Summary Introduction To International Trade And Business.docx

Name

: Aulia Permatasari

ID

: 2201772144

Class

: LE66

Course

: Introduction to International Trade and Business

Towards a Constructivist International Political Economy of Climate Change At present, climate change has become a very prominent political problem internally. In this summary it is explained that over the past few years, this problem has become an environmental movement. This movement has become a cultural and political value and an acknowledgment that humans today use resources that cause ecological damage. The author summarizes that there are four main movements about policy making in order to produce a political economy around climate change, including the theoretical and basic background of constructivism, how it can be applied in international political economy (IPE), what are the environmental norms and history. In this theory, constructivism argue that an idea can shape the decisions and behavior of the actor. The essence of constructivism is that shared views will shape the social, economic and political world in this world. This raises a basic assumption that ideas, values, norms and identities of individuals, groups and countries are built socially. Ideas and values are social strengths that are as important as military factors or economic factors. Conflict and cooperation are the result of value and trust. In constructivism discussing the views and beliefs held by individuals can influence their behavior. Criticism of constructivism from the standard IPE theory is double. The criticism does not mean that actors are not rational, but they inhabit a world characterized by uncertainty and behavior with ideological and material factors. The object in constructivist criticism is material and rationalist recognition that the world can reduce objective factors which ultimately can be decided by rational actors. A very important moral for protecting and sustaining the environment is the norm that was formed since the 20th century. This environmental movement experienced three main movements, namely moving from national norms to international norms, shifting structures to combine government and non-government elements, and finally developing become the norm with international focus. This environmental norm has become a characteristic of the country itself since 1972 with the United Nations Conference on Human Environment that international countries unite to create or make protection for the environment to adopt gogreen community attitudes. The proliferation of environmental norms and their influence on the development of political economy depends on its adaptation to the identity of the state that this affects their behavior because identity contains norms and ideas. A country's social identity determines the state's actions, this means how it views itself and how it views others.

Human behavior raises the climate of the earth to be warmer which may have a longterm impact on the global ecosystem. In fact, greenhouse gases trap energy near the surface of the earth which causes the earth's climate to warm up and human activities have caused an increase in these gases. Eventually this leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming on earth. Because of these problems, international policies and agreements have been implemented under the influence of environmental norms. The emergence of the United Nations Framework on climate change can be seen as forming multinational and international manifestations of environmental norms. Furthermore, out of the UNFCC issued two policies, namely The Kyoto Protocol and The Copenhagen Accord. Definition of the agreement The Kyoto Protocol is the development of methods for tracking greenhouse gas emissions of a country and seeks to prevent this increase in gas emissions. Whereas, The Copenhagen Accord is actually similar to The Kyoto Protocol, only if the Copenhagen Accord has the main goal in reducing global emissions. However, the agreement of The Kyoto Protocol and The Copenhagen Accord is considered to be unsuccessful when compared to other international environmental policies. Finally an agreement emerged called the Montreal Protocol. This agreement is far more successful than just marginal success. The Montreal Protocol was established in retaliation for the depletion of the ozone layer and the discovery of holes in the ozone layer above Antarctica at the end of 1980. This agreement was formed to freeze CFC production and was considered successful. Damage to the ozone layer then stops, the ozone hole shrinks, and the ozone concentration is expected to return to normal in 2068. In norm deviations, the state is not a single entity. The belief of a State is not bound to sovereign individuals, but is a collective manifestation of citizens. This then allows the norm to be used to justify deviant behavior. One of them is the environmental norm. In addition to justifying deviant behavior, norms will ultimately de-legitimize that behavior because it depends on the proliferation of normative environmentalism discourse, increasing the success of the current norm. Building materialist behavior in the use of environmental norms will definitely eliminate these deviant behaviors. Circulation of environment in justifying behavior that damages the environment will limit the availability of future behaviors for rational actors because norms will build a new goal of possible actions where these deviant norms are partitioned from view. There are three phases that are seen from the history of environmental norms themselves, namely their appearance does not affect the actions of policy makers, used by the government, and environmental norms have begun to limit the scope.