Stemcells Background - Celulas Madre, Antecedentes
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DR.POOJA PRASAD DEPT OF ORAL PATHOLOGY NAIR HOSPITAL DENTAL COLLEGE MUMBAI
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Major Topics for Discussion: 2) What are Stem Cells? 3) What are the major types of Stem Cells and where are they found? 4) Advantages & Disadvantages to ESCs and ASCs 5) Why are Stem Cells so very important? 6) The Controversy over Stem Cells? Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Stem Cells are extraordinary because: • They can divide and make identical copies of themselves over and over again (Self-Renewal) •
Remain Unspecialized with no ‘specific’ function or become . . . .
•
Specialized (Differentiated) w/ the potential to produce over 200 different types of cells in the body.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
A. Embryonic Stem Cells • From blastocysts left over from In-Vitro Fertilization in the laboratory • From aborted fetuses
B. Adult Stem Cells • Stem cells have been found in the blood, bone marrow, liver, kidney, cornea, dental pulp, umbilical cord, brain, skin, muscle, salivary gland . . . . Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Description: A colony of embryonic stem cells. 10X. Image in the Public Domain.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com
Description: (A) Human ESCs; (B) Neurons derived from Human ESCs. Images Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad courtesy of Nissim Benvenisty.
Caption: This image depicts a colony of human embryonic stem cells grown over a period of 10 months in the absence of mouse feeder cells. The cell nuclei are stained green; the cell surface in red.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Embryonic S.C.
Adult S.C.
“Pluripotent” (can become any cell)
“Multipotent” (“can become many but not any”) Less Stable. Capacity for self-renewal is limited. Difficult to isolate in adult tissue.
Stable. Can undergo many cell divisions. Easy to obtain but blastocyst is destroyed.
Possibility of rejection?? Host rejection minimized Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Stem cells allow us to study how organisms grow and develop over time. Stem cells can replace diseased or damaged cells that can not heal or renew themselves. We can test different substances (drugs and chemicals) on stem cells. We can get a better understanding of our “genetic machinery.”
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Parkinson’s Disease Leukemia (Bone Marrow Transplants) Skin Grafts resulting from severe burns Stem Cell Therapy has the Potential to: Regenerate tissues/organs/tooth Cure diseases like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, etc. Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Teeth (and possibly also hair) are likely to be among the first organs that may provide a ‘‘proof of principle’’ for tissue engineered replacement organs. Engineering a tooth in vitro by harnessing the basic principles of odontogenesis and the inductive capability of the oral epithelium of the developing embryo is now a reality.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
The main idea behind tissue regeneration is to employ the use of Multipluripotent Stem cells harvested from the pulp. Then loading it to a scaffolding which allows for their stable transfer into the target where they can grow to form dentin.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
The identification of genes and genes products of enamel formation (amelogenin,ameloblastin) made it possible for enamel regeneration which due to its complex constituents was still far from regeneration. The most versatile stem cells, called pluripotent stem cells, are present in the first days of embryonic development.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Stem cells are present in dental pulp and PDL. Recent studies also report their presence in exfoliated deciduous human teeth and porcine third molar tissue. When transplanted in immunocompromised mice they gave rise to dentin like structures which proved that the pulp contained stem cells.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Embryonic Stem cells are derived from extra blastocysts that would otherwise be discarded following IVF. Extracting stem cells destroys the developing blastocyst (embryo). -Questions for ConsiderationIs an embryo a person? Is it morally acceptable to use embryos for research? When do we become “human beings?” Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
C
CORD BLOOD BANKING
It’s a facility which stores umbilical cord blood for future use.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Collected from the umbilical cord that has been cut & is obtained from the placental end of the cord. Minimum amount of blood required is 75 ml.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
After being sent to lab ,it is cryopreserved i.e slowly cooling to -90 celcius then stored under -196 celcius in liquid nitrogen tank. Full screening of the sample is mandatory.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai. Bombay Hospital,Mumbai.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
It takes a collaborative approach to make the future come to present… Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Major Topics for Discussion: 2) What are Stem Cells? 3) What are the major types of Stem Cells and where are they found? 4) Advantages & Disadvantages to ESCs and ASCs 5) Why are Stem Cells so very important? 6) The Controversy over Stem Cells? Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Stem Cells are extraordinary because: • They can divide and make identical copies of themselves over and over again (Self-Renewal) •
Remain Unspecialized with no ‘specific’ function or become . . . .
•
Specialized (Differentiated) w/ the potential to produce over 200 different types of cells in the body.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
A. Embryonic Stem Cells • From blastocysts left over from In-Vitro Fertilization in the laboratory • From aborted fetuses
B. Adult Stem Cells • Stem cells have been found in the blood, bone marrow, liver, kidney, cornea, dental pulp, umbilical cord, brain, skin, muscle, salivary gland . . . . Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Description: A colony of embryonic stem cells. 10X. Image in the Public Domain.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com
Description: (A) Human ESCs; (B) Neurons derived from Human ESCs. Images Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad courtesy of Nissim Benvenisty.
Caption: This image depicts a colony of human embryonic stem cells grown over a period of 10 months in the absence of mouse feeder cells. The cell nuclei are stained green; the cell surface in red.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Embryonic S.C.
Adult S.C.
“Pluripotent” (can become any cell)
“Multipotent” (“can become many but not any”) Less Stable. Capacity for self-renewal is limited. Difficult to isolate in adult tissue.
Stable. Can undergo many cell divisions. Easy to obtain but blastocyst is destroyed.
Possibility of rejection?? Host rejection minimized Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Stem cells allow us to study how organisms grow and develop over time. Stem cells can replace diseased or damaged cells that can not heal or renew themselves. We can test different substances (drugs and chemicals) on stem cells. We can get a better understanding of our “genetic machinery.”
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Parkinson’s Disease Leukemia (Bone Marrow Transplants) Skin Grafts resulting from severe burns Stem Cell Therapy has the Potential to: Regenerate tissues/organs/tooth Cure diseases like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, etc. Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Teeth (and possibly also hair) are likely to be among the first organs that may provide a ‘‘proof of principle’’ for tissue engineered replacement organs. Engineering a tooth in vitro by harnessing the basic principles of odontogenesis and the inductive capability of the oral epithelium of the developing embryo is now a reality.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
The main idea behind tissue regeneration is to employ the use of Multipluripotent Stem cells harvested from the pulp. Then loading it to a scaffolding which allows for their stable transfer into the target where they can grow to form dentin.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
The identification of genes and genes products of enamel formation (amelogenin,ameloblastin) made it possible for enamel regeneration which due to its complex constituents was still far from regeneration. The most versatile stem cells, called pluripotent stem cells, are present in the first days of embryonic development.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Stem cells are present in dental pulp and PDL. Recent studies also report their presence in exfoliated deciduous human teeth and porcine third molar tissue. When transplanted in immunocompromised mice they gave rise to dentin like structures which proved that the pulp contained stem cells.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Embryonic Stem cells are derived from extra blastocysts that would otherwise be discarded following IVF. Extracting stem cells destroys the developing blastocyst (embryo). -Questions for ConsiderationIs an embryo a person? Is it morally acceptable to use embryos for research? When do we become “human beings?” Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
C
CORD BLOOD BANKING
It’s a facility which stores umbilical cord blood for future use.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
Collected from the umbilical cord that has been cut & is obtained from the placental end of the cord. Minimum amount of blood required is 75 ml.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
After being sent to lab ,it is cryopreserved i.e slowly cooling to -90 celcius then stored under -196 celcius in liquid nitrogen tank. Full screening of the sample is mandatory.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai. Bombay Hospital,Mumbai.
Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
It takes a collaborative approach to make the future come to present… Downloaded from www.periocraze.com Original Work of Dr.Pooja Prasad
