Health And Illness
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HEALTH AND ILLNESS
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HEALTH AND ILLNESS
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Definitions of Health "Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease" (WHO, 1947, p. 1) "Health is not a condition, it is an adjustment. It is not a state, but a process. The process adapts the individual not only to our physical, but also our social, environments" (President’s Commission, 1953, p. WDQUIJENCIOJR HEALTH AND ILLNESS 4)
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Definitions of Health most individuals define health as the following:
being able to be active and able to do what they want or must do being free of symptoms of disease and pain as much as possible being in good spirits most of the time HEALTH AND ILLNESS
7
The ability of living things to maintain constancy of their internal milieu despite changes in the environment (Claude Bernard) An expression of vigor, freedom from discomfort (Jocano)
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
8
Definition of Wellness
an active process by which an individual progresses towards maximum potential possible, regardless of current state of health
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
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Dimensions of wellness physical, e.g.:
ability to carry out daily tasks achieve fitness maintain nutrition and proper body fat avoid abusing drugs, alcohol, or using tobacco products generally to practice positive lifestyle habits HEALTH AND ILLNESS
13
sociocultural, e.g.:
ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment of which each person is a part develop and maintain intimacy with significant others develop respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs HEALTH AND ILLNESS
14
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emotional, e.g.:
ability to manage stress and express emotions appropriately ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings ability to accept one’s limitations
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
16
intellectual, e.g.:
ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
17
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spiritual, e.g.:
belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a "higher power") that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life includes a person’s morals, values, and ethics HEALTH AND ILLNESS
19
DEFINITION OF DISEASE pathologic change in the structure or function of the body or mind
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DEFINITION OF ILLNESS the response a person has to a disease; it is an abnormal process in which the person’s level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
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influenced by the following:
self-perceptions others’ perceptions the effects of changes in body structure and function the effects of those changes on roles and relationships cultural and spiritual values and beliefs HEALTH AND ILLNESS
24
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
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TYPES OF ILLNESS acute illness
has a rapid onset of symptoms that lasts for a limited and relatively short period of time
e.g., typically less than six months
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
26
chronic illness
has a gradual onset of symptoms that lasts for an extended and relatively long period of time
e.g., typically six months or longer
characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation
remission symptoms disappear exacerbation symptoms reappear HEALTH AND ILLNESS
27
MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
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BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
WDQUIJENCIOJR
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32
Travis’ Illness-Wellness Continuum
composed of two arrows pointing in opposite directions and joined at a neutral point
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
33
movement to the right on the arrows (towards high-level wellness) equals an increasing level of health and well-being
achieved in three steps:
awareness education growth HEALTH AND ILLNESS
34
movement to the left on the arrows (towards premature death) equates a progressively decreasing state of health
achieved in three steps:
signs symptoms disability HEALTH AND ILLNESS
35
most important is the direction the individual is facing on the pathway
if towards high-level health, a person has a genuinely optimistic or positive outlook despite his/her health status if towards premature death, a person has a genuinely pessimistic or negative outlook about his/her 36 HEALTH AND ILLNESS
compares a treatment model with a wellness model
if a treatment model is used, an individual can move right only to the neutral point
e.g., a hypertensive client who only takes his medications without making any other life-style changes
if a wellness model is used, an individual can move right past the neutral point
e.g., a hypertensive client who not only takes his medications, but stops smoking, looses weight, starts an exercise program, etc. HEALTH AND ILLNESS
37
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38
JAHODA
Conceptualizes health and illness along separate but co-existing continua Reflects the fact that people exhibit health and illness in varying degrees at the same time
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
39
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
40
HALBERT DUNN’S HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS GRID
High-level wellness in favorable environment –(healthy lifestyles) Emergent high-level wellness in an unfavorable environment (healthy lifestyle not implemented because of family, job etc) Protected poor health in favorable environment (ill person whose needs met by health care sy. Has access to medication, diet, & care) Poor health in unfavorable environment (child starving in drought-stricken HEALTH AND ILLNESS 41 country)
Concepts in Dunns’ Theory
TOTALITARITY
Biopsychosocial components
UNIQUENESS
Manner in which biopsychosocial components are integrated
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
42
ENERGY
Physical energy Psychosocial energy Environmental elements
INNER AND OUTER WORLD
Reflections of experiences with his past and present inner self with the outer world HEALTH AND ILLNESS
43
SELF-INTEGRATION
Reflections of the past and present are basis of behavior Inability to reintegrate results to illness and death
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
44
LEAVELL AND CLARK
Agent-host-environment model Ecologic model Describes the cause and illness in other health areas Used in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
45
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
46
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EVOLUTIONARY BASED MODEL
Suggest that illness and health sometimes have an evolutionary function Interrelates elements
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
48
LIFE EVENTS
Developmental variables and chance variables e.g. accidents or relocations
LIFESTYLE DETERMINANTS
Personal and learned strategies a person uses to make lifestyle changes
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
49
EVOLUTIONARY VIABILITY
Reflects the extent to which people function to promote survival and well being
CONTROL PERCEPTIONS
Extent to which a person can influence life circumstances HEALTH AND ILLNESS
50
VIABILITY EMOTIONS
Affective reactions
HEALTH OUTCOMES
Physiological, behavioral, and psychological states resulting from viability emotions
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
51
MASLOW’S HEIRARCHY OF NEEDS
Basic human needs for survival and health Some needs must be met before other needs Understand the relationship of different needs and the factors that determine the priorities for the client HEALTH AND ILLNESS
52
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
53
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HEALTH AND ILLNESS
54
Rosenstock/Becker’s Health-Belief Model based on motivational theory composed of three components
INDIVIDUALS PERCEPTION MODIFYING FACTORS LIKELIHOOD OF ACTION
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
55
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
56
an individual’s perceptions, e.g.:
of perceived susceptibility of perceived seriousness of perceived threat
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
57
modifying factors (factors that modify an individual’s perceptions), e.g.:
demographic variables
e.g., age, gender, race, ethnicity, etc.
sociopsychologic variables
e.g., personality, social class, peer and reference group pressure, etc. HEALTH AND ILLNESS
58
structural variables
e.g., knowledge about the disease, prior contact with the disease, etc.
perceived threat cues to action
e.g., mass media campaigns, advice from others, reminder postcard from a physician or dentist, illness of family member or friend, newspaper or magazine article HEALTH AND ILLNESS
59
likelihood of action
perceived benefits of the action MINUS perceived barriers to action EQUALS likelihood of taking recommended preventive health action
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
60
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
61
PENDER’S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
Describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health Defines health as a positive, dynamic state nor merely the absence or disease Directed at increasing a client’s level of well-being HEALTH AND ILLNESS 62
Focuses on the following areas
Client’s cognitive perceptual factors (individual perceptions) Modifying factors (demographic and social) Participation in health promoting behaviors (likelihood of action)
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
63
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HEALTH AND ILLNESS
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HEALTH AND ILLNESS
2
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HEALTH AND ILLNESS
3
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Definitions of Health "Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease" (WHO, 1947, p. 1) "Health is not a condition, it is an adjustment. It is not a state, but a process. The process adapts the individual not only to our physical, but also our social, environments" (President’s Commission, 1953, p. WDQUIJENCIOJR HEALTH AND ILLNESS 4)
6
Definitions of Health most individuals define health as the following:
being able to be active and able to do what they want or must do being free of symptoms of disease and pain as much as possible being in good spirits most of the time HEALTH AND ILLNESS
7
The ability of living things to maintain constancy of their internal milieu despite changes in the environment (Claude Bernard) An expression of vigor, freedom from discomfort (Jocano)
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
8
Definition of Wellness
an active process by which an individual progresses towards maximum potential possible, regardless of current state of health
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
9
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
10
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
11
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
12
Dimensions of wellness physical, e.g.:
ability to carry out daily tasks achieve fitness maintain nutrition and proper body fat avoid abusing drugs, alcohol, or using tobacco products generally to practice positive lifestyle habits HEALTH AND ILLNESS
13
sociocultural, e.g.:
ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment of which each person is a part develop and maintain intimacy with significant others develop respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs HEALTH AND ILLNESS
14
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
15
emotional, e.g.:
ability to manage stress and express emotions appropriately ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings ability to accept one’s limitations
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
16
intellectual, e.g.:
ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
17
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
18
spiritual, e.g.:
belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a "higher power") that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life includes a person’s morals, values, and ethics HEALTH AND ILLNESS
19
DEFINITION OF DISEASE pathologic change in the structure or function of the body or mind
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
20
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
21
DEFINITION OF ILLNESS the response a person has to a disease; it is an abnormal process in which the person’s level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
22
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
23
influenced by the following:
self-perceptions others’ perceptions the effects of changes in body structure and function the effects of those changes on roles and relationships cultural and spiritual values and beliefs HEALTH AND ILLNESS
24
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
25
TYPES OF ILLNESS acute illness
has a rapid onset of symptoms that lasts for a limited and relatively short period of time
e.g., typically less than six months
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
26
chronic illness
has a gradual onset of symptoms that lasts for an extended and relatively long period of time
e.g., typically six months or longer
characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation
remission symptoms disappear exacerbation symptoms reappear HEALTH AND ILLNESS
27
MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
30
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
31
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
32
Travis’ Illness-Wellness Continuum
composed of two arrows pointing in opposite directions and joined at a neutral point
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
33
movement to the right on the arrows (towards high-level wellness) equals an increasing level of health and well-being
achieved in three steps:
awareness education growth HEALTH AND ILLNESS
34
movement to the left on the arrows (towards premature death) equates a progressively decreasing state of health
achieved in three steps:
signs symptoms disability HEALTH AND ILLNESS
35
most important is the direction the individual is facing on the pathway
if towards high-level health, a person has a genuinely optimistic or positive outlook despite his/her health status if towards premature death, a person has a genuinely pessimistic or negative outlook about his/her 36 HEALTH AND ILLNESS
compares a treatment model with a wellness model
if a treatment model is used, an individual can move right only to the neutral point
e.g., a hypertensive client who only takes his medications without making any other life-style changes
if a wellness model is used, an individual can move right past the neutral point
e.g., a hypertensive client who not only takes his medications, but stops smoking, looses weight, starts an exercise program, etc. HEALTH AND ILLNESS
37
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
38
JAHODA
Conceptualizes health and illness along separate but co-existing continua Reflects the fact that people exhibit health and illness in varying degrees at the same time
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
39
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
40
HALBERT DUNN’S HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS GRID
High-level wellness in favorable environment –(healthy lifestyles) Emergent high-level wellness in an unfavorable environment (healthy lifestyle not implemented because of family, job etc) Protected poor health in favorable environment (ill person whose needs met by health care sy. Has access to medication, diet, & care) Poor health in unfavorable environment (child starving in drought-stricken HEALTH AND ILLNESS 41 country)
Concepts in Dunns’ Theory
TOTALITARITY
Biopsychosocial components
UNIQUENESS
Manner in which biopsychosocial components are integrated
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
42
ENERGY
Physical energy Psychosocial energy Environmental elements
INNER AND OUTER WORLD
Reflections of experiences with his past and present inner self with the outer world HEALTH AND ILLNESS
43
SELF-INTEGRATION
Reflections of the past and present are basis of behavior Inability to reintegrate results to illness and death
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
44
LEAVELL AND CLARK
Agent-host-environment model Ecologic model Describes the cause and illness in other health areas Used in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
45
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
46
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
47
EVOLUTIONARY BASED MODEL
Suggest that illness and health sometimes have an evolutionary function Interrelates elements
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
48
LIFE EVENTS
Developmental variables and chance variables e.g. accidents or relocations
LIFESTYLE DETERMINANTS
Personal and learned strategies a person uses to make lifestyle changes
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
49
EVOLUTIONARY VIABILITY
Reflects the extent to which people function to promote survival and well being
CONTROL PERCEPTIONS
Extent to which a person can influence life circumstances HEALTH AND ILLNESS
50
VIABILITY EMOTIONS
Affective reactions
HEALTH OUTCOMES
Physiological, behavioral, and psychological states resulting from viability emotions
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
51
MASLOW’S HEIRARCHY OF NEEDS
Basic human needs for survival and health Some needs must be met before other needs Understand the relationship of different needs and the factors that determine the priorities for the client HEALTH AND ILLNESS
52
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
53
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
54
Rosenstock/Becker’s Health-Belief Model based on motivational theory composed of three components
INDIVIDUALS PERCEPTION MODIFYING FACTORS LIKELIHOOD OF ACTION
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
55
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
56
an individual’s perceptions, e.g.:
of perceived susceptibility of perceived seriousness of perceived threat
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
57
modifying factors (factors that modify an individual’s perceptions), e.g.:
demographic variables
e.g., age, gender, race, ethnicity, etc.
sociopsychologic variables
e.g., personality, social class, peer and reference group pressure, etc. HEALTH AND ILLNESS
58
structural variables
e.g., knowledge about the disease, prior contact with the disease, etc.
perceived threat cues to action
e.g., mass media campaigns, advice from others, reminder postcard from a physician or dentist, illness of family member or friend, newspaper or magazine article HEALTH AND ILLNESS
59
likelihood of action
perceived benefits of the action MINUS perceived barriers to action EQUALS likelihood of taking recommended preventive health action
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
60
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
61
PENDER’S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
Describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health Defines health as a positive, dynamic state nor merely the absence or disease Directed at increasing a client’s level of well-being HEALTH AND ILLNESS 62
Focuses on the following areas
Client’s cognitive perceptual factors (individual perceptions) Modifying factors (demographic and social) Participation in health promoting behaviors (likelihood of action)
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
63
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
64
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
65
WDQUIJENCIOJR
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
66
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HEALTH AND ILLNESS
67
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68
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