa menaKmn_kumμúynisþEdlyYnbNþúHbNþalExμrenaH KWCamenaKmn_ kumμúynisþxusTwssMrab;bMerIneya)ayeGayyYnb:ueNÑaH. kareFIVdUcenH eRBaHyYncg;rMelIgCatiExμreGay exSay dUcCaenAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt edIm,IelbykTwkdIExμr. yYnkumμúynisþ)ancUlmkbBa©úHbB©aÚlExμrCa sm¶at;enAkñúgTwkdIExμr bNþúHbNþalExμrenAkñúgTwkdIExμr edIm,IeGayExμrcUlCasmaCikbkSkumμúynisþyYn cab;taMgBIqñaM1946 . eRkaymk yYn)ancab;kUnExμrcMnYn 3 500 nak; eTA 4 000 nak; ykeTA bNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_viC¢akumμúynisþenATIRkughaNUy. BYkekμgExμrTaMgenaHenAekμgx©IxagRbvtþisaRsþ nigneya)ay eFIVeGayExμrTaMgenaHlg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn ehIybMerIneya)ayeGayRkug haNUy ekobsgát;CiHCan;CatiÉgCabnþbnÞab;mkrhUtdl;sBVéf¶.

emdwknaMyYn eQμaH egVog éGkuk ¬hU CImij¦

bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinRtUv)an hU CImij begIáteLIgenATIRkug hug kug naéf¶ 3 kumÖ³ 1930. bkSkumμúynisþenHmankarKaMRTBIcin nigbkSkumμúynisþGnþrCatir:UsSúI. cin)anbNþúHbNþalkmμaPi)alyYn pþl;CMnYyEpñkesdækic© smÖar³sBVavuF nigpþl;kEnøghVwkhat;eGay hU CImijenAPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTscin xageCIgRbeTséf RbeTslav cMENkÉrU:sIuvijCYyxaghVwkhat;kmμaPi)alyYnsMxan;². hU CImij )anyklTi§kumμúynisþ BIma:kS elnIn mksabeRBaHenAtMbn;\NÐÚcin eRkayBIxøÜn)ancUlCasmaCik bkSkumμúynisþGnþrCatimYyenH. hU CImij )andwknaMRbeTsTaMg 3 enA\NÐÚcin edIm,IrMedaHRbeTs ecjBIGaNaniKmn_)araMg nigpøas;bþÚrkardwknaM RbeTsrbs;xøÜnBIrbbraCaniymeTACarbbsaFarNrdæ niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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sgÁmniym EdlkalenaH RbeTseyokNamsißt enAkñúgkardwknaMrbs;esþc e)A day enAeLIy. TIbBa©b; hU CImij )anTTYlC½yCMnHesþcelI e)A day enAqñaM1945 bþÚrRbeTseTACasaFarNrdæ. hU CImij )anbnþneya)ayrbs;xøÜnedIm,IedjGaNniKmn_ )araMgecjBI\NÐÚcineTot. hU CImij maneQμaH TaMgGs; 19 nigCaGñkmanRbCaRbiymYyrUbkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnevotNam . hU CImij ekItenAéf¶TI 19 Ex]sPa qñaM1890 enAkñúgPUmi KIm elon kñúgextþ ejGan RbeTseyokNam. enAqñaM 1911 hU CImij )ancakecjBIRbeTsevotNameTARbeTs)araMgtamka)a:l;Twk edayeFIVCacugePArbs;)araMg. hU CImij )ankøayCasmaCikbkSkumμúynisþ)araMgenAqñaM 1920 ehIy)anbþÚreQμaHeTACa egVog éGkuk mann½yfa GñkesñhaCati. enAqñaM 1921-1929 hU CImij )ancUlrYmskmμPaBneya)ayCamYybkSkumμúyniisþ GnþrCati nigpSBVpSayesovePAmYymancMNgeCIgfa pøÚvbdivtþn_ enAqñaM 1927. enAqñaM 1923 hU CImij )aneTAshPaBsUevot edIm,IEsVgrkkarKaMRT GMBIbuBVehtuénkarts‘Urbs;Kat;kñúgcMeNamCnCati eyok Nam EdlCaGñkRbqaMg ehIy)annireTseTAeRkARbeTs. hU CImijk¾)aneFIVdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTscin PUma nig\NÐapgEdr. clnaneya)ay yYneyokmij)ancUlmkeFIVclnas¶at;²enATwkdIExμr Edlkal enaHmanyYnPaKeRcIn eFIVCakmμkrekAs‘U EtBYkeKCaCnkumμúynisþdMbUg cUlmkeFIVclnaneya)ay enARbeTsExμr dUcCaenAtamextþkMBg;cam extþkMBt nigextþmYycMnYneTot. yYn)ancab;epþIm eFIVkareXasna nigeFIVcitþsaRsþCamYyExμr EdleFIVkmμkrenATIenaH edIm,IeGayExμrcUlCasmaCik rbs;bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin bMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkumμúynisþyYn. tamry³kareXasnayYnkumμúynisþ ¬eyokmijeFμjexμA¦ ExμrmYycMnYn)anlg;eCO cUlbMerIskmμPaBneya)ayeGaybkSkumμúynisþyYnenaH. enA cenøaHqñaM 1946-1954 ekμgExμr CaeRcInBan;nak; 3500-4000nak; RtUv)aneKcab;ykeTAbMBak; bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþBIRkughaNUy EdleBlenaH ExμrehAfaRbma:t;Rbm:g; eRkay²mkeTotyYn enAEtbnþykkUnExμreTAbNþúHbNþalCabnþbnÞab;. hU CImij )aneFIVkarts‘UCamYy)araMgrhUtdl;QñH sRgÁamenA eDon ebonPU enAqñaM 1954 ehIy)ancab;Tahan)araMgCacMNab;xμaMg bgçMeGay)araMg cuHhtßelxa RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin enAéf¶TI20 Exkkáda qñaM1954. yYncab;epþImbnþeFIV neya)ay edIm,IRtYtRta\NÐÚcinCMnYs)araMgbnþeTot.

kUnExμrEdlyYnkumμúynisþ bMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ eGaysmøab;Exμr niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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cMENknisSitExμrEdlTTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMgvij dUcCa sa Lút sr eG‘og sarI CYn mMu hU‘ nwm hU‘ yn; )ancab;GarmμN_nigesovePARkhmrbs;kumμúynisþ ma:kS elnIn EdlkalenaHRTwsþIkumμúynisþkMBugEtmanRbCaRbiyenATIVbGWur:ub. enAeBlenaHnisSitExμrTaMgGs;enaH )ancab;ykliTi§kumμúynisþ eFIVkarRbqaMgneya)ayCamYyrbbskþiPUmirbs;semþc sI hnu . TIbMput neratþm sIhnu )ankat;pþac;GaharUbkrN_rbs;nisSitmYycMnYn kñúgenaHman sa Lútsr EdlCaGñk RbqaMg neratþm sIhnu . enAqñaM 1951 eBlEdl sa Lútsr RtLb;mkRbeTsExμrvijTaMgminTan; eroncb;EpñkxageGLicRtUnicpgenaH sa Lútsr )aneFIVCaRKUbeRgon nigbegIátsalaeronÉkCneQμaH km<úCbuRt. sa Lúts )aneFIVclnaneya)ayRbqaMgneratþmsIhnuCasm¶at; . eBlEdlEbkkarN_ neratþm sIhnu )anRbkasecaTRbkan;edjcab; sa Lútsr nigbkSBYkmYycMnYn bnÞab;mkRkumrbs;Kat; )anrt;cUléRB cUlrYmts‘UCamYybkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnkm<úCa EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin. bkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnkm<úCaenH dwknaMedayyYneQμaH suwg g:ukmij ehAfa Gacarü emon EdlbnøMeFIVCa Exμr. karEdlyYndak;eQμaH swug g:ukmij KWedIm,IbMP½nþExμrfaCab¥Únrbs; swug g:ukfaj; mkdwknaMExμr BIeRBaH swug g:ukfaj; CaemdwknaMExμr manRbCaRbiymYyrUbEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrsÁal;faCaGñk esñhaCatiExμrnasm½yenaH. bkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnExμrenaH )ankøayCaKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCadwknaM eday ehg sMrin Ca sIum h‘un Esn naeBlbc©úb,nñenH. dUcenH tamkarsegáteXIjfa enAéf¶TI28 Exmifuna qñaM 2009 CaqñaMKMrb;xYbTI 58 rbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. eRkayBIsin§isBaØa TIRkughSWENv RbeTsTaMgbI Exμr Lav yYn enA\NÐÚcin)anTTYlÉkraCü BI)araMgenAqñaM1954. eyokmijEdlenAkñúgRbeTsExμr RtUv)aneKtMrUveGaydkecjBIRbeTsExμr. eBlEdlyYneyokmijdkecjeTA yYn)ancab;ykkUnExμrmYycMnYneTAbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ xusTws nigExμrmYycMnYn)aneTAtamk)a:l;yYn. ExμrTaMgGs;enaHehIy EdlyYnbBa¢ÚnmkRbeTsExμrvij edIm,IeFIVCaBiCXatsmøab;Exμr enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. ExμrEdlyYnbNþúHbNþalTaMgGs;enaH

ehIy Cab£sKl;énkarRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμr eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrRbmaNCag 1>7 lannak;søab; ¬1975-1979¦. cMENkÉvasnakUnExμrTaMgGs;enaH k¾RtUvyYnerobcMEpnkarsmøab;bMbiTPsþútag

CabnþbnÞab; eRkayBIyYneRbIR)as;Gs;plRbeyaCn_ehIy edIm,IkMueGayxUcEpnkarRkughaNUy Edlman bMNgelbTwkdIExμr. enAqñaM 1958 yYnkumμúynisþ)ancab;epþImeFIVsRgÁamCamYyyYnxagt,ÚgeTot edayman eKalkarN_fa edIm,IbRgYbbRgYmRbeTsTaMgBIr rvageyokNamxageCIg nigeyokNamxagt,Úg. EttamkarBit sRgÁamenHyYnmaneKalbMNgBRgIkTwkdI vatTIenAtMbn;\NÐÚcinEtb:ueNÑaH. yYn niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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kumμúynisþ)anecaTyYnxagt,ÚgEdldwknaMeday eg:a DijyIm faCaGay:gbrivarbs;GaemrikkaMg. yYneyokkugsMueGayExμrCYypþl;CMrkdl;T½BeyokkugRCkenAelITwkdIExμrPaKxagekIt edIm,IeFIVsRgÁam edjGaemrikkaMg. eRkamelsfa eFIVsRgÁamedjGaemrikaMg BYkRbtikiriyaecjBITwkdI\NÐÚcin sI hnu )ancuHhtßelxas¶at;²CamYy hU CImij enAqñaM1965 GnuBaØateGayyYndak;kgT½BeyokkugenAkñúg TwkdIExμrPaKxagekItman extþRkecH mNÐlKIrI éRBEvg sVayerog nigkMBg;camCaedIm. yYndak;T½BenH edaysMueGayExμrCYy edIm,IvayyYnxagt,Úg nigedjGaemrikaMgecj EtenHCal,icx©IpøÚvedIr edIm,I x©b;ykbUrIrbs;yYnkumμúynisþEtb:ueNÑaH eRBaHfayYn)anBRgIksRgÁam enaHFøak;mkelIRbeTsExμr. smr PUmisRgÁamBitR)akdKW TwkdIExμr eRBaHmUldæanT½BéRByYneyokkugtaMgenAelITwkdIExμr ehtuenH TaMg yYnxagt,Úg nigGaemrikaMg)anvaylukcUlmkkñúgTWkdIExμr eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;)at;bg;Civit nigrgeRKaHya:gxøaMg. enAéf¶TI 9 Ex kBaØa qñaM 1969 hU CImij )anTTYlmrNPaB ehIysaksBRtUv)aneKrkSaTuk rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. emdwknaMExμrman sIhnu nig h‘un Esn k¾eGank,aleKarBsBhUCImijEdr. enApÞH h‘un Esn )anerobcMGasn³dak;taMgrUb hU CImij fVaybgÁM eRbob)andUcCaRBHBuT§.

sIhnu kMBugeKarBexμachUCImij sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI2 enH yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn plRbeyaCn_TaMgenaH man dUcCa EpñkhirBaØvtßú EpñksmÖar³ nigsBVavuF nigTwkdIExμr.l. kalEdlhUCImijRtUvsøab; BIeRBaHyYn RtUvedaHédecjBIcin edaymin)ansgbMNulepSg²eTARbeTscin EdlCYyyYntaMgBIqñaM 1930 . yYn)anplRbeyaCn_BICMnYyBIGaemrikaMg EdlCYyyYnxagt,Úg eg:a DijyIm nigcMeNjTwkdIExμr ExμreRkam TwkdIlav. edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_TaMgGs;enH yYn)angakeTAcgsm<½n§CamYyshPaB sUevotvij. dUcenHeyIg segáteXIjfa yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_CaeRcInBImhaGMNacTaMg3 ehIy nigplRbeyaCn_BIRbeTstUc² dUcCa lav Exμr nigcamCaedIm. kñúgeBlsRgÁamenaH yYneyokkug)an CMritesdækic©Exμr tamkare)aHBum
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NamTaMgmUl edaymincaM)ac;sgsMNgTaMgLayeTAeGaycin nigGaemrikehIypøas;neya)ay gak eTArkRbeTsrU:sISú edIm,IRbqaMgnigshrdæGaemrik nigbM)at;kic©snüarvag sI hnu nig hU CImij edIm,I)anRKb;RKgelbTwkdIExμreTotpg.

sIhnu CYypþl;es,ogeGayyYn nig pþl;CMrkeGayyYn ¬kumμúynisþ¦ b¤eyokkug

hU CImij CasmaCikkumμúynisþGnþrCati KU mIgtaMg . edIm,IBRgIkkumμúynisþenAtMbn;GasIu hUCImij CasmaCikmYyrUbrbs;bkSkumμúynisþGnþrCatiEdlerobcMbegIátedaycin )aneTARbeTséf m:aeLsIu nigsigðbUrI edIm,IeFIVCaGFibtIkñúgkarbegIátsaxabkSkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH. shPaBsUevot )anRbKl;eGay hU CImij TTYlxusRtUvbegáItsaxabkSkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr nigLav EdlCaEpñk mYyénbkSkumμúynisþGnþrCati tamkaryl;RBmpþl;mUlniFiedayshPaBsUevot. GIVEdlCaEpnkarrbs; hU CImij begIáteLIgedIm,IBRgIkTwkdIevotNameGayFMedayQøanBanRbeTsExμr lav ehIyeRkay mkeTot RbeTsenAGasIuGaeKñy_ dUcGIVEdlsþalIn nigrU:sSIú)aneFIVeLIg cMeBaHRbeTsCitxagrbs;eK kñúgkarbegIátshPaBsUevotEdr. enAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 edaymanCMnYy]btßmÖnigGnuBaØatBI neratþm sIhnu yYn)aneRCotcUlTwkdIExμrkan;EteRCAeTABaseBjTwkdIExμr edayyYn)anx©ITwkdIExμr edIm,IeFIVCasmrPUmiRbyuT§ e)aHBum
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eyabl;GñkNaTaMgGs;. ehtuenHehIyeTIb ln; nl; esrImt³ )anTMlak;semþc sIhnu enAéf¶TI 18 ExmIna qñaM 1970 edaykare)aHeqñatdkesckþITukcitþBIsPa edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakgT½ByYneyokug EdlkMBugEtQøanBanelITwkdIExμrPaKxagekIténRbeTs. eRkayBI sI hnu Føak;BIGMNacRBHGgÁmin RBmKg;enAes¶omenaHeT eTaHCaeKsnüafanigRbKl;GMNacmkeGayRBHGgÁvij eRkayBIedaHRsay bBaðaeyokkugQøanBanecjBITwkdIcb;k¾eday. RBHGgÁ)anyageTARbeTs r:UsSIú nig RbeTscin edIm,I EsVgrkkarKaMRT. eBlenaHcin)anKaMRT yYnCaGñkCYyBIeRkayxñg snüadeNþImraCblø½gÁmkeGay RBHGgÁvij. tamkarjúHjg;rbs;BYkkumμúynisþ sIhnu eGaybegIátrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa enAéf¶TI 23 ExmIna qñaM 1970 edayRBHGgÁCaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa rYmCamYyBYkExμrRkhm EdldwknaM eday b:ul Bt eGog sarI exov sMpn. cMENkÉyYnkumμúynisþvij CaGñkCYyExμrRkhmxagRKab;rMesv kaMePIøgtUc FM es,og kmøaMg nigkarhVwkhVWneFIVeGaymanC½yCMnHelIExμrsaFarNrdæ enAéf¶TI 17 Exemsa qñaM1975. eRkayBITTYl)anC½yCMnHelIBYksarFarNrdæExμr ln; nl; yYn)anelIkGMNaceGayExμr Rkhm ¬Exμrkumμúyniisþ¦. yYnEdl)anEkøgePTeTACaExμr nigExμrEdlyYnbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_ kumμúynisþenaH )anTTYlbBa¢aBIhaNUy eGaymke)assMGatExμrsaFarNrdæEdlRbqaMgyYn CaehtunaM eGaymanrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμrrab;lannak;ekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr nigExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. edIm,Icab;ExμrGñkRbqaMgnigyYnkumμúynisþ eKrkelsecaTRbkan; TMlak;kMhus dUcCa eKecaTRbkan;faPñak;gar sIu Gay eG rbs;Gaemrik ka es eb b¤xμaMgrbs;bdivtþn_ ehIycab;ykeTAsmøab; . ExμrPaKeRcInenAkñúgsaFarNrdæExμr mannisSit bBaØvnþ GñkesñhaCati RtUveKkab;smøab;Gs;enAkñúgrbbenaH. rbbRbl½yBUCsasn_enH eFIVeGayExμrxUceQμaHya:gxøaMgenA elIqakGnþrCati faExμrCatisasn_eXaeXA smøab;Catisasn_Ég cMENkÉyYncMeNjTaMgTwkdI nigRTBü sm,tþiExμr edayéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM1979 yYn)ancUlmkbþÚrneya)ayfμI elIkbnþúbExμrevotmij EdlyYn)anbNþúHbNþal dUcCa Eb:n suvNÑ can; sIu ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Ca sIum eGayeFIVtam neya)ayrbs;xøÜn.

éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 minEmnCaéf¶EdlyYnrMedaHExμreT b:uEnþCaéf¶EdlyYnQøanBanExμr bøn;RTBü sm,tþiExμr bnþkab;smøab;ExμrtamyuT§saRsþ edayecaTfa b:ul Bt nigbBa¢ÚnExμreGaysøab;enA tMbn; k 5eTot. yYn)andak;kgT½B 120 000 nak; eFIVGaNaniKmn_elITwkdIExμr ehIyEkERbneya)aytam

sßankarN_ CabnþbnÞab;rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. BYkkumμúynisþEdlRbqaMgyYn¬ExμrRkhm¦ RtUvpøas;bþÚrfμI edayBYkkumμúynisþ¬ExμrRkhm¦niymyYn ehIyyYnhaNUyelIkbnþúbeGaykan;GMNac dUcmanBYk h‘un Esn ehg sMrin nigCa sIum Edl\LÚvenH BYkenHkMBugEtRtYtRtaRbeTsExμr. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i

dUcenHbkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin hU CImij )ancab;epþImneya)ayGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIelIRbeTsExμr nig RbeTslav edaycat;TukCnCatievotNamPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH CaCnCatiExμr b¤ CnCatilav . karGnuvtþEpnkaredIm,IRtYtRtaExμrenH eK)anbBa©ÚlPñak;garyYnkumμúynisþEdl)anGb;rM

bNþúHbNþalenAhaNUyrYcehIy edIm,IbegIátmuxrbrepSg²edayxøÜneKenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH ehIy\LÚv enHkUnRbus nigkUnRsIrbs;CnCatievotNamTaMgenaH)anerobcMdwknaMrebobkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr niglav. eRkayBIcb;sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 3 yYn)anrkSaTukkgT½ByYnenAkñúgRbeTslav mancMnYn ya:geRcInedIm,ICYykumμúynisþRbeTsLav kñúgkarbRgáabBYk m:ug EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik. cMENkRbeTsExμrvij eRkayBIkarcrcarKña nigcuHhtßelxa elIsni§sBaØaRkug)a:rIs 23 tula 1991 yYn)andkEtkgT½BÉksNæan edayyYn)anbgáb;TukkgT½BsIuvilCaeRcIneFIVkarenAkñúgRksYgsMxan;² enA kñúgRbeTsExμr tamkarGnuBaØatedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa kñúgkarbRgáabBYkGñkRbqaMgnigyYn kumμúynisþ . cMeBaHRbCaCnyYn)anhUrmkrs;enAelITwkdIExμr CaCnGenþaRbevsn_xusc,as;ya:g GaNa Fibetyü manGtþsBaØaNb½NÑCaCnCatiExμreTotpg dUcCaenA bwgTenøsab c,arGMeBA GñkelOg RkecH kMBg;qñaMg nigkMBg;camCaedIm. karbRgáabrbs;yYnkumμúynisþeTAelIBYkRbqaMgTaMgBIrRbeTsEdleK ecaTfaCabrivaGaemrikaMg b¤BYkRbtikiriya KWeKeFIVdl;b£sKl;vaEtmþg EdlmanBaküesøakeKniyayfa CIkesμACIkTaMgb£s mann½yfasmøab;GñkRbqaMg brivaGaemrikkaMgeGayGs; enHCaBakümenaKmn_ EdlyYnsabeRBaHelIExμr edIm,IeGayExμrsmøab;Exμr edaymindwgxøÜn EtpÞúyeTAvij yYnCaGñkcMeNjkñúg karelbTwkdIExμr eBlEdlGñkR)aCJ bBaØvnþExμrsøab;Gs;.

RbFanaFibtIGaemrik rIqat nicsun Bnül;BIkarQøanBanrbs;yYnkumμúynisþenA\NÐÚcin bc©úb,nñenH yYn)anbnþneya)aykumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinrbs; hU CImij edIm,IRtYtRtaExμr nig lav edayeFIVeGayeKemIleXIjfa RbeTslavCaextþmYyrbs;yYnxageCIg. cMENkRbeTsExμrvij yYn)an rkSaTukkgT½BesøokBak;sIuvilcMnYn 3000 nak; edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgPñak;garcarkmμ nigkmøaMgBiess EdlmanrfeRkaH nig]T§mÖcRksßitenAcMgayRbmaN 2 KILÚEm:RtknøHenAeRkATIRkugPñMeBj Cab;TYl niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i

RksMag Ek,rtaexμA CaBiessTahanyYn EdlesøokBak;sIuvilmkeFIVCakmμkrcMkarekAs‘U nigtamry³ rUbPaB Rkumh‘unvinieyaK deNþImrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdæExμrCabnþbnÞab;. TahanyYnmanenATIenaH edIm,I FanaGegátemIlfa Gay:grbs;haNUy h‘un Esn mingakerBIneya)ayrbs;RkughaNUykMBugdak; GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμIenAelIRbeTsExμr. cMENkGgÁrkSrbs; h‘un Esn EdldwknaMeday Gwug b‘un ehog CaCnCatiyYnlayLMCamYyExμrmancMnYn 40 000 nak;. kumμúynisþeyokNam)ancab;epþImdak;GaNaniKmn_EbbfμIelIRbeTsExμr nigRbeTslav tam eKalneya)ayBRgIkTwkdIrbs;xøÜn edaydMbUgeKykkgT½Bmkkan;kab;TwkdIRbeTsTaMgBIr ehIybnÞab; mkeKykRkumRKYsarrbs;eKmktaMgCMrkenAkñúgTwkdIfμI. eRkaymkeTot yYnpøas;bþÚrkgT½BTaMgenaH eTA esøokBak;CasIuvil eFIVCaRbCaBlrdæsamBaØ nig)anpøas;bþÚrTahanTaMgenaHCakgT½BmYyfμI edIm,IBRgIk kmøaMgbEnßmeTot. enAqñaM 1989 eRkayBIyYn)ancaj;eRbobxagneya)aykarTUtrbs;clnats‘UTaMg 3 RkumenA tamRBMuEdnExμréf yYn)anbgçMGay:g h‘un Esn eGaycuHhtßelxaxusc,ab;GnuBaØatpþl;dIPaKxagekIt énRbeTsExμreGaykgT½ByYn nigBlrdæevotNamTaMgenaHCag 500 000 nak; dUckalEdl sI hnu cuHhtßelxas¶at;²eGayeyokkugenAqñaM1965 Edr. ehtudUecñHehIy yYnnUbnIykmμenAkñúgRbeTsExμr ekItmantaMgBIyYn)ankan;kab;RtYtRtaExμrenAéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 mk. yYnbgçMeGayrbbGay:g RkugPñMeBjecjpSayenAqñaM 1982 saracrN_elx 240 sr mc hh nigsaracrN_GMBavnav eGayRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;BicarNaGMBIkarBRgIksamKÁIPaB CamYyRbCaBlrdæevotNam nigPar³kic© rbs;eKkñúgkarCYyCnCatievotNamedIm,IRCkekanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. enAqñaM 1989 cMnYnCnCatiyYn taMgCMrkenAkñúgRbeTsExμrmanrhUtdl; 1 250 000nak;. eRkaymkyYn)anbegIátEpnTIfμI bgçitRBMEdn fμIBRgIkrhUtdl; 40 KILÚEm:RtcUlmkTwkdIExμr nigTwkdIlav. h‘un Esn )ankat;dItamRBMEdn kat; ekaHRtl; nigekaHesHTaMgenaHeGayRkughaNUyCapøÚvkar tamry³snii§sBaØaCabnþbnÞab; nigfμI²bMput sn§isBaØabMeBjbEnßmelIsn§isBaØaxusc,ab;naTsvtS 1980 EdlcuHhtßelxaenAéf¶TI 10 tula 2005 edayRBHmhakSRt neratþm sIhmunñI. RbCaBlrdæyYnPaKeRcInenAxagekIténRbeTsdUcCa extþ sVayevog nigéRBEvg. yYnkumμúynisþ)anbnþneya)ayrbs;xøÜneFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμI edayBRgIkmktamRBMEdn dUcCa tameqñrsmuRT nigekaH ¬ekaHRtl; ekaHRkckesH¦tamsni§sBaØaxusc,ab;EdlrbbGay:gRkugPñMeBj )aneFIVxusrMelaPelIsni§sBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs. \LÚvenH GgÁkarmitþPaBkm<úCaevotNamEdlmaneQμaHfa rNsirSrYbrYm edIm,IksagCati nig karBarkm<úCa CarNsirSrbs;yYn)anbegIáteLIgenAextþRkugTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr. rNsirSenH niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i

eRbobdUcCarNsirSrMedaHCatiEdlbegIáteLIgeday haNUy GMLúgeBlsRgÁamevotNam EdlehAfa sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2Edr. enAeBlfμI²enH naqñaM 2004 evotNam)anbBa¢aeGayrbbkumμúynisþGay:g lav nigExμr cuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBogGPivDÆn_tMbn;RtIekaN. kic©RBmeRBogenHeFIVeGayyYnBRgIkTwkdIeday Rsbc,ab;eq
-b£sKl;énrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμr

(The Root of Khmer Genocide)

rhUtmkdl;eBlenH RbCaBlrdæExμrPaKeRcInenAEtmancm¶l; nigmin)andwgc,as;GMBImUlehtu énkarsøab;BlrdæExμrRbmaNCag 1 rel="nofollow">7 lannak;enAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt . CaBiessExμreyIgmYycMnYn Edl )ak;s,atedaykarKMramkMEhgrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ EdleFIVRKb;Ebbya:gmineGayExμryl;dwgB¤GMBIerOg neya)ay niyayerOgneya)ayCati KwtKUrerOgCati edayBYkvaxitxMlak;)aMgRbvtþisaRsþBitrbs;Exμr. BYkkumμúynisþ)anBgVk;eGayExμrvegVgtamkarbMBulmenaKmn_epSg² kareXasna EdlCakarerobcM rbs;BYkkumμúynisþ . BYkvaeFIVeGayExμrenAvegVgCamYykarbMP½nþrbs;kumμúynisþyYn nigkareRbIkll,ic eXasna rMlwkEtsm½y b:ulBt edIm,IeGayExμrcgkMhwgnigExμrKñaÉg Ebk)ak;samKÁI ehIydwg KuNyYnéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 faCaGñkl¥mkCYyseRgÁaHExμrCaedIm. EtBYkenHmin)anlatRtdag GMBI RbvtþisaRsþBitR)akdrbs;Exμr taMgBIsm½ysgÁmraRsþniym saFarNrdæExμr cab;BITsvtSqñaM 60 rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ edIm,IeGayExμr)andwgenaHeT. eRBaHfa ebIniyayBIkarBitenAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþ vab:HBal;GñkmanGMNacsBVéf¶ nigneya)ayQøanBanrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ. cab;BIeBlenHeTAExμrQb; vegVgeTotehIy kalBIeBlEdlBYkyYnkumμúynisþ ¬eyokkug¦QøanBandeNþImC½yCMn³elIExμrTaMg Rsug enAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 BYkeK)anbMpøaj Km
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rkSasiT§i

kab;smøab;Kña. kl,icx©IkmøaMgExμr tamkareRbImenaKmn_enHehIy eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr eyIgenAEt yl;RcLMfa Exμrsmøab;Exμr rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶. yYnkumμúynisþEkERbneya)aybnþicmþg² tamry³eRbI h‘un Esn CakUnGuk bnþRtYtRtaExμr edayminecjmux. eBlEdlExμrFøak;cuHexSaydl;kMritsUnü KμanKm
-ehtuGIV)anCaExμrFøak;kñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_?

(Why Cambodia fell in Genocide?)

dUc)anerobrab;xagelImkehIyfa kumμúynisþExμr manedImkMeNItmkBIbkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkumμúynisþGnþrCati begIáteLIgedayyYn hU CImij enATIRkug hug kug éf¶TI 3 kumÖ³ 1930. bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinenHmankarKaMRT pþl;hirBaØvtßúBIkumμúynisþGnþrCati. bkSkumμúynisþ \NÐÚcin)anbegIátsaxarbs;xøÜnenARbeTsExμr nigenARbeTslav KWbkSkumμúynisþExμr nigbkSkumμúynisþ lav RBmTaMgsaxaenARbeTsmYycMnYneTot dUcCa éf ma:eLsIu nigsigðbUrICaedIm. karEdlExμrsøab; TaMgExμreRkam nigExμrknøgmk vaCaEpnkard¾exμARkxVk;rbs;yYnkumμúynisþ kñúgkarrMlayBUCsasn_Exμr edIm,IbMeBjmhicätarbs;xøÜnkñúgkarelbTwkdIrbs;RbeTsCitxagenAtMbn;\NÐÚcinEtb:ueNÑaH. BYkeK)an eRbIviFIbMP½nþlak;)aMgExμr EkRkéLRbvtþisaRsþExμreTACaRbvtþisaRsþ\NÐÚcin ¬sRtUvbgb¥Ún¦ eGaykUnExμr eron eFIVtamRKb;meFüa)ay eKobsgát;ExμrmineGaymansiTi§esrIPaB mineGayExμrdwgBIneya)ay niyayBIerOgRbeTsCati edayecaTRbkan;tamviFIepSg²cMeBaHGñkEdlniyaykarBit b¤RbqaMg. eFIV eGayExμrxøac mineGayExμrniyayGMBIerOgneya)ay nigRbvtþisaRsþrbs;xøÜn edaymankarKMramkMEhg cab; nigsmøab;tamkareRbIvIFIRKb;Ebbya:g. bkSkumμúynisþExμrdwknaMedayyYnbnøMxøÜn eFIVCaExμreQμaH swg g:ukmij b¤Gacarü emon nigTUsamut sa Luútsr EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin. yYnkumμúynisþ)ancUlmkeFIVclnaneya)ayCasm¶at;enAkñúgTwkdIExμrenAtMbn;cMkarekAs‘U extþkMBg;cam niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i

enAsMLÚt nigkMBt cab;taMgBIqñaM 1946. yYn)aneXasnaeGayExμr niglavcUlrYbrYmCamYyeK edIm,IedjGaNaniKmn_)araMgecjBITwkdI EtenABIeRkayxñgneya)ayenH yYn)anerobEpnkarRtYtRta \NÐÚcinCMnYs)araMgvij eRBaHyYnman cin nigsUevot CaGñkenACYyBIeRkayxñg. enAqñaM1954 )araMg)an cuHhtßelxaenATIRkughSWENv RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin eBlEdlyYn)aneFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMgenA eDon ebonPU. eRkayBIyYnTTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMgehIy tamsn§isBaØaRkughSWENv)antMrUveGay kgT½ByYn ¬eyokmij¦ dkecjBIRbeTsExμr niglavTaMgGs;. eBlenaHyYn)andkecjBIRbeTsExμr edayyYn)ancab;kUnExμrtUc²eTACamYypg edIm,IykeTAbNþúHbNþal enATIRkug haNUy. cMENkÉ sa Lútsr EdlTTYl)anGaharrUbkrN_eTAsikSaRbeTs)araMgEpñkGKÁIsnI)ancab; GarmμN_erOgneya)ay ehIy)anGanesovePAkumμúynisþ¬esovePARkhm¦enARbeTs)araMg. dMbUg eLIy sa Lútsr )andwknaMeFIVkarts‘URbqaMg nigkardwknaMrbbskþiPUmirbs; neratþm sI hnu taMgBI Kat;kMBugsikSaenARbeTs)araMg eRkaymkesþc neratþm sIhnu )ankat;pþac;GaharUbkrN_vij edayKat; minTan;eroncb;pg k¾RtLb;mkRbeTsExμrvij. eRkayeBlEdlKat;mkdl;RbeTsExμr edaykarmin eBjcitþnigrbbskþiPUmi dwknaMeday sIhnu Kat;)anerobcMeFIVneya)aybdivtþn_enAkñúgRbeTsExμr ehIy Epnkar)anEbkdwgdl;GaCJaFr sIhnu eTIb sIhnu )anRbkasedjcab; sa Lúts nigGñkcUlrYm kñúgkic©karenHmYycMnYneTot mancMnYn 63 nak;kñúgenaHman sun esn Edr. eBlenaH sa Lútsr )anrt;cUléRBehIy)ancUleTAeFIVCaelxarbs; TU samut EdldwknaMeday swug g:ukmij. eyIgeXIjfa yYn)anCYyExμrRkhmeGayRbqaMg nigneratþm sIhnu

sIhnu CaemExμrRkhm bMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkumμúynisþ yYn nig cin

EtBIeRkayxñgmçageTotyYn)ansMueGay sIhnuu CYypþl;es,ogGarhar nigTwkdICMrkdl;yYn eyokkugedIm,IeFIVsRgÁamCamYyeyokNamxagt,Úg nigshrdæGaemrik. sRgÁamenH)anFøak;mk elIRbeTsExμr eFIVeGayvinasGnþray dUcykePøIgmkdutpÞHxøÜnÉg. yYnxageCIgcab;epþImsRgÁamCamYy niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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yYnxagt,ÚgtaMgBIqñaM 1958 ehIysRgÁamenH)anrIkraldalenAelITwkdIExμrCabnþbnÞab; cab;BIqñaM 1965 edaysarEt sI hnu )anGnuBaØatpþl;TwkdIExμrPaKxagekItcMnYn 5 extþ eGayyYneyokkugdak;T½BcMnYn 60 000 nak; eTA 80 000 nak; eFIVsRgÁamEdlkalenaHkgT½BExμrmanEtcMnYn 30 000 nak; . cMENkExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam RtUv)anyYneXasnaeGaycUlbMerIxagyYnkumμúynisþ edayyYnkumμúynisþyk eQμaH sIhnu eTAeXasnafarMedaHTwkdIkm<úCaeRkam ÉExμreRkammYycMnYneTot)ancUleTAxagyYnxagt,Úg ¬esrI¦ edIm,IRbqaMgnigkarQøanBanrbs;BYkyYnkumμúynisþ. yYnkumμúynisþykrUbftsemþc sIhnu nig fasftsemøg edIm,IeFIVkareXasnaeGayExμreCO sIhnu cUlrYmCamYysemþc edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamrMedaHExμr km<úCaeRkam. ehtuenHExμrCaGñksøab;TaMgsgxag kumμúynisþ nigesrI edayyYnx©IédExμrsmøab;Exμr. cMENkExμrxagelIvij ExμrmçagxagsaFarNrdæ ExμrmçageTotxag sIhnu b:ul Bt nigkumμúynisþyYn. BYkyYneyokkug)anykrUbsBaØa sIhnu Bak;bMP½nþExμreGayKMaRTfaCakgT½B semþc« edIm,IeGayExμr KaMRT. sRgÁamrvagyYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,Úg)anbBa©b;enAéf¶ 30 emsa 1975 KW 13 éf¶b:ueNÑaH eRkayBIyYnkumμúynisþQñHExμrsaFarNrdæenAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975. yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ cMeNjCaeRcIn dUcCa CMnYyBIcin EdlCYyyYnkumμúynisþ CMnYyBIGaemrik EdlCYyyYnxagt,ÚgesrI EtExμreRkam nigExμrsøab;rab;lannak; ebIk»kaseGayyYnlukluy cUlmkkan;kab;elbTwkdIExμr bc©úb,nñeTot. eBlEdlkgT½BeyokkugenABaseBjTwkdIExμrPaKxagekItnigtamRkugRBHsIhnu dl; extþkMBg;s<W sI hnu min)anenAedaHRsaybBaðakgT½ByYnenAelITwkdIExμr EdlxøÜnGnuBaØatCasm¶at; enaHeT EtEbrCacakecjeTAedIrkMsanþenARbeTs)araMgCamYyPriya mU:niceTAvij . RBHmata kusm³ )ansresrsMbuRt eTAyagRBHGgÁmkvij EtRBHGgÁsuxcitþsþab;Priyanigmþayekμk min)anyag RtLb;mkvij edIm,IedaHRsayeyokkugenAeBjTwkdIExμr eTaHbICaRBHGgÁ)ansnüaCamYyGñktMNag raRsþfa RBHGgÁnigyagmkRbeTsExμr enAéf¶TI 17 ExmIna qñaM1970 edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenaHk¾eday EtpÞúyeTAvij RBHGgÁ)anbdiesFkñúgkaryagRtLb;mkvij. ehtudUecñH edIm,IedaHRsayyYnkumμúynisþ EdlkMBugEtQøanBanTwkdIExμr eTIbenAéf¶ 18 mIna 1970 sirimt³ ln; nl; eFIVkarRbCMusPa TMlak;neratþm sIhnu ecjBIGMNac edIm,IedjyYneyokkugecjBITwkdIExμr. eRkayBI ln; nl; TMlak;esþc sIhnu mk sIhnu )aneFIVdMeNIreTARbeTsr:UsISú nigbnÞab;mkeTARbeTscin edIm,IEsVgrkkar KaMRT deNþImGMNac raCblø½gÁmkvij . edaymancin nigyYnenABIeRkayxñg cin)anbBa©úHbBa©ÚleGay saLút s nigsIhnurYbrYmKñabegIátCarNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCamYyenATIRkugeb:kaMg enAéf¶TI 23 ExmIna qñaM1970 eFIVsRgÁamCamYyExμrsarFarNrdæ Edlman ln; nl; nigesrImt³ CaedIm. kñúgenaH cinCaGñkCYy xagsBVavuF es,og cMENkyYnCaGñkCYyxagbec©keTs hVwkhat; bBa©ÚlmenaKmn_ nigCYykmøaMgc,aMg dl;ExμrRkhm. edIm,IEtGMNac nigraCblø½gÁ sIhnu min)anKitBIplRbeyaCn_ niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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RbeTsCati nigGayuCivitrbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrEdlsøab;enaHeLIy. kgT½Beyokkug EdlmanenAkñúg TwkdIExμrRsab;)anBak;pøakrUbPaB sI hnu R)ab;RbCaBlrdæExμrCakgT½B semþc« edIm,IeGay RbCaBlrdæExμrCYyKaMRT eRBaHyYndwgfaeBlenaHesþc sIhnu enAmanRbCaRbiycMeBaHRbCaBlrdæExμr enAeLIy. ExμrPaKeRcIn)anCYyKaMRTCYyyYneyokkugTaMgenaH edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamCamYykgkmøaMgExμr saFarNrdæ ExμrGñkesñhaCati Edlman nisSit bBaØvnþ RBHsgÇ RbCaBlrdæExμr)anrYbrYmKñaeLIg. cMENkExμrmYycMnYneTotlg;eCO kareXasnarbs;yYneyokkug EdlykeQμaH sIhnu mkeRbI nigkarRbkasrbs; esþc sIhnu eGayExμrrt;cUléRBma:KI edIm,Ic,aMgdeNþImGMNac nigraCblø½gÁmk eGayRBHGgÁvij. TIbMputBYkExμrRkhm Edl RbqaMg neratþ sIhnu )anrYbrYmKña edayman cin nigyYn eyokkugCaGñkCYy edIm,Ic,aMgnigExμrsarFarNrdæ ln; nl; EdlRtg;cMNucenH Exμr)anedIr eRkamyuT§saRsþrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ eFIVtamBYkkumμúynisþ x©IédExμr eFIVsRgÁamCamYyExμr ExμrCaGñkxat RbCaBlrdæExμrCaGñksøab; TwkdIExμrRtUvbMpøajedaysarsRgÁam TIbMputRbeTsExμrRtUvFøak;kñúgkNþab;éd yYnkumμúynisþ. eBlEdlkgT½BshrdæGaemrik)andkecjBI\NÐÚcin eRkayBIcuHhtßelxaCamYyyYnenATIRkug hSWENvenAqñaM1973 edIm,IbBa©b;sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 yYn)anenAEtbnþeFIVsRgÁamQøanBanExμreTot eRkampøak sIhnu nigExμrRkhm CaGñkbiT)aMgeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa sRgÁamsIuvil rhUtdl;yYn kumμúynisþ)anQñHsaFarNrdæExμrenAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 ehIyelIkC½yCMnHenaHeTAeGayExμr Rkhm Edlman sIhnu nigb:ul Bt CaemdwknaM cMENkyYnvij)anpøas;bþÚrexaGaveyokkugeTABak;Gav bnøMxøÜneFIVCaExμrRkhm bnþsmøab;Exμr. enAeBlEdlExμrRkhmTTYl)anC½yCMnHenaH kalenaHExμrRkhm manbIRkumTI1 ExμrRkhm EdlyYncab;eTAbNþúHbNþaledayRkughaNUy BYkenHsMrab;eFIVCa BiCXatsmøab;ExμrEdlRbqaMgyYnedaykarecaTRbkan;epSg² dUcCaecaTfa Pñak; sIu Gay eG kareseb nig brivaGaemrikaMgCaedIm. TI2 ExμrRkhmEdlKaMRT sIhnu TI3 ExμrRkhmEdlKaMRT b:ul Bt ExμrTaMgbIRkumenH suT§EtbNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_viC¢aneya)ayxusTws BIhaNUy ¬cgkMhwgnigExμr smøab;ExμrEtKaMRTyYn¦. ehtudUcenHehIy GñkEdlbgávinasskmμsmøab;ExμrenAkñúgRbeTsExμrenAkñúg rbbenH KWRkumBiCXatEdlyYn)anbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþmk ehIyBYkBiCXatTaMgenaHRtUv )aneKbBa¢ÚnCabnþbnÞab; BIRkughaNUycUlmkkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü edIm,Ismøab;Exμr ¬yYnyk liTi§kumμúynisþenHCameFüa)ay x©IédExμreGaysmøab;Exμr edIm,IbMP½nþExμreGay emIleXIjfaExμrsmøab;Exμr cMeNjneya)ayyYn 7 mkra 1979¦. RkumTaMgenHTTYlEpnkar pÞal;BIRkughaNUy edIm,Ismøab;Exμr CIkesμACIkTaMgb£s. menaKmn_rbs;BYkkumμúynisþyYn RbqaMgnigBYkRbtikiriya brivar EdlsMedArMelIg b£sKl;rbs;CatiExμr eGaydYlrlMFøak;cuH eFIVeGayExμrRcbUkRcbl; CaehtunaMeGayExμrRkhmxag niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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b:ulBt mankarsgS½y ehIybegIáteGaymankarkab;smøab;tbtvij eRkayBIyYnkkUrsßankarN_kñúg sgÁmExμr enHCakareRKagTukrbs;yYn eRkayBIExμrRcbUlRcbl;vikvrkñúgRbeTsehIy yYn)ancUlmk EkERbneya)ayfμI 7 mkra 1979. eBlEdleKsmøab;Exμr GñkecHdwgGs;ehIy dUcenHRbeTsRtUv Føak;kñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinEdlmanyYnCaemekøagrhUtmkdl;eBlenH. cMeBaHExμr EdlenAsl;sBVéf¶ xøac)ak;s,at minh‘anniyaykarBit manEtkarQWcab;eFVIKr eFIVføg;minh‘anniyay bBaðaBitEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgsgÁm nigeGank,aleRkamyYnedIm,ICivitrs; edaykarekobsgát;RKb;Ebb ya:gtamkareRbIGMNacpþac;karrbs;BYkkumμúynisþsBVéf¶ etIeyIgbeNþayTukeGayCatiExμrTaMgmUlRtUv

rlay)at;bg; ehIyTukçevTnaRtUvFøak;elIkUnecAeyIgCMnan;eRkayeTot b¤mYyya:gNa?. -b£sKl; éf¶ 7 mkra

IV

(The Root of 7 January)

dUc)anerobrab;xagelImkehIyfa neya)ayrbs;yYnkumμúynisþeFIVtamEpnkarrbs;hU CImij EdlerobcMtaMgBIqñaM 1930. edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæCaeRcInrbs;xøÜnrs;enARsYl yYnRtUvvatTITwkdIenA tMbn;\NÐÚcin dUcmanRbeTs lav Exμr cam nig ExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam edIm,Idak;CacMNuHrbs; shB½n§\NÐÚcin. yYnkumμúynisþ)aneFIVsRgÁam lukluyRbeTsExμr eRbIl,ickl, yuT§saRsþRKb;viFI edIm,IeFIVeGayCatiExμrFøak;exSay. yYn)anerobcMEpnkar pþac;b£sKl;CatiExμreGaydYlrlMFøak;exSay enAkñúgrbbb:ul Bt dUcCakardutKm
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neya)ay. EteKkMBugEtbeRgonRbvtþisaRsþ\NÐÚcinCMnYsvij ¬yYnCaGñkmanKuN CYyrMedaHExμr CaedIm¦. dUcenHehIy eyIgeXIjfab£sKl;rbs; éf¶ 7 mkra KW yYnkumμúynisþ ¬shB½n§\NÐÚcin ¦ Edl)anyklTi§kumμúynisþmksabeRBaHelIExμr. yYnQñHExμr taMgBIéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 eday eRbIneya)ayTaMgRtCak;TaMgekþA eRbIBYkExμrkumμúynisþ b¤ExμrRkhmEdlniymyYn ehg sMrin Ca sIum h‘un Esn eGaykan;GMNacCMnYs rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñedIm,IelbTwkdIExμr sMerctamEpnkarshB½n§ \NÐÚcin.

CnCatievotExμrlavrYmsamKÁImWunqña -yYnkumμúynisþRtYtRtaExμr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979

V

(Vietnamese Communist Colonize Cambodia on January 7, 1979)

cab;BIéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM1979 yYn)anpøas;bþÚrneya)ayfμI edayyYn)anpøas;bþÚrExμr ¬Rkhm¦ kumμúynisþniymcinecjBIGMNac elIkbnþúbExμrRkhm ¬kumμúynisþ¦niymyYnvij eGaykan;GMNac. BYk kumμúynisþEdlniymyYnmandUcCa Eb:n suvNÑ can; sIu ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Ca sIum say b‘Ufg nigCaeRcIneTot. yYnelIkExμr edIm,IeFIVCa]bkrN_neya)ayeGayxøÜn eRBaHyYn)angakBIcin ehIyP¢ab; TMnak;TMngCamYyr:UsIu. cinmanCemøaHCamYyr:UsIu cin)anbþÚrTMnak;TMngeTArkshrdæGaemrikvij. Cak;Esþg enAeBlEdlyYnelIk Eb:n suvNÑ nig can;sIu eGayeFIVCaGay:g bMerIneya)ayrbs;xøÜn EtEb:n suvNÑ nigcan; sIu mineFIVtamneya)ayrbs;xøÜn yYn)ancak;fñaM can; sIu smøab;enAelIynþehaHEdleTABüa)al enARbeTsr:UsIu. cMENkÉ Eb:n suvNÑvijRtUv h‘un Esn nig say b‘Ufg XubXitCamYyyYn cab;;yk eTAdak;KukenATIRkughaNUy cMnYn 10 qñaM 52éf¶ enHedaysaEb:n suvNÑ manRbBn§yYnCakUnRbsar paMva:n;dug emø:HRtUvsøab;dUc can; sIu. yYn)anelIkbnþúbCnelμaPGMNacdUc h‘un Esn Ca sIum nigehg sMrin eGaykan;GMNacrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. yYn)anQøanBankan;kab;TwkdIExμr rwbGUsbøn;ykRTBü sm,tþiExμr cab;BIeBlenaHmk ehIyEfmTaMgedjsmøab;ExμrEdlRbqaMgnigyYn rbbGay:gyYn eday niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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ecaTfaBYk b:ul Bt. cMENkGñkEdlenAesssl;Rbus² EdlCaGñkmankmøaMg va)ancab;bgçMeGay eTAeFIVCaTahan nigxøHRtUvcab;mkeFIVCaBlkr eTAsøab;enAtMbn;k 5 PaKeRcInsøab;edaysarCm¶WRKuncaj; Can;mInCaedIm. enAkñúgeBlenaH yYnkumμúynisþCaGñkkan;kab;RbeTsExμrTaMgRsug. yYn)anedjsmøab; ExμrGñkts‘UenAtamCayEdneTot edayeFIVsRgÁame)assMGat smøab;ExμrEdlts‘UCamYyyYnenAtam CayEdnenAqñaM 1984. TIbMputExμrts‘UtamCayEdn)ancaj;yYn ehIy)anRbmUlKñaeTArs;enA CMrMsayFU nigsayb‘Í CaedIm. enAqñaM 1985 eTIbshrdæGaemrikcab;epþImpþl;CMnYydl;Gñkts‘U eday pþl;TwkR)ak;RbmaN 5 landuløa pþl;smÖar³swk nighVwkhat;TahanenAkøaMgdug . cMENkyYnRtUv)an GnþrCati nigRbeTskñúgtMbn; dUcCa cin Gas‘an efáaleTasedaysar karQøanBanrMelaPGFibetyü PaBRbeTsExμr elIkElgEtRbeTs\NÐÚensIuenACaGaBüaRkit cMENkRbeTsr:UsSIúb:ueNÑaHEdlKaMRTyYn. eRkayBIkardYlrlMrbs;shPaBsUevotenAqñaM 1989 sUevotQb;pþl;CMnYyeGayyYn eRBaHr:UsISúman vibtiþhirBaØvtßú edayGs;fivkaBITunbMrug. karGs;fvikaBITunbMrugenH eRBaHEtshPaBsUevotBRgwg EpñkeyaFaxøaMgeBk CaBiess xatCaeRcIncMeBaHneya)ayenA\NÐÚcin EtcMeNjenAxagGWur:ubxagekIt. yYncaj;eRbobxagkarTUt cMeBaHkmøaMgGñkts‘U EdlCYy]btßmÖedayshrdæGaemrik cin nigGas‘an. b:uEnþtamkarsikSaRsavRCaveXIjfa kgT½BGñkts‘UExμr BMumanbec©keTsRKb;RKan;kñúgkareFIVsRgÁam eFIVeGaycaj;eRbobkgT½ByYnEdlmankarhVwkhat;c,as;las; sBVavuFRKb;RKan;. eBlenaH eK)anbBa¢Ún kgkmøaMgts‘UExμreGayeTAeronenA m:aeLsIu nigRbeTséf . eRkaymkeTIbkmøaMgts‘UmaneRbob elIyYnkumμúynisþ nigBYkGay:g ehg sMrin h‘un Esn eRBaHsUevotEdlCasm<½n§miRtrbs;yYn )ancaj;GaemrikkñúgsRgÁamRtCak; sUevot)angakeTArkshrdæGaemrikvij enAkñúgrdæaPi)al kU )aqUv edIm,IeGayesdækic©rbs;xøÜndMeNIrkarl¥vij. ehtudUcenHehIy eTIbyYn)anpøas;bþÚr\riyabfeGay h‘un Esn nigsIhnu ccarcuHsn§isBaØasnþiPaBTIRkug)a:rIsnaéf¶ 23 tula 1991 edIm,IRbmUlExμr GñkesñhaCati cUlkñúgRTugeGayBYkkumμúynisþcab;Exμrsmøab;mþgmYymþgmYy CabnþbnÞab;rhUtmkdl; bc©úb,nñ. VI-sRgÁamrvagExμrGñkts‘U

CamYyyYnQøanBan nigrbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn xus c,ab;

(The War between Khmer Resistances with Vietnamese Aggressor and Illegal Dictactor Hun Sen)

cab;taMgBIsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 naTsvtSTI 60 yYnEtgEteRbIExμr eRbIemdwknaMExμrEdlelμaP GMNac Ca]bkrN_bMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜn. dUckalBIqñaM 1970 yYn)aneRbI sI hnu nig b:ul Bt Ca]bkrN_ CaKMrbeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfasRgÁamEdlekIteLIgCasRgÁamsIuvil . cMENkenAqñaM 1979 yYn)aneRbIBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn Ca]bkrN_sMrab;bMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜn x©IédExμr eFIVsRgÁamCamYyExμreTot dUckalEdlyYneFIVsRgÁamkalBIqñaM 1970 EdlyYnx©IédExμrRkhm b:ul Bt nigExμrRkhm sIhnu mkeFIVsRgÁamCamYyExμrsaFarNrdæ. enAeBlenaH yYn)anlukluyRbeTsExμr niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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BaseBjépÞRbeTs ehIycab;epþImeFIVneya)ayyYnnUbnIykmμenAkñúgRbeTsExμr edayTahanyYn)an ykRbBn§Exμr cMENkÉRsIyYn)anykbþIExμr ehIyyYncMnYn 5 nak;enATIRkug b¤TIRbCMuCn 1 nak; cMENkenAtamCnbTyYn 1nak;Exμr 5 nak;. dMNak;kalenH KWmni xusBIsRgÁamsm½ysaFarNrdæ b:unμaneT eRBaHExμrmçagKaMRTedaykumμúynisþyYn EdlmanBYkGay:g h‘un Esn ehIymçageTotKaMRTeday cin GaemrikkaMg Gas‘an CaehtueFIVeGayGñkts‘UtamCayEdnmaneRbobelIyYn nig rbbkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn xusc,ab;. eBlEdlshPaBsUevot)andYlrlM ehIybBa©b;sRgÁamRtCak;CamYyGaemrik enAqñaM 1989 cMENkRbeTsGaløwm:g;)ankøayeTACaRbeTsEtmYy sUevot)anQb;CYy]btßmÖyYn eBlenaHyYn)ansMerccitþdkkgT½BesøokBak;ÉksNæanecjBIRbeTsExμrmun EtyYn)anbgáb;TukkgT½B yYn EdlesøokBak;sIuvilCaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTsExμrvij. yYn)aneRbI h‘un Esn eTAcrcarCamYy sI hnu CabnþbnÞab;rhUtdl;mankic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBTIRkug)a:rIsenAéf¶ 23 tula 1991. yYneFIVdUc enH edIm,IedaHédBIkarefáaleTasBIGnþrCati fayYnQøanBanExμr eFIVeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfaCa sRgÁamsIuvilrvagExμrnigExμr. ebIeyIgRkeLkemIlenAkñúgrbbExμrRkhmEdlmanExμrsøab;rab;lan k¾yYn eFIVdUcenHEdr edayyYnykExμreTAbNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ eFIVCaBiCXadmksmøab;Exμr ehIy eRbIExμrRkhm sIhnu b:ul Bt edIrtamneya)ayrbs;xøÜn bMP½nþExμreGayvegVgrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶. karcrcarrvag sIhnu nig h‘un Esn CabnþbnÞab;enA )a:taya: RbeTséf enAya:kata RbeTs\NÐÚensIu ehIyenATIbMputenA TIRkug)a:rIsRbeTs )araMgenAéf¶ 23 tula 1991. VII

-sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs

(Paris Agreement Treaties)

sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs)aneFIVeLIg eRkayBImankarcrcarCabnþbnÞab;rvag sIhnu nig h‘un Esn cab;BIqñaM 1987 mk. cMENksRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI)anbBa©b;enAqñaM 1989. shPaBsUevoteRbImenaKmn_kumμúynisþ cMENkshrdæGaemrikeRbImenaKmn_esrI nigRbCaFibetyü. shPaBsUevotCaGñkKaMRTyYnkumμúynisþTaMgxagbec©keTs GñkCMnajkar nigsmÖar³sBVavuF. kñúgeBl enaHCMnajkarsUevotTaMgcl½t nigGciéRnþy_CaeRcInRbmaN 1 Esnnak; eFIVkarenAkñúgRbeTs eyokNam. cMENkÉRbeTscin shrdæGaemrik nigGas‘anCaGñkKaMRTclnats‘UExμrTaMg 3Rkum. ExμrTaMg3Rkum enaHmanRkumTI1 rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμrdwknaMeday elakta sWn san RkumTI 2 km<úCa RbCaFibetyüdwknaMeday exov sMpn cMENkRkumTI3 hViúnsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþm sI hnu. edaysarcin shrdæGaemrik nigGas‘an )andak;sm
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Esn. yYn)aneGay h‘un Esn mkcrcarCamYy sI hnu EdltMNagGñkts‘UExμrCMnYsvij. eBlenaH yYn)anedaHédecjBIkarefáaleTasBIqakGnþrCati edayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfasRgÁamEdlekIteLIgenA RbeTsExμrCasRgÁamsIuvil minEmnCasRgÁamQøanBanenaHeT. karcrcarKñaCabnþbnÞab; rvag h‘un Esn nig sIhnu rhUtQaneTAdl;kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs enAéf¶ 23 tula 1991 Edlman \NÐÚensIu nig )araMg eFIVCashRbFankñúgeBlcuHhtßelxasn§isBaØasnþiPaBbYnPaKI sWn san tMNagrNsirS CatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr neratþm rNriTi§ hViúnsIunbiuc exov sMpn km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nig h‘un Esn rdækm<úCa. kalEdlRbeTsTaMg 2 enH eFIVCashRbFanenaH BIeRBaHRbeTsTaMg2 enH CaRbeTs GBüaRkitenAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI3enH edayminKaMRTxagyYn b¤KaMRTxagExμrGñkts‘U. kic©RBm eRBogTIRkug)a:rIs)annaMeGayRbeTsExμr Qb;)aj;Kña nigeFIVeGayRbeTsQaneTArkliTi§RbCaFibetyü snþiPaB tamry³karerobcMe)aHeqñatEdlerobcMedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati ehAkat;fa G‘untak;enAqñaM 1993. enAeBlenaHKNbkShViúnsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþm rNriTi§ CaGñkQñHeqñat TTYlsemøg)an 58 ekAGI . KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa)ancaj;eqñatTTYlsemøg)an 51 ekAGI. h‘un Esn erobcMeFIV Gb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekItTenøemKgÁ edIm,IeFIVsRgÁam. sI hnu )anedjGgÁkarshRbCaCatiecjBITwk dIExμr ehIyEckGMNaceGayBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñgeFIVCanayk rdæmRnþITI2. kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIséf¶ 23 tula 1991 CacMNucrbt;neya)aymYyya:gsMxan;sMrab; RbvtþisaRsþExμr nigCakþIsgÇwmsMrab;RbCaCatiExμrTUeTA BIeRBaHfa kic©RBmeRBogenH )annaMExμrQan eTArksnþiPaB nigliTi§RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij kic©RBmeRBogenaHRtUv)anlubbM)at; ecal ERbCa\tn½y edayCnkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn mineKarBtamkic©RBmeRBogenHeLIy EfmTaMg eFIVrdæRbharsmøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr GñkRbCaFibetyü enAéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 rMelaPsiT§imnusS CabnþbnÞab;. Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlCa]bkrN_neya)ayrbs;yYn )annaMRbeTsExμreGayFøak;cUl kñúgrbbkumμúynisþeRkamyYnRtYtRtadEdl. VIII

-edImkMeNItliTi§RbCaFibetyüsareLIgvij

(The Democracy Was Reborn)

edImkMeNItliTi§RbCaFibetyüsareLIgvij KWenAeBlEdlGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anerobcM e)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþiFm’enAkm<úCanaqñaM 1993. RbeTsCatiRtUvxatbg;CaeRcInenAkñúgsRgÁam lukluyrbs;yYnenH yYnCaGñkcMeNjRKb;Ebbya:g rab;cab;taMg RTBüsm,tþi elIdI eRkamdI EdlyYn qk;bøn;ykeTARbeTseK )at;Twk )at;dI tamsins§i BaØaxusc,ab;rvagGay:gyYn nigBYkQøanBan. karBlICivitrbs;ExμrGñkesñhaCati nigbgb¥ÚnCnrYmCatiExμrTaMgGs; ERbCa\tn½y edaysaremdwknaM qáÜtlIla tamExSjak;neya)ayrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ dUcesþc sIhnu nig h‘un Esn. eyIgsegát niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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eXIjfaenAqñaM 1993 RbCaBlrdæ)aneTAe)aHeqñatya:geRcInkuHkr edaysarcg;eGayRbeTsmankar pøas;bþÚrRbeTsCatimankarrIkcMerIntamRbCaFibetyü BIeRBaH RbCaBlrdæExμrrs;enArgnUvkareKob sgát;CiHCan; eFIVTukçbukemñj biTsiTi§esrIPaB BIBYkGay:g h‘un Esn nig yYnkumμúynisþ CayUrmkehIy. GgÁkarshRbCaCati CaGñkerobcMkare)aHeqñatmYyedayesrI nigyutþiFm’. BIeRBaHExμr EdlFøab;rs;enA rgkareKobsgát;CiHCan; eFIV)abRKb;Ebbya:grbs;BYkGay:g nigyYnkumμúynisþ. b:uEnþRbCaBlrdæExμr Gs;sgÇwm edaysar sI hnu )anedjGgÁkarshRbCaCatiecjBIRbeTs ehIyRbKl;GMNaceGay BYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn vij. kalenaH eKeXIjRbeTsExμrdwknaMedaynaykrdæmRnþI 2 KWnaykmRnþITI1 neratþm rNriTi§ nig naykrdæmRnþITI2 KW h‘un Esn. cab;BIqñaM 1993 mkdl;qñaM 1997 RbeTsExμr)ansÁal;enABnøWRbCaFibetyümYyry³eBlxøI EteRkaymkBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn)an eFIVrdæRbharsmøab;GñkRbCaFibetyü GñkesñhaCatiGs;RbmaNCag 280 nak;. matuPUmiCaTIesñha rbs;eyIg )anFøak;cuHsnSwmbnþicmþg² cUleTAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlsißtenAeRkam yYnRtYtRtaminecjmux rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. -karFøak;cuHRbCaFibetyü

IX

(Declining down the Democracy)

karFøak;cuHRbCaFibetyüeTAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;BYkkumμúynisþKWcab;taMgBI h‘un Esn eFIVrdæRbhar deNþImGMNacBIKNbkShVú‘nsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþm rNriT§ enAéf¶TI 5-6 kkáda 1997 emøH. h‘un Esn elIkbnþúb Gwug h‘Yt CatukátaCMnYsvij. kareFIVrdæRbharenH CaEpnkarrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ EdlmanyYn Caemekøag edIm,Ipþac;b£sKl;GñkesñhaCati GñkRbCaFibetyüEdlmankmøaMgxøaMgeGayGs; edIm,IgayRsYlyYnnig BYkGay:g eFIV)abRbCaBlrdæExμrdUcbc©úb,nñ. kalenaHeKeXIjmanGñk RbCaFibetyü nigGñkesñhaCatiCaeRcIn enAkñúgKNbkShV‘únsiunbiuc nig KNbkSRbCaFibetyü esIrIniymRBHBuT§sasnarbs;elakta sWn san RtUveKcab;ykeTAsmøab;dUcCa hY sux RkUc eyOm ecA sm,tþi Ca riTI§Qut nigCaeRcInnak;eTot RbmaNCit 300nak;. cMENkGñkEdlrYcxøÜnenAEss sl;)anrt;eTAkan;tMbn; GUsμac; ehIyeFIVkarts‘UCamYyBYk h‘un Esn nig yYnkumμúynisþeTot. BYk h‘un Esn )anelIkGMNac xül;eTAeGay Gwug h‘Yt CMnYsvij dUckalEdlyYncUlmkQøanBanExμr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 ehIyelIkGMNacxül;eGay ehg sMrin nig hu‘n Esn Edr. eBlEdlBYk h‘un Esn minGacvayEbkRkumGñkts‘UenAGUsμac;RbmaN 300nak; . eBlenaH RBwT§sPashrdæGaemrik r:UNa EbK½r )ancuHmkRtYtBinitüpÞal;dl;tMbn;GUsμac; dMNwgenH)aneFIVeGay sIhnu R)ab;kUnneratþm rNriTi§ eGayehA jwk b‘unéq xan; saevOn RtLb;cUleTAkñúgRbeTsvij edaysnüafaeGaytMENgCaedIm EtTIbMputGMNacenaH RtUvBYkkumμúynisþdkbnþicmþg²rhUtdl;cb;Etmþg. GIVEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrenAEt P½nþRcLMenaHyl;fa esþc sIhnu CaGñkRsLaj;kUnecARbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akd EdlGñkesñhaCatiExμr niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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GñkRbCaFibetyüxMdEgðrtamRBHGgÁtaMgBIts‘UéRBma:KI ts‘UtamCayEdnExμr-éf edaykaryl;RcLMsμan faesþc sIhnu bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiExμr RsLaj;karBarRbCaBlrdæExμr EtTIbMput esþc sIhnu CaCnkumμúynisþ EdlEkøgxøÜneTAtamCMenarneya)aybMerIeGaykumμúynisþ tamkarjak;RbmUlExμr GñkesñhaCati mkeGayBYkkumμúynisþsmøab;CafμI . sI hnu b:ul Bt h‘un Esn suT§EtCaCnkumμúynisþ EdlehAfa Exμr Rkhm. dUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfa kare)aHeqñatEdlekIteLIgCabnþbnÞab;eRkayBIrdæRbharqñaM 1997 CakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCaEtb:ueNÑaH lT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³ rbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT. karFøak;eTAkñúgGMNacrbs;BYkkumμúynisþenHehIy eFIVeGayBYk RbCaFibetyü BYkGñkesñhaCatiExμr RtUveKsmøab;CabnþbnÞab;mkeTot edayKμanrkXatkrmkpþnÞaeTas eLIy. RbeTs)anFøak;kñúgkNþab;édrbs;mnusSEtmñak; rdæCaGñksMerckic©karRKb;Ebbya:g RbCaBlrdæ Exμr KμansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarsMerckic©karTaMgLay eRBaHxøaceKeRbIRbB½n§ tulakar nigGMNac cab;dak;Kuk nigKMramkMEhgsMlab;CaedIm. -RbeTsExμrFøak;kñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI

X

(Cambodia fell into Hun Sen Dictatorship under Vietnamese Neo-Colonism)

ebIeyIgRkeLkemIlRbvtþisaRsþExμreyIg cab;taMgBIsm½yRtsk;Ep¥mmk eXIjfaGtItkal mankarRcbUkRcbl; minc,as;las; eRBaHKm
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Exμr KWsmøab;EtnisiStbBaØvnþ . BYkkumμúynisþ kMBugEteXasnaRKb;Ebbya:g eGaymtiRbCaBlrdæ mtiCati nigGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa RbeTsExμrCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyü EtpÞúyeTAvijRbeTsExμr sißtenAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI. yYnEkøgePTCaExμr RtYtRtaExμr Bak;pøakRbCaFibetyü taMgesþcCarnaMg)aMg kMueGayExμremIleXIjBIeKalbMNgneya)ayRtCak;rbs; BYkva edIm,IelbTwkdIExμrTaMgmUl. cab;BIyYndkT½BÉksNæaneyaFaeTA bnSl;TukkgT½B ÉksNæan sIuvil eGaykan;kab;tMENgx<s;² sMxan;² eFIVeGayExμreyIgvegVg nig kll,icneya)ayrbs;yYn eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμryl;fa RbeTsExμr)ansuxsnþiPaB. EtpÞúyeTAvij ExμrkMBugEtrgTukçevTnaRKb; Ebbya:g edayrbbpþac;karrbs; h‘un Esn EdlyYn)anelIkbnþúbtaMgBIqñaM 1979. \LÚvenH RbeTsExμrmanEtsMbkxageRkAfaCaExμr EttamBitExμrRtUvsßitenAkñúgGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI edayyYn ykrUbPaBRkumh‘un c,ab; karecaTRbkan; cab;dak;Kuk edIm,IKMramkMEhg bM)ak;sμartIExμrxøacminh‘an RbqaMgCamYynigBYkva. XI

-KμantulüPaBxagnitibBaØatiþ nitiRbtibtþi nignititulakar

(No Balance in Legislative, Executive and Court)

tameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü GMNacrdæTaMgbI¬nitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtþi tulakar¦ RtUvEtman GMNacesμIrKña ehIysißtenAdac;edayELkBIKña. b:uEnþ cMeBaHkardwknaMenAkñúgRbeTsExμrvij minEmnCa RbeTsEdlkan;liTi§RbCaFibetyü mansiTi§esrIPaB BitR)akdeT eRBaHeyIgeXIjfaGMNacTaMg 3 enHsßitenAeRkamEtmnusSEtmñak; KWh‘un Esn. BYkkumμúynisþykRbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS mkbiT)aMg faCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyüesrI edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμr. eyIgsegáteXIjfa RbCaFibetyü enAkñúgRbeTsExμrxusBIeKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. GMNactulakar KμanÉkraCü BukrlYy GyutþiFm’ lMeGogeTAGñkmanluy nigGñkmanGMNac CaBiess GMNactulakar xøacGMNac h‘un Esn EdlCakUnGukrbs;yYn. tamBittulakarminRtUvsißtenAeRkam\Ti§BlbuKÁlNamñak; KNbkSneya)ay NamYyeLIy. cMENkÉGMNacnitibBaØatiþvij smaCiksPa RBwT§sPaPaKeRcIn min)anedIrtYrCaGñk tMNagraRsþ tMNagRbCaBlrdæ BitR)akdeT EbCatMNageGaybkSeTAvij. karCECkBiPakSaedaH Rsaymin)ansVHEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarplRbeyaCn_Cati EtnaMKñaxitxMedIm,IdeNþImGMNacKña karBarGMNac RbRBwtþi GMeBIBukrlYy eKgRbv½Ba© CBa¢k;QamBICati sasna nig RbCaCatiExμr mkdak; plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn b:ueNÑaH. 1-B½t’man (Information) B½t’manRtUvEtÉkraCü manesrIPaBeBjeljebIkcMhr. cMeBaHRbB½n§sarB½t’manenAkñúg RbeTsExμrvij eyIgeXIjfa esÞIrEtRKb;bNþajpSBVpSayBt’man viTüú TUrTsSn_ karEstPaKeRcIn RtUvRKb;RKgedayKNbkSkan;GMNac b¤sißtenAeRkam\Ti§Blrbs; ¬KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa¦. enHcMNuc niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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mYYyeTot EdlpÞúyBIeKalkarN_rbs;RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd eRBaHfatameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü BitR)akd Bt’manRtUveFIVtamviC¢aCIv³ ÉkraCüRtwmRtUvsMrab;qøúHbBa©aMgTegIVrbs;emdwknaM nigGIVEdlekIt manenAkñúgsgÁmBitR)akd. RbeTsEdlkan;liTi§RbCaFibetyüesrI RbB½n§sarB½t’manRtUvEtÉkraCü minlMeGogeTArkKNbkSneya)ayNamYyb¤sißtenAeRkamGMNacrbs;buKÁlNamñak;. ebIeyIgRkeLk emIlkardwknaMenAkñúgRbeTsExμrvij etICaRbeTsRbCaFibetyü b¤pþac;kar ebImanemdwknaM Etmñak;kan;GMNac cMENkGñksarBt’man minh‘ansresrkarBitenAkñúgsgÁm PaKeRcInsresIrrdæaPi)al ebIsinCah‘anriHKn; RtUveKKMramkMEhg eKobsgát;ecaTRbkan; bþwgGMBIbTbriharekrþi_ júHjg; cab;b¤)aj;smøab;CaedIm. Cak;EsþgenAkñúgeBlfμI²enH GñkkarEst Kwmsm,Úr RtUveK)aj;smøab; GñkniBn§karEstExμrm©as;RsukmYyrUbeQμaH hgS cRka RtUveKbþwg ehIycab;dak;KukryHeBl 2 qñaM. ÉelakemOg sun RtUveKecaTRbkan;fa pSayB½t’manminBit nigjúHjg; edaysarEtelakniyaykarBit R)ab;RbCaBlrdæExμr GMBIkarb:HBal;GcäriyvtßúExμr GgÁrvtþ EdlRtUvBYkCnBukrlYy yYn sux Kg; kMBugEtdab;fμrR)asaTdak;GMBUlePøIg. ehtuenHehIy ebIsinCaExμreyIgh‘anniyayBIkarBitenAkñúg sgÁm BYkeKRtUvRbQmmuxeRKaHfñak;dl;GayuCivitnig suvtßiPaB RBYy)armÖ BIsuvtißPaB nigsnþisux. GñksarB½t’man GñkesñhaCati nigGñkRbCaFibetyüPaKeRcIn EdlXatkr)aj;smøab;GaCJaFr h‘un Esn minEdlcab;Xatkr b¤CnelμIsykmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy EtpÞúyeTAvij BYkeKcab;EtCnsøÚtRtg;mkdak; kMhusCMnYsvij. Bt’manmin)anebIkTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdæeGay)andwg pÞúyeTAvij GñkEdl sþab;viTüú GasIuesrI vIGUeG RtUveKbMPitbMP½y KMramkMEhg hammineGaysþab;.

yYn sux Kg; dab;fμR)asaTGgÁrvtþ bMpøajGcäriyvtßúExμr 2-karGb;rM (Education) karGb;rMRtUvmanTaMgKuNPaB nigbrimaNsMrab;RbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA. edaysarGMeBIBukrlYy kMritGb;rMenAkñúgRbeTsExμrenAEtminTan;manKuNPaBsikSaRKb;RKan; tamkMrittMbn; kMritGnþrCati b¤man kMritesμInwgRbeTsCitxageLIy edayRbB½n§Gb;rMmanGMeBIBukrlYy xVHsmÖar³sikSa xVHeBlevla sikSa niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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RsavRCavedaysarEtCIvPaBRkIRk RKUR)ak;ExminRKb;RKan; CaehtueFIVeGayRKUKμanTwkcitþkñúgkarbeRgon nigCaBiesssißtenAeRkamKMnab\Ti§Blneya)ay min)anelIktMekIgeGayeronRbvtþisaRsþExμrBitR)akd nigmin)anGb;rMeGayecHRsLaj;Catirbs;xøÜn. karminR)ab;BIeKalbMNgeKaledAdl;sisSeGay)an c,as;las; edIm,IeFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatimatuPUmi karBarplRbyaCn_Cati EtbeRgoneGayExμremIleXIj luyCaerOgsMxan; nigeronedIm,IEsVgrkkargar rkluyCaedIm. RKUbeRgonKμansiTi§esrIPaBRKb;RKan; kñúgkarniyaykarBit BIbBaðasgÁmenAkñúgRbeTs edaysarkareKobsgát;BInayksalaEdleKbgçM eGaybMerIKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. GñkEdlh‘anniiyayR)ab;sisSBIerOgsgÁm RtUv)an eKKMramkMEhgfa xussIlFm’ b£dkhUtsiTi§mineGaybeRgon Cak;EsþgfμI²enH elakRKU su‘n Fun CaRKUbeRgonenA extþkMBg;FMCaedIm. enAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM)ankat;bnßymineGaysikSaeronRbvtþisaRsþ PUmisaRsþBitR)akd rbs;Exμr EdlGacb:HBal;eTAelIemdwknaMneya)ay kMBugEteFIVneya)ay bMpiøjbMpøajplRbeyaCn_Cati eFIVeGayExμrvegVgrkkarBit mineXIjKμanÉkPaBKña eQøaHRbEkkKña Ebk)ak;tammenaKmn_neya)ay rbs;yYnkumμúynisþ nigBYkGñkkan;GMNacEdlminniyaykarBit. 3-kare)aHeqñat (The Election) RbCaBlrdæmansiTi§e)aHeqñatdUc²Kña . kare)aHeqñatRtUverobcMedayesrI nigyutiþFm’. kar e)aHeqñateRkay²mk elIkElgEtkarerobcMedayGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM 1993 vaCakare)aHeqñat EdlKμanyutþiFm’RtwmRtUveT. lT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH min)anecjBIqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæExμr BitR)akdeT EtCalT§plEdlerobcMeLIgedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg nigcarkmμyYn EdlbnøMxøÜneFIVCaExμrCaeRcInnak;. KN³kmμkarerobcMkare)aHeqñat KμanÉkraCü GBüaRkitü RtwmRtUv eRBaHKN³kmμkarenHsißtenAeRkamGMNac \Ti§BlKNbkSRbCaCn nigh‘un Esn. smaCik EdleFIVkarenAkñúgKN³kmμkarerobcMkare)aHeqñatPaKeRcIn CasmasPaBKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. ebIeTaHCakare)aHeqñatQñHelIGñkesñhaCati GñkRbCaFibetyüehIyk¾eday k¾BYkkumμúynisþTaMgenH EdlmanyYnlUkédya:geRCAkkUrsßankarN_neya)ayExμrenaH eFIVrdæRbharsmøab;Exμr deNþImGMNac dUc krNIrdæRbharéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 eTotCak;CaminxaneLIy. 4-esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmiti (Freedom of Expression) esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmitisMrab;RbCaBlrdæExμr manEtenAelIRkdas manEtelIrdæFmμnuBaØ Etkar GnuvtþCak;EsþgKμan. BYkGaCJaFr h‘un Esn biTsiTi§esrIPaB eKobsgát;CiHCan; vayeFIV)ab TaMgRBHsgÇ TaMgRbCaBlrdæedayKμanRtaRbNIeLIy. RbCaBlrdæRtUveKhamXat;mineGayniyay GMBIerOgRbeTs Cati KμansiTi§kñúgkarCYbRbCMuepSg² KμanesrIPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarbeB©ajmtienATIkEnøgsaFarN³. naeBlfμI²enH eBlEdlGaCJaFrGbSra)andab;fμR)asaTGgÁrvtþ edIm,Idak;ePøIg eFIVeGayb:HBal; niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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dl;R)asaTGgÁrvtþ CavtßúGcäriy CaGtþsBaØaNrbs;Exμr EdlbuBVbursExμr)anksagTukeGayExμr. kareFIVEbbenHbuBVbursExμrmankarekþARkhay eFIVeGayGñkesñhaCatih‘anegIbeLIg edIm,IkarBar R)asaTGgÁrvtþ karBarTWkdI edayminbeNþayeGayGñkbMpøajCati GñkbMpøajvtßúbUraN eFIVeRscEtcitþ enaHeLIy. GñkEdlniyayBIerOgRbeTsCati RtUveKecaTfaCaerOgneya)ay ehIyRtUv)aneKKMram kMEhg RtUv)aneKcab;dak;Kuk b¤tamsmøab;edIm,IbM)ak;sμartI dUcCaeRbIRbB½n§tulakartamcab; elak emOgsun ecaTRbkan;cab;elak hgS cRka dak;Kuk dkGP½yÉksiTi§rbs;GñkRsI mUsuxhYr nig GñktMNagraRsþ hU va:n; CaedIm. GñkEdlha‘nkarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiRtUveKtamcab;tamsmøab; dUcCa elak Ca viC¢a RtUveKsmøab; TUc RsInic Bisidæ BalIkarRtUveK)aj;smøab; nigRBHetCKuN Twm saxn RtUv)aneKcab;ykeTAdak;KukyYnCaedIm. RBwtþikarN_TaMgGs;enH pÞúyBIRbeTsEdlmansiTi§esrIPaBeBj elj EdlRbCaBlrdæmansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti RbCaBlrdæCam©as;GMNac. 5-c,ab; (The Law) c,ab;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr Cac,ab;sMrab;karBarGñkmanGMNac GñkRbRBwtþTuc©rit RbRBwtþBukrlYy minEmnCac,ab;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæGñkTn;exSayenaHeLIy. eyIgeXIjehIyfa Cm¶Wd¾F¶n;F¶renAkñúgsgÁmExμrsBVéf¶ KWGMeBIBukrlYy. c,ab;minRtUveKGnuvtþn_eGay )anRtwmRtUveLIy eRBaHmankarsIusMNUk sUk)a:n; BukrlYy nigniTnþPaB. BYkeKykEtc,ab;Ebb kumμúynisþ ykmkeRbIsMrab;ekobsgát;GñkTn;exSay. c,ab;sißtenAeRkamGñkmanGMNac nigbkSBYkrbs; KNbkSRbCaCn. c,ab;TaMgenHCa c,ab;Ebbkumμúynisþ eRBaHfaTaMgRbeTskumμúynisþ nigRbeTsesrIman c,ab;dUcKña EtRKan;Etc,ab;mYyekItecjBIbuKÁlmYyRkumtUcsMrab;plRbeyaCn_mYyRkumtUc dak;eGay RbCaBlrdæTUeTAGnuvtþn_ EtsMrab;RbeTsRbCaFibetyüesrIvij c,ab;ekItecjBIRbCaBlrdæ BItMNag RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ nigplRbeyaCn_Cati. Cak;Esþg eyIgemIlGMeBI GyutþiFm’EdlekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr eBlEdl h‘un tU RtUvCakμÜyrbs; h‘un Esn )aj;eKsøab;enA tamdgpøÚv Etc,ab;min)ancab;]RkidæCnmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy eRBaH h‘un tU CakμÜy h‘un Esn Edlman TaMgluy nigGMNac. GñkRsI Bisidæ BlIkar RtUv b‘un ra:nI EdlCaRbBn§rbs; h‘un Esn )anbBa¢aeGay eK)aj;smøab; EtKμannrNarkXatkrmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy rhUtmkdl;eBlenH. XII

-etIemdwknaMpþac;karbc©úb,nñ)aneFIVGIVxøH Edlb:HBal;RbCaBlrdæ

(What Does Present Dictator Leader Do to Suffer People)

1-karbeNþjRbCaBlrdærwbGUsykdI ( People Eviction for Grabbing Land) karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæExμrecjBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy edIm,IrwbGUsykdI CaGMeBI]RkidæmYy ya:gF¶n;F¶renAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn . karrwbGUsykdItamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nigGPivDÆn_enH eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæERskRTehayMesÞIrEtRKb;extþRkugenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. tamBiteTAyYnykrUbPaB niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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Rkumh‘un CakarbiT)aMg cMENkÉBYkGay:g ykBaküfa GPivDÆn_ mkeFIVCaels edIm,IbMeBjmhicäta rbs;yYn Edlcg;elbTwkdIExμr dUckalEdlyYn)aneFIVenAkñúgTwkdIExμrkm<úCaeRkamEdr. bBaðaenH )annwgkMBugekIteLIgCabnþbnÞab;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr. BYkGaCJaFrpþac;kar h‘un Esn )anRbKl;dIsm,Tan eGayRkumh‘un yYnmanryHeBlya:gtic 99qñaM. BYkenHrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdæ EdlkarrwbGUsdIenH )anb:HBal;ya:gF¶n;F¶rd;l;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæExμrsBVéf¶. dUckñúgkrNIfμI²enH enAPUmisMbukcab enAPUmidI Rkhm shKmn_rIkray nigenAtambNþaextþepSg²eTotCaeRcIn. cUreyIgnaMKñaBicarNaemIleTA karpþl;sm,TandIEdlmanry³eBl 99qñaM eTAeGayyYn etIGnaKtTwkdIExμrGackøayCakmμsiT§ rbs;yYn)anb¤eT ebIsinCaCIvitmFümrbs;Exμrrs;)anRtwmEt 50qñaMenaH. cMENkkarbiTsiT§esrIPaBExμr karbMéPølubbM)at;RbvtþisaRsþExμrBitR)akd eKeFIVEkERbCabnþbnÞab;. CaBiess enAeBl\LÚvenH CnGenþaRbevsn_yYnrs;enAya:geRcInkuHkrenA elIkTwkdIExμrsBVéf¶enHeTot .

karrwbGUsykdIFøIRbCaBlrdæeRkamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nig GPivDÆn_

2-GMeBIBukrlYy (Corruption) GMeBIBukrlYyCaCm¶WmYyd¾FMenAkñúgsgÁmExμr EdlrdæaPi)albc©úb,nñKμanqnÞ³ nigKμansmtßPaB edaHRsayeGay)ancb;. GMeBIBukrlYyenH CarUbPaBmYyEdleKbiT)aMg GMeBITuc©ritepSg² dUcCakar lYYcCati lk;RTBüsm,tþiCati ykeTAdak;plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn CaBiessbgðÚrplRbeyaCn_eTAeGay RbeTsd¾éTeTot)angayRsYl edayGMeBIBukrlYy. dUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfa fvikarCati)anxat bg;Gs; 250-500 landuløa kñúgmYyqñaM² enHebItamsMdIrbs;elakRsI GKÁraCTUtshrdæGaemrikRbcaM enAkm<úCaeQμaH xar:Ul r:UdlI. eyIgRtUvBicarNaGMBIKNbkSRbCaCn etImanR)ak;Exb:unμanEdlBYkva manluyrab;lan duløaeTAdak;FanaKareRkARbeTs etIluyTaMgGs;enaHminEmnCarbs;CatiExμr b£luy )anmkBIBukrlYy lYcCati? etIRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;enaH minEmnCasm,tþirbs;CatiExμr eyIgTaMgGs; KñaeTb£? GMeBIBukrlYyenH rIkraldalya:gxøaMgenAkñúgsgÁmExμr enAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM enAkñúgRbB½n§tulakar nigtulakar ExμrRkhm pgEdr. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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3-PaBRkIRk (Poverty) RbCaBlrdæExμrcMnYn 40 PaKry sißtenAeRkambnÞat;RkIRk. nisSitCaeRcIn EdlbBa©b;karsikSa ehIyKμankargareFIV. kmμkrR)ak;ExticminRKb;RKan;kñúgkarcMNaysMrab;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶. BYkeKeFIVkar RKan;EtbMerInayTuneragcRkEtb:ueNÑaH. RKUbeRgonR)ak;ExTabd¾Edl EtTMnijenAelITIpSar ekIneLIg CalMdab; CaBiess saMg EdleFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæya:gxøaMg eRBaHkalTMnijeLIgéfø R)ak;ExdEdleFIVeGaycMNayeRcInCagcMNUl R)ak;snSMTab ¬RkIRk¦. RbCaBlrdæExμrcMnYn 85 PaKry CaksikrRbkbmuxrbrksikmμ. muxrbrciBa©wmCIvitBYkKat;GaRs½yelIdIERs dIcMkar edIm,IciBa©wmCIvit Et\LÚvenH dIERsdIcMkarbs;Kat;mYycMnYn RtUv)anyYnEdlEkøgePTCaExμr nigbkSBYk h‘un Esn eRbIR)as;CarUbPaBRkumh‘undeNþImdIERsdIcMkarrbs;Kat;Gs; etIGnaKtvasnakUnecAKat;EdlCaExμreTA Cay:agNa? kUnecARkIRk min)aneronsURt ehIyGs;dIERsdIcMkareTot. tamsm,tþiFnFanrbs;Exμr EdlmandUcCacMNUl)anBIeTscrN_ R)asaTGgÁrvtþ Er:mas eBRCt,Úg éRBeQI CaedIm eFobeTAnig RbCaBlrdæExμrRbmaNCag 10 lannak;enaH RbCaBlrdæExμrminKYrRkIRkedIrsMuTaneKenaHeLIy. etIFnFanTaMgGs;enaH Føak;eTAdl;édGñkNa? RTBüsm,tþirbs;Exμr plRbeyaCn_Exμr RtUvFøak;elI BYkCnBukrlYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCaenHÉg EdleKgRbvB½a©ykeTAdak;plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn. yYn rwbGUsykeTAbMerIplRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbeTsrbs;eK.

etIGnaKtkUnExμreTACaya:gNa?

4-kat;eTasExμrRkhm (Khmer Rouge Trial) emdwknaMExμrRkhmKW sIhnu Edl)anRbkaseGayExμrcUléRBma:kKIrYmCamYy h‘un Esn Edl)ancUleFIVCaExμrRkhmtaMgBI sI hnu eFIVCaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa begIáteLIgenARkugeb:kaMg éf¶23 mIna 1970. sUmsalakþIExμrRkhmkat;eTas sIhnu nigh‘un Esn pg. ebIsinCamin)an kat;eTas sI hnu pgeT vaCakarlak;)aMgkMhusemdwknaMExμrRkhmd¾sMxan;mñak; eRBaHedaysar sI hnu enHehIyEdleFIVeGaykmøaMgExμrRkhm nigT½BeyokkugGacykC½yCMnHelIExμrsaFarN³rdæ varwtEteFIV eGayExμrkan;EtvegVgeRCAeTAminGacrkXatkrBitR)akdeXIjeTotpg. b:uEnþ eyIgCaCnrgeRKaHExμr niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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RKb;Kñadwgc,as;faXatkrBitR)akd KWBYkkumμúynisþyYn ¬\NÐÚcin¦ Edl)anerobcM nigbMBak;bMb:n lTi§kumμúynisþeGayExμr ¬Rkhm¦ Edlrt;cUléRBma:KItamkarGMBavnavrbs; sIhnu nig Exμr ¬Rkhm¦ EdlKaMRT b:ul Bt eGaysmøab;Exμr rYcehIyerobcMEpn smøab;CabnþbnÞab; edIm,IbM)at;bM)at;dan nig sakSI. eBlEdlyYnkumμúynisþQñH elIkGMNaceGayExμrkumμúynisþ eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;rab; lannak; TaMgExμreRkam nigExμrbc©úb,nñ ehIyyYnbBa¢ÚnBlrdæxøÜnmkCMnYs eFIVCaExμrfμIelITwkdIExμrvij. sI hnu nig h‘un Esn CaCnkumμúynisþ bMerIneya)ayeGayyYnkumμúynisþ edIm,IGMNac nigplRbeyaCn_ pÞal;xøÜnÉg nigbkSBYkEtb:ueNÑaH edayCnkumμúynisþTaMgenH min)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiExμr nigRbCaBlrdæExμreT. RbCaBlrdæExμrkMBugrgcaMyutþiFm’BitR)akdBIsalakþIenH. yYnmincg;eGayExμr dwgkarBit cMENk h‘un Esn k¾mincg;rkyutþiFm’eGayCnrgeRKaHExμrBitR)akdeT eRBaHxøac)at;bg; GMNac. Cak;EsþgfμI²enH h‘un Esn )anniyayfasuxcitþeGaysalakþIenHbraC½y ebIsinCanaM GñkBak;B½n§bEnßmeTotmkkat;eTas. karbegIátsalakþIenHcMeNjeTAkumμúynisþyYnPaKeRcIn ¬ 1-Exμr enAEtEbk)ak;KñaQWcab;nigExμr ¬Rkhm¦ b:ul Bt 2-dwgKuNyYn 7 mkra 3-RbCaBlrdæExμrenAEt mindwgkarBitfanrNaCaXatkrBitR)akd 4-ebIk»kaseGayyYnkumμúynisþ RtYtRtaExμrelbTwkdIExμr bnþ ¦. éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 KWBYkkumμúynisþ EdlyYnelIkGMNaceGayExμr ¬Rkhm¦ dUcKñanig éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 EdlBYkkumμúynisþyYnQøanBanelIkbnþúbGMNacExμr¬Rkhm¦ h‘un Esn Ca sIum nig ehg sMrin Edr cMENkÉ sI hnu EdlFøab;eFIVCaemExμrRkhm begIátExμrRkhm ¬kumμúynisþ¦ k¾minh‘anecj mksarPaBTTYlkMhuseTot. GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEdlcg;;rkyutiþFm’eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr nigcg;bM)at;niTnþPaB)ancMNay luyCaeRcInmkeGayBYkCnBukrlYy. edIm,IyutþiFm’sMrab;CnrgeRKaHExμr sUmeGayGgÁkarshRbCa Cati beBa©jeGayGs;smtßPaB edIm,IsMercnUvkic©karCaRbvtþisaRsþenH.

ebIcg;rkyutiþFm’eGayExμr RtUvkat;eTas b:ul Bt sIhnu h‘un Esn nigyYn Edr niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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5-GaNaniKmn_EbbfμItamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nigkarpþl;dIsm,Tan (The Neo-Colonism through the Picture of Company and Land Concession)

yYn)anbþÚrBIrUbPaBGaNaniKmn_edaypÞal; dUckalBIqñaM 1979 mkeRbIGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIvij edayyYn)anEkøgePTCaExμr edIm,IRKb;RKgExμr. yYn)aneRbIR)as;Rkumh‘unCakarbMP½nþExμr biT)aMgmin eGayExμremIleXIj faExμrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kumμúynisþyYn.Rkumh‘unTaMgenaH PaKeRcInCa Rkumh‘un evotNam EdlykTahanmkeFIVCakmμkr RtYtRtaemIlsPaBkarN_enAkñúgRbeTsExμr. tamryHBaküfaGPivDÆn_ nig c,ab;sm,Tan yYn)andeNþImdIRbCaBlrdæ EdleFIVeGayb:HBal;dl; plRbeyaCn_ nigCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæya:gxøaMg. RbCaBlrdærgTukçevTna \tElð QWcab;minecHcb; GMBIkarrwbGUsdIFøI BIGñkkan;GMNac edayKμannrNaCYyrkyutþiFm’eGay)ansmrmüeLIy. CaBiess eBlfμI²enH Rkumh‘un 7 EGnCI Edl)andeNþImdIRbCaBlrdæ nigRkumh‘unenAextþkMBg;s<W enAPñMRsYc )an)aj;eKaRbCaBlrdæ ehIyrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdæCaedIm. karEdlyYneRbIrUbPaBGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIenH edIm,IkMueGayRbCaBlrdæExμremIleXIj nigdwgGMBI mhicätarbs;yYn. ebIsinCaExμreyIgdwg ExμreyIgemIleXIj GacnaMeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr egIbeLIg RbqaMgCamYyyYn dUckalsm½yemT½B eRTOg mijya:g cUlmkRtYtRtaExμr. ehtudUcenHehIy karpþl; dIsm,TaneGay Rkumh‘unyYn Edlmanry³eBl 99 qñaM enH )anbgðajeGayeXIjfa kñúgeBl GnaKtd¾xøIxagmux RbeTsCatiExμrGacnwgFøak;kñúgkNþab;édyYn EdlEkøgePTeFIVCaExμrTaMgRsugminxan eLIy. RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akd rs;enACaCnCatiPaKticrbs;yYn enAelITwkdIxøÜnÉgdUccam nig Exμrkm<úCaeRkam. 6-FnFanFmμCati (The Natural Resource) FnFanFmμCatirbs;Exμr mancab;taMgBIéRBeQI RtIsac; stVéRB Er: RtUvbMpøajedayBYkCn BukrlYy XubXitKñalYcCatiykmkdak;;plRbeyaCn_buKÁl lk;CatiykmkeFIVCaRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn ehtudUecñHehIy ebIeyIgeFobFnFanExμreTAnigRbCaBlrdæExμrEdlmancMnYnEtRbmaNCag 10lanenaH RbCaBlrdæExμr minKYrRkIRk edIrsMuTaneK rt;ecjBIRbeTsExμreTAeFIVkarenARbeTseKenaHeLIy. eRBaHeK eFIVeGayemIleXIjfa RbeTsExμrKμantMélGIVTaMgGs; nigBi)akkñúgkarrs;enA edaysarCIvPaB nigKμankargareFIVCaedIm. neya)ayrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ eFIVkarekobsgát;ExμrRKb;Ebbya:g eday mineGayExμremIleXIjGMBItMélénCatirbs;xøÜnÉg EsVgrkedIm,Irs;b:ueNÑaH. yYn)aneRbIRkumh‘un eGaydwkCBa¢ÚneQI Er:RKb;Ebbya:geTARbeTseK. Rkumh‘unyYn nigcin eFIVRKb;Ebbya:geGayExμr hinehacFnFansm,tþiFmμCatiTaMgGs;enaH. Cak;Esþg eyIgeXIjPñMmYycMnYnRtUv)aneKQUsqay eFIVeGayxUcRTg;RTay FmμCatiGs;dUcCaenAtMbn;GUk½ør mNÐlKIrI EdlmanRkumh‘uncineTACIkmas enAPñMCI niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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Rsukrevog enATIenaHkñúgmYyExrab;etanmas EtebIsinCa RbCaBlrdæExμrvijBYkvaminGnuBaØateGayCIkeT eBlEdlExμrrkeXIjkEnøøgman mas cin nigyYnvadeNþImExμr edayminGnuBaØateGayExμrCIkeLIy.

FnFanExμr kñúgTwk elIdI eRkam nigkñúgdI RtUvBYkCnBukrlYylk;CatiTaMgbI bMpøaj

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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CMBUkTI 2

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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bBa©b;bBaða (End Problems) etIRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)anGIV? (What Does Cambodian People Want?) RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;Edlrs;enAkñúgRbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ KμansiTi§esrIPaBeBjeljeT PaKeRcIn CYbRbTHPaBRkIRk GyutþiFm’ nigkarrMelaPCiHCan;BIGñkkan;GMNacsBVéf¶. RbCaBlrdæExμrcg;eGay RbeTsCatiman \sSrPaB ÉkraCü minRBmrs;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_énRbeTsNamYy CaBiess GaNaniKmn_énRbeTsevotNamsBVéf¶. RbCaBlrdæcg;)anRbCaFibetyü snþiPaBBitR)akd rYcput BIPaBRkIRk nigGMeBIBukrlYyCaedIm. edIm,IsMercnUveKaledAenH RbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúg sgÁm eTaHenATINak¾edayRtUvrYbrYm samKÁIKña edaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enHeGaycb;. RbCaBlrdæExμr enOyNay nigQb;cg;rs;enAeRkamkareKobsgát; biTsiTi§rbs;BYkRtYtRtakumμúynisþdEdl²eTotehIy eRBaHfaGs;ry³eBlCag 2 TsvtSknøgmkenH RbCaBlrdæmankarlM)ak edaysarkareKobsgát; CiHCan; nigkareFIVTukçbukemñj. ehtudUecñHehIy eBlEdlmankarerobcMe)aHeqñat EdlerobcM nig RtYtBinitüedayGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM1993 RbCaBlrdæExμr)aneFIVkarsMerccitþ e)aHeqñat eRCIserIsemdwknaMfμI nigpøas;bþÚrrbbRKb;RKg. EtKYreGayesaksþay GIVEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)an ecjBIqnÞ³ RtUv)at;bg;eTAvij edaysaresþcsIhnu RbKl;GMNaceGayBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn EdlCa Gay:gyYnvij. cMENkÉGgÁkarshRbCaCati minTan;bMeBjtYrnaTIcb;pg sI hnu )anedjGgÁkar shRbCaCatiecjBIRsukExμr ehIyKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbharbøn;GMNac smøab;Gñk esñhaCati smøab;GñkRbCaFibetyüenAéf¶TI 5-6 kkáda 1997. cMENkÉkare)aHeqñateRkay² mkCabnþbnÞab; vaCakarerobcMeLIgedayKNbkSRbCaCn edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμr nigbMP½nþ mtiGnþrCati EtlT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³rbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT. II-etIExμreFIVya:gNaedIm,ICYyseRgÁaHExμr ?(How can Khmer help Khmer?) KμannrNaRsLaj;ExμrCaCagCatiExμrxøÜnÉgenaHeT ehIyk¾KμannrNaGacCYyExμr eRkABIExμrxøÜn ÉgEdr enHebItam»vaTrbs;RBHsmμasm<úT§EdlCaRBHbrmRKU)anTUnμaneRbonRbedAmkfa xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn . enAeBlEdlCatieyIgkMBugEtmanbBaða eyIgCaExμrmñak;² minRtUvbENþtbeNþayTukeGayCatieyIg enAEtmanbBaðaEbbenHeLIy eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUvrYbrYmKñaedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enHeGaycb;. EteyIg minRtUvnaMKñaedaHRsaycugbBaðaenaHeLIy eyIgRtUvedaHRsayb£sKl;bBaða eTIbbBaðaTaMgGs;enaHcb;. eyIgmñak;² k¾minRtUvmanemaTPaBfa manEtGtμaGjxøaMgGaceFIVGIVekIt b¤GYtxøÜnykmuxmat; ekrþ×eQμaH buNüs½káenaHk¾eT ktþasMxan;Kwfa KMniteRcIn RbesIrCagKMnitmYy eyIgCaExμrTaMgGs;RtUveGanlMeTan eGaytMélKñaeTAvijeTAmk rYbrYmKña Kit niyay eFIV edIm,IeGaysMerceKaledArYmEtmYy KWedIm,I Cati sasna nig RbCaCatiExμrBit². kalNaeyIgeFIVGIVmYyRBmKña RsuHKña kñúgyuT§saRsþrYm EtmYyenaH I.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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eRbob)andUcCaTwkEdlhUrcUlkñúgsmuRTEtmYyya:gdUecñaHEdr etInNamYyminxøac TwksmuRT. eyIgRtUv rYbrYmKñaedaHRsayedImbBaðaeRkamyuT§saRsþrYmEtmYy eTIbbBaðaenaHcb; . ehtudUecñHehIy ExμrRKb;rUb RtUvPJak;rlwkBIRKb;TwsTIRKb;mCÄdæan rYbrYmsamKÁICaFøúgmYy ebþCJacitþ TaMgGs;Kña edIm,IrMedaH karBar Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr eGayrYcputBITukçevTna Edlrs;enAKμansiTi§esrIPaB eRkamrbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlmanyYnRtYtRtaeFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIenH edayeyIgQb;eRbIviFIe)aHeqñat EdlKμanesrI nigyutþiFm’. III

-etIRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;EdlrgeRKaH Lav m:ug cam ExμrRtUveFIVdUcemþc?

(What do the People in the Region Lao, Hmong, Cham and Khmer do?)

eyIgCaRbCaBlrdærgeRKaH edaysaryYnkumμúynisþTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;\NÐÚcin mandUcCa RbCaBlrdæ Lav m:ug cam Exμr RtUvEtdwgfa siT§iesrIPaB RbCaFibetyü ÉkraCü GFibetyüPaB sMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaktþasMxan; kñúgnamCamnusS. eyIgminRBmsuxcitþrs;enAedayKμansiTi§esrIPaB eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy. eyIgrs;enACaRbCaBlrdæsamBaØ EdlmansiTi§esrIPaB

ÉkraCü RbCaFibetyü eBjeljBitR)akd RbesIrCagkarrs;enAeFIVCaesþcmRnþIeRkamGaNaniKmn_ breTs. RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;dUcCa Lav m:ug cam Exμr EdlsißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumμúynisþ

RtUvEtmankarPJak;rlwk naMKñarYbrYmKñaeRkakeLIg edIm,IsiTi§esrIPaB \sSrPaB ÉkraCürbs;CatixøÜn nImYy². eyIgminbeNþayeGayRbeTsrbs;eyIgnImYy²sißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumμúynisþ biTsiTi§esrIPaBCaerogrhUt dl;eyIg)at;eQμaHenAkñúgBiPBelakenaHeLIy. enAeBlEdlGs;elak GñkmanesovePAenHGanenAkñúgédehIy RtUvEtmankarPJak;rlwk naMKñaeRkakeLIgtamyuT§saRsþrbs; emdwknaM nigGnuvtþn_PaBCaemdwknaM edIm,IQaneTArkeCaKC½y edayminRBmsuxcitþrs;enAeday KμansiTi§esrIPaB )at;bg;GtþsBaØaNCaCatimYy Edlrs;enAesμImuxeKenAelIBiPBelakeLIy. eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUvEtnaMKñaegIbeLIg edIm,IÉkraCüCati \sSrPaBrbs;eyIg. -etIshKmn_GWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrik CYyGIVxøHdl;RbCaCatirgeRKaH?

IV

(What Does EU and US help Cambodian Victims?)

shKmn_GnþrCati nigshrdæGaemrik EdlCaRbeTsmhaGMNac EtgEtEsVgrkyutþiFm’ eGayRbCaCatiEdlrgeRKaH eRkamkareKobsgát;biTsiTi§esrIPaB. EtktþasMxan;RbCaCatinImYy²RtUv mankarxitxMRbwgERbgxøÜnÉgCamun edayminbENþtbeNþaytameRBgvasna b¤k¾facaMEtBwgelIGñkdéT enaHeLIy. ktþaEdlnaMeGayeyIgeCaKC½yenaH KWGaRs½yelIxøÜneyIgCaktþacMbg ehIycMENkRbeTs RbCaFibetyüeKemIleXIjGMeBIGyutþiFm’ KμansiTi§esrIPaB eKnwgCYyelIkTwkcitþ nigCYyrkviFIedaH RsaybEnßmelIkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;eyIg. edIm,IEsVgrkyutþiFm’CUndl;RbCaCatienAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenH niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i

eGayrYcputBIkarbiTsiiTi§esrIPaB TTYl)annUvsiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj nigRbCaFibetyütamGIVEdl RbCaCatienAkñúgtMbn;enHcg;)an. -RbeTsExμrRtUvdwknaMtameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd

V

(Cambodia Must Lead Country Through the Real Principle of Democracy)

RbeTsExμrRtUvmanneya)aymYyEdlman \sSrPaB ÉkraCü nigRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd tamRbCaCatiExμrcg;)an edayminsißtenAeRkam\Ti§Blrbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy. RbeTsTaMgGs;Edl enACitxag RtUveKarBGFibetyüPaBKñaeTAvijeTAmk edayesμIPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab;GnþrCati. ehtuenH edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnigdMeNIrkardwknaMrbs;BiPBelak Edlpþl;siTi§esrIPaBeBjeljcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ RbeTsExμrRtUvdwknaMtamrebobRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. karBarEfrkSaplRbeyaCn_Cati nigGPivDÆn_ CatieGayrIkcMerIneTAmux edaykarcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæCakarcaM)ac; sMrab;emdwknaM nigGñkesñhaCati Exμr. eyIgRtUvelIktMekIgRBHBuT§sasna eGaytMélelIRBHsgÇ nigKm
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rkSasiT§i

smrmü manyutþiFm’ minRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy ehIyRtUvelIkTwkcitþCanic© edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_ Cati. 1-nitibBaØtþi (Legislative) GgÁnitibBaØtþiCaGñktMNageGayRbCaCatiExμr tMNageGayRbCaBlrdæ minsißtenAeRkamGMNac buKÁlNamñak; b¤KNbkSneya)ayNamYy . GgÁnitibBaØatþiCaGgÁkarkMBUlrbs;Cati. tMNagraRsþ RtUvykcitþTukdak;GMBIsuxTukçrbs;RbCaBlrdæCaTUeTA edaytaMgxøÜnCatMNageGayplRbeyaCn_rbs; RbCaBlrdæ tMNageGayplRbeyaCn_Cati ehIyenAkñúgsßab½nenHRtUvenACaÉkraCü dac;edayELk BIGMNacnitiRbtibtþi sMrab;RtYtBinitüemIlkarGnuvtþrbs;nitiRbtibtþi. 2-tulakar (The Court) tulakarmantYnaTIsMxan; sMrab;EsVgrkyutþiFm’eGayRbCaBlrdærgeRKaHenAkñúgsgÁm tulakar RtUvEtÉkraCü edayminsßitenAeRkam\Ti§Blneya)ay b¤sißtenAeRkamKNbkSneya)ayNamYy CaBiess GMNactulakarenHRtUvsißtenAdac;edayELkBIGMNacnitibBaØtþi nigGMNacnitiRbtibtþi. edIm,IeGaymanyutþiFm’enaH karBRgwgEpñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;CaktþasMxan; nigsIlFm’sgÁm eFIVya:gNaRtUv bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy. tulakarRtUvmansuqnÞ³ÉkraCü kñúgkarEsVgrkyutþiFm’CUnRbCaCatiExμrTUeTA. 3-GMNacnitiRbtibtþi (The Executive) GMNacnitiRbtibtþimantYnaTIsMxan;Nas; sMrab;eFIVeGayRbeTsCatimYyrIkcMerInrugerOg . rdæaPi )alRtUvEtmanqnÞ³neya)ayBitR)akd eKalneya)ayc,as;las;. GMNacnitiRbtibtþiminRtUv eRCotERCkGMNacnitibBaØtþi nigGMNactulakar EdlnaMeGay)at;bg;GBüaRkitüPaB nig)at;bg;ÉkraCü enaHeLIy . kareRCotERCkenaH CakarxusBIeKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü. GMNacnitiRbtibtþi CaGñk Gnuvtþn_eKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü edayebIksiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj nigkareKarBc,ab;. RbCaBlrdæman siTi§esrIPaBeBjeljkñúgkarniyaysþIbeBa©jmti karCYbRbCMu nigkartva:edaysnþiviFICaedIm. kar e)aHeqñatedayesrInwgyutþiFm’ edayRbB½n§eXasna ÉkraCüminlak;)aMg lMeGogeTArkbuKÁl b¤KNbkS NamYy. GMNacnitiRbtibtþi mantYnaTIsMxan;CaGñkkac;cgáÚtRbeTsCatieGayrIkcMerIn karBar plRbeyaCn_Cati nigbMerIRbCaBlrdæeGaymanesckþIsuxsanþ. 4-B½t’man (The Information) bNþajsarB½t’manRtUveFVItamviC¢aCIv³sarB½t’manRtwmRtUv edaysißtenACaGBüaRkitü ÉkraCü nigmansiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj. karniBn§ nigsresrB½t’man minsßitenAeRkam\Ti§Blneya)ayrbs; KNbkS b¤buKÁlNamYyeLIy. RbB½n§B½t’manRtUvebIkcMhrya:gTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdæTUeTA edIm,I eGayKat;yl;dwgGMBIsßankarN_TUeTAenAkñúgRbeTs. bNþajsarB½t’manRtUveKarBRkmsIlFm’rbs; niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i

xøÜn . sarB½t’manCakBa©k;qøúHbBa©aMgsgÁmBit edayniyayGMBIkarBit EdlekItmanenAkñúgsgÁm. bNþa bNþajsarB½t’man EdlKaMRTKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa BukrlYylMeGog minecjmux nigminh‘anniyay karBit edaysarkarP½yxøacBIsuvtißPaB kar)at;bg;GaCIBnigkarKMramkMEhgepSg²BIGñkmanGMNac nigsm
Tukçrbs;RbCaBlrdæ CaTukçrbs;emdwknaMCatiExμr suPmgÁlrbs;RbCaBlrdæ CasuPmgÁl rbs;emdwknaMCatiExμr. eyIgRtUvbegIánCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæeGay)anl¥tamry³ karpþl;nUvcMeNH

dwgviC¢aCIv³mYyBitR)akd karEsVgrkTIpSarsMrab;lk;plitpl karbegIátkargar nig R)ak;ebovtSsmrmü eTotTat;. eyIgsegáteXIjbc©úb,nñenH CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæFøak;kñúgPaBRkIRk edaysarkarminykcitþ Tukdak;BIemdwknaM. CaBiess KW yYnmanneya)aycg;elbTwkdI rMlayBUCsasn_Exμr eGayexSay køayCaCnCatiPaKtic køayCanreTsCnecalRsukTwkdIkMeNIt . TaMgGs;enHCaneya)ayrbs;BYkyYn kumμuynisþ edIm,IelbTwkdIExμr. 7-KNbkSneya)ay (The Political Parties) KNbkSneya)ayTaMgGs;RtUvtMkl;plRbeyaCn_CatiTaMgmUlCaFM edaymineGaymankarEbk )ak;Kña edaysarEtplRbeyaCn_buKÁl b¤GMNac eFIVeGayplRbeyaCn_Cati)at;bg;enaHeLIy. KNbkSneya)ayTaMgGs;RtUveKarBc,ab;CaFM eKarBrdæFmμnuBaØ edayQrelIeKalkarN_RsLaj;Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμrBitR)akd. KNbkSneya)aynImYy² minRtUvbMerIneya)aybreTseLIy KNbkS neya)aynImYy² RtUveFIVkarRbkYtRbECgedIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatiExμrBit². 8-KN³kmμkarCatierobcMe)aHeqñat ( National Election Committee) sPaCatiRtUvbegIátc,ab;erobcMKN³kmμkarCatie)aHeqñatmYy EdlCMhrÉkraCü GBüaRkit esrI PaB yutþiFm’ EdlKYrCaTITukcitþ)anBIsMNak;RbCaBlrdæ. c,ab;erobcMkare)aHeqñat RtUvmanRbsiT§PaB edaykarGnuvtþeGaymanyutþiFm’ kñúgkarcat;EcgerobcMkare)aHeqñat. ebkçCnEdleRCIserIssMrab; eFIVKN³kmμkarCatierobcMkare)aHeqñat RtUvEtCaKN³kmμkarEdlmanPaBs¥ats¥M ÉkraCü GBüaRkitü niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i

ehIymankare)aHeqñatTukcitþBIsPaCati. BYkeKRtUvEtmanqnÞ³erobcMkare)aHeqñat mYyRbkbedayPaB yutþiFm’RtwmRtUv. 9-CnGenþaRbevsn_ nigcarkmμyYn (Immigrants and Vietnamese spies) CnGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs;RtUveKarBtamc,ab;GenþaRbevsn_ nigeKarBc,ab;rbs;RbeTsExμr. cMeBaHCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlmineKarBc,ab;rbs;Exμr RtUvbBa¢ÚnRtLb;eTARbeTskMeNItvij. cMeBaHCn GenþaRbevsn_EdlmansBa¢atiExμr EdlmanlkçN³eBjeljCaCnCatiExμr mansiTi§esμIKñanigBlrdæExμr TUeTAEdr. RKb;Pñak;garTaMgGs;rbs;yYnTaMgsIuvil nig eyaFa RtUvbBa¢ÚnRtLb;eTARbeTsedImvij.

carkmμyYn EkøgePTCaExμr esckþIsnñidæan (Conclusion) tamkarsikSaRsavRCav )anbBa¢ak;RbCaCatiExμreGayemIleXIjkan;Etc,as; GMBIedImehtu b£sKl;énbBaða Edl)annwgkMBugekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. eRkamkardwknaMRtYtRtarbs;BYkCnpþac;kar h‘un Esn kMBugnaMRbeTsExμrQaneTArkeRKaHfñak;mhnþrayminxaneLIy. ebIeyIgminnaMKñaedaHRsay bBaðaenHeGaycb; esckþITukçevTnarbs;BlrdæExμr minRtwmEtFøak;mkelIeyIgnaeBlbc©úb,nñb:ueNÑaHeT TukçevTnaTaMgGs;enH nigFøak;dl;kUnecAExμrCMnan;eRkayeTotnaeBlGnaKt. karbgðajlatRtdag BIkarBit dUc)anerobrab;xagelIenH eFIVeGayeyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaExμr Qb;vegVgCamYykarbMP½nþepSg² rbs;BYkyYnkumμúynisþ nigExμrkumμúynisþmYycMnYn EdlkMBugEtEkRkéLRbvtþisaRsþ eRbIR)as;menaKmn_ e)akR)as; edIm,IGMNac muxmat; buNüs½ká suxcitþeGank,albMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayBYkyYnkumμúynisþ. ehtudUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfab£sKl; 7 mkra KW kumμúynisþyYn.yYn ¬shB½n§\NÐÚcin¦enHehIy CaGñkerobcMEpnkarmkelbTwkdIExμr kan;kab;TwkdIExμr cam Lav ExμreRkamrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. VI.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i

Éksaeyag

(Reference)

1-km<úCaqñaMsUnü niBn§nigERbsMrYledayelak Francois Ponchaud 2-RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüniBn§eday elak exov sMpn 3-km<úCa nigshB½n§\NÐÚcin 4-eKhTMB½r rbs; bNÐit NarBaØKIrITwtü http://mysite.verizon.net/vzeof03b/ 5-rUbPaBdkRsg;ecjBI eKhTMB½r RsLaj;Exμr b¤ exGayemD½r nig DIEhVs RbvtþisaRsþ 6- ÉksarRbvtþisaRsþ km<úCaeRkam ¬GMNacKμanExμreRkam¦ eday elakRtaMgqat b‘ut 7-nitirdæ)alTUeTA edaybNÐit say bUrI qñaM 2006 8-karbeRgonrbs;RBHBuT§ qñaM 1966 edayelak BUKKYO DENDO KYOKAI 9-Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 1981 10- Peter Schier, "Kampuchea in 1985," in Southeast Asian Affairs 1986. 11-Nayan Chanda, Brother Enemy. 12- The War After the War (1986). 13-"Origins of Khmer Communism," in Southeast Asian Affairs 1981. 14-World Politics,by Johnh T.Rourke ,Ph.D and Mark A Boyer, Ph.D University of Connecticut. 15-The International Politics of the Asia Pacific, Second edition and revised edition, by Michael Yahuda,Ph.D 16-Vietnamese Communist ( 1925-1945) by Huy nh Kim Khanh. 17-The Voice of America and Radio Free Asia. 18- Pictures quoted from KI Media.

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niBn§eday s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i