Study Guide Test 2

Study Guide TEST II Psychology Memory draw flow chart of memory

Sensory Memory | Short Term Memory | Long Term memory | | Procedural Memory declarative Memory | | semantic memory episodic Memory Procedural – long term memories of conditioned responses or learned behaviors.

3 basic processes of memory

3 stages of memory Icon echo chunking maintenance rehearsal Recall

Declarative – contains factual information Semantic – impersonal facts / everyday knowledge (days of week) Episodic – personal experiences linked with specific times / places system that stores, organizes, alters, and recovers information -incoming information ENCODED -information is STORED in the system memories must be RECALLED, taken out of storage Sensory - seeing, hearing. short term – holds small amounts of information briefly. long term – remembering for a longer period of time. Icon – visual representation, after image, fleeting mental image. Echo – after a sound is heard the brief continuation of the sound in the auditory system. Putting bits of information together in groups to aid in memory recall. Repeating information silently or out loud to prolong its presence. Recall – reproduce facts / information with some external cues.

Recognition

Recognition – identify correctly previously learned material.

tip of the tongue

Tip of tongue – the feeling that the memory is available, but not quite retrievable.

recency effect

Recency effect – the last word or two still in short term memory which are available for immediate recall.

primacy effect

Primacy effect - the first or last on a list is remembered more easily than those items in the middle of a list.

network model or organizing memories forgetting

repression and suppression flashbulb memories mnemonics

memory trace memory decay study guide consciousness draw the sleep cycle chart brain waves of sleep cycle, stages of sleep REM / NREM

Insomnia narcolepsy sleep apnea

Memory mode that views it as an organizational system of linked information. 1. Incoding failure – memory never formed 2. Memory traces – physical changes in neurons where memories are stored. 3. Memory decay – memory traces become weaker over time. 4. Disuse – memory traces weaken when they are not used. repression: unconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness -survival strategy -to painful, so repress to carry on suppression: conscious effort to put something out of mind Memories created during times of personal tragedy, accident or other emotionally significant events. any kind of memory system or aid. song, Every Good Boy Does Fine, -use mental pictures, visual images -make things meaningful -make info. familiar; connect to what already know -form bizarre images Physical change in the brain, perhaps a neuron or activity between neurons. fading of memory when memory traces occur. changes in nerve cells, routes, etc. also disuse, route is too weak for retrieval Awake – Beta * * - - - - - - * * Stage 1 (drowsy) – Alpha waves * *** *** * Stage 2 – Theta Waves * * * * * * Stage 3 – Delta waves * * * * * * Stage 4 – Full Delta Waves *** *** ** REM (rapid eye movement, stage 1, dream period), 90 minutes a night, More active if stress in life. may stimulate development of brain in infants (8-9 hours/day) NREM sleep, stages 2,3,4; dream free 90% of time, helps body recover from fatigue Insomnia: lack of sleep, difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep Narcolepsy – sleep seizure. Slip into REM sleep during the day. Falling asleep at inappropriate times or places. Sleep Apnea: breathing stops for 20 sec. to 2 minutes, lack of oxygen. Repeated interruption of sleep. Causes: brain stops sending signal to diaphragm to breath. Blockage of upper air passages

Dreams

Dreams: Occur in stage one REM sleep. Voluntary muscles are paralyzed during stage one REM sleep.

Nightmares

Nightmares: bad dream that takes place in stage 1 sleep REM

night terrors

Night terrors: during stage 4 sleep NREM. Body not immobilized. Panic, hallucinate images into bedroom. Sit up, scream, get out of bed, etc. Mostly in childhood

sleep walking

Sleepwalking (somnambulists) wake – like activity. Walking, sitting up, eating, etc. Occurs in stage 4 sleep.

Sleep talking psychoanalytic dream theory

Sleeptalking: these are mostly harmless, occur during stage 3 and 4 Freud (psychodynamic theory): wish fulfillment (expression of unconscious desires). Internal conflicts, unresolved issues, unfinished business, etc. Dream symbols: images that serve a signs of hidden ideas, desires, impulses, emotions. “sometimes a cigar is just a cigar”

activation synthesis dream theory

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis: some parts of brain are turned on and some turned off, brain manufactures dream from stored memories to make sense of information

Cartwright Dream Cartwright: dreams are “feeling statements” -overall emotional tone of dream is theory major aspect. comical, threatening, joyous, depressing, lonely, jealous, in love, anger. gestalt dream theory

Gestalt (Perls): message about what is missing from our lives. -what we avoid doing, feelings that need to be “re-owned” -feeling gaps in our personal experience. *take the part of each character/object in a dream and speak for it. e.g. self, person behind door, and door

Activation Information Mode (AIM) dream theory

Using meaningful bits and pieces of a person’s experiences from the last day or two rather than random items from memory

things to know about hypnosis:

help one relax; brain waves more like sleep pattern; accept suggestions easier; must cooperate to be hypnotized An Altered State of Consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and increased suggestibility Hypnotic susceptibility: one’s capacity for becoming hypnotized -one must cooperate to be hypnotized *hypnotist merely helps another person to follow a series of suggestions, these in turn alter sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, behaviors. You are aware and in control. Basic suggestion effect: tendency to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary Memory: enhance memories but create false ones too Amnesia: some brief memory loss seems to occur when told not to remember Pain relief: yes, effective with phantom limb pain Age regression: most feel that subjects are just acting out Sensory changes: altered greatly Helps people relax, feel less pain, better progress in therapy Hypnosis stage tricks: -people are cooperative because they don’t want to spoil the show -anyone who doesn’t yield to instructions is removed -be silly w/o embarrassment; takes away personal responsibility -brings out the ham in people; star of the show CAN: relax, reduce pain, make better progress in therapy CANNOT: acts of superhuman strength, produce age regression, force you to do things against your will.

Meditation:

concentrative meditation: attention paid to a single focal point. Relax/less stress mantra: word or sound repeated during concentrative meditation. Most often verbal “OM” (sound of creation, according to Hindu) receptive meditation: widen attention span to become more aware of everything experienced at a given moment. physiological benefits: lower heart rate, unique brain waves (like sleep), lower blood pressure, less muscle tension, deep breathing, improved immune system, stress reduction.

A mental exercise used to alter consciousness -focuses attention and interrupts the typical flow of thoughts, worries, analysis -EEG patterns become unique during this period Concentrative: you attend to a single focal point, object, thought, breathing Receptive: open; expansive; widen attention e.g. losing all self-consciousness while walking in the wilderness with a quiet and receptive mind; more difficult using a single thought, object, to rule out all others, mantra: repeated word, phrase relaxation response to meditation: -lowered heart rate -lowered blood pressure -less muscle tension -EEG patterns -deep breathing -signs of improved immune system Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism: rooted in these religions -seek enlightenment -freedom from illusory world

Drugs: stimulant

Stimulant: increases activity in the body and nervous system

depressant

Depressant: decreases activity in the body and nervous system -drugs influence the activity of brain cells -imitate or alter neurotransmitters, or block receptors, increases time duration, etc. -may cause extra release of these or inhibit

drug tolerance, dependence

Drug tolerance: larger and larger doses to get same effect Physical dependence: person compulsively uses a drug to maintain bodily comfort Psychological dependence: person feels that a drug is necessary to maintain feelings of comfort or well being

know which category caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, alcohol, marijuana fall under ecstasy, rofynol #1 and #2 drugs in America

Caffiene – stimulant Nicotine – stimulant Cocaine – amphetamines Alcohol – depressant Marijuana – hallucinogen Ecstasy – stimulant Rofynol - depressant 1. caffeine 2. nicotine