The Other Trace Elements
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THE OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS
There is low amount needed for the other trace elements, they are easily ingested from a food. They are detected only in 1960’s, when newer analytic techniques have been refined. Smith and Schwartz made a device an atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the “trace-element-controlled isolator system”.
Nickel (Ni) • • •
Nickel appeared around 1975, where the significant findings supporting the essentiality of nickel. 10mg is present in the body, where the large proportion in the skin, and the bone marrow. Also found in the liver, muscle, lymph nodes, testes, and hair.
RDA • <100meq/day DEFICIENCY • Retarded growth and decrease hematopoiesis. TOXICITY • Gastrointestinal irritation. FOOD SOURCES • Plant foods, nuts, dried beans, peas and grains.
Silicon • • • •
1972, Schwartz and Carlisle investigate the essentiality of silicon in experimental animals. Schwartz- showed that silicon increased the growth rate in rats. Carlisle- reported that chicks deficient in silicon had retarded growth and bone deformities. May be essential to humans. It is found in the skin, tendons, and bone epiphysis.
MALNUTRITION •
May also involved in osteoarthritis, hypertension and the aging process.
hypertension TOXICITY
osteoarthritis
Malignant tumors, when large amount of silica particles are absorbed. FOOD SOURCES • High fiber foods, husks of grains and root vegetables. •
RDA •
5-20 mg/day.
Tin (Tn) • Considered a contaminant that essential for rats. • Helps in maintaining the structure of protein. UTILIZATION •
Highest concentration is in the liver and spleen, ingested in organic form, poorly absorbed and is excreted in the feces.
• FOOD SOURCES •
Found in the foods processed in unlaquired tin cans, especially in the foods that stored in the open cans.
TOXICITY •
Pneumoconiosis ( a lung condition cause by dust) by inhalation of tin dust.
Vanadium (Va) • •
Constituent of human tissues. Also involved in the apatite crystal formation of tooth enamel and dental decay.
Dental decay
tooth enamel
MALNUTRITION •
•
Retarded growth, poor reproduction, bone defects and changes in blood cells. TOXICITY Possible through inhalation, that can cause depletion of ascorbic acid.
•
Substance like ascorbic acid, chromium, protein; ferrous iron and chloride can ameliorate vanadium toxicity.
RDA •
2 mg/day
FOOD SOURCES •
Shellfish, mushrooms, parsley, dill seed, and whole grains.
Lead (Pb) • • • •
Not a possible nutrient, because of health problems and interactions with other minerals. Can cause health problems in children. Children may be exposed to lead in the air, in dust and soil, in food and water. Adult may also exposed to lead, such as battery manufacturing, lead smelting, sand basting of painted surfaces building remodeling and stained glasswork.
MALNUTRITION • •
For children may become excitable, has short attention span, or become more easily frustrated For adults, lead poisoning has been connected with cardiovascular disease.
TOXICITY •
Causing retardation and neurological handicaps.
SOURCES •
Paint of old buildings, in leaded gasoline, in colored newsprint, fishing sinkers, some toys, lead shot, and older furniture such as crib and high chairs.
Leaded gasoline Fishing sinkers
Boron (Bo) • •
Essential trace element for higher plants. In plants it is concentrated in leaves and fruits.
FOOD SOURCES • Legumes, fruits, and nuts. MALNUTRITION Growth retardation RDA (0.5 to 3.1 mg/day. TOXICITY • • • • • •
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Dermatitis Lethargy are the signs also ancludes urinary excretion of riboflavin.
Aluminum (Al) • • • • •
Occurs weakly in many plant and animal foods. Used to form pans and foils in food preparation. Additive as an ingredient of anti acids and analgesics. A major contaminant delivered to many patients during kidney dialysis. Use to bind plasma phosphorus. Adult human body contain 50 to 150 mg aluminum.
MALNUTRITION • •
When aluminum accumulates, the bone and brain are commonly affected. Alzheimer’s disease, when in the brain. An excess accumulation of aluminum has been associated.
Alzheimer’s diseases
Cadmium (Cd) • •
Found in small amounts in the kidneys and liver. Poorly absorbed but enhanced if iron is deficient in the diet.
SOURCES
• •
Smokers- receive cadmium from smoke inhalation. Intake of cadmium from contaminated food or from industrial pollution has resulted in a disorder, is a form of cadmium poisoning.
FOOD SOURCES • Seafood and whole grains. MALNITRITION • Proteinuria, a result when cadmium occur in the kidneys, when it can damage the proximal tubule.
•
High levels of cadmium have be associated with hypertension.
TOXICITY •
Excessive cadmium will also cause growth retardation, impaired reproduction and even cancer.
Arsenic (As) UTILIZATION • Usually found in skin, hair, and nails. Ingested arsenic is excreted rapidly in the urine. • Minor amounts also are excreted through others routes, including sweat, hair and skin losses, and bile. MALNUTRITION • Has affinity for keratin and other proteins that make up the horny layers of skin, hair, and fingernails. TOXICITY • Chronic toxicity of arsenic is weakness, aching muscles, gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral neuropathy, and changes in the pigmentation of fingernails and skin. FOOD SOURCES • Fish, shellfish and shrimps. (Detection of levels of arsenic is best made through monitoring concentrations in hair and urine, rather than those in blood.)
Mercury (Hg) A contaminant in foods. Use as dental amalgam in thermometers, diuretics and antiseptics. FOOD SOURCES • •
•
Fish and seafood exposed to mercury and seed grains previously treated with mercurial fungicides.
MALNUTRITION • Mercury poisoning can result in permanent neurological damage, visual abnormalities, tremors, proteinuria, apathy and mental deterioration. RDA • 0.5 ppm mercury in fish.
Group 6 Pearl Rumar Joy Morada Shela Ligada Liezel Ann Marshal Mativo Cristine Mandalejo Jezzalyn
There is low amount needed for the other trace elements, they are easily ingested from a food. They are detected only in 1960’s, when newer analytic techniques have been refined. Smith and Schwartz made a device an atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the “trace-element-controlled isolator system”.
Nickel (Ni) • • •
Nickel appeared around 1975, where the significant findings supporting the essentiality of nickel. 10mg is present in the body, where the large proportion in the skin, and the bone marrow. Also found in the liver, muscle, lymph nodes, testes, and hair.
RDA • <100meq/day DEFICIENCY • Retarded growth and decrease hematopoiesis. TOXICITY • Gastrointestinal irritation. FOOD SOURCES • Plant foods, nuts, dried beans, peas and grains.
Silicon • • • •
1972, Schwartz and Carlisle investigate the essentiality of silicon in experimental animals. Schwartz- showed that silicon increased the growth rate in rats. Carlisle- reported that chicks deficient in silicon had retarded growth and bone deformities. May be essential to humans. It is found in the skin, tendons, and bone epiphysis.
MALNUTRITION •
May also involved in osteoarthritis, hypertension and the aging process.
hypertension TOXICITY
osteoarthritis
Malignant tumors, when large amount of silica particles are absorbed. FOOD SOURCES • High fiber foods, husks of grains and root vegetables. •
RDA •
5-20 mg/day.
Tin (Tn) • Considered a contaminant that essential for rats. • Helps in maintaining the structure of protein. UTILIZATION •
Highest concentration is in the liver and spleen, ingested in organic form, poorly absorbed and is excreted in the feces.
• FOOD SOURCES •
Found in the foods processed in unlaquired tin cans, especially in the foods that stored in the open cans.
TOXICITY •
Pneumoconiosis ( a lung condition cause by dust) by inhalation of tin dust.
Vanadium (Va) • •
Constituent of human tissues. Also involved in the apatite crystal formation of tooth enamel and dental decay.
Dental decay
tooth enamel
MALNUTRITION •
•
Retarded growth, poor reproduction, bone defects and changes in blood cells. TOXICITY Possible through inhalation, that can cause depletion of ascorbic acid.
•
Substance like ascorbic acid, chromium, protein; ferrous iron and chloride can ameliorate vanadium toxicity.
RDA •
2 mg/day
FOOD SOURCES •
Shellfish, mushrooms, parsley, dill seed, and whole grains.
Lead (Pb) • • • •
Not a possible nutrient, because of health problems and interactions with other minerals. Can cause health problems in children. Children may be exposed to lead in the air, in dust and soil, in food and water. Adult may also exposed to lead, such as battery manufacturing, lead smelting, sand basting of painted surfaces building remodeling and stained glasswork.
MALNUTRITION • •
For children may become excitable, has short attention span, or become more easily frustrated For adults, lead poisoning has been connected with cardiovascular disease.
TOXICITY •
Causing retardation and neurological handicaps.
SOURCES •
Paint of old buildings, in leaded gasoline, in colored newsprint, fishing sinkers, some toys, lead shot, and older furniture such as crib and high chairs.
Leaded gasoline Fishing sinkers
Boron (Bo) • •
Essential trace element for higher plants. In plants it is concentrated in leaves and fruits.
FOOD SOURCES • Legumes, fruits, and nuts. MALNUTRITION Growth retardation RDA (0.5 to 3.1 mg/day. TOXICITY • • • • • •
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Dermatitis Lethargy are the signs also ancludes urinary excretion of riboflavin.
Aluminum (Al) • • • • •
Occurs weakly in many plant and animal foods. Used to form pans and foils in food preparation. Additive as an ingredient of anti acids and analgesics. A major contaminant delivered to many patients during kidney dialysis. Use to bind plasma phosphorus. Adult human body contain 50 to 150 mg aluminum.
MALNUTRITION • •
When aluminum accumulates, the bone and brain are commonly affected. Alzheimer’s disease, when in the brain. An excess accumulation of aluminum has been associated.
Alzheimer’s diseases
Cadmium (Cd) • •
Found in small amounts in the kidneys and liver. Poorly absorbed but enhanced if iron is deficient in the diet.
SOURCES
• •
Smokers- receive cadmium from smoke inhalation. Intake of cadmium from contaminated food or from industrial pollution has resulted in a disorder, is a form of cadmium poisoning.
FOOD SOURCES • Seafood and whole grains. MALNITRITION • Proteinuria, a result when cadmium occur in the kidneys, when it can damage the proximal tubule.
•
High levels of cadmium have be associated with hypertension.
TOXICITY •
Excessive cadmium will also cause growth retardation, impaired reproduction and even cancer.
Arsenic (As) UTILIZATION • Usually found in skin, hair, and nails. Ingested arsenic is excreted rapidly in the urine. • Minor amounts also are excreted through others routes, including sweat, hair and skin losses, and bile. MALNUTRITION • Has affinity for keratin and other proteins that make up the horny layers of skin, hair, and fingernails. TOXICITY • Chronic toxicity of arsenic is weakness, aching muscles, gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral neuropathy, and changes in the pigmentation of fingernails and skin. FOOD SOURCES • Fish, shellfish and shrimps. (Detection of levels of arsenic is best made through monitoring concentrations in hair and urine, rather than those in blood.)
Mercury (Hg) A contaminant in foods. Use as dental amalgam in thermometers, diuretics and antiseptics. FOOD SOURCES • •
•
Fish and seafood exposed to mercury and seed grains previously treated with mercurial fungicides.
MALNUTRITION • Mercury poisoning can result in permanent neurological damage, visual abnormalities, tremors, proteinuria, apathy and mental deterioration. RDA • 0.5 ppm mercury in fish.
Group 6 Pearl Rumar Joy Morada Shela Ligada Liezel Ann Marshal Mativo Cristine Mandalejo Jezzalyn
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