Telescope

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ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©∏[ mÁ·kaºB º√´ı¶ ®a_ ºÔ.\Ë

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ÿÈ[Áv© ÿ√ˆ>V¬zk>uz √]ÈVÔ, Ôı ÿÈ[Áv ∂]Ô #´›]uz ÿÔVı| ÿƒ[≈™˙. sÁ·° ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©∏[ ¿·D ¿ı|ÿÔVıº¶ º√V™m. ÷>uz ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔV´xD ÷Ú¬˛≈m. x[ ÿÈ[Áv Ô™\VÔ \Vu§™V_ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©Á√› #¬˛© ∏Ω¬Ô xΩBVm. ÿ¤V«[™¸ º«ÿk_oB¸ ®[√k˙ tÔ ¿...·\V™ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©Á√› >BVˆ›>V˙. ∂>[ ¿·D 150 ∂Ω. ∂Õ> ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©Á√ ªfiƒ_ º√VÈ, Ô™\V™ ÷ÚDA¬ ÔD∏Ôπ_ ÿ>V∫Ôs‚|›>V[ c√ºBV˛¬Ô xΩ•D. ÿÔVfiƒD ÔVu≈Ω›>V_̶ ∂m ªfiƒÈV|D. ÿÂ>˙ÈVÕÁ> ºƒ˙> «Rÿ¤[ (Huygen) zwVF ÷_ÈV> ]≈Õ>ÿkπ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©Á√ cÚkV¬˛™V˙. cB´\V™ º\Á¶ *m x[ ÿÈ[Áv WÆ›]Ák›m s‚|, 200 ∂Ω #´D ∏[™V_ ÿƒ[Æ E§B Ôı ÿÈ[¸ JÈD x[ÿÈ[¸ kaBVÔ gÔVB›Á> ÔkM©√V˙. ÷´ı| ÿÈ[Lu˛Á¶l_ zƬºÔ ¶Õm º√VF k´ÈVD... ∂©√Ω ŒÚ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©!

L--úVô TVuTÓj§V ©jRû[ ùRôûXúSôd¡

ƒ˙ nƒ¬ WR‚¶[ kÕ> ∏≈z>V[ ÔıVΩBV_ ÿƒF> za gΩÔÁ· ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©AÔ”¬z© √B[√|›mD kw¬ÔD ∏≈Õ>m. >Ω\™V™ ÿÈ[∑Ô”¬z √]_ zaBVΩÔÁ· WR‚¶[ √B[√|›]™V˙. ∏´]√o©A JÈD gÔVB ŒπÁB zaBVΩ ºƒÔˆ›m› >ÚD ∏´]√È™ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©Á√ x>o_ √B[√|›]Bk˙ ÷kº´. ∏´]√È™ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©AÔπ_ zaBVΩ>V[ x¬˛BD. ÷]_ Œπ √‚| ∏´]√o›m gΩl[ x[√VÔ¬ zs•D. ∂ÀkVÆ zs•D ∏D√›Á> ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÿÈ[∑ JÈD √V˙©√m ÷Õ> ÿ>VÁȺÂV¬˛Ôπ_ sºƒ≠D. ÷m\V]ˆBV™ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©AÔπ_ ®Á¶t¬Ô √z] ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©∏[ ∏[™V_ ÷Ú©√m ŒÚkÁÔl_ kƒ]BVÔ© º√VFs‚¶m. x[A≈D Ô™\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>V_ mV¬zkm Ôi¶D, >V∫˛l_ WÆ›mkmD Ôi¶D. º\KD ÿÈ[∑Ô·V_ ŒπÁB W≈©∏ˆÁÔ ÿƒFBV\_ ∂–©√xΩBVm. ÷>™V_ √V˙¬zD ÿ√VÚÁ·fl ∑u§KD kV™s_ W≈∫Ô^ ÿ>ˆ•D. ∏´]√È™ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©AÔπ_ ÷D\V]ˆBV™ ÔV‚E› ]ˆAÔ^ ®m°D ÷Ú¬ÔVm. s_oBD ÿ«˙ÿ≠_ ÁÔl_ #¬˛© ∏Ω›m¬ ÿÔVı| √V˙¬Ô¬ÌΩB ∏´]√È™ ÿ>VÁȺÂV¬˛l[ c>sBV_>V[ •º´™¸ ºÔVÁ· Ôı|∏Ω›>V˙, WR‚¶[ \V]ˆ ÿ«˙ÿ≠KD >™¬z ºkıΩB ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©A¬ÔV™ gΩÁB ∂k´VÔºk >BVˆ›m¬ ÿÔV^kV˙. z]Á´ ƒV›Á>© ∏ÁƒÕm zakV™ "º\V_|' ÿƒFm ÔVBÁk›ms|kV˙. ∏[™˙ cºÈVÔ›Á> cÚ¬˛ ∂]_ ªu§ zakV™ "Ô¶VF' º√VÈ gΩÁB kV˙©A ÿƒFm, √V‹i ÿÔV|›m zaBVΩBVÔ© √B[√|›mkV˙. Eȃ\B∫Ôπ_ z]Á´fl ƒV º\V_| cÁ¶Õm, cÚ˛B cºÈVÔD kaÕm >Á´l_ {|D, >©∏›º>VD ∏Áw›º>VD ®[Æ ÿ«˙º≠_ {|kV´VD. gΩÔπ[ ∂·° ÿ√ˆ>V˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ º√VF ˛‚¶›>‚¶ g≈Ω ∂ÔÈ›]uz ÿ√ˆ>V™m. ∂B˙ÈVÕÁ>fl ƒV˙Õ> ÈV˙| º´V¸>V[ x>[ x>o_ ºÔȬLÔÁ·¬ (‚ƒ›]´› ]´‚E) Ôı¶V˙. ÷©º√Vm g≈Ω ∂ÔÈ gΩÿB[√m ƒV>V´D. √›m *‚¶˙ ∂>Vkm 33 ∂Ω ∂ÔÈ gΩÔ^ √B[√|›mkm>V[ \]©A. ÿ´VD√ ÔVÈ\VÔ √VºÈV\˙ \ÁÈl_ Ák¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬zD º«_ ÿ>VÁȺÂV¬˛ÁB›>V[ cÈ˛ºÈºB tÔ©ÿ√ˆBm ®[Æ s™VΩ s™V¬Ôπ_ ºÔ‚√V˙Ô^. ∂>[ zƬԷ° ÿkÆD 5 *‚¶˙>V[. g™V_, ∑D\V ÿƒV_Ȭ̶Vm ∂m xø¬Ô xø¬Ô g‚º¶Vº\‚Ω¬ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©, ∂]_ √B™©|›>©√|D W≈\VÁȬ ÔÚsÔ^, ºÔ\´V¬Ô^, √]° ÔÚsÔ^ ŒÀÿkV[ÆD ÿ√ˆB 2

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"ÔV˙' \V]ˆ ÷Ú¬zD. ÿk∫ÔVB kΩs_ Ô‚¶©√‚¶ ºÔVA´›m¬z^ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV© ÷Ú¬zD, ºÔVA´D ]≈©√mD, gΩÔÁ·› mÁ¶©√mD, ÔÚsÔÁ· ÷Á©√mD g‚º¶Vº\‚Ω¬>V[. {F° Œaƒo_ÈV\_ º«_ ÿ>VÁȺÂV¬˛ ÷[ÆD √B[√|›>©√|˛≈m. ŒÚ \˺´D ∂Á>© √B[√|›> ¿∫Ô^ Ô‚¶ ºkıΩB Ô‚¶D 100,000 ¶VÈ˙Ô^. «VkF› ys_ \°™V ˇ ®™ÿ≈VÚ ÿƒ›m©º√V™ ®ˆ\ÁÈ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷>[ cflE >‚Á¶BVÔ ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ¨¶D º√VÈ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. >Á´loÚÕm 14000 ∂Ω cB´›]oÚ©√>V_, ∂∫ºÔ ÔVuÆ \ı¶ÈD ÿkÆD 40 sø¬ÔV|>V[.

Eol_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√¶ ÷Ú¬zD tÔ©ÿ√ˆB º´ΩºBV ÿ>VÁȺÂV¬˛› ÿ>Vz©A. 66 gıÿ¶[™V¬Ô^ ŒÀÿkV[≈VÔ Ω´¬ JÈD ÿÔVı|ÿƒ_È©√|˛[≈™. ÷m √ÔoKD ÷´sKD, º\ÔtÚÕ>VKD ÷_ÈVs‚¶VKD ÿ>V¶˙Õm ÔkM¬zD. ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©AÔÁ· Ák©√>uz E≈Õ> ÷¶D. ÔVuÆ \ı¶È ƒÈ™D ÷∫ºÔ zÁ≈kVÔ ÷Ú¬zD. ÂÔ´›][ Œπ•D, ƒÕ>Ω•D, #E•D ÷Ú¬ÔVm. ÿ¤tM ÂV˙›, ∑√‘, ÿÔ¬ ®[Æ √È ÿ√ˆB ÿ√ˆB º>VÁȺÂV¬˛Ô^ ∂∫ºÔ>V[ c^·™. Ô|Á\BV™ zπ˙, g¬L¤[ ÷_ÈV> Jfl∑ x‚|D k≈‚|¬ÔVuÆ, ÷´V›]ˆl_ Ôısa›mfl ÿƒFB ºkıΩB ºkÁÈ. cıÁ\lºÈºB \™xD, c¶DAD ]¶\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>V_>V[ ∂¸‚´V™\´VÔ ÷Ú¬ÔxΩ•D, xÔ›]_ g¬L¤[ zwVFÔÁ·© ÿ√VÆ›]¬ ÿÔVı| zπÚ¬z c_È[ gÁ¶ÔÁ· c|›]¬ ÿÔVı| ºkÁÈ ÿƒFBºkı|D. ŒÚ s≠B›Á> ÂV[ ÿƒV_È \≈Õms‚º¶[. z§©∏‚¶ ºÂ´∫Ô”¬z ∂∫ºÔ ÿƒ[Æ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©Á√ ÿƒ‚ ÿƒFkm¶[ WÆ›]¬ ÿÔVı| tflƒ ºkÁÈÁB T‚ΩoÚÕ>√ΩºB ÿƒFm ÿÔV^”D kV™ƒV¸›]ˆÔ”D cı|. xø¬Ô xø¬Ô ÔDR‚¶ˆ[ c>s•¶[ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV© ÷B¬Ô©√|k>V_, √È˙ ºkÁÈÁB t[ ∂fiƒ_ JÈD ∂–©∏ ÔDR‚¶ˆ¶D ºkÁÈ kV∫˛¬ ÿÔV^˛≈V˙Ô^. ∂_‚´V Ì_ z^· ‚ƒ›]´∫Ôπ[ ÔVÕ>sÁƒÔÁ· ÔkM¬zD ŒÚ kVMB_ WA™˙ >™m sı©∏›Á> ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©A ∂–©∏s|kV˙. ∂kÚ¬z› ÿ>V¶˙Õm ˆƒ_‚| T| kÕm ºƒÚ˛≈m. ˜ºBV \V˙E √u§ WÁ≈B º√˙Ô”¬z› ÿ>ˆ•D. ÷k˙ ˛‚¶›>‚¶ 3

nº´V©∏B ∏ÚD\Vı¶ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©. ®Á¶ 5500 ¶[. º√´ı¶D º>V[§Bº√Vm ÷ÚÕ> WÁÈÔÁ· ÷m Ôı|∏Ω¬zD. ÷>™ √z]Ô^. 1. x>[Á\ gΩ. 42 *‚¶˙ ∂ÔÈD. ÷m kV∫˛B ŒπÁB º\ºÈ•^· gΩ¬z› ]Ú©∏ ∂–©AD. 2. gÆ *‚¶˙ ∂ÔÈ ÷´ı¶VD gΩ. ÷m x>[Á\ gΩloÚÕm ÿ√u≈ ŒπÁB x>[Á\ gΩl[ Á\B›]_ c^· E§B gΩ¬z› ]Ú©∏ ∂–©AD. 3. Á\B gΩ >[ ŒπÁB ÔVu≈Áƒ° ÔkM¬zD gΩ¬z› >ÚD. ÷∫ºÔ ÔVu§[ ƒÈ™›>V_ ∞u√|D Â|¬Ô∫Ô^ ¿¬Ô©√|D. 4. ƒÈ™\ÔuÆD gΩ ]Ú›>©√‚¶ ŒπÁB ÷[ÿ™VÚ gΩ¬z ∂–©√ ∂m ŒπÁB›]Ú©∏ ºÔ\´V°¬z ∂–©AD. 150 ‚ƒ›]´∫Ôπ_ ºÔV^Ô^ ∑u§¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ©√Á>¬ Ôı|∏Ω›>k˙. ÷[™xD ∂Á>›>V[ ÿƒFm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V˙. ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©Á√ ÿƒ‚ ÿƒFms‚¶V_ ∂>[ ∏≈z c>s ®]˙√V˙¬ÔV\_ ∂ΩÁ\ º√VÈ ∂m ºkÁÈ ÿƒF•D. \V˙E kˆÁƒBVÔ gÔB xø¬Ô ƒ˙ºk ®|›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V˙. ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ ºkÁÈÔÁ· T‚ΩoÚÕ>√ΩºB ÿƒFm s|k>V_ ÿ√ı¶V‚Ω© ∏^Á·Ô^ ®∫ÔÁ·¬ ºÔVsfl∑¬ ÿÔV^k]_ÁÈ ®[Æ \˛µflE•¶[ ÿ>ˆs¬˛≈V˙ ÿ√˙¬π ®[√k˙. Ωs∫˛^ ̶Vm ‚ƒ›]´D ®[≈VºÈ ÿ¤Vo©√mD Ôı Et‚|kmD>V[ WÁ™°¬z kÚ˛≈m. ŒÀÿkVÚ Â‚ƒ›]´xD Ôu√Á™¬ ÿÔ‚¶V> ÿ>VÁÈsoÚ¬˛≈m. ∂ku§oÚÕm A≈©√‚¶ Œπ ØtÁB kÕ>Á¶B Œ[Æ ÿ´ı¶_È √È ∏_oB[ gı|Ô^̶ ®|›m¬ ÿÔV^˛[≈™. ∂›>Á™ ÿ>VÁÈ°D ∂›>Á™ ÔVÈxD ÔaÕm EÕ>V\_ E>≈V\_ ÿk‚¶ ÿkπ kaBVÔ kÚD Œπ º´ÁÔÔ^ Øtl[ ÔVuÆ \ı¶È›]_ 4

ƒÈ™\ÔuÆD gΩÔ^ ºkÁÈÿƒFBD s>D. ÔVuÆ \ı¶È ƒÈ™›>V_ ‚ƒ›]´∫Ôπ[ ∏D√∫Ô^ Â|∫z˛[≈™. ∂Á>› >suÔ ƒÈ™\ÔuÆD gΩÔ^ c^·™. ÂV[zA≈›]oÚÕmD ºÈƒ˙ Ô]˙Ô^ kV™›]_ √VF˛[≈™. ∂Ák 90 ˛* cB´›]_ ÔVu§_ W´D∏lÚ¬zD ºƒVΩB ∂b¬Ôπ[*m √‚| ŒπÚ˛[≈™. ÿƒBuÁÔ Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ô^º√V_ ∂Ák ÿ>ˆ•D. ÔVu§[ ƒÈ™›>V_ ∂ku§_ ∞u√|D ƒÈ›Á> gΩÔ^ ƒˆ ÿƒF˛[≈™. ∂>™V_ ∏D√∫Ô^ ÔÈ∫ÔÈVÔ› º>ˆBV\_ m_oB\VÔ› ÿ>ˆ˛[≈™. OÁwÕ>c¶[ ∂>[ ƒÈ™›>V_ Â|¬zÆ ∂Á¶Õm, t[–kmº√V_ º>V[Æ˛[≈™. sıÿkπl_ √BD ÿƒF•D ∂¸‚´VÂV‚|Ô”¬z ∂_Èm WÈVs_ ÷ÚÕm √V˙©√k˙Ô”¬z ‚ƒ›]´∫Ô^ Ôı Et‚¶V\_ ªE xÁ™ \V]ˆ "ÔÚ¬' ÿÔ[Æ ÿ>ˆ•D. ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©A¬z º\ºÈ ÷Ú¬zD ÔVuÆ \ı¶È›][ ƒÈ™D ∏D√∫ÔÁ· ÔÁÈ›ms¶V>√Ω ÷Ú¬Ô.... ÔVuÁ≈ WÆ›> xΩBVm g™V_ ÿÈ[∑ÔÁ·› >¬Ô√Ω ∂Áƒ›m ∂‚¤¸‚ ÿƒFm ÿÔV^·xΩ•D. ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©∏[ ÂVÈV √¬Ô›]oÚÕmD Ô›] ÿƒÚ˛Bm º√VÈ ÂVÁÈÕm ºÈƒ˙ ˇuÆÔ^ kVÁ™ ºÂV¬˛ √VF˛[≈™. ÔVuÆ ÿkπl[ 78 ˛* ÿ>VÁÈs_ WÁ≈B ºƒVΩB ∂BMÔ^ ÷Ú¬˛≈√ΩBV_ ∂∫ºÔ ºÈƒ˙ Ô]˙Ô^ º\V] ∂kuÁ≈ √_AÔ^ º√VÈ Œπ´fl ÿƒF˛[≈™. ÷´s_ ºÈƒ˙ º\V] ŒπÚD ºƒVΩB© ∏´ÔVƒD ÿƒBuÁÔ Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ô^ º√VoÚ¬zD. ÔVuÆ \ı¶È ∂Áƒs_ ∂Ák Â|∫zD. ∂>™Ω©√Á¶l_ ®Àk·° ∂‚¤¸‚ ÿƒFBºkı|D ®[√Á> ÔDR‚¶˙ y˙\VM›m ÿÈ[∑ÔÁ· ∂‚¤¸‚ ÿƒF•D. ∂©√Ω ∂‚¤¸‚ ÿƒF>∏[ sıÿkπ k¸›m¬Ô^ √Cÿ´[Æ Ô›>ˆ›>mº√VÈ› º>V[ÆD. s™VΩ¬z 1000 xÁ≈ ÿÈ[¸ ∂‚¤¸‚ ÿ\[‚ ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m ®[√m ÿÔV∑Æ ÿƒF]. ºÈv˙ Ô]˙Ô”¬˛Á¶ºB EÈ ºÂ´∫Ôπ_ s\V™D zƬºÔ ÿƒ_È ºkıΩk´ÈVD. 5

«kVF› ys_ c^· \°™V ˇ ®[≈ ÿƒ›m©º√V™ ®ˆ\ÁÈl[ cflE *m º\Ô∫Ôº· ∂]ÔD ÷_ÈV>>V_ √È ÂV‚| ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©AÔ^ ÷∫ºÔ Ák¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. 13,796 ∂Ω cB´›]_ cÈ˛[ ÂV[z ÿ√ˆB ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©AÔ·V˛B Û√Ú, ÿÔ¬ 1,2 \uÆD ÂVvVs[ ∂ÔflEk©A ÿ¶È¸ºÔV©AÔ^ kV™›Á> g´VF˛[≈™. ∂Á> x[Ì‚ΩºB √V˙›m ®flƒˆ¬ÁÔ ÿƒFB ÷´ı| Ô_Ÿˆ \Vk˙Ô^ "√V˙‚ Á¶D' ºkÁÈ ÿƒF˛≈V˙Ô^ \ˬz 1000 ‘√VF ƒD√·D ∂k˙Ô”¬z. A^π©√V˙Áká ∂ÔÈ©√V˙Ák kV™ \ı¶ÈD Â\¬z ¿ÈW≈¬ ˛ıD Ôsµ›>mº√VÈ› ÿ>ˆ˛≈m ∂_ÈkV, ÂD\V_ kV™xøkÁ>•D Œº´ ƒ\B›]_ √V˙¬Ô xΩBVm. √V]ÁB›>V[ √V˙¬˛º≈VD. ÿ>VÁÈ ºÂV¬˛Ô^ ®Àk·° kV™©√´©Á√© √V˙¬˛[≈™ ®[Æ WÁ™¬˛S˙Ô^? k‚¶›][ ŒÚ √VÁÔl_ 3600 ÷_ ŒÚ √z]ÁB›>V[ ÔkM¬˛[≈™. ŒÚ ƒ\B›]_ ŒÚ ºÔȬLÁB \‚|º\ ÔkM¬Ô ºkıΩlÚ©√>V_ ÷›>Á™ OI¬ÔD. g™V_ EÈ kV[ÿkπ gF°Ôπ_ kV™›][ ÿ√ˆB √z]ÁB¬ ÔkM›>V_ >V[ WÁ≈B WÔµflEÔÁ· >k≈s¶V\_ ∂§BxΩ•D. ®Õ> ÷¶›]_ ®©º√Vm kV_‚ƒ›]´D kÚD, A]B Û©√˙ºÂVkV ÿkΩ¬zD ®[Æ ÿ>ˆBV>>V_, Œ›Á>¬ ÔıV_ ŒÚ A^πÁB© √V˙©√Á>s¶ ÿ√ˆB √´©Á√ ∂Ω¬ÔΩ √V˙©√m m Â_Èm. ÿ√ˆB √´©Á√ √¶D √Ω¬zDº√Vm zÁ≈Õ> ºÂ´ ºÔ\´V "®¬¸º√V≠˙' ÿÔV|›>VºÈ º√VmD E§B A^πÔÁ· √¶D∏Ω¬zD º√Vm ¿ı¶ ºÂ´D (\ˬÔ¬ÔVÔ) ®¬¸º√V¸ ÿƒFBºkıΩlÚ¬zD. ¸ºÈVkV[ Ω˜‚¶_ ¸ÁÔº\© ®–D A´Vÿ¤¬‚ 1999 x>_ 2008 kÁ´ gÔVBD xø¬Ô √¶D∏Ω›m º\© ÿƒF>m. gı‚Z ÔV¸ ÿ>V¶˙Õm 14 gı|Ô·VÔ kV™›Á>© √¶D∏Ω›m ŒÚ ÿ>V¶˙ EM\V ÿƒF]Ú¬˛≈V˙. kVM_ WÔøD W>V™\V™ WÔµflEÔÿ·_ÈVD ∂]_ ºkÔ\VÔ {|˛[≈™. º√´ı¶›][ ›Á>ºkÔ \Vu≈›Á> z]Á´º´¸ √V˙©√mº√VÈ √ıËlÚ¬˛≈V˙. gÔVB›]_ 7 ‚ƒ›]´∫Ô^ Ôıb¬z› ÿ>[√¶V> ®º>V Œ[Á≈ Á\B\VÔ Ák›m¬ÿÔVı| ∑u§ kÚkÁ> gı‚Z>V[ ÔkM›>V˙. Á\B›]oÚ©√m ÔÚÕmÁ· ®[Æ ∂k˙ ÌÆ˛≈V˙. ÈV˙Î ÁƒÔV©Ω¬ ƒ˙ºk ÿ¶È¸ºÔV© (Lrge cynoptic survey Telescope) 8.2 *‚¶˙ zƬԷ° gΩÁB¬ ÿÔVı¶m. ∂ˆºvV™Vs_. ¶V¬vV[ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_>V[ ÷>uÔV™ zaBVΩÁB ÿƒF>V˙Ô^. cÚ˛B ÔıVΩÁB ∑wKD ˛ı›]_ s‚¶mD ∂m°D ˛ıD º√V_ g˛, zπ˙Õ>mD za gΩº√VÈ \V§s|D. ∏≈z ∂Á>› º>F›m √V‹i ÿƒFm, cºÈVÔ© ØflE‚| √·√·©√V¬˛ s|k˙Ô^. ÿ¶È¸ºÔV© gΩ ÿƒFkm ŒÚ ÿ√ˆB ÔÁÈ \‚|\_È, ÿ>a_ O‚√xD ̶! L C S T ÿ>VÁȺÂV¬˛l[ √V˙Ák ∂ÔÈD WÈVs[ k‚¶D ∂·°¬z ÷Ú¬zD. ÷Ú‚ÿ√VÚ^, ÷Ú^ ƒ¬] g˛B 6

±>™ s≠B∫ÔÁ· ºÂ´ΩBVÔ g´VB L C S Tc>°D. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ÿ¶È¸ºÔV© >twÔ›]_ kVMBD√VΩ ∂ÚºÔ c^· ¤ÀkVm \ÁÈl_ Ák¬Ô©√‚|^·m. Ák– √V©A g©ƒ˙ºk‚¶ˆ ®[Æ ∂>uz©ÿ√B˙. 3.8 *‚¶˙ ∂ÔÈ gΩ ∂]_ c^·m. sBVwM[ WÈVkV™ ÔM*|°¬z ÔVuÆ \ı¶ÈD ÷Ú©√Á> ÷m>V[ Ôı|∏Ω›>m. ®]˙ÔVÈ›]_ ÿ>VÁȺÂV¬˛Ô^ ®©√ΩÿB_ÈVD kΩÿk|¬zD ®[Æ ÿƒV_ÈxΩBVm. WflƒB\VÔ WÈVs_ Œ[Æ WÆk©√¶ÈVD, ÷∫˛ÚÕm ∂Á> ÷B¬˛ º√´ı¶ ®aÁÈ ÷∫˛ÚÕº> ÔVÈVD.

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