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olsqtcr< 9-16. read the text below and think of the word whichbestfits eachgap. Useonly one word in eachgap.

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: -:':'experiencedoneof (0).... ..LU.q5F.........,youareinaminority,becausetheyaffect98% : - :: :'r. Also known (9) .... ........'brainworms', they are thosecatchytunesyou can't .....out of your head- likethe catchytune by KylieMinogue.Another(1.1) * : - : : : - rs'stucksongsyndrome',which betterdescribes it, if (12) poetically. 'frrPri e r

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-: j :-:'.vn that it affectsmen and women with equalfrequency, but that in women it lasts . . . ...'andthey find it moreannoying.Most earworms- about 75% - are causedby songs :- -::'-mental music(14).. .... muchlesseffect.

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. - : :s';chologists havebeenworkingon this problem,but so far all we haveis a description of the : cure(15)............. it. So,if you find you havea banaltunerepeatingin your head, s to distract(16) ..........

... with a mildlydifficulttasksuchas doinga crossword.

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F3{). completelhe secondsentenceso that it has a similarmeaningto the first sentence,using the Cb nd changethe word given. You must use betweenthree and six words, includinglhe word given. rn aa-pe (0).

'llllllihal as =rr each other five yearsago.

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fiveyears.

ErT're ftihedwith the words 'haven'lseen each otherfor', so you write:

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S E E N E A CH O T HE R F O R

ltc nssing words lN CAPITALLETTERS.

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llllllllh : car even though he doesn't have a driving licence. -rl'Tnlryry EIIIIIE ffin uq,!q!*r: car ...

a driving licence.

IESUME l1lrruffi finrr : €quest by email, but I haven't receivedan answer yet.

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to do the washingup.

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and go away.

tve met we promisedto call or write often, but we haven't. promisingto do so.

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ie answer(A.F ,',asthe favouredguitarof perhapsthe most innovativeguitaristof the '60s,JimiHendrix. --:de s, guitaristswere ableto changetone,volumeand pitch,get other soundsby : - .-: amplifier, rubbingthe stringsagainstanythingthat happenedto be around,and by ."=::s equipment.Hendrixdid all thesethingsand more,gettingmoresoundsout of the :":-=oeforehim.Hehadthebrilliancetotakeyouanywhere-thatsomepeoplewishedhe ., - : ::iract from his geniusand hugeinfluence. 'e, annoyor - to the big € numberanc ; Bandsof the ,',,ned out. : knew?,",aysof :' and often .'.',the sounc! :nres.But it ::stry itselfir

*: n impulsebehindthe electrification of guitars? getting s and othervenueswere bigger. -o longerbe heardabovethe other instruments. - : so importantin Big Bandmusic. -:ed to givethem the power and rhythmof drumsand brass. ,',' ter sayabout Hawaiianmusic? :l countrymusic. :'eferredgenre. ::out a changein the sizeand shapeof guitars. ;:d by its popularityin the early20thcentury.

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rn 1931, iry rngout l 'rg them in :d on the :o form rvert the : "vorkedwe I ^ and was g uitarist 'iss the -nted into ! :zz guitarist i'to be more nat other i's suchas n' RollHall I . eard of ,:atin9a :dy electric olted : Now and fast, ; by the :ackground ': the guitar-:

. : :he modifications to the guitarin the early20thcentury y ::l designed for Hawai ianmusic. ' :- iar soundtoo metallicfor histaste. , :ed to certaintypesof music. *ake the guitarsany louder. l!il '

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evelledat the 'FryingPan'guitar? ' -: : : g and heavyto playconventionally. * - :. ::Jsed vibrationsthat sooiledthe sound. - ; - ::'sts didn't likethe way it looked. , " - : :-: cestway to amplifyguitars. :

: rr : aboutthe guitaristCharlieChristian? .: .-= i rst to usethe Gibsonguitar. . - .=: gritariststo be as importantas horn players. : j -::. ily influencedby jazzguitaristDjangoReinhardt. . j :-: 'i rst to improvisea rockand roll guitarsolo.

" :: i: : aboutthe electricguitarbusiness in the 1950s? !- : ::,'cd of rapidprogress and innovation. : ":-: cnly two companies in the competition. r r ' ::: : 'eferredFender's to Gibson's. : - ::'s .',erequicklyand crudelymade.

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- --:':-ce betweenthen and now is that in _ .- trends L' Lr r uJ would vvvur u gv gl rlast d> r for years, - =se 5, tut yedr even -:: ,.,- le nowadaysthey are moreshort_ ' s.ggeststhat they are drivenby the ashionratherthan any moredeep: : : or culturalundercurrents. Indeed. .. er moreserious, evenbiological, : - c; tivatingfacialhairthan mere

hile * : ^archwho disapproved of beards .-e Greatof Russia. He had travelled wanted to make Russia more '-d as well as modernising the military ': , 'g the infrastructure of hiscountry, r : tax on beards.Anyonefailingto ' ',ashumiliatedin publicby havingit G '. :ff .

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.-,^,ards bea'rds havevariedgreatly ' : ::L in termsof their appearance -:: :tey saidaboutthe wearer.For Egypt,the richand powerful :; "cient ,'.'hich were dyedand sometimes :- -terwovengold thread.

At first, it seems,the Romanswere as a rule a hairybunch,beingroughand manlyworld conquerors. Laterthey took to shaving,while their servantsremainedbearded;then,when an emperorgrew a beardto hidethe scarson his face,beardscamebackinto fashionamongthe affluent classes. The beardhad a briefresurgence in the 1960s when a few pop and rockmusicians startedto sportthem; and we shouldn,tunderestimate the influencesuchpeoplehaveon the youth of the age.Hippieswore them too, but therewere far fewer hippiesabout than peoplenow suppose, despiteWoodstock. Biologyand evolutionary psychology woulo seemto backsomeof this up. Beardsare a sign of maturityand they alsoincrease the perceived sizeof the jaw which,apparently, makesmen more attractiveto the oppositesex.As one psychologist says,beardscommunicate an heroicimageof independence, dependabiliry, resourcefulness and an abilityto do manly things.

: - :eardshasshownthat if this is , -. :i'-cocking,then its purposeis .-':':ss other men than to attract .: s:x, to show who is the more ':: !!,henyou think about it, beards - " r^:age in a fight.And opinionis :: ,',rether women are in fact more :: t::!'ded men;somesurveyssay : *-= saythey aren't.

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.: : :-:en at or nearthe top of the -::!::: c ties- thereare several : - :: : cn - recentlywon an award - :: ::.:l measures tO dealwith the it was concerns -: :-s, oecause :' :: ution ratherthan congestion ---: :,ct;on of the Ecopass in - = ^:roductionof a congestion -: -'easuresdidn't go far enough. congestion chargesand ' y about it, but in Milanit .::"-cout closeto 80% of the people ' : Theresulthasbeena 30% on lil uI in the Lne Ltty city Lentle5, centres,dno and a - :) . =- ssions. AIso,10 millioneuros ':- 'nprovingalternativemeans -- 's cublictransitand bike-sharino :-s rroneyfor what are called ::'-:iures likecyclelanesand

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- - - : - : ly vyingfor top spot in the _ ::-:*::s to makeit a bicycle-friendly , - ::::':rng to one trafficdata provider; : i =i? srendabout96 hoursa yearin , -' : I =sl te fewerpeopledrivingtheir

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that must be paid by a successful city: it is one of the world'smost popularcitiesto live,work and visit, which makesit one of the busiest. Therehasbeena hugeincrease in population, aswell as in economic growth,which meansmorebuildinqand roadworksand moretraffic. D LosAngeles Perhapsit'sthe way LosAngeleshasdevelopedsprawlingbut denselybuilt,almostforcingpeople to drive- that makesit the USAsmost congested city,and secondon the listof hoursspentstuckin trafficper resident.Urbanplannerssaythe solution is to build moremasstransitso thereare more options.But a think-tanksurveyingthe problem saysthat road expansionis the more cost-effective solution.The formerarguethat congestionhas economicconsequences, resultingin a lossof up to $13 billiona yearin wastedtime and money and proposeeasingcongestionby reducing roadcapacityand encouraging alternatives such as walking,bikingand masstransit.The latter, acceptingthat personalcarswill alwaystrump mass transit,proposebuildingmoreroadsand,especially, tunnels.Thesewould allow peopleto quicklycross congestedareasand keepoff surfacelevelstreets. Thiswould be expensive, but someof the billions would be recoupedby the roads'electronic tolls. Opponentssayyou can't buildyour way out of congestion, and that it would simplyencourage moreurbansprawl. E Brussels The problemin Brussels is so bad that peoplejoke the Belgiantrafficjam shouldbe put on the World Heritagelist as a culturaltreasure.Theaverage commuterby roadspendsabout 85 hoursa year stuckin traffic.A numberof factorsare in play here:for a start,morethan 5O%of the population usetheir own carsto get to work, go shopping,and so on; as the mainadministrative and employment centrein the country it attractsworkersfrom neighbouring towns and countryside, and most Belgians preferlivingin the country.And as the 'capital'of the EuropeanUnionthereare a large numberof bureaucrats and functionaries from all overthe continentwho, for reasonsof securityand convenience havetheir own cars.With a healthy economyand a middle-class lifestylecentredon the car- tax incentivesmakeit easyfor employersto providecompanycars- therewas nevermucheffort madeto developpublictransport.Theauthorities hopeto reducecongestionby 29% by 2018.The plan is to providealternativetransportmethods: pedestrianzones,cyclelanes,moretramsand buses,and an expandedmetro system.As a further disincentive, they alsoplanto increaseparkingfees.

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forthetowncouncil explainingwhyyouthinkprivate ,-ir':'::':,: ution.Youdecidetowriteaproposal rrr:!, : :f ::'ned from the town centreand suggestingalternativemethodsof transportor waysof 1:

rrationfor nT,:r: :: :: ege is thinking of startinga work experienceschemewith localbusinesses and industries. "rtlilmuun rfllw:.;,f : ,'-::k, insteadof the usuallessons,studentswould visit officesand factoriesand get involved lfiftFrrrfiar--:-:="'unningof thebusiness.Youhavebeenaskedtosurveytheopinionsof thestudentsandto .* i -?:,:-: cn the advantages of sucha scheme. and disadvantages rp new wo 'lllllrre

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..(- rnutes) (Seebelow') ,em€ popular and high-risksports that people do and a questionfor you.to discuss. time to look at the task. (pause15 seconds) frdr€ 3o"'rri€ ?*h r :*:: other about the advantagesand disadvantagesof doing these sports' nfiich sport you think is the most dangerous'

What are the advantagesand disadvantagesof doing these sPorts?

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Extreme skateboarding

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Hang-gliding

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@ yq.r think some people take up dangeroussports? n firrnk sports should be compulsory at school?

(Why? I Why not?)

rryrtant is sport culturallyto a country? B tilritt sportspromotefriendshipand cooperationbetweencounfties?

do? most professional sportsmen / sportswomen make a good living from what they ffi good models? role make ilnnq*famous sportsmen / sportswomen

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....had he had suchan experience in his life before. couldJohnplaythe guitar;he was an accomplished flautist................. :

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in time to catchthe 10.30train. .......... the dark.

Terry'sopinionabout the film. playsany sport.Justthe odd gameof tennisnow and again. ' q-': i- this book.lt doesn'tbelong .......... me. " rrr ri- r t;s ............. your interviewtomorrow? r'!

..

you're going to the library,could you take this book backfor me?

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.......... th e runner-up i n tw o more events.

:cr*ect option. --',:- :refer/ would'ratherliving in the countrysideanyway.

li"T!.dr :,- s getting worse,despite/ althoughfewer peopledriving into town. -:^ed / wos namedafter the jazz guitaristCharlieChristian. rnr::r{1 -E rllv,;r,!::'z atwayspreferring/ will alwayspreferprivate carsto public transport. r"'i,rr;5 ,.,:-

won an award lastyear for its effort to clearup congestion. oashions ltri : -:^ moy/ would last for years. ' 931, people wereexperimented / had beenexperimentingwith all sorts of microphones ^;

took me nearlytwo hoursto get to work this morning becauseof the traffic.

-s- ;.:. -orv long this trend losts/ will last.

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but l'm not very keen on the idea' though,as a rule,I don't go to such 'events. but I don't think they go far enough' as he'sworried about Pollution' becauseshe keepsher ear to the ground'

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