T3 B15 Counter Terrorism Policy Fdr- 4-21-03 Jenkins Memo For Team 3 985

4/21/2003

Bonnie Jenkins

Memorandum for Team #3 Question presented: The Clinton administration changed its anti-terrorism policy following the bombings of the two US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998. Prior to that time, the US focused on international efforts as its main mechanism for combating terrorism. Findings: International efforts were important in the effort to combat terrorism, but such efforts were not the sole policy prior to the Embassy bombings in 1998. The US military strikes in Afghanistan and Sudan following the two embassy bombings were clearly a more aggressive method to address terrorists who targeted the United States. However, the administration was aggressive early in 1993 when it responded to an attempt on President Bush's life in Saudi Arabia with a military strike on Iraq. In addition, the US responded to continued terrorist action against the US with the development of domestic efforts to combat terrorism. Introduction: In the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union and prior to 911, there were a number of terrorist incidents against Americans. They are as follows: 1. the 1993 assassination attempt by Iraq on President Bush 2. the 1993 World Trade center bombing that killed six and injured 1,042 3. the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing that killed 165 and injured 467 4. the 1995 bombing in Saudi Arabia at an American-run military training center that killed five US military personnel 5. the 1996 al-Khobar towers bombing in Saudi Arabia that killed 19 and injured 200 US military personnel 6. the 1996 pipe bomb at the Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta that killed one person and injured hundreds more 7. the 1998 bombing of two US embassies in Africa that killed 257 and injured 5,000 8. the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole that killed 17 and injured three US military personnel The paper highlights the policy statements, administration initiatives, legislation and other related actions taken by the US government to combat terrorism prior to 911. The paper does not cover all such actions and does not try to answer whether these initiatives were or were not successful, or whether the initiatives were good or bad. However, a general understanding of US policy as it developed after the end of the Cold War can be assessed from what is presented below. 1993

President Clinton's first inaugural address on January 20, 1993 reflects a new administration focused on new challenges the new century would bring. In his reference to challenges abroad, Clinton included the following list of potential issues: world

economy, world environment, AIDS and the words arms race. Terrorism was not mentioned. He noted that the collapse of communism highlighted old animosities and new dangers and the US must continue to lead in meeting these challenges. In addition, President Clinton made the following statement, "When our vital interests are challenged, or the will and conscience of the international community is defied, we will act — with peaceful diplomacy whenever possible, with force when necessary." Three months after the inaugural address, President Clinton noted that the US must not put on blinders to world violence including the aggression of Saddam Hussein and the violence of Bosnia. He noted the US military must be especially mobile, agile, precise and flexible to address the complex threats of the day. However, again there was no reference to the issue of terrorism. This was about to change. Attempted Assassination Attempt on President Bush In June 1993, the administration announced to the US an Iraqi plot to assassinate former President Bush that was directed and pursued by the Iraqi Intelligence Service. The Kuwaiti government in April that year originally uncovered the plot. The Iraqi government at the highest levels directed the attack, which was to take place during Bush's visit to Kuwait, 14-16 April 1993. hi response, on June 26, 1993, the Administration ordered the U.S. military to launch a cruise missile attack on the Iraqi Intelligence Service's principal command and control facility in Baghdad. Clinton announced the attack was against the facility associated with Iraq's support of terrorism, hi his view, "the Iraqi attack against President Bush was an attack against our country and against all Americans." We see here an emerging new focus on terrorism in the following passage from President Clinton's June 26th statement: There should be no mistake about the message we intend these actions to convey to Saddam Hussein, to the rest of the Iraqi leadership, and to any nation, group, or person who would harm our leaders or out country. We will combat terrorism. We will deter aggression. We will protect our people...While the cold war has ended, the world is not free of danger. And I am determined to take the steps necessary to keep our nation secure. We will keep our forces ready to fight. We will work to head off emerging threats and we will take action when action is required. That is precisely what we have done today. Two days later, the President stated, "American people know enough about terrorism to know that it is always potential problem, but we are going to be very aggressive in dealing with it and we're going to do everything we possibly can to deal with it." On June 30th, Clinton stated, "We will combat terrorism. We will deter aggression. We will protect our people." The US administration based its military action on Article 51 of the UN Charter regarding self-defense. The administration noted the response was proportionate, intended to disrupt Iraq's terrorist capabilities, and deter future attacks.

The 1993 World Trade Center Bombings On February 26, 1993 at approximately 12:18, an explosive device exploded on the second level of the World Trade Center parking basement. Following the bombing, President Clinton stated he would put the "full resources of the federal law enforcement agencies...at the service of those who are trying to figure out who did this and why."" FeSefaTagencies, including the FBI, were immediately put to the task of uncovering the perpetrators of the bombing. On December 12, 1993 at the site of the groundbreaking ceremonies for a chain of remembrances for the Pan American Flight 103 victims from the terrorist bombing of that flight five years earlier, President Clinton stated that the administration had secured tougher international sanctions against Libya. Regarding the emerging US policy against terrorism, he noted his administration was "closely monitoring the terrible threat...we must remain ever vigilant if we are to combat merciless brutality and secure the security of all of our citizens." 1995

Oklahoma City While the attack on Oklahoma City was by Americans, it focused the US and the administration again on the general threat of terrorism against American citizens. Following the attack, the President promised the American people, "let there be no room for doubt, we will find the people who did this. When we do, justice will be swift, certain and severe. These people are killers and they must be treated as killers." Clinton stated at a Prayer Service for the victims in April 1995 in Oklahoma City, "to my fellow Americans... I say, one thing we owe those who have sacrificed is the duty to purge ourselves of the dark forces that gave rise to this evil. They are forces that threaten our common peace, our freedom, our way of life." In response to the Oklahoma City bombings, on February 10, 1995, the Clinton administration drafted anti-terrorism legislation that would do, among other things, the following: 1. provide more than 1,000 new law enforcement personnel solely to fight terrorism 2. create a domestic anti-terrorism center headed by the FBI 2. make available up-to-date technology to trace the source of any bomb that goes off 3. provide tough new punishment for carrying stolen explosives, selling those explosives for use in a violent crime, and for attacking members of the uniformed services or federal workers. 4. harmonize the standards for obtaining a roving microphone and a roving electronic intercept. 5. sought legislation to strengthen ability to prevent terrorists from coming into possession of the technology to encrypt their communications and data so they are beyond the reach of law enforcement

6. expand wiretap authority for emergency situations to those, which are clearly terrorist related, but which do not trigger one of the exceptions. 7. extend the statue of limitation for firearms - crimes designed to prohibit the possession of machine guns and short-barreled firearms - registrations offenses from 3 to 5 years 8. amend the Fair Credit Reporting Act to ease access to financial and credit reports in anti- terrorism cases 9. amend the Posse Comitatus Act to permit military participation in crime fighting involving weapons of mass destruction In April 1995, the administration set forth its counter-terrorism policy. The administration stated that terrorism is a top priority of the Clinton Administration. The Counter-terrorism policies announced in 1995 included: 1. the proposed counter-terrorism act of 95 (noted above). 2. provide more tools to federal law enforcement agencies fighting terrorism 3. conduct terrorism threat assessments of every federal facility in the country within the next 60 days 4. direct GS A to replace the federal building in Oklahoma City 5. direct the FBI Director, the Attorney General, and the National Security Advisor to prepare a Presidential Decision Directive authorizing any and all further steps necessary to combat foreign and domestic terrorism. 6. develop new legislative proposals regarding investigations, prosecution and penalties.

1996

In 1996, the Department of State made the following comment regarding terrorism: "Terrorism in 1996 continued to cause grave concern and disruption in scores of countries. Combating this measure remains a very high priority for the United States and many other nations. But finding clear 'patterns' in this form of political violence is becoming more difficult." 1996 Antiterrorism Act On April 24, 1996, Clinton signed into law the Antiterrorism Act. The act included many of the administration's proposals. It includes the following: 1. bans fundraising in the US that supports terrorism and any funds these organizations have in the US will be blocked 2. allows US officials to deport terrorists from US soil without being compelled to divulge classified information 3. bars terrorists from entering the US in the first place 4. put limits on federal appeals by death row inmates and other prisoners. Some of the provisions that were not included from the administrations original request are:

1. request for US law enforcement to have increased wiretap authority in terrorism cases 2. request for the Secretary of Treasury consider the inclusion of taggants in explosive materials, so that bombs can be traced more easily to the bomb makers, and Congress exempted black and smokeless powder (arguably two of the most commonly used substances in improvised explosive devices) Also in April 1996, the administration announced it would provide Israel with $100 million in equipment, training and aid under a counter-terrorism accord signed by Clinton and Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres. It was believed this would help reduce the risks of terrorism. The administration had recently sent to Israel approximately $22 million of anti-terrorism aid including advanced bomb-detection devices. The following month, in May 1996, Clinton signed the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act to limit the flow of resources necessary to obtain weapons of mass destruction and to heighten pressure on Libya to extradite suspects in the bombing of Pan Am 103. In the following month, in September 1996, the administration set forth its policy to combat terrorism:1 1. seek out relentlessly and punish terrorists by using combined assets of US law enforcement, diplomacy, and intelligence. 2. make no concessions to terrorists. 3. designate states that sponsor terrorism, impose economic sanctions, and ask our friends to do likewise 4. stress the rule of law in dealing with terrorists, and insist that terrorism is an unmitigated crime, wherever its motives or causes 5. use military in the rare cases the situation demands 6. invest heavily in the collection and analysis of intelligence 7. continue training. DOS Bureau of Diplomatic Security has trained over 18,000 foreign government officials from over 80 countries in counterterrorism techniques and aviation security through the Anti-Terrorism Assistance Program 8. a strong program of research and development in counterterrorism technology, especially in explosives detection 9. the President proposed a $1 billion package of additional counterterrorism measures that would enhance aviation security, increase the number of law enforcement agents, and improve their forensic capabilities 10. cooperation with other states. Clinton and Christopher gave high priority to counterterrorism in our diplomatic agenda.

In August 1996, Clinton set forth the administration's national and international strategy against terrorism, which had three facets: 1. an international front since that requires common action; 2. giving American law enforcement officials the most powerful tools available to fight terrorism without undermining US civil liberties; 3. the airports and airplanes that brings the US closer together. The administration began testing new high tech explosives detection machines in Atlanta and San Francisco. The US increased security at the airports and FAA created a new government and industry panel to review airline security. 1

Also in September 1996, President Clinton called for the adoption by all nations of the Declaration on Crime and Public Security, which would bar any country from offerings sanctuary to terrorists and drug distributors. 1998 In 1998, the administration continued its trend to be more specific in its policies and strategies to combat (administration policies were also outlined in 1997 but are not included due to space constraints). In 1998, Clinton stated, "Our target is terror. Our mission is clear — to strike at the network of radical groups affiliated with annual funded by Osama bin Laden, perhaps the preeminent organizer and financier of international terrorism in the world today." In May 1998, the Administration developed the International Crime Control Strategy (ICCS), to provide a framework for integrating all facets of the federal government's response to international crime. These crimes included drug and firearms trafficking, terrorism, money laundering, counterfeiting, illegal alien smuggling, trafficking in women and children, advanced fee scams, credit card fraud, auto theft, economic espionage, intellectual property theft, computer hacking, and public corruption linked to international criminal activity. The ICCS had eight goals and 30 implementing objectives. The goals were as follows: 1. extend the first line of defense beyond US borders 2. protect US borders 3. deny safe haven to international criminals 4. counter international financed crime 5. prevent criminal exploitation of international trade 6. respond to emerging international crime threats 7. foster international cooperation and the rule of law 8. optimize the range of US efforts Also in May 1998, PDD-62, "Terrorism and Bioterrorism Resources," was released that reaffirmed PDD-39 "United States Policy on Counterterrorism," signed June 21, 1995. PDD-62 created a new and more systematic approach to fighting the terrorist threat. The goal was to set forth the mission of the many US agencies charged with roles in defeating terrorism, as well as codify and clarify the agency's activities in the wide range of US counter-terrorism programs. The FBI continued to serves as the lead federal agency for "crisis management" and the Federal Emergency Management Agency continued to serve as the lead federal agency for "consequence management." The Public Health Services in the Department of Health and Human Services was designated as the lead federal agency in planning and preparing for response to WMD related medical emergencies. The Department of Defense would provide training to metropolitan first responders and will maintain trained military units to assist State and Local responders. PDD-62 also established the Office of the National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection and Counter-Terrorism. FDD 63, also released in May 1998, titled, "The Critical Infrastructure Protection" called for a national effort to assure the security of the increasingly vulnerable and

interconnected infrastructure of the U.S. Such infrastructure includes telecommunications, banking and finance, energy, transportation, and essential government services. The directive requires immediate federal government action including risk assessment and planning to reduce exposure to attack. Also in May, at the Commencement exercises of the US Naval Academy, President Clinton announced three new US initiatives in addition to the ICCS. 1. use its new integrated approach to intensify the fight against all forms of terrorism 2. launch a comprehensive plan to direct, deter, and defend against attacks on US critical infrastructure 3. undertake a concerted effort to prevent the spread and use of biological weapons and protect the US in the event these weapons are ever unleashed by a rogue state, a terrorist group or an international criminal organization. Bombings in Africa On August 7, 1998, US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were bombed. Clinton stated, "It is important that we all, as Americans, send a clear signal to the world that we are not going to back away from our involvement with other people, and we are not going to back away from our opposition to terrorism...It makes us more vulnerable because we have taken the toughest stand around the world against terrorism. Now is the time to bear down, not back up, on that. And that is my determination. And I believe that's what the American people support." Albright stated, "Rest assured that these bombings will not cause Americans to back down or retreat. We will not be intimidated." On August 20, 1998, the US launched an attack on one of Osama bin Laden's terrorist bases located in Afghanistan as well as a chemical weapons-related facility in Sudan. This was done for four reasons: 1. evidence these groups played the key role in the embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 2. the groups executed terrorist attacks against Americans in the past 3. the US had compelling information they were planning additional terrorist attacks against US citizens 4. the groups were seeking to acquire chemical weapons and other dangerous weapons. The strikes were to disrupt and attempt to destroy the suspected training and support facilities used to train terrorists, particularly the network of groups affiliated with the funded by Osama bin Laden. At the UNGA in September 1998, Clinton called terrorism, "a clear and present danger to tolerant and open societies and innocent people everywhere. No one is this room nor the people you represent are immune." The bulk of his speech was devoted to terrorism and the common obligation of the international body to put the fight against terrorism at the top of its agenda.

1999

In January 1999, the administration proposed an anti-terrorism plan. Clinton sought $2.8 billion to help the US guard against attacks via computers, viruses or chemicals. The money would go towards research for better methods to detect computer hackers, the development of detection networks, an information center for the private sector to help it protect against invasion of its computer systems, and the building up of the ranks of government computer experts able to deal with a terrorist crisis. The money would also go towards research and development for vaccines against chemical and germ weapons, dealing with nuclear emergencies, stockpiling medicines and antibiotics for civilian population, protecting federal facilities, and equipping and training emergency personnel in US cities and otherwise planning to combat the effects of WMD. 2000 USS Cole On October 12, 2000, terrorists bombed the USS Cole while it was sitting in the Yemen port of Aden. President Clinton stated, "We will find out who was responsible, and hold them accountable. If their intention was to deter us from our mission of promoting peace and security in the Middle East, they will fail, utterly." The Pentagon stated a new security plan would be put into place for US troops in the area that would take into account the "new dimension in terrorist attacks." As a precautionary measure, the DOS closed 37 of its posts in the Middle East, Persian Gulf, North Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania, Senegal, Mauritania, Djibouti, South Africa, Kenya, Pakistan and Sierra Leone. The DOD, FBI and State sent officials to Yemen to begin investigations. Military presence in the region was enhanced following the attack. A reward of up to $5 million for information leading to the arrest or conviction of persons responsible was offered. Anti-terrorism Convention On October 12, 2000, Clinton sent to the Senate, for advice and consent, a UNapproved convention that would provide "a means of choking off the resources that fuel international terrorism." The International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism was adopted by the UNGA on December 9, 1999 and was signed by the US on January 10, 2000. International Efforts As noted earlier, a large part of the US efforts to combat terrorism has been multilateral collaboration in attacking the threat. Diplomacy and international cooperation were considered critical to a successful effort against terrorism. In May 1996, Clinton stated "Whether the threat is the aggression of rogue states or the spread of weapons of mass destruction...no nation can defeat it alone. But together, we can deal with these problems and we can make America more secure." Listed below are some of the international efforts against terrorism.

1. The Summit of the Peacemakers in Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt in March 1996 called by the US (co-hosted by President Mubarak). It was a gathering of 29 regional and world leaders to design and support new counter-terrorism initiatives and to further the Middle East Peace Process 2. 2000 Moscow Summit on Nuclear Terrorism. 3. The DOS Coordinator for Counterterrorism conducted consultations with foreign governments. Interagency teams were sent to Moscow, New Delhi, Islamabad, Riyadh and Sanna to engage in consultations. In addition, there were consultations with counterrorism experts of the EU and the Group of Eight. 4. 1996 conference on terrorism hosted by Philippines and Japan. The US participated in this conference. This was the first of its kind in Asia. 5. 1996(?) Inter-American Specialized Conference on Terrorism in Lima, Peru that confirmed the principle that terrorism, regardless of political motive, is a serious crime. 6. 1996 Ministerial Meeting on Counterterrorism in Paris. The US, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Russia endorsed 25 explicit ways to enhance cooperation in the fight against terrorism and transnational crime. 7. US - EU Statement of Shared Objectives and Close Cooperation on Counterterrorism, 1998 8. 1998 US DOS and Council on Foreign Relations Counterterrorism conference. Representatives from 22 nations including the Middle East, South Asia, Europe, Central Asia, and Canada attended. 9. In 1999 Saudi Arabia hosted an Arab anti-terrorism conference. Ten Arab states took part. 10. Ministerial Conference on Terrorism of the Group of Eight in Ottawa December 1995. 11. DOS facilitated anti-terrorism law enforcement overseas, eg., establishing and supporting FBI investigations abroad, and working with FBI, Justice and foreign governments when extradition or rendition of terrorist suspects to the US. 12. The US trained more than 19,000 foreign law enforcement officials from more than 80 countries in such areas as airport security, bomb detection, maritime security, VIP protection, hostage rescue, and crisis management. Resourcees Statements (or excerpts of statements) from administration officials): 1993 Jan 20 1993 Mar 12 1993 Jun 26 1993 Jun 26 1993 Jun 28

President Clinton's first Inaugural Speech President Clinton says U.S. Must Face new Security Challenges Background Briefing by Senior Administration Officials, The White House President Clinton, Remarks in Address to the Nation President Clinton, Text of a letter from the President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of

1993 Jun 30 1993 Dec 21 1995 1995 Apr 23 1995 1996 Jan 23 1996 Mar 5 1996 Mar 14 1996 Apr 24 1996 May 8 1996 May 9 1996 Jun 14 1996 Jul 25 1996 Jul 30 1996 Jul 30 1996 Aug 6 1996 Sep 12 1997 Feb 28 1997 Feb 28 1997 Mar 12 1997 May 13 1997 May 15

1997 Oct 8 1998 May 12 1998 May 14

the Senate President Clinton, "We Will Protect our People" President Clinton vows justice for Pan Am Flight 103 victims President Clinton's Speech (Oklahoma City) President Clinton, Remarks During "A Time of Healing" Prayer Service, Oklahoma City President Clinton, Address at Michigan State University's Spring Convocation President Clinton, State of the Union Address Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox, Testimony before the House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence President Clinton pledges $100 million Anti-Terrorism package to Israel Clinton signs anti-terrorism bill Clinton Signs Iran-Libya Sanctions Act 1996 Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Samuel Berger, Address to the 1996 American Jewish Committee Excerpts from Presidential Speeches on Arms Control Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox, Testimony before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives President Clinton urged Congress Tuesday to act swiftly in developing anti-terrorism legislation before its August recess President Clinton wants Senate to hurry with new Anti-Terrorism laws President Clinton urges Anti-Terrorism Action Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox Remarks before the Denver Council of Foreign Relations Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox, Remarks to the 15th annual Government/Industry Conference on Terrorism, Political Instability, and International Crime Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox, Statement before the Research and Development Subcommittee Ambassador Wilcox, Jr., and Ambassador Eric Boswell, US Efforts to Combat International Terrorism Secretary of State Albright, Statement for the Record before the Senate Assistant Secretary for African Affairs George E. Moose, Statement before the Subcommittee on Africa, Senate Foreign Relations Committee Secretary of State Albright, Remarks on Designation of Terrorist Organizations The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, International Crime Control Strategy Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security Peter Bergin, Remarks before the Subcommittee on Technology,

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1998 May 15 1998 May 22 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998

May 22 May 22 May 22 Aug 7 Aug 7

1998 Aug 7 1998 Aug 7 1998 Aug 11 1998 Aug 11 1998 Aug 12 1998 Aug 12 1998 Aug 12 1998 Aug 12 1998 1998 1998 1998

Aug Aug Aug Aug

14 17 18 18

1998 Aug 20 1998 Aug 20 1998 Aug 20 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998

Aug 20 Aug 20 Aug 20 Aug 20 Aug 20 Aug 21 Aug 27

1998 Aug 27

Terrorism and Government Information of the House Committee on the Judiciary Acting Coordinator for Counterterrorism Kenneth R. McKune, Statement before the Subcommittee on Africa President Clinton, Remarks by the President at the United States Naval Academy Commencement Clinton Warns Against Biological, Computer Attacks Presidential Decision Directive - 62 Clinton Outlines Cyberthreat Plan Secretary of State Albright, Text: US Embassy Bombings Secretary of Defense Cohen, Text: Remarks on Kenya, Tanzania Bombings President Clinton: Proclamation on Victims of Bombings in East Africa Vice-President Gore, Statement of Bombings of U.S. Embassies in Africa Secretary of State Albright and Egyptian Ambassador to the U.S. Maher El Sayed, Remarks to Members of the African Diplomatic Corps President Clinton, Summary Remarks Secretary of State Albright, Text: Departure Remarks en route Germany White House Report Secretary of State Albright, Text: Ramstein Air Force Base President Clinton, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies Secretary of Agriculture Glickman, Text: Embassy bombings Secretary of State Albright, Remarks on Departing for Africa Secretary of State Albright, Bombing Site in Dar Es Salaam Secretary of State Albright, Text: At the site of the Bombing at the U.S. Embassy Nairobi, Kenya Presidential Clinton, The Presidential Address Reactions from the Hill (President Clinton's decision to launch a military attack) Secretary of Defense Cohen and Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff General Henry Shelton, The Strike Briefing Pentagon: Strikes sought to protect U.S. citizens overseas U.S. Strikes "terrorist" targets in Afghanistan, Sudan President Clinton, Remarks at Edgartown Elementary School President Clinton: Oval Office Remarks on Anti-Terrorist Attacks President Clinton, Announcing the Strike National Security Advisor Samuel Berger, Discussing the Strike President Clinton, Text: Statement on Apprehension of Nairobi Bomb Suspect Secretary of State Albright, Transcript: Remarks on Africa

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1998 Aug 27 1998 Aug 27 1998 Sep 9 1998 Sep 9 1998 Sep 9 1998 Sep 11 1998 Sep 21 1998 Sep 21 1999 Feb 4 1999 Apr 30 1999 Apr 30 1999 Jul 23 2000 Oct 12 2000 2000 2000 2000

Oct 12 Oct 12 Oct 12 Oct 13

2000 Oct 14 2000 Oct 14 2000 Oct 18 2000 Oct 18 2000 Oct 19

Others 1993 Aug 3 1995 Feb 10 1995 Apr 23 1996

Bombing Suspect Arrest Attorney General Reno, Text: Statement on Transport to U.S. of Daoud Al-Owhali FBI Director Freeh, Text: Arrest of Alleged Nairobi Bomber Secretary of State Albright, Remarks to the American Legion Convention Secretary of State Albright, Address to the American Legion Convention (repeat and check) National Commission on Terrorism - Hon. Frank R. Wolf President Clinton, Remarks at the Memorial Service Honoring the Victims of the Bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam President Clinton, Opens UN General Assembly with Call to Combat Terrorism President Clinton, Remarks to the Opening Session of the 53rd United Nations General Assembly Secretary of State Albright, Testimony before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, State, the Judiciary and Related Agencies Secretary of State Albright, Statement on release of "Patterns of Global Terrorism" report Michael A. Sheehan, "Patterns of Global Terrorism 1998" report Michael Sheehan, Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee President Clinton, Remarks on Ramallah Killings and USS Cole Attack President Clinton, "We will find who was responsible" Albright on Attack on US Ship and Israeli/Palestinian Unrest Attorney Janet Reno, "We will do everything we can" President Clinton, Message to Senate on Transmitting AntiTerrorism Convention: Seeks Quick Consent President Clinton, Radio Address to the Nation President Clinton, Letter to Congress on USS Cole Attack Secretary of Defense Cohen, Vows "Relentless" Search for USS Cole Attackers President Clinton, Vows "No Safe Harbor" for USS Cole Attackers Attorney General Reno, Cole Investigators "Leaving Absolutely No Stone Unturned"

Experts see continuing terrorist threat Clinton Terrorism Legislation Threatens Constitutional Rights White House Fact Sheet: Counter-Terrorism, The White House's Position on Terrorism The Terror Law of 1996

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1996 1996 1996 Mar 27

1996 1996 1996 1996

Apr 18 Jun27 Jul 29 Aug 1

1996 Sep 24 1996 Nov 25 1998 Jan 1998 May 18 1998 May 22 1998 May 22 1998 Aug 7 1998 Aug 7 1998 Aug 7 1998 Aug 7 1998 Aug 9 1998 Aug 11 1998 Aug 12 1998 Aug 12 1998 Aug 13 1998 1998 1998 1998

Aug 13 Aug 14 Aug 17 Aug 17

1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998

Aug 18 Aug 18 Aug 20 Aug 20 Aug 20 Aug 27 Oct 21

Patterns of Global Terrorism Clinton Administration Counter-Terrorism Initiative Terrorism and Drug Trafficking: Threats and Roles of Explosives and Narcotics Detection Technology (Briefing Report, GAO/NSIAD/RCED-96-76BR) Senate approves anti-terrorism bill; house to finalize bill Crankshift of bomb truck found Fact Sheet on Administration Anti-Terrorism Proposals Clinton Administration, Congress Propose Sweeping AntiTerrorism Initiatives Fact Sheet: Clinton Initiatives on Terrorism, Crime, Drugs The Clinton Administration's Terrorism Connections A National Strategy against Terrorism Using Weapons of Mass Destruction U.S.-E.U. Statement of Shared Objectives and Close Cooperation on Counterterrorism Summary of Presidential Decision Directive 62 and 63 Fact sheet: Combating Terrorism: Presidential Decision Directive 62 Congressional Report UN Diplomats Express Dismay at Embassy Bombings Text: Kofi Annan's Reaction to the US Embassy Bombings in Africa President Clinton, Transcript of Statement on US Embassy Bombings in Africa Text: DoD Update on Nairobi, Dar Es Salaam US Embassy Bombings International Media Reaction Special Report Text: UNSC Statement on the Embassy Bombings in Kenya/Tanzania International Media Reaction Special Report Text: UNSC August 13 Resolution Condemning US Embassy Bombings International Media Reaction Special Report International Media Reaction Special Report International Media Reaction Special Report Text: Tanzania Memorial Service Honors Embassy Bombing Victims Text: U.S. Offers up to $2 Million Reward in Embassy Bombings International Media Reaction Special Report A Quick Look at Reactions in Congress Most Lawmakers Support Clinton's Military Strikes International Media Reaction Special Report Embassy Bombing Suspect Charged with Murder in U.S. Court The White House, Statement by the Press Secretary

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1999 Jul 18 1999 Jul 31 2000 Oct 13 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001

Oct 13 Oct 31 Nov 14 Jan 16

Jeffrey C. Murray, State Department Host Counterterrorism Conference, Acting Spokesman Saudi Arabia hosts Arab anti-terrorism conference President Clinton to Attend Memorial Service for Sailors: State Department Urges Embassies to be Vigilant 17 Americans die in bomb attack on warship Kuwait, Saudi Arabia Join High-Threat Areas State/FBI Statement Says Cooperation from Yemen has been good US Department of State Statement: Reward Offer: USS Cole Attack Dead on the Tracks (response to allegations President Clinton failed to track down the perpetrators of several terrorist attacks against Americans) President Clinton's efforts to end terrorism

Players (partial list): William J. Clinton, President Albert Gore, Vice-President Madeleine Albright, Secretary of State William Cohen, Secretary of Defense Janet Reno, Attorney General Dan Glickman, Secretary of Agriculture Michael Sheehan, Acting Coordinator for Counterproliferation (1999) George E. Moose, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Samuel Berger, Deputy Assistant to the President forNational Security Affairs Louis Freeh, Director of the FBI Ambassador Eric Boswell, Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security Kenneth R. McKune, Acting Coordinator for Counterrorism Ambassador Philip C. Wilcox Jr., Coordinator for Counterterrorism Peter E. Bergin, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security

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