Study Guide Test 3

Study Guide TEST III Psychology Learning concepts to know operant conditioning,

Associate actions with consequences

skinner classical conditioning Pavlov

B.F. Skinner – behaviorist. Study only measurable, observable behavior. All behavior is a product of learning. Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus rather than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. Bell & salivating dog experiment

NS, US, UR, CS, CR

NS – neutral stimulus. Something by itself that does not illicit the response or reflex action. US – Unconditioned stimulus. Naturally occurring stimulus that produces naturally occurring response. UR – Unconditioned response. Naturally occurring response from the naturally occurring stimulus. CS – conditioned stimulus. Previously neutral stimulus that now produces response.

reinforcement; positive negative

CR – conditioned response. Response to the conditioned stimulus that previously only occurred with the unconditioned stimulus. Positive – adding something of value to produce desired behavior (reward) Negative – removing something to produce desired behavior. (restriction)

Shaping

Molding responses gradually to a desired pattern.

successive approximations

Antecedents

Small steps, one after the other, that produces results closer to the goal behavior. Behavior that eventually ceases after a period of time once the reinforcement of the stimulus has stopped. Recurrence of conditioned response at some point after extinction has occurred. Event that proceeds a response

consequences

Effect that follows a response

Extinction spontaneous recovery

punishment, by application, by removal

Application – something unpleasant added to a situation to decrease undesirable behavior (spanking, scolding) Removal – something pleasurable removed. (privileges revoked)

primary/ secondary reinforcers

Primary – needs for survival; food, water Secondary – not needed for survival; praise, money.

Period of acquisition,

Amount of time it takes to learn the behavior

Period of extinction

Amount of time it takes to not have the learned response after the stimulus has stopped Exposure to feared stimuli in a gradual process to eventually remove the fear. Learn by watching others. Do not have to experience it for ones self.

desensitization vicarious learning superstition generalization and discrimination

Behavior that is repeated to produce desired results, even though it is not necessary. Generalization – response to stimuli that are similar, but not the same. (bells – phone, doorbell, timer. Different bell sounds produces same result.) Discrimination – the learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli.

phobia

Learned behaviors traced back to an original fear.

schedule of reinforcements

Varying the time between rewards to teach desired response.

variable and fixed ratios and FR fixed ratio. Based on a number of responses. (commission based on intervals number produced) VR comes at any time without specific count between responses. (slots) FI comes at a specific time period. (paycheck) VI cannot predict consistency based on the passage of time. (fishing) token reinforcement, token economy

Tangible secondary reinforcement (star on board, poker chips, game token) The use of tokens to modify a behavior.

observational learning: attention, memory, imitation, motivation

Learning by watching and paying attention. 1. attention: learn by paying attention to something. (which utensil to use at a fancy dinner party.) 2. memory: retain the information gained by paying attention. 3. imitation: reproduce the actions learned. 4. motivation: desire to reproduce that action which was learned.

study guide social behavior reasons for attraction:

physical proximity physical attractiveness competence similarity not on study guide: reciprocity- do unto others.

self-disclosure

Process of revealing ones private thought, attitudes, feelings, and personal history to others. 1. reciprocity: return in kind; exchange. 2. overdisclosure: self disclosure that exceeds what is appropriate for a relationship or social situation. (TMI)

liking

affection without passion or deep commitment

romantic love :

personal attraction along with high emotional connection/sexual drive not on study guide: mutual absorption-when two lovers almost always attend only to each other.

3 components of love: in-group:

Intimacy: emotional investment Passion: expression of physical and psychological needs and desires. Commitment: cognitive decision to stay in a relationship. help define who we are socially. A group a person identifies with.

out-group:

those we do not associate with. Do not identify with.

norm:

a widely accepted standard for behavior

fundamental attribution error

Tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes. (judging the character of another based on behavior)

actor observer bias

Tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes. (judging the character of another based on behavior) while at the same time contributing your own actions to external influences (justifying your own actions while judging the other person for the same behaviors)

obedience:

conformity to the demands of authority

compliance:

bending to requests of person who has little/no authority over you.

self-assertiveness:

right to refuse, to request, and to right a wrong standing up for these rights by speaking out on your own behalf

prejudice:

negative emotional attitude held toward members of a specific group scapegoating unequal treatment of people who should have same rights as others putting prejudice into action

discrimination: ethnocentrism:

placing one’s own group in the center and judging all others by own standards

aggression:

any action carried out with intention of harming others