Stress
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STRESS
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
2
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
3
STRESS
A physiological or psychological tension that can affect a person Non-specific response of the body to a variety of noxious stimuli (Selye)
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
4
STRESSOR
A stimulus from the internal or external environment which places a demand on the system, disrupting the dynamic equilibrium The stimuli preceding or precipitating the change
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
5
TYPES OF STRESSORS
INTERNAL STRESSORS
Originate inside a person
Fever, pregnancy, menopause, guilt
EXTERNAL STRESSORS
Originate outside a person
Marked change in environment temperature Change in family or social role Peer pressure
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
6
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
7
ADAPTATION
The process through which a person changes in response to stress
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
8
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
9
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
10
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
11
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
12
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
13
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
14
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
15
COMPONENTS OF ADAPTATION
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION DEVELOPMENTAL ADAPTATION SOCIO-CULTURAL ADAPTATION SPIRITUAL ADAPTATION PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
16
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
17
MALADAPTATION
Process that leads to inadequate functioning Ineffective adaptation
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
18
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO STRESS
LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
Response of a body tissue, organ, or part to the stress of trauma, illness, or other physiological change Blood clotting, wound healing, accommodation of the eye to light, response to pressure
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
19
CHARACTERISTICS
Response is localized response is adaptive Response is short term Response is restorative
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
20
REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE
1.
adaptive response which protects the tissue from further damage
Sensory receptor Sensory nerve to the spinal cord Motor nerve from the spinal cord
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
2.
Stimulated by trauma or infection
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
21
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
22
GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
A physiologic response of the whole body to stress Often referred to as the neuroendocrine response
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
23
Stage 1: Alarm reaction
the immediate reaction to a stressor humans exhibit a "fight or flight" response - causes one to be ready for physical activity decrease the effectiveness of the immune system - making persons more susceptible to illness
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
24
Stage 2: Stage of resistance
stage of adaptation body adapts to the stressors it is exposed to Changes at many levels take place in order to reduce the effect of the stressor
For example, if the stressor is starvation (possibly due to anorexia), the person might experienced a reduced desire for physical activity to conserve energy, and the STRESS & STRESS WDQUIJENCIOJR MANAGEMENT absorption of nutrients from food might be 25
Stage 3: Stage of exhaustion the stress has continued for some time. body's resistance to the stress may gradually be reduced, or may collapse quickly the immune system, and the body's ability to resist disease, may be almost totally eliminated patients who experience long-term stress may succumb to heart attacks or severe infection due to their reduced STRESS & STRESS immunity. WDQUIJENCIOJR MANAGEMENT 26
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
27
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STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
28
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
29
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
30
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
31
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
psychoanalytic or Freudian constructs help explain individual responses to anxiety help explain individual coping styles unconscious, meaning that we are not consciously aware of their operation individualized, meaning that different people use different sets of them are normal, meaning that everybody uses them defense mechanisms do become of clinical interest when they are exaggerate
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
32
COMPENSATION
a process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other arenas. The "I'm not a fighter, I'm a lover" philosophy can be an example of compensation as can the Napoleonic complex.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
33
COMPENSATION
Encountering failure or frustration in some sphere of activity, one overemphasizes another. the process of over-correcting for a handicap or limitation. Examples:
a physically unattractive adolescent becomes an expert dancer. a youth with residual muscle damage from poliomyelitis becomes an athlete.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
34
CONVERSION
Conflicts are presented by physical symptoms involving portions of the body innervated by sensory or motor nerves. This mechanism and somatization are the only ones that are always pathological. Examples:
a man's arm becomes paralyzed after impulses to strike another regular heavy drinking limited to weekends; long periods of sobriety interspersed with binges of daily heavy drinking lasting for weeks or months.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
35
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
36
DENIAL
is the refusal to accept reality and to act as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist. It is considered one of the most primitive of the defense mechanisms because it is characteristic of very early childhood development.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
37
DISPLACEMENT
the redirecting of thoughts feelings and impulses from an object that gives rise to anxiety to a safer, more acceptable one. Being angry at the boss and kicking the dog can be an example of displacement.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
38
DISPLACEMENT
A change in the object by which an instinctual drive is to be satisfied; shifting the emotional component from one object or idea to another. Examples:
a woman is abandoned by her fiance’; she quickly finds another man about whom she develops the same feelings; a salesman is angered by his superior but suppresses his anger; later, on return to his home, he punishes one of his children for misbehavior that would usually be tolerated or ignored.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
39
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
40
FANTASY is the channeling of unacceptable or unattainable desires into imagination. This can protect ones self esteem as when educational, vocational or social expectations are not being met, one imagines success in these areas and wards off self STRESS & STRESS condemnation. WDQUIJENCIOJR MANAGEMENT 41
IDENTIFICATION
Similar to introjection, but of less intensity and completeness. The unconscious modeling of one's self upon another person. One may also identify with values and attitudes of a group. Examples:
without being aware that he is copying his teacher, a resident physician assumes a similar mode of dress and manner with patients STRESS & STRESS
WDQUIJENCIOJR
MANAGEMENT
42
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
43
PROJECTION
the attribution of one's undesired impulses onto another. an angry spouse accuses their partner of hostility.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
44
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
45
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
46
RATIONALIZATION
the cognitive reframing of ones perceptions to protect the ego in the face of changing realities. the promotion one wished fervently for and didn't get becomes "a dead end job for brown nosers and yes men".
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
47
REACTION FORMATION
the converting of wishes or impulses that are perceived to be dangerous into their opposites. A woman who is furious at her child and wishes her harm might become overly concerned and protective of the child's health.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
48
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
49
REGRESSION
the reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable impulses. an adolescent who is overwhelmed with fear, anger and growing sexual impulses might become clinging and begin thumb sucking or bed wetting.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
50
REGRESSION
By another anxiety-evading mechanism known as regression, the personality may suffer a loss of some of the development already attained and may revert to a lower level of adaptation and expression.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
51
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
52
SUBLIMATION
the channeling of unacceptable impulses into more acceptable outlets.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
53
REPRESSION
The blocking of unacceptable impulses from consciousness The involuntary exclusion of a painful or conflictual thought, impulse, or memory from awareness This is the primary ego defense mechanism
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
54
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
55
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
56
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
57
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
58
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
2
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
3
STRESS
A physiological or psychological tension that can affect a person Non-specific response of the body to a variety of noxious stimuli (Selye)
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
4
STRESSOR
A stimulus from the internal or external environment which places a demand on the system, disrupting the dynamic equilibrium The stimuli preceding or precipitating the change
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
5
TYPES OF STRESSORS
INTERNAL STRESSORS
Originate inside a person
Fever, pregnancy, menopause, guilt
EXTERNAL STRESSORS
Originate outside a person
Marked change in environment temperature Change in family or social role Peer pressure
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
6
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
7
ADAPTATION
The process through which a person changes in response to stress
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
8
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
9
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
10
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
11
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
12
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
13
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
14
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
15
COMPONENTS OF ADAPTATION
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION DEVELOPMENTAL ADAPTATION SOCIO-CULTURAL ADAPTATION SPIRITUAL ADAPTATION PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
16
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
17
MALADAPTATION
Process that leads to inadequate functioning Ineffective adaptation
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
18
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO STRESS
LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
Response of a body tissue, organ, or part to the stress of trauma, illness, or other physiological change Blood clotting, wound healing, accommodation of the eye to light, response to pressure
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
19
CHARACTERISTICS
Response is localized response is adaptive Response is short term Response is restorative
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
20
REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE
1.
adaptive response which protects the tissue from further damage
Sensory receptor Sensory nerve to the spinal cord Motor nerve from the spinal cord
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
2.
Stimulated by trauma or infection
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
21
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
22
GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
A physiologic response of the whole body to stress Often referred to as the neuroendocrine response
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
23
Stage 1: Alarm reaction
the immediate reaction to a stressor humans exhibit a "fight or flight" response - causes one to be ready for physical activity decrease the effectiveness of the immune system - making persons more susceptible to illness
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
24
Stage 2: Stage of resistance
stage of adaptation body adapts to the stressors it is exposed to Changes at many levels take place in order to reduce the effect of the stressor
For example, if the stressor is starvation (possibly due to anorexia), the person might experienced a reduced desire for physical activity to conserve energy, and the STRESS & STRESS WDQUIJENCIOJR MANAGEMENT absorption of nutrients from food might be 25
Stage 3: Stage of exhaustion the stress has continued for some time. body's resistance to the stress may gradually be reduced, or may collapse quickly the immune system, and the body's ability to resist disease, may be almost totally eliminated patients who experience long-term stress may succumb to heart attacks or severe infection due to their reduced STRESS & STRESS immunity. WDQUIJENCIOJR MANAGEMENT 26
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
27
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
28
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
29
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
30
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
31
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
psychoanalytic or Freudian constructs help explain individual responses to anxiety help explain individual coping styles unconscious, meaning that we are not consciously aware of their operation individualized, meaning that different people use different sets of them are normal, meaning that everybody uses them defense mechanisms do become of clinical interest when they are exaggerate
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
32
COMPENSATION
a process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other arenas. The "I'm not a fighter, I'm a lover" philosophy can be an example of compensation as can the Napoleonic complex.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
33
COMPENSATION
Encountering failure or frustration in some sphere of activity, one overemphasizes another. the process of over-correcting for a handicap or limitation. Examples:
a physically unattractive adolescent becomes an expert dancer. a youth with residual muscle damage from poliomyelitis becomes an athlete.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
34
CONVERSION
Conflicts are presented by physical symptoms involving portions of the body innervated by sensory or motor nerves. This mechanism and somatization are the only ones that are always pathological. Examples:
a man's arm becomes paralyzed after impulses to strike another regular heavy drinking limited to weekends; long periods of sobriety interspersed with binges of daily heavy drinking lasting for weeks or months.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
35
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
36
DENIAL
is the refusal to accept reality and to act as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist. It is considered one of the most primitive of the defense mechanisms because it is characteristic of very early childhood development.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
37
DISPLACEMENT
the redirecting of thoughts feelings and impulses from an object that gives rise to anxiety to a safer, more acceptable one. Being angry at the boss and kicking the dog can be an example of displacement.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
38
DISPLACEMENT
A change in the object by which an instinctual drive is to be satisfied; shifting the emotional component from one object or idea to another. Examples:
a woman is abandoned by her fiance’; she quickly finds another man about whom she develops the same feelings; a salesman is angered by his superior but suppresses his anger; later, on return to his home, he punishes one of his children for misbehavior that would usually be tolerated or ignored.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
39
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
40
FANTASY is the channeling of unacceptable or unattainable desires into imagination. This can protect ones self esteem as when educational, vocational or social expectations are not being met, one imagines success in these areas and wards off self STRESS & STRESS condemnation. WDQUIJENCIOJR MANAGEMENT 41
IDENTIFICATION
Similar to introjection, but of less intensity and completeness. The unconscious modeling of one's self upon another person. One may also identify with values and attitudes of a group. Examples:
without being aware that he is copying his teacher, a resident physician assumes a similar mode of dress and manner with patients STRESS & STRESS
WDQUIJENCIOJR
MANAGEMENT
42
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
43
PROJECTION
the attribution of one's undesired impulses onto another. an angry spouse accuses their partner of hostility.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
44
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
45
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
46
RATIONALIZATION
the cognitive reframing of ones perceptions to protect the ego in the face of changing realities. the promotion one wished fervently for and didn't get becomes "a dead end job for brown nosers and yes men".
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
47
REACTION FORMATION
the converting of wishes or impulses that are perceived to be dangerous into their opposites. A woman who is furious at her child and wishes her harm might become overly concerned and protective of the child's health.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
48
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
49
REGRESSION
the reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable impulses. an adolescent who is overwhelmed with fear, anger and growing sexual impulses might become clinging and begin thumb sucking or bed wetting.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
50
REGRESSION
By another anxiety-evading mechanism known as regression, the personality may suffer a loss of some of the development already attained and may revert to a lower level of adaptation and expression.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
51
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
52
SUBLIMATION
the channeling of unacceptable impulses into more acceptable outlets.
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
53
REPRESSION
The blocking of unacceptable impulses from consciousness The involuntary exclusion of a painful or conflictual thought, impulse, or memory from awareness This is the primary ego defense mechanism
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
54
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
55
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
56
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
57
WDQUIJENCIOJR
STRESS & STRESS MANAGEMENT
58
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