Solar Thermal 1977.pdf

SOLAR THERMAL POWER

GENERATION

A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS

QUARTERLY UPDATE JANUARY-MARCH 1977

PREPARED BY THE ENERGY INFORMATION PROGRAM

of the

TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION CENTER JUNE 1977

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW m X I C 0 ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO A DIVIS,TOLV O F T 9 E I f l S T I T U T Z FOR A P P L I Z D RESEARCH SERVICES ( I A R S )

The Technology A p p l i c a t i o n C e n t e r (TAC) is one of s i x NASA-sponsored, n o n p r o f i t , reg i o n a l c e n t e r s f o r t h e transfer of technology t o i n d u s t r y , l o c a l government, and t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r i n g e n e r a l . Through TAC, a c c e s s t o m o s t of t h e world's a v a i l a b l e technical information i s c o n v e n i e n t l y and inexpensively provided t o p o t e n t i a l u s e r s , r e g a r d l e s s of t h e i r s i z e o r technical i n t e r e s t area. Through i t s p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f , TAC o f f e r s a wide v a r i e t y of t e c h n i c a l information and t e c h n o l o g i c a l s u p p o r t services. You are i n v i t e d t o c o n t a c t t h e c e n t e r d i r e c t l y f o r d e t a i l s and a d i s c u s s i o n of how w e can f u r t h e r s e r v e your needs. Technology A p p l i c a t i o n Center U n i v e r s i t y of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 (505) 277-3622

This m a t e r i a l i s disseminated under the a u s p i c e s of t h e N a t i o n a l Aeronautics and Space A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n the i n t e r e s t of information exchange. N e i t h e r t h e United S t a t e s government nor the U n i v e r s i t y o f New Mexico assumes any l i a b i l i t y f o r i t s c o n t e n t or the use t h e r e o f .

INTRODUCTION T h i s Bibliography is t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r l y update of 1 9 7 7 of S o l a r Thermal Power Generation.

I n an attempt t o follow t h e continuing developments of power g e n e r a t i o n by s o l a r thermal processes, w e w i l l include numerous r e l a t e d t o p i c s . T h e s e t o p i c s i n c l u d e ; comparisons t o o t h e r forms of energy, economics, l e g a l i m p l i c a t i o n s and p o l i t i c a l r e s t r a i n t s . W e w i l l a l s o update innovations i n s o l a r thermal power g e n e r a t i o n process such as d i r e c t hydrogen production. S i z e a b l e p o r t i o n s of m a t e r i a l i n t h i s volume a r e i n s e c t i o n s ; 1 1 , 0 0 0 S o l a r Overviews, 1 2 , 0 0 0 Thermal Power, 1 5 , 0 0 0 Ocean Thermal D i f f e r e n t i a l and 1 6 , 0 0 0 Wind Conversion. W e a p p r e c i a t e comments o r suggestions t h e r e a d e r would have t o o f f e r t o us, so w e can develop a more reader responsive publica-

tion.

Geoffrey C. B e l l Technical E d i t o r

iii

CONTENTS SECTION NUMBER

COVERAGE

10,000

Energy Overviews

11,000

Solar Overviews

12,000

Economics and Law

13,000

Thermal Power

14,000

Thermionic/Thermoelectric

15,000

Ocean Thermal Differential

16,000

Wind Conversion

17,000

Bioconversion

18,000

Residential

19,000

Other

-

Hydrogen Production Large Scale Photovoltaic Etc.

AUTHOR INDEX PERMUTED TITLE/SUBJECT TERM INDEX

iv

GUIDE TO USE OF THIS PUBLICATION

A number of f e a t u r e s have been incoLTorated t o h e l p t h e r e a d e r use this document. They c o n s i s t o f :

-- Asubject TABLE OF CONTENTS l i s t i n g g e n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s of c o n t e n t and indexes. More s p e c i f i c coverage -

-

by s u b j e c t t i t l e / k e y w o r d and a u t h o r i s a v a i l a b l e through t h e a p p r o p r i a t e index.

- numbers, CITATION N W E R S assigned t o each r e f e r e n c e . These w i t h t h e p r e f i x o m i t t e d , a r e used i n s t e a d of page n m b e r s t o i d e n t i f y r e f e r e n c e s i n t h e v a r i o u s indexes. They a r e also used a s TAC i d e n t i f i e r numbers when d e a l i n g w i t h document o r d e r s ; so p l e a s e use t h e e n t i r e (prefix i n c l u d e d ) c i t a t i o n number when corresponding w i t h TAC regarding a r e f e r e n c e . An open ended numbering s y s t e m f a c i l i t a t e s e a s y i n c o r p o r a t i o n of subsequent updates i n t o t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e m a t e r i a l . I n this system, numbers assigned t o new c i t a t i o n s i n each c a t e g o r y w i l l follow d i r e c t l y the l a s t assigned numbers i n t h e p r e v i o u s p u b l i c a t i o n . T h e c i t a t i o n number of t h e l a s t r e f e r e n c e on each page appears on t h e upper right-hand corner of t h a t page to f a c i l i t a t e quick l o c a t i o n of a s p e c i f i c term.

-- A

REFERENCE FORHAT c o n t a i n i n g t h e TAC c i t a t i o n number, t i t l e of r e f e r e n c e , a u t h o r , c o r p o r a t e a f f i l i a t i o n , r e f e r e n c e source, c o n t r a c t or g r a n t number, a b s t r a c t and keywords. The r e f e r e n c e s o u r c e t e l l s , t o t h e b e s t of our knowledge, where the r e f e r e n c e came from. I f from a p e r i o d i c a l , the r e f e r e n c e s o u r c e c o n t a i n s t h e p e r i o d i c a l ' s t i t l e , volume number, page number and date. I f for a r e p o r t , t h e r e f e r e n c e source c o n t a i n s t h e rep o r t number a s s i g n e d b y t h e i s s u i n g agency, number of pages and date.

V

INDEX OF AUTHORS a l p h a b e t i z e d by a u t h o r ' s l a s t name. A reference's a u t h o r i s followed by t h e r e f e r e n c e ' s c i t a t i o n number. For m u l t i p l e a u t h o r s , each a u t h o r is l i s t e d i n t h e index.

--An

INDEX O F PERMUTED TITLES/KEYWORDS a f f o r d s a c c e s s through major words i n the t i t l e and through an assigned s e t of keywords f o r each c i t a t i o n . A r e f e r e n c e ' s t i t l e is followed by t h e r e f e r e n c e ' s c i t a t i o n number. I n t h e indexes, a l l t h e words p e r t a i n i n g t o a r e f e r e n c e a r e permuted a l p h a b e t i c a l l y . Thus, the c i t a t i o n number f o r a r e f e r e n c e appears a s many times as there are major t i t l e words o r keywords f o r t h a t reference. The pernuted words run down the c e n t e r of a n index page. The rest of the t i t l e o r keywords appear a d j a c e n t t o a permuted word. S i n c e a t i t l e or set of keywords i s allowed o n l y one l i n e p e r p e r muted word the beginning, the end, o r both ends of a t i t l e o r s e t of keywords may be c u t o f f ; o r , if s p a c e permits, it w i l l be continued a t t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e of the page u n t i l it runs back i n t o i t s e l f . A # i n d i c a t e s the end of a t i t l e o r s e t of keywords w h i l e a / i n d i c a t e s where a t i t l e o r s e t o f keywords h a s been c u t off w i t h i n a l i n e .

--An

-

vi

10005

13,333

E i l E W OVERVIEWS

ST77 1 0 0 0 0

ANT ANALYSIS O F THE ERDB ?LAN LVD P R O G a Y

( O f f i c e of Technology .Assessment, Washington, D C ) , 328 p . , ?B-250636/8 GTA-E-12, N76-32712 dvai1:XTIS HCS10.00 This r e p o r t is an a n a i y s i s of t h e energy research and Cevelopment programs of t h e Snergy The a n a l y s i s vas perforned p r i n a r i l y by t a s k ..5eserreh and Development Admanistration (SRDA) groups assembled t o cover each of EXDA's rna]or programmatic a r e a s (1) f o s s i l e n e r q , ( 2 ) aucLear energy; ( 3 ) s o l a r geothermal, and advanced t e c h n o l o g i e s ; ( 4 ) conservation: and (5) anvironment and heilltii. S i n c e the E,WA p l a n s r e f l e c t tke ? r e s i d e n t ' s view of n a t i o n a l enerqy R and 3 3 o l i c y , they w i l i i n l a r g e measure determine t h e broader o p t i o n s for our f u t u r e n a c i o n a l energy p o l i c y ; t h i s assessment is intended t o provide t h e congress with much of t h e background information necessary for an e f f e c t i v e a n a l y s i s of t h e ERDA programs.

.

( ENERGY-OVERVXZd

ST77 1 0 0 0 1

, ENERGY-00LI:Cf , ENVIRONMENTAL

EXERGY

-

I.XPACT)

A CONTINULVG BIaLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES

(XASA, Washington, DC) , NASA-SP-7043(10), 165 p . , N77-12505 Xvai1:NTIS EiCS4.00 This bibliography l i s t s 337 r e p o r t s , a r t i c l e s , and o t h e r documents i n t r o d u c e d i n t o &be XASA S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information System from January 1, 1975 t!!rough Lurch 3 1 , 1975. (ENERGY-OVSXVIEW,

ST77 1 0 0 0 2

NTIS-DATA-BASE)

IXSTITVTION O F GUGIXEERS, AUST%UW,

LWXL LVGIXEERIXG CONFEPSNCE, P - U Z R S , 1976

Anon, ( I n s t of t n g , A u s t r a l i a , Sydney), I n s t of Eng, A u s t r a l i a ; Xnnu Enq Conf, Pap, T O W S V i l l e , May l O - i 4 , 1976, P u b 1 by I n s t of Eag, A u s t r a l i a , Sydney, 409 p., 1976 The volume c o n t a i n s 63 papers prnsented a t the Conference. The papers cover s;lbjeCtS i n a wide range of e n g i n e e r i n g d i s c i p l i n e s . including s o l a r an& o t h e r energy r e s o u r c e s , urban planning, dams, eiectric power d i s t r i b u t i o n , water and a i r p o l l u t i o n , water sugply, construct i o n , computer a p g l i c a t i o n s , e n g i n e e r i n g education, and o t h e r s . ( ENERGY-OVERVIEN)

ST77 18003

INWRNATIONAL EXERGY AGEXCY W I T H EMPHASIS ON TRE SUBGROUP ON ENERGY ?XSEARC3 .AND DEVELOPHENT AND TEE EXEXGY CONSERVATION WORKING PARTY

(E-WA, Washington, DC) , 38 p - , ERDA-76-13, N76-34036 Availr9TIS HCf4.00 A c t i v i t i e s of the subgroup on Energy Research and Development and t h e working group on Enezgy Conservation a r e sumarized. These i n c l u d e p r o j e c t s t o e x p l o r e t h e following (1) hydrogen from w a t e r ; (2) waste h e a t u t i l i z a t i o n ; ( 3 ) municipal and i n d u s t r i a l waste u t i l i z a t i o n : ( 4 ) ccral tec.hnoloqy; ( 5 ) r a d i o a c t i v e waste management: ( 6 ) n u c l e a r s a f e t y ; ( 7 ) thermonuclear f u s i o n ; ( 8 ) s o l a r energy, and (9) energy conservation. The tfxermal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of b u i l d i n g s , h e a t PumPS, 'hemal s t o r a g e , and h e a t exchangers are also s t u d i e d . ( ENERGY-OVERVI2W)

ST77 10004

IWEIISOCIETY ENERG1 CCNVERSION ENGINEERING CONFEZENCX llTH, STATE LINE, NEVADA, SEPTEMBER 12-17, 1976

(Conference sponsored by A X H E , y s , SAE, ACS, AI=, ASIYE, and IEEE) , New vork, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 1:1007, V 2:1011, 1976, Proceedings, Volumes 1 SI 2 , A7712662-, Brice of t w o volumes, members 5-75.00; nonmembers $90.00 Discussed t o p i c s a r e related t o t h e areas of advanced a u t o p r o p u l s i o n , advanced c o n c e p t s , a l t e r n a t i v e f u e l s , biomedical power, Brayton cycles and expanders, c o a l and o i l s h a l e u t i l i z a t i o n . e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s ; electrocfiemica1 power, energy c o n s e r v a t i o n and s t o r a g e , geothermal e n e r a y , h e a t p i p e s , and hydrogen energy s y s t e m . A t t e n t i o n is a l s o given t o ,HRD and o t h e r tOpolng c y c l e s , n u c l e a r power, Rankine c y c l e power, s o l a r power, space power, S t i r l i n g Cycle e n g i n e s , t f i e r m c e l e c t r i c s , t h e r m i o n i c s , urban energy management, and wind power. I n d i v i d u a l items a r e announced i n t!is i s s u e . (ENERGY-OVERVIEW,

XLTE,WATIVE-FVELS)

( ~ a s h i n g t o n ,GPO Sponsored by E ~ D Aand NSF, Brepared by OWL. Oak Ridge Xational Lab., TN) 9 2 1 p . , R e n t . ?or S&com. or: E n e r g Res., Development and Demonstration of Ccm. on S e i . and Techno;. , 94th Congr., 2d Sess., ;an 1 9 7 6 , G?O-64-734-Vol-i, W-7405-SNG-26, N77-13525 Xvai1:SOD 9CS8.60

10009 A n updated assessment of t h e Saticnal ZnerW Resourcss ; ?d Technolog-- is ? r e s e n t e d . The inventory l i s t i n g s encompass all energy-related r e s e a r c h and developrnenc concerned with (11 energy s o u r c e s , ( 2 ) e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n , t r a n s m i s s i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n , and s t o r a g e , ( 3 ) energy uses and conservation, ( 4 ) economic and l e g a l a s p e c t s : and ( 5 ) h e a l t h and anvironmental s t u d i e s . Bibliographies with s h o r t C e s c r i p t i o n 0 2 L!e s t t l d i e s a r e organized i n f o u r volumes a s prepared f o r the U.S. House of Representatives.

(ENEXGY-OVERVIEW ST77 10006

SISLIOGRAPHY

INVENTORY OF EXERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (1973-1975), MLUiYE 3 , COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (U.S. HOUSE)

(Washington. GPO Sponsored by ERDA and NSF, Prepared by ORNL, Oak Ridge National Cab., "XI 1 6 0 p . , Rapt. for Subcorn. on Energy R e s . , Development and Demonstration of C o r n . on S C i . and TeC.hnOl., 94th Congr. 2d S e s s . , J a n 1 9 7 6 , GPO-64-734, N77-11579 Avai1:SOD HCS2.30 The survey measures the r e s e a r c h and development ( R and D) e f f o r t s t o expand t h e Sources of energy a s w e l l as-R and D aimed a t c o n t r o l l i n g t!!e impact of energy production and u s e on t h e environment. There i n v e n t o r y s t u d i e s a f f o r d an overview of t h e R and D being performed

i n every a s p e c t of energy e x p l o r a t i o n , production, d i s t r i b u t i o n , u s e , and c o n s e r v a t i o n . ( ENERGX-OVERVIEW

ST77 10007

t

ECONOMICS, EMIIRONMENTAL-IIUIPACT)

NASA OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER WORKSXOP, VOLUME 1, POWER TECHNOLOGY ?ANEL, FIX= =PORT'

(NASA, Langley!,

(Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, V A ) , NASA-TX-X-73964, 195 p . , Prepared J o i n t l y Norfolk, VA, Conducted a t Madison College, Harrisonburg, VA, Aug 3-16, 1975, NSG-1186, N77-13913 Xvai1:NTIS Technology requirements i n t h e a r e a s o f energy sources and conversion, power p r o c e s s i n g , d i s t r i b u t i o n , conversion, and t r a n s m i s s i o n , and energy s t o r a g e a r e i d e n t i f i e d f o r space s h u t t l e payloads. I t is concluded t h a t t h e power system technology c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e is adequate t o accomplish a l l missions i n t h e 1973 mission model, b u t tibat f u r t h e r development is needed t o s u p p o r t space o p p o r t u n i t i e s of t h e f u t u r e as i d e n t i f i e d by users. Space experiments a r e proposed i n t h e following a r e a s power g e n e r a t i o n i n space, advanced p h o t o v o l t a i c energy c o n v e r t e r s , Solar and n u c l e a r t h e r m o e l e c t r i c technology, nickel-cadmium b a t t e r i e s , flywheels ( m c h a n i c a l Storage) s a t e l l i t e - t o - g r o u n d t r a n s m i s s i o n and reconversion systems, and r e g e n e r a t i v e f u e l c e l l S .

W i t ! Old Domanion Univ.,

( ENERGY-OVERVIEW)

ST77 1 0 0 0 8

NATIONAL PIAN FOR ENERGY RESEARCS, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION: CIIOICES FOR TXE FUTURE. VOLUHE I. THE PLAN

CREATING ENERGY

(E-SDA, Washington, DC), 125 p . ,

1976, EmA-76-1, PCS5.5o/MFS3.00 This i s t h e f i r s t annual update of t h e i n i t i a l report, ERDA-48, o f June 1975 (EAPA, 1: 0 1 6 2 1 ) . ERDA's proposed National Plan has been expanded i n scope and depth of coverage and t!!e b a s i c goals and s t r a t e g y a r e r e f i n e d , b u t remain e s s e n t i a l l y i n t a c t . The Plan summarizes ERDA's c u r r e n t views on t h e energy t e c h n o l o g i e s t h e Nation w i l l need t o achieve longer-term energy independence. S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e P l a n a d d r e s s e r the paramount r o l e of t h e p r i v a t e sector i n t h e development and commercialization of new energy t e c h n o l o q i e r ; s i n g l e s o u t c o n s e r v a t i o n technologies f o r increased a t t e n t i o n t h a t a r e now ranked with s e v e r a l supply t e c h n o l o g i e s as being of the higheat p r i o r i t y for n a t i o n a l a c t i o n ; requests a 30 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e 1976 budget for funding energy R and D: and d i r e c t s F e d e r a l programs t o a s s i s t i n d u s t r y i n a c c e l e r a t ing t h e market p e n e t r a t i o n of energy t e c h n o l o g i e s w i t h near-term p o t e n t i a l . The Chapters a r e : The National Energy Problem and t!!e Nature of I t s S o l u t i o n ; Fundamentals of t h e Plan; The P l a n and the F e d e r a l Energy RD and D Program f o r FY 1977; Implementing t h e Plan: Interrelationships Among Energy RD and D P a r t i c i p a n t s : Implementing t h e Plan: ERDA Planning System: F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g t h e Evolution of t h e Plan; and Future Evolution o f the P l a n . Two appendixes, PerSQect i v e on World Resources and N e t Energy d n d l y s i s of Nuclear Power Production, follow. A g l o s s a r y and a s e l e c t e d bibliography complete t h e report.. ( ESERGY-OVERVIEW)

ST77 1 0 0 0 9

PIlOCEEDINGS OF IEEE SOUTEIEASTCONr R E G I O N 3 CONE'EREXCE, 1 9 7 6

&ion, (IEEE, SC A f f i l of Sect, New York, tW, Proc of IEEE Southeastcon, Reg 3 Conf, Clemron Univ, SC, Xpr 5 - 7 , 1 9 7 6 , Pub1 by IEEE, New York, NY, 390 p . , Cat N76 cIIlO59-5 REG 3 , 1975 Proceedings included 136 papers t h a t were grouped i n t o 3 1 s e s s i o n s d e a l i n g with power technology, d i g i t a l systems, computer a p p l i c a t i o n s , e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c waves, semiconductor techniques and phenomena, s o l a r energy and c a l l s , d i g i t a l s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g , c o n t r o l t h e o r y , r a d a r , s o l i d - s t a t e a p p l i c a t i o n s , m i c r o e l c c t m n i c s , a e r o s p a c e e l e c t r o n i c s h systems; microprocessor computer systams, b i o l o g i c a l p a t t e r n p r o c e s s i n g , l a b o r a t o r 1 i n s t r u c t i o n , l a s e r i n e r t i a l n a v i g a t o r s , communication systems. c m p u t e r s i n c o n t r o l , l a r g e s c a l e systems, t e a c h i n g microe l e c t r o n i c s , devices a p p l i c a t i o n s , b i o i n s t r m e n t a t i o n , computers i n dasign/simulatiOn,

2

communication sirma1 p r o c s s s i n g , n o i s e i n semiconductor d e v i c e s , and ? S I ( P e z s o n a l i z e d System of i n s t r u c z i o n )

.

( ZNERGY-OVERVIEW,

ST77 13010

POWER-TECYHOLOGY)

WORLD RESOURCES

- ZXGIXEERISG SOLUTIONS

&on, (I=, London, England), ? r o c of t!!e Z t Conf o f t h e WCE and t h e I C E , 3rd, EIarrogat=, England, Sept 3 0 - O c t 3 , 1973, P u b 1 by I C E , London, England, 204 p a , 1 9 7 6 Procee&ngs i n c l u d e 1 0 papers t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o a o p u l a t i o n er.vironmeat: f o s s i l file1 r e s o u r c e s and energy conservation: n u c l e a r and s o l a r gower; production of o r e s and manufacture and use of n e t a l l i c resources: r e s o u r c e s of manufactured and n a t u r a l nonmetalLic m a t e r i a l s : water as a r e u s a b l e resource; and timber a s a r e p l a c e a b l e r e s o u r c e . ( EHERGI-OVERVIEWI

ST77 10011

ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT)

ZE 94TH CONGRESS AND THE ENERGY RECORD

(Washington, GPO Prepared by L i b r a r f of Congr.), 70 p . , C o d t t e e on I n t e r i o r and I n s u l a r A f f a i r s , U.S. S e n a t e , L i b r a r y of Congress, Washington, DC, Rept. P u r s u a n t t o S. R e s . 45 f o r Corn. on I n t e r i o r and Insular A f f a i r s , 94th Congr., 2d Sass., 1976, GPO-67-716, N76-31672 AvaiL:Comm. on I n t e r i o r and I n s u l a r A f f a i r s Congressional measllres t o encourage t h e conservation of energy and t!!e development of new energy s o u r c e s a r e reviewed. Petroleum and its products, c o a l , n a t u r a l g a s , n u c l e a r e n e r n and s o l a r energy are included. . ( ZNERGI-OVERVIEW

ST77 i C 0 1 2

, CONSERVATION1

ZNERGI IAXPLICXTIONS I N SOUTRWESTERN bGXCUL'!XJPX

Abernac!!y, G.K., J a r n e t t , K . M . , Gupta. Y.P., Wilson, D.B., Hazelton, T . , Stevens, T.H., Keaton, M.L., Neberay, Y . T . , Edington, E.D., Lantford, R.R., McCaslin, a.D., T i t n a n , B . S . , 3.odriguezI V.L., P a t r i c k , N.A., Smith, G.S., Z i e s l i n g , H.E.. S t a f f e l d t , E.E., Barkley, W . , Ford, Q . , W i l l e m , L A . , La France, L . J . , Stevens, W.C., (Sponsored by: New Mexico S t a t e r J n i v e r s i t y , &=search c o u n c i l , Las Cruces, YH), 4th Annual NMSU Conference on Energy, Feb 70 , 1977 Xo A b s t r a c t A v a i l a b l e (ENERGY-OVERVIEW, UNITE0 STATES)

ST77 10013

THE ENERGY PROBLEM AtiD TXE EARTH'S E U ' EL SITUATION

Bainbridge, G.R., (Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England) I n Aspects of Eaergy Conversion, Proceedings of t h e Summer School, Oxford, England, J u l y 14-25, 1975, Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 3-25, 1976, Discussion, p . 2 6 , 27, A77-11026 01-44, A77-11027 T 3 e energy problem is d i s c u s s e d p r i m a r i l y as it a f f e c t s a r i t a i n , w i t h a t t e n t i o n given t o o i l dependence, the rel a t i o n of f u e l and l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s , the i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r the birt!! q u a l i t y of L i f e , and the i n c r e a s i n g demand f o r l i s i t e d world f o s s i l f u e l s . Tables r a t e and !te summarizing B r i t i s h f u e l reserves c o a l , o i l and gas and t h e North Sea o i l r e s e r v e s , a r e presented. ?lev e n e r w t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e examined i n c l u d i n g nuclear f i s s i o n , f u s i o n , s o l a r , geothermal, deep e a r t h h e a t , t i d a l energy, wave energy, and wind energy.

!Z'NERGY-OCT3VIEW ST77 10014

,

UNITED KINGDOM, FUEL-?JZSOURCES)

SOURCEBOOK

FOR ENERGY ASSESSMENT

Beller, N., (Brookhaven N a t i o n a l Lab., Upton, NY) , 211 p . , 71 r e f s , D e c 1975. 46 t a b l e s , 25 f i g u r e s , BNL-30483, Price code An a n a i y t i c a l approach is presented t h a t is broadly a p p l i c a b l e t o the assessment o f energy t e c r n o l o g i e s and p o l i c i e s . Using the Reference Energy Systam approach, r t p e d t S t h e ex!t Subamination of t h e economj.c, environmental, and resource i n p l i c a t z o n s r e s u l t i n g from e s t r t u t i o n of one f u e l o r tscnnology f o r another. Included as t o o l s f o r such analyses a r e t.ie necessary d a t a and me tho do lo^, a s w e l l as a set of Reference Energy Systems Covering t h e 19722020 p e r i o d t o serve a s baselu.es for t k e p e r t u r b a t i o n a n a l y s e s of i n t e r e s t . ( EXTRGY-OVERVIEW

ST77 10015

, TE~NOLOGY-POLICI-~SESSMENT)

RZFEIUZNCE N E R G Y SYSTEX ~PfE"XODOL0Gf

(Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, X Y ) , 11 p . , bpr 1976, CONF-760402-7, BNL-21079, ?CS3.iO/MF$3.00 rnL, -._I-..= ~ = ~ r r s a zcnee z q System (=SI is L zetwork r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a l l of t b e t e c h n i c a l a c t i v i t i e s r e q u i r e d t o supgly v a r i o u s forms of energy t o end-use a c t i v i t i e s . A n a l y t i c a l techniques a r e desc=ibed to examkne all o p e r a t i o n s involvisg s p e c i f i c fuels i c c l u d i c g t h e i r e x t r a c t i o n , r e f i n e m e c t , con-rersion, ; r a n s p o r t , d i s t r i b u t i o n , and u t i l i z a t i o n . Sac;? of t h e s e

S e l l e r , X.,

3

10319

a c t i v i t i e s is represented by a l i n k i n t h e network for which e f f i c i e n c y , e n v i r o r a e n t a l iWaCK. and c o s t c o e f f i c i e n t s may be s p e c i f i e d . Tbe network i s q u a n t i f i e d for a given year wiL5 tile l e v e l cf energy demands and t h e e n e r g flows Lkrouch t h e supply a c t i v i t i e s t!!at a r e Z e q U i Z e a t o s e r v e those demands. XESs were developed f o r t h e yeazs 19a0, 1485, 1990, 2 0 0 0 , and 2 0 2 0 . T h e RESs a r e used i n an assessment t o e v a l u a t e new cachnologies by t h e techniques of g e r t - x b a t i o n a n a l y s i s . I n s e r t i n g d a t a on new technologies i n t o an RES produces a Perturbed EnerM System (PES). The Brookhaven Energy S y s t e m Optimization Model (BESOM) i n c l u d e s t:?e Same Laput Farameters and can be used for more e x t e n s i v e a n a l y s e s where o p t i m i z a t i o n is d e s i r e d . ( ENERGY-OVERVIZW

ST77 10016

r

FUELS-OPTIL~~~ ZATION , ENVIRONMENTAL- IivIPACTl

PROGRAM FOR REGIONAL KXERGY XIUALYSIS, VOLUME I , FINAL REOORT

Benson, W.R., (iMidWCSt Research I n s t . , Kansas C i t y , MO), 1 4 1 p . , ERDA-107-Vol-1, A T ( 4 9 - 1 ) 3755 M R I Pro]. 4046-E, N76-33629 Avail:MTIS HCS5.45 A progro f a c t i o n w a s designed f o r +-he p a r t i c i p a t i o n of Local, s t a t e , or r e g i o n a l Grgan r z a t i o n s with c r u c i a l r o l e s i n energy p o l i c y and energy r e s e a r c h and development. The r e g i o n a l energy a n a l y s i s program provides a uniform procedure f o r a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e g i o n a l impacts and t h e consequences of p o l i c y d e c i s i o n s r e l a t i v e t o r e s e a r c h and development l e a d i n g t o new energy sources. I t i s a l s o a p p l i c a b l e t o the a n a l y s i s of the impacts o f s i g n i f i c a n t expansion of e x i s t i n g supply sourcas. T a s k s t h a t formed t h e b a s i s f o r tha program design were d e f i n i t i o n of r e g i o n s , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of d a t a s o u r c e s , inventory of models, p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n s t r a t e g y , and development of c a n d i d a t e p r o g r a m . As t h e r e g i o n a l energy a n a l y s i s program evolved, elements of the program were s e l e c t i v e l y t a s t e d or v a l i d a t e d using d a t a from a new energy production technology. An oil s h a l e p l a n t and a s o l a r thermal e l e c t r i c power p l a n t were w e d i n t h e tests because or' t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f d a t a .

(ENERGY-OVERVIZW ST77 10017

ASPECTS OF ENERGY CONVERSION

B l a i r , I.X., ad., (Energy Techno1ogy;Support Unit, Hamell, Barks., England), J o n e s , B.D., (Xational I n s t i t u t e f o r Research in Nuclear Science, C h i l t o n , Oxon, England) , Van Horn, A . J . , (Harvard U n i v a r s i t y , Cambridge, MA), Pcrgamon Press, Oxford, England, 8 6 0 p . , 1976, Proceediriqs of t h e summar school, Lincoln College, Oxford, England, J u l y 1 4 - 2 5 , 1975 The broad t o p i c s conaidered a r e t h e fundamuttals of energy r e s o u r c e s and consumption, f o s s i l f u e l s , nuclear f u e l s , a l t e r n a t i v e energy sources (geothermal, solar, waste energy) t r a n s m i s s i o n and s t o r a g e of energy, environmental and socio-economic a s p e c t s of energy u s e r and energy a n a l y s i s . P a r t i c u l a r papers a r e on energy use i n i n d u s t r y , energy use i n a g r i c u l t u r e , domestic energy use and c o n s e r v a t i o n i n b u i l d i n g s . and energy u s e i n t h e c o a l , o i l and qaS Fndustries. Also considered a r e p o s s i b l e energy developments i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t o t a l energy systems, t h e e f f e c t of energy u s e on f u t u r e i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s e s , energy and t h e developing c o u n t r i e s , and r a d i o a c t i v e waste management. I n d i v i d u a l items a r e announced i n this i s s u e . (ENERGY-OVERVIEW,

ST77 10012

ENVIRONMESTAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC)

ENERGY AND CLIXATS

S o l i n , E . , (Stockholm Univ., Swadan), 5 8 e . , NOV 1975, N76-33819/3WE A sunrmary of knowledge of t h o s e mechanisms t h a t determine t h e climate of t h e e a r t h is given, and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t man, d i r e c t l y o r i n b i r a c t l y , may i n f l u e n c e t h e climate is d i s cussed. Topics d e a l t w i t h i n c l u d e c l i m a t i c change. s i n c e t h e l a s t g l a c i a t i o n , some a s p e c t s Of t h e g e n e r a l c i r c u l a t i o n of t h e atmosphere and i t s h p o r t a n c e of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of c l i m a t i c zones on t h e e a r t h , energy f l u x e s i n t h e c l i m a t i c system, c l L a a t i c changes and t h e i r p o s s i b l e c a u s e s , and p o s s i b l e f u t u r e c l i m a t i c changes caused by M i n c r e a s i n g energy production. ( ENERGY-OVERVIEW,

ST77 10013

ANTRROPOCENIC-IMPACT)

PERSPECTIVE ON AMATERIALS IN THE ZNERGY R R O G W

Claassen, R.S., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, N M ) , 34 p., 40 r e f s , 1976, CONF-760133-1, SAND-765155 This i s an i n t r o d u c t o r y paper f o r a series of p r e s a n t a t i o n s t r e a t i n g t h e g e n e r a l theme " C r i t i c a l , U t e r i a h P r o b l e m i n Energy Production." Knergy and m a t e r i a l s a r e c l o s e l y l i n k e d i n many ways; e.g., production of materials, which r e q u i r e s t h e i r recovery and p r o c e s s i n g t o manufacturing, consumes about 17 p e r c a n t of a l l energy used i n t h i s country. To f u l l y unders t a n d how m a t e r i a l s a f f e c t our avolvinq energy program, one needs f i r s t t o understand t h e i n t e r connections w i t h o t h e r a s p e c t s of t h e s i t u a t i o n . Thus, i n S e c t i o n I , some h i s t o r i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e r e v e a l s what enargg consumption has been L5us f a r and what it i s l i k e l y t o b e i.? t h e f u t u r e . S e c t i o n I1 provides the u n i t s and conversion f a c t o r s most o f t e n US8d i n energy d i s c u s s i o n s . The u s e s of anergy and the t o m t h a t energy muat t a k e t o be c o n s u m a b l e a r e summarized i n S e c t i o n 111. F i n a n c i a l a s p e c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y c a p r t a l i z a t i o n problems and f u e l expenses, a r e covered i n S e c t i o n IV. The f i n a l s e c t i o n then provides a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m a t e r i a l s problems t o b e d i s c u s s e d by t!!e o t h e r authors i n t h i s series. ( E?TERGY-OVERVIEN,

ENERGI-CONVE.9SION)

4

10025

I

ST77 1 0 0 2 0

POWER SOURGS 5 : SOURCZS

-2ESZARC4

AND DEVELOPKENT I N BON-MECBAVIC”XL E L E C T R I W ?OWER

C o l l i n s , D.X., ed., Proc of tSe I n t Power Sources Symp, 9 t h , Brighton, England, S e g t 2 4 - 2 6 , 1974, P u b 1 by Academic ?ress, I n c , New York, SY, 740 p . , 1975 Forty-seven papers -,rovide information on research and development, a p g l i c a t i o n s e n g i n e e r i n g , desigr. s t u d i e s , and user-e-xperience of primary and secondary c e l l s , solar c e l l s , C?em.oelectric g e n e r a t o r s , and r e l a t e d s u b j e c t s . Papers include: gas recombination of lead-acid b a t t o r i e s ; b a t t s r y charging a t low temperatures; e f f e c t s of m e t a l l u r g i c a l s t z u c t u r e on hydrogen e v o l u t i o n on lead a l l o y s : gassing rates of automotive b a t t e r i e s : zinc-bromine s t o r a g e b a t t e r y f o r e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s ; i r o n - a i r b a t t e r y syst-Jns f o r t r a c t i o n p u q o s e s ; high e f f i c i e n c y thermo-mechanical generators: perfornance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a long l i f e pacemaker c e l l ; and i n o r g a n i c e l e c t r o l y t e litSi-um c e l l s .

STV

ioozi

SYMPOSIUM ON EXERGY SOURCZS FOR THE FUTURE,

1975

Duggan, J.L., ed., Cloucier, B . J . , ed., (Xortfi Texas S t a t e Univ, Denton, T X ) , Symp on E n e r q Sources f o r ‘&e Future, Oak Ridge, TN, J u l y 7-25, 1975, Pub1 by ERDA, Tech I n f Cent, Oak Xiage, T?l, 303 p . , 1975 Avai1:NTIS S p r i n g f i e l d , VA The volume c o n t a i n s 17 papers d e a l i n g with energy problems and p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s . Topics coverad i n c l u d e n u c l e a r , s o l a r , geotite-rmal and -XHD energy resources. S e l e c t e d papers a r e indexed segarately. (ENERGY-OVERVIEW)

sr7:

io022

ENVTXONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF FUTURE EXERGY ALTERNATIVES

S u r l e , Z . Y . , B i s w a s , A.X., (Environment Canada, Ottawa. O n t a r i o ) , 14 p . , 1 9 7 3 , C3NF-731033-7, U S . S a l e s Only The environmental ispact from growing p r o s p e r i t y is discussed with Lte i d e a of a t t i t u d e change t o e n e r q consumption rates. C o q a r a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n s a r e gxven f o r usaqe and environn e n t a l damage from f o s s i l f u e l s ( o i l , n a t u r a l gas, c o a l ) , h y d r o e l e c t r i c dams, and n u c l e a r energy. Eight f u l l - p a g e graphs, c h a r t s and tables a r e included to assess the p o l l u t i o n a s p e c t s of w a i z e r , a i r , iand and s o l i d waste management f o r f o s s i l bels and r a d i a t i o n hazards from n u c l e a r f u e l s . Socio-economic f a c t o r s and h e a l t ? hazar&s a r e a l s o covered. Y1S3.00,

ST77 10023

EXERGY FOR TOMORROW

Zutkiewicz, R.x., B e n n e t t , K.F., ( u n i v of Cape Town, Sout!! A f r i c a ) , 14 p . , 4 r e f s . 1 9 7 6 , Tat Conf on A i r O o l l u t , Univ of Pretoria, South Africa, Apr 2 6 - 2 9 , 1976, Sponsored by Dep van Gesondheid van South A f r i c a , S. 121 Trends, i n energy production and their e f f e c t on a i r p o l l u t i o n are reviewed. The cnconvent i o n a l rnergy forms a r e discussed. Developments i n the c l e a n e r u t i l i z a t i o n of c o a l a r e examined and i t is f e l t t h a t these developments w i l l play a l a r g e p a r t i n p o l l u t i o n abatement. WIRONMZNT, POLLUTION)

(ENERGY-OVERVIEW,

ST77 1 0 0 2 4

STRUCTUm O F A SI.MJUTfON MODEL FOR ZIERGY-XEEWTED REGIONAL ASSESSMENT

F r a l e y , D.W., S w i f t , !J.B., ( B a t t e l l e P a c i f i c Xorthwest L a b s . , Richland, WA), 23 p - , 1976, CONF-760435-4, BNWL-SA-5677, PC A02/MF A01 The s t r u c t u r e of a dynamic simulation model designed t o analyze Lie e f f a c t s of p o t e n t i a l f u t u r e energy p o l i c i e s and a c t i o n s a s a m u l t i s t a t e , r e g i o n a l level is described. The simulat i o n s t r u c t u r e i n c l u d e s the i n t e r a c t i n g e f f e c t s o f energy development, energy- and macro-economics. and demoqrapby on land use, w a t e r resources, a i r q u a l i t y , ecosystems, and s o c i e t y . ( E?IERGY-OVERVImf

ST77 10025

, .XACRO-ECONOMICS, ZIWIRONMENT)

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT POST-2000

G i b r a t , R., Sciences e t Techniques, p. 5-14, Nov 1976, A77-14560, I n French General environment and e n e r q resources and d i s p o s a l problems e x t r a p o l a t e d t o LLe n e x t c e n t u r y a r e surveyed, wit!! f o c u on :?ydrogen/elestricity economy, g l o b a l climatology and C32 d i s p o s a l , l o n g - t e r n c l i m a t o l o g i c a l changes and p r e d i c t i o n s of i n t e r g l a c i a l e r a d u r a t i o n , and Proa p p l i c a t i o n s o f topology and c a t a s t r o p h e theory t o environment and climatology problems. j e c t i o n s on population l e v e l , e n e r w needs and resources, and a population of 12 b i l l i o n using 60 T i energy are considered f o r t h e year 2900 and beyond. The basics of Thorn (1970) Catastrophe dire ~ z t l i n a d . %sgos-al of vasts h e a t arid excess CO2 qer.eratei T h e o r y a115 ? = ~ a i = l =&ppli;ations by i n d u s t r y i n
CLI:.fdTOLOGf 1

5

io030

ST77 100 26

AN XDVILVCSD ENERGY CONSEWATION TECHN6LOCf P R O G W ; F'ROCZEDINGS OF THE INTERSOCiEfY :JCRKs~oP CONFEXE?ICI, XiiULTE HOUSE. VA, MARC3 2 4 - 2 6 , 1 0 7 6

G r a y , J . , ad., (American i n s t i t u t e of .Xeronautics and d s t r o n a u c i c s , New York, N Y ) , 96 2 . . 1976, Conference sponsored by X I U , AICIIL, ASFEUE, AS%, aI?d ERDA, New York, .American I n s t i t u t e Of Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s , rnc., A77-12928 The conference w a s assembled t o c o n s i d e r t h e p r o c e s s e s by which advanced energy conservat i o n e n g i n e e r i n g knavleaqe and methods a r e introduced i n t o p r a c t i c a l end-product InanUfaCt'Ue and use, and t o examrne t h e 2 o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e s e processes. ?en major technologies w e r e i d e n t i f i e d which a f f e c t energy c o n s e r v a t i o n and which u t i l i z e advanced e n g i n e e r i n g methods waste h e a t recovery, instruments and c o n t r o l s , energy conversion ( i n c i u a i n g Combustion and h e a t t r a n s f e r ) , energy transmission and s t o r a g e , m a t e r i a l s ( i n c l u d i n o r e c y c l i n g ) , a n a l y t i c a l methods and modeling, manufacturing p r o c e s s e s , b a s i c component d e s i g n , system LrkegratiOn, and a l t e r n a t i v e energy sourcss. The a r e a s of a p p l i c a t i o n f o r some or a l l of t h e s e techniques were g:ouQed i n t o f i v e general c a t e g o r i e s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g , e l e c t r i c power generat i o n , and-product manufacture, and process i n d u s t r i e s . ( ENERG!f-OVERVI.EW)

ST77 10027

-

ENERGY STICATEGIES

IIaZele, W . , Sasoin, W . , ( I n t I n s t f o r Appl S y s t Anal, Laxenburg, A u s t r i a ) , Energy, Oxford. V 1:147-163, N Z , 1 8 r e f s , June 1976 The amount of f o 8 e i l energy reserves and r e s o u r c e s suggests a t r a n s i t i o n t o energy Supply system t h a t is based on a q u a s i - i n f i n i t e f u e l supply. S e v e r a l o p t i o n s exist f o r t h i s t r a n s i t i o n such a s the nuclear breeder o r s o l a r power. S t r a t e g i e s f o r t r a n s i t i o n s have t o meet a c e r t a i n demand for energy. A simple b u t g l o b a l s c e n a r i o is given f o r such energy demand with emphasis on low demand i n conjunction with f o s s i l f u e l s . Consideration is given t o t h e cons t r a i n t s o f such f o s s i l energy production and emphasis is put on t h e C 0 / / 2 problem. Tbis allows I n view of t h e timing o f t h e a rough understanding of the time s c a l e o f such t r a n s i t i o n s . t r a n s i t i o n t h e various o p t i o n s f o r q u a s i - i n f i n i t e s u p p l i e s of energy a r e considered and p r i o r i t i e s of a number of physics t a s k s a r e conceived. ( ENERGY-OVERVIEW,

ST77 10028

TRANSITION-STRATEGIE!S, ENVIRONMENT)

AN OVERVIEW OF ALTERVATE ENERGY RESOURCES FOR POWER GZNERATION

- 3.975-2000

Hauser, L.G., (Westinghouse Electric Corp., P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , I n Symposium on A l t e r n a t e Fuel Resources, Santa Maria, CA, Mar 25-27, 1976, Proceedings, Western P e r i o d i c a l s Co., North Xollywood, CX, p. L5-22, 1 9 7 6 , American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s , Inc., Vandenberg, CA , A76-47289 The paper d i s c u s s e s t h e probable f u t u r e t r e n d s i n e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n i n terms O f energy source and type of g e n e r a t i o n f o r t h e p e r i o d 1975-2000 i n t h e USA. Twelve new energy system a l t e r n a t i v 9 s are shown t o be s u i t a b l e f o r succeosFul economFc f e a s i b i l i t y . S e l e e - i o n s should be made among t h e s e 12 a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r h i g h e r p r i o r i t y development e f f o r t s . Five a l t e r n a t i v e s w o u l d be most b e n e f i c i a l f o r t h e l a s t q u a r t a r of this century b r e e d e r r e a c t o r with steam t u r b i n e s , combined c y c l e (combu.stion/steam t u r b i n e ) w i t h a coal-derived f u e l , st8am t u r b i n e f i r e d by municipal wastes, wind t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r s , and b a t t e r i e s . (ELECTRICITY, ECONOMCS

ST77 1 0 0 2 9

SYMPOSIUM ON ALTEFXATE FUEL RESOURaS, SANTA MARIA, CALIFORNIA, NARC3 25-27,

1976,

JROCEEDINGS

Sendel, F . J . , ed., ( C a l i f o r n i a Polytechnic S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , S a n Luis Obispo, C A I , Monograph On A l t e r n a t e Fuel Resourcas, Western P e r i o d i c a l s Co., North Hollywood, CA, V 2 0 : 4 6 9 , 1 9 7 6 , Symposium Sponsored by American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and A s t z o n a u t i c s , Inc., Vandenberg, CA, A76-47287, PCS45.00 The p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n o f papers is concerned w i t h advances i n and p r o j e c t s €or a l t e m a t i v a s t o conventional f u e l s and energy s o u r c e s i n o r d e r t o meet t!!e USA f u t u r e energy r e q u i r e ments. ,Major a r e a s d i s c u s s e d i n c l u d e o v e r a l l a s p e c t s of a l t e r n a t e f u e l r e s o u r c e s , d e v e l o p ~ n t of s y n t h e t i c f u e l s , gas t u r b i n e and diesel oil a l t e r n a t e s , o i l s h a l e r e t o r t i n g , and a l t e r n a t e s t o g a s o l i n e i n automotive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . O t h e r t o p i c s concern gas and c o a l u t i l i z a t i o n . p o l l u t i o n c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n a l t e r n a t e f u e l s , and f u e l and energy from s o l i d waste and biomasr. ( ENERGY-0VERVIFd)

ST77 1 0 0 3 0

ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION

- BOOK

itrenz, J . H . , (Colorado, U n i v e r s i t y , Boulder, C O ) , 367 p . , 1 9 7 6 , Allyn and Bacon, Knc.. Boston, LWclA, A77-14957, X S 1 7 . 9 5 The energy c r i s i s is considered along with a s p e c t s of energy consumption, t h e fossil f u e l r e s e r v e s , t h e s o l a r energy balance of t!!e e a r t h , problems of carbon d i o x i d e g e n e r a t i o n , atnos p h e r i c a o l l u t i o n , thermodynamic l i m i t a t i o n s , and q u e s t i o n s r e l a t e d t o t h e g e n e r a t i o n O f e l e c t r i c a l energy from f o s s i l f u e l s . Topics r e l a t e d t o t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of n u c l e a r anergy a r e d i s zussed, t a k i n g i n t o account t h e f i s s i o n chain r e a c t i o n , thermal n e u t r o n r e a c t o r s , f a s t neutron

6

10035

I

breeder r e a c t o r s , f i s s i o n wastes and ot!!er l i m i t a z i o n s , requirements f o r a t h e r i i m x c l e a r f u s i o n reacc:ion, magnetically confined p l a s s a Zusion devices, and l a s e r induced fusion. A t t e n t i o n i s also gxven t o the p o t e n t i a l of s o i a r energy, low and high temperacure a p p l i c a t i o n s of s o l a r snergv, g n o t o v o l t a i c s o l a r c e l l s , p h o t o s y n t h e s i s , hydropower, c i d a l power, power 2rom ocean teqeritu=e grcadients, wirid power, geothermal power, snd q u e s t i o n s r e l a t e d t o energy usage a c d t h e U.S. Pconomy. (3ERGY-OVERVIECJt

ST77 1 0 0 3 1

SNVIRONMENT)

ENERGY XEESEARCI IX THE QNITED KINGDOM

P a r s h a l l , W . , (Departnent of Energy, London, United lingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Harweil, S e r k s . , England), Atom, p. 302-313, Dec 1976, A77-15012 A n overview is pkesented of r e s e a r c h and development i n t h e f i e l d of energy i n t h e United Xingdom. A t t a n t i o n is given t o t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of c o a l , o i l and n a t u r a l gas t e c h n o l o g i e s and t o t h a t o f n u c l e a r energy. The o v e r a l l importance of a l t e r n a t i v e energy sources ( f u s i o n , geothermal, s o l a r , tidal, w a v e , wind, o i l s h a l e , and waste) is examined along v i t h the iinporcance of d i f f e r e n t e n e r q conversion and d i s t r i b u t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s such a s c o a l conversion, e l e c t r i c i c y sugply, and gas supply. The o v e r a l l importance of energy u t i l i z a t i o n technologies ( f u e l u t i l i z a t i o n and energy c o n s e r v a t i o n ) . (EXERGY-OVERVISW, UTILIZATION, ALTERNATIVES) CT77 1 0 0 3 2

UMR-HEC CONFERENCE ON ESERGY, 2ND ANNUAL, PROCEEDIXGS, 1975

ed., (Univ of Missouri, R o l l a , W ) , UMR-MEC Conf on Energyr 2nd .-nu, Proc. Pap, Xorgan, J . D . , Univ of LYissouri, Rolla, Qct 7 - 4 , 19.73, Pub1 by West Period CO, North Hollywood, CA, 133 p., 1376 ?he volume c o n t a i n s 44 papers d e a l i n g w i t h energy s o u z c e s , g e n e r a t i o n , c o n s e r v a t i o n and u t i l L z a t i o n . The papers are grouped under following t i t l e s : Snergy management; Wind and solar mer=: Ckemical energy conversion; Economics of energy; Znergy systems: and FAergy environment. (EXERGY-OVERVIEWS, GENERATION, UTILIZATION) ST77 10033

TEIE AVAILABILITY O F FVELS FOR POWER PLANTS

Olds, F.C., Power Engineering, 0 00:42-49, Sept 1976, A77-11316 Q u e s t i o n s of f u e l a v a i l a b i l i t y are examined, t a k i n g i n t o account t ! c e x i s t i n g c o a l reserves i n t h e world and i n t h e U . S . , t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of deep open p i t mining, q u e s t i o n s concerning t i e p o s s i b i l i t y of m a i n t a i n i z q a high energy growth r a t e r and t h e p l i g h t of the n o n o i l develooinq c o u n t r i e s . A t t e n t i o n is a l s o given t o a g l o b a l energy p r o j e c t i o n , the g l o b a l energy use r a t e , and a 1t e r n a t i v e f u e l s .

< ENERGY-OVERVIEW, UTILIZATION) ST77 1 0 0 3 4

ENERGY.

VQLf3ME 3

- NUCLEAR ENERGY AND ENERGY POLICIES - BOOK

Penner, S.S., ed., ( C a l i f o r n i a , U n i v e r s i t y , La J c l l a , C P ) , Addison-Uesley P u b l i s h i n g Co., I n c . , Seading, &A,749 p., 1 9 7 6 , A76-43448, ~cs28.50 Nuclear f i s s i o n anergy is c o n s i d e r e d with emphasis on t!!e developmsnt of p r e s s u r i z e d w a t e r r e a c t o r s , b o i l i n g water r e a c t o r s and high temperature gas cooled r e a c t o r s , and breeder r e a c t o r s a r e examined i n d e t a i l . C o n t r o l l e d f u s i o n is discussed with a t t e n t i o n p a i d t o types of m a g n e t x confinement, and t h e s t a b i l i t y and t r a n s p o r t p r o p e r t i e s o f confined plasmas. The environmental a s p e c t s of n u c l e a r power a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e considered, w i t h d i s c u s s i o n s of a c c i d e n t s i n v o l v i n g n u c l e a r f i s s i o n r e a c t o r s . r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n s t a n d a r d s , n u c l e a r waste d i s p o s a l and estimates o f environmental and s a f e t y a s p e c t s o f f u s i o n power. A s e c t i o n is devoted t o energy p o l i c i e s , examining t h e g l o b a l impact of energy use, energy c o n s e r v a t i o n and solar h e a t i n g End c o o l i n g . ( ENERGY-OVERVIEW,

ST77 10035

ALTERNATNES)

COMPREHENSIVE STANDARDS:

THE POWER GENERATION W

E

r i g f O r 6 , T.H., Reaton. N.J., mnn, E . J . , S e s s l e r , G.L.. (Teknekron, I n c . , a e r k e l e y . C A I , 360 3 . . -Xar 1 9 7 f , Teknekron/EEED-lOQ, Teknekron/EEED-lOS, PS-259 8 7 6 / : i J E T h i s r e p o r t p r e s e n t s an i l l u s t r a t i v e d a t a base o f n a t e r i a l q u a n t i t i e s and environmental e f f l u e n t s i n the f u e l cfcles f o r a l t e r n a t i v e technologies of thermally generated power. The e n t i r e f u e l c y c l e f o r each of t e n a l t s r n a t i v e technologies is o u t l i n e d f o r a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e Bower p l a n t g e n e r a t i n g 1000 rn o f e l e c t r i c a l power. The r e q u i r e d u t i l i z a t i o n of m a t e r i a l res o u r c e s and t h e Cuel-cycle m a t e r i a l q u a n t i t i e s are i n d i c a t e d on a f l o w sheet f o r each technology. The t e c h n o l o g i e s considered a r e : Light-water nuclear r e a c t o r : Coal: Residual f u e l o i l ; N a t u r a i gas: H i g h - s u l f w c o a l , wit!% c o a l g a s i f i c a t i o n and s u l f u r removal: High-sulfur c o a l , with SO2 recovery by w e t - l i s e s t o n e scrubbing: Geothermal steam: Breeder f i s s i o n r e a c t o r : S o l a r energy; Therxonuclear f u s i o n . (ENERG'I-OVERVIEW , EXVIRONXENT , ALTERSATIVES1

7

3T77 1 0 0 3 6

EXERGY AiVD PHYSICS

-

GE?SE.SAL CONFE-XXCE 9P

THE EUROPEXIV PHYSICAL SOCIETY

P o t t e r , R.F., (Office of Naval Research, London, Zngland), 17 p . , Third Conf. 9 e l d i n S u c h a r e s t , X77-15311 Romania. S e p t 9-12, 1975, AD-A026952 ON=-C-14-76, Avai1:NTIS This r e p o r t covers a o r t i o n s of most of t h e plenary s e s s i o n s i n c l u d i n g t h e opening Session or' t h e conference, Physics and Energy; Energy S t r a t e g i e s ; Y a t u r i t y of Nuclear Energy: U s e Of S o l a r Enerqy: Yew Gaals and Challenges; Photochemistry; Thermonuclear Research; Snergy, 3issiPat i o n an8 S t t n c t u r e : Transport and S t o r a g e of Energy. Ot!!er s e s s i o n s covered a r e on S o l a r Energy U s e , Transport and Storage of Energy and Energy Research S t r a t e g i e s . ( ENERGY-OVERVIEW)

ST77 10037

EXERGY RESEARCE FOR PHYSICISTS

Reynolds, G.T., (Princeton U n i v e r s i t y , P r i n c e t o n , NJ) , Physics Today, V 29:34-41, DeC 1976, A77- 15 350 Challenging problems f o r p h y s i c i s t s probing i n t o e x p l o i t a t i o n of novel anergy r e S O U C e S a r e reviewed and o u t l i n e d . A t t e n t i o n is c e n t e r e d on a p p l i c a t i o n s o f f l u i d dynamics i n harnessi n g of wind power, s o l a r energy, s o l a r power s t o r e d i n ocean temperature d i f f e n e n t i a l s , and geothermal energy. Advanced design of solar reflectors and c o n c e n t r a t o r s , c o l l e c t i o n of wind power over a broad a r e a w i t h convection through a v e r t i c a l s t a c k , d i f f i c u l t i e s i n e x p l o i t a t i o n of ocean depths a s a h e a t r e s e r v o i r , and t y p e s of geothermal reservoirs a r e discussed. Stlmu l a t i n g f l u i d production from p r e s e n t l y unproductive hydrothermal reservoirs, working With dry geothermal r e s e r v o i r s , q u a l i t a t i v e advances i n d r i l l i n g t e c h n i q u e s , iaproved water-to-steam conversion, handling of mineralized geothermal f l u i d s , and improved thernmdynamic power c y c l e s a r e considered a s examples of i n t r i g u i n g problams f o r p h y s i c i s t s working on tapping geothersnal energy. ( ENERGY-OVERVIEW ,

ST77 10038

-

ALTERNATIVE-RESOURCES)

ENERGY MATHEMATICS AND mDELS; PROCEEDINGS OF TIiE CONFERENCE, U T A , UTAII, JULY 7-11, 1975

Roberts, P.S., ad., (Rutgers U n i v e r s i t y , New B t u n s w i c k , NJ) , 301 p., 1976, Conference sponsored by t h e S o c i e t y f o r I n d u s t r i a l and Applied Mathematics and N a t i o n a l Science Foundation P h i l a d e l p h i a . PA, S o c i e t y f o r I n d u s t r i a l and Applied Mathematics, A77-11233, Pcs16.00 The present papers by mathematicians and energy r e s e a r c h e r s have the o b j e c t i v e t o d e l i n e a t e t h e r o l e of mathamatics i n energy r e s e a r c h and t o d e s c r i b e t h e circumstances under which d e p l i c a t i o n of mathematical a n a l y s i s t o the energy problem could be meaningful and u s e f u l . The i n d i v i d u a l papers demonstrate t!ae mathematical t o o l s r e l e v a n t t o the energy gcoblem and examine t h e amenability of s i g n i f i c a n t problems t o mathematical a n a l y s i s . (ENERGY-OVERVIEW

ST77 10039

, TECHNOLOGY-FORECASTING)

ENERGY AND TXE ENVIRONMENT, 3RD NATIONAL CONE'EmCE, PROCEEDINGS, 1975

R o l i n s k i , E . J . , ai., Buonicore, A.J., ad., E a r l e y , D.E., a d . , Theodore, L., ed., Rolsten. R.F., ed., S e r v a i s , R.A., ad., Energy and t h e Environ, 3rd N a t l Conf, Proc, Pap, Hueston Woods S t a t e Park, Ohio, S e p t 29-0ct 1, 1975, P u b 1 by AIChE, Dayton, and Ohio Valley S e c t , New York, NY, 4 0 4 e., 1 9 7 5 F i f t y - s i x papers, four a b s t r a c t s , and a b r i e f t a l k on man and technology a r e p r e s e n t e d . Socioeconomic impacts of Western anergy development, f u e l energy TSe t o p i c s discussed =e: e s t i m a t e s , EPA role i n energy R h D , c a p i t a l p r o j e c t s , p l a n t s i t i n g , enorgy conSerVatlOn, Waste t o f u e l , s h a l e and c o a l o i l s , MEiD g e n e r a t o r s , combined c y c l e power p l a n t s , s o l a r thermal energy s t o r a g e , f e r r o u s i r o n c a t a l y s i s , metal-aromatic polymers, s o l a r h e a t i n g of c o o l i n g , r e f u s e t o anergy, t h e m a l discharges and l i v i n g systems, n u c l e a r power, oil-from-waste processes, &strict h e a t i n g with refuse, s e n s o r s in urban a i r monitoring, emission t e s t procedures, s o u r c e tests, o p a c i t y measurements, S0//2 removal, s u r f a c e condensers, c y c l o n e s , bag f i l t e r s , halohydrocarbon t o x i c i t y , s i n g l e s t a c k f e a s i b i l i t y , i g n i t i o n systems, baqhouse performance, f u g i t i v e d u s t c o n t r o l , and i n d u s t r i a l odor p r o b l e m . ( ENERGY-OVERVIEW,

ST77 1 0 0 4 0

ENVIRONMENT,

NUCLEAR POWER

UNITED-STATES)

- COMPARED TO WHAT - ENERGY ALTERNATIVES FOR ELECTRIC POWER G&NERi\TION

Rose, D . J . , (KIT, Cambridge, HA)., Leskovjan, L.L., ( F l o r i d a Power and L i g h t Co., M i d , FL) t Walsh, P.W., NSF ST-40016000, Amarican S c i e n t i s t , V 6 4 : 2 9 1 t 2 9 9 , .Uy-June 1976! A77-12234 The p a p e r i s c n c e r n e d with long-term d e c i s i o n s which w i l l a f f e c t e l e c t a c power genera:;on towards t h e end of the c e n t u r y . Petroleum and n a t u r a l gas being s c a r c e a t t h a t t i m e , t h e r e a l c h o i c e s w i l l b e among n u c l e a r P i s s i o n ( w i t h b r e e d e r r e a c t o r s i n p r o s p e c t ) , c o n t r o l l e d nuclear f u s i o n , solar power, and c o a l . These major a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e comparatively a s s e s s e d from economic, environmental and s o c i e t a l p o i n t s of view. h a n a l y s i s of U.S. a v a i l a b l e f X e l r e s o u r c e s l e a d s to t h e conclusion t h a t t h e only near-term a l t e r n a t r v e s a r e n u c l e a r f i s s i o n and c o a l ?over. Health hazards of n u c l e a r i i s s i o n power i n c l u d i n g Lhose from nuning, r a d i o aCtiVlt'f, r e a c t o r accidents and nuclear waste d i s p o s a l a r e d i s c u s s e d , a s w e l l as h e a l t h e f f e c t s Of Coal-

a

10044

Tenerated aower a r i s i n g from inining, d i r e c t burning, and =.".e conversion of c o a l through g a s i f i c a t i o n and i i q u e f a c t i o n . P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n is given t o the environmental impact of c o a l burnin? p r o d u c t s , such a s s u l f r v o x i d e s , nitrogen o x i d e s , p a r t i c u l a t e s , and t z a c e metals. For t h e long t a m , c o n r o l l e d f u s i o n and s o l a r power a r e b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d . I t is concluded t n a c t h e n u c l e a r f i s s i o n appears t o be the most acceptable technology from sll t h e d i s c u s s e d p o i n t s of view. I

(ENERGY-OVERVIEJJ

ST77 1 0 0 4 1

,

TECflNOLOGI-FOREICXSXNG)

ENERGY PROBLEMS AND POTEXTIAL SOLUTIONS

-

Schmid, L.C., ( B a t t e l i e P a c i f i c Northwest Labs., xichland. WA) , 13 p . , BNWL-SA-3622, E(45-1) 1830, N76-31689 Avail :NTIS iICS 3.50 The p a s t and f u t u r e t r e n d s i n energy use show a g r e a t e r growth r a t e f o r o i l and gas r e l a t r v e t o o t h e r r e s o u r c e s , and reserves of t!ese resources a r e nor being found a s r a p i d l y as they a r e being removed -from t h e qround, r e s u l t i n g in g r e a t e r dependence of imported E a s t e r n o i l . T h i s has r e s u l t e d i n a t r a d e imbalance. These f a c t o r s a r e r e s u l t i n g i n some c u r r e n t s h o r t a g e s of energy, e s p e c i a l l y e l e c t r i c a l power and n a t u r a l gar: i n c r e a s i n g energy c o s t s : a growing Cependence on f o r e i g n s u p p l i e s of fuel: and i n c r e a s e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the S o c i a l and environmental a s p e c t s of energy production, a s w e l l a s t e c h n i c a l and economic ones. I n t h e s h o r t and intermediate tern, l o g i c a l s o l u t i o n s based on the energy s c e n a r i o are t o reduce energy <emand through conservation: t o pove away from using scarce resouzcas such a s o i l and gas which now provide approximatsly 78% of U.S. energy: t o move toward the u s e of more abundant r e s o u r c e s such bs c o a l and uranium: and t o develop domestic s u p p l i e s of o i i and gas. I n t h e longer term, renewable sources such a s solar, f u s i o n , and geothermal need t o be developed. (ENERGY-OVERVIZW,

UNITED-STATES , ENVIXONMENT)

IMPACTS OF ALTZRNATIVE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTE-XS FOR CALIFORNIA AND ANAL!ISIS OF SUPPLY-D-D O F ELECTRICITY FOR TXE TWELVE WESTERN STATES 1973 TO 1990

ST77 1 0 0 4 2

S i r i , W.E., Sathaye, J.A., Kunin, L., Rude-, H., Sextzo, R., Chan, P., Horovitz, M., (Lzerqy and Environment Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, U n i v e r s i t y of CaLifornia, Berkeley, C A I , HigTins, G.H., (Energy and Resource Program, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , L i v e m o r e , CAI, 224 p., Apt 26, 1976 while r e c o g n i z i n g t h a t a shift in major enerqy s o u r c e s for t h e f u t u r s can, i n g r i n c i p l e , a f f e c t i n some degree every segment of s o c i e t y , the economy, and the environment, t!!is s t u d y n e c e s s a r i l y c o n f i n e s itself p r i m a r i l y to an a n a l y s i s of d i r e c t costs and p o l l u t a n t s a s s o c i a t s d with a l t e r n a t i v e means f o r supplying e l e c t r i c i t y t o C a l i f o r n i a , and c e r t a r n d i r e c t consequences of phasing o u t n u c l e a r energy. The d a t a , however, may a l s o serve a s a b a s i s f o r judging implicat i o n s f o r s o w of the i n d i r e c t aconomic impacts and environmental e f f e c t s . (E:ERGY-OVZRlffEW, ENVIRONMENT)

(Brown a o v e r i 6r Co, Baden, S w i t z e r l a n d ) , E l e k t r o t e c h Maschinenbau, V 93:295-301, S p e i s e r , A.P., N7, J u l y 1976, I n Geman The f i v e main energy sources a r e d i s c u s s e d , namely, petroleum. n a t u r a l g a s , Coal, Water, and n u c l e a r energy. A l t e r n a t i v e energy sources f o r the f u t u r e a r e c o n s i d e r e d , such a s wind. It is p o i n t e d o u t t ! a t s o l u t i o n s t o energy problems should n o t g e o t h e r n a l and s o l a r energy. b e sought s o l e l y i n s c i e n t i f i c and engineering 2 6 D. Economic, p o l i t i c a l and psychological a s p e c t s a r e , a t l e a s t , a s important. (ENERGY-OVERVIEW, ALTERNATIVES, SOCIO-ECONOMICS)

I=

ST77 10'044

m R =

SIMULATION ,WDEL

-

A FRAMEWORK FOR LONG-RANGE

U.S. ENERGY ANALYSIS

w h i t t l e , C.E., R e a s t e r , D . B . , S i l v e r , E.G., Meinhold, J . F . , Aimed, S.B., D a v i t i a n , W.E., XacPherson, B.G., P e r r y , A.M., ( I n s t i t u t e f o r Energy Analysis, O a k Ridge, T N ) , 160 p., ERDA14-Ql-0001-1699, ORAU-125 SEA-75-1, N77-14594 Avail:NTIS X model w a s developed € o r s i m u l a t i n g p l a u s i b l e U.S. energy s u p p l i e s and demands f o r t h e l a s t >art o f this century and the e a r l y p a r t of the 2lst c e n t u r y . T h i s model was intended to g i v e 301icy makers a means o f comparing v a r i o u s possible f u t u r e s for enerqy s u p p l i e s and demands and f o r d e t e r m i n i n g which combinations allow a f e a s i b l e match between t!!e p r o j e c t e d demands and. t h e a v a i l a b l e domestic s u p p l i e s . Demand functions were g e n e r a t e d f o r each of t h e energy c n z r i e r s ( e l e c t r i c i t y , l i q u i d s , g a s e s , and s o l i d s ) by examining t h e i n d u s t r i a l , r e s i d e n t i a l and C o m e r c i a l , and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demand s e c t o r s i n terms of t h e i r component a c t i v i t i e s . SUOplY f ? & i c t i o n s have been generated independently f o r each of the energy c a r r i e r s based on t h e 3-t aor_ilabl= &ta && ; astiaates f a r Cie f o s s i l f u e i s , uranium, h y d r o e l e c t r i c i t y , geothermal h e a t , and s o l a r e n e r g and on p r e s e n t knowlsdge and p r o j e c t i o n s about e x t r a c t i o n and conversion technoiogy

.

~ x E ~ ~ Y - o v E R V I Z T , ,ECONOXICS , POLICIZS)

9

L I V UY

U, 333 SOLAR GVERV IEWS ST77 ll000

ENEXGY

- THE U.S.

AT THE CXOSSROXDS

Environmental S c i e n c e and Technology, v 10:854-a59, Sept 1976, A76-43461 Energy p o l ~ c yis d i s c u s s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t!!e development of renewable energy sources. Zmphasis is on s o l a r energy technology, with d i s c u s s i o n s also of ocean thermal, t i d e and wind gower. Economic f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d with t!!e development or' renewable sources a r e examined. ( SOLAR-OVEXVISW,

,E?ERGY-POLICL)

ST77 11001

-

IXTERNATIONAL SOLAR ZNERGY CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION, EXTENDED ABSTRACTS: A RESOURCE FOR PEOPLZ

NOW

SOLAR USE

dnon, ( I n t Sol Energy SOC, Smiffisonian .?ad Diol Lab, R o c k v i l l a , M D ) , I n t S o l Energy COngr and zx?o I Extendea Abstr, Univ of C a l i f o r n i a , Loo Angeles, J u l y 23-Aug 1, 1 9 7 5 , P u b 1 by I S E S , Smithsonian Rad Biol Lab, Rockville, LXD, 5 4 0 p., 1975 Proceedings of t h e congress i n c l u d e 270 papers p r e s e n t e d i n t h e extended a b s t r a c t form. The following t o p i c s were d i s c u s s e d a t t h e conference: aconomFc and s o c i a l a s p e c t s : developing c o u n t r i e s ; solar r a d i a t i o n : p h o t o v o l t a i c , photochemical, p h o t o b i o l o g i c a l processes: s o l a r f u r naces; matmrials, f l a t p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s , energy s t o r a g e : s o l a r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g of buildincrs: d r y i n g and d i s t i l l a t i o n : focusing c o l l e c t o r s : and solar thermal power. ( SOLAR-OVERVIEW

sr77 11002

, SOCIO-ECONOMIC)

LARGE s m . z SOLAR ENE.RGY TEST FACILITIES

Connell, X.L., ed., ( P h y s i c a l Scienca Laboratory, New LXexico S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ) , 477 p . , Proceedi n g s of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e m i n a l on Large Scale Solar Energy T e s t F a c i l i t i e s , Lao Cruces, XM, ?lev 1 3 - 1 9 , 1974, (NSF G r a n t AER 75-06866) Avai1:Prepared f o r the NSF, Research *plied t o N a t i o n a l Needs Program ?he Seminar on Larqe Scale S o l a r T e s t F a c i l i t i e s , h e l d a t t h e P h y s i c a l Science L a b o r a t o n on November 13-19, 1974, was sponsored by t h e National Science Foundation and brought t o g e t h e r f o r t h e f i r s t time experts from a l l the world's e x i s t i n g l a r g e s c a l e s o l a r test f a c i l f t i e s , U.S. i n d u s t r y , government and academic i n s t i t u t i o n s , t o d e f i n e t h e requirements and d e s i g n c r i t e r i a f o r a f u t u r e 5 M W t h s o l a r t e s t f a c i l i t y t o be b u i l t i n t h e United S t a t e s . The U.S. Army White Sands Mioaile Range co-hosted t h e seminar w i t h New Mexico S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y while t h e t e c h n i c a l program and arrangements for a l l t h e speakers w a s c o o r d i n a t e d by Georgia I n s t i t u t e of Technology. Grateful acknowledgement is made t o t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s f o r t h e i r Support. ( SOLAR-OVERVIEW ,

ST77 1 1 0 0 3

IXTERNATIONAL-SEHIXAR)

SOLAR ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM

- SUMMARY REPORT

(ERDA, Division of S o l a r Energy, WashLagton, D C ) , 5 3 p . , O c t 1976, ERDA 76-138 Avai1:NTXS PCS4.50/~~f3.50 This r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s t h e Environmental and Resource Assessment Program (ERA Program) which i s an element of the N a t i o n a l S o l a r Energy Program of t h e Energy Research and Development Administration. The purpose of t h i s report i r t o p r e s e n t t h e a c t i v i t i e s and p l a n s of t h e ERA program t o t h e public, r e s e a r c h and c o n s u l t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s , s t a t e and l o c a l governments, o t h e r Federal agencies and t h u s improve communications. T h i s r e p o r t d i s c u s s e s t h e g o a l s , m i S s i o n , and organization o f t h e ERA Program. The f o u r ERA program a r e a s a r e : (1) Environmental Assessment. ( 2 ) Technology Assessment, ( 3 ) Rasource Assessment, and ( 4 ) M a t e r i a l Assessment. This r e p o r t d e f i a e s t h e scope o f a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n each o f t h e mentioned program a r e a s . P r o j e c t summaries o r a b s t r a c t s f o r a l l p r o j e c t s s t a r t e d i n FY 1976 are p r e s e n t e d . The FY 1976 p r o j e c t summaries a r e followed by a l i s t i n g of planned a c t i v i t i e a f o r FY 1977. (SOLAR-OVERVIEWS

ST77 1 1 0 0 4

, UNITED-STATES)

-

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY TRENDS TO SUPPLEMENT OUR PETROLEUM RESERVES

_-

Abdel-Aal. H.R.. (Univ of P e t 6 Miner. Dhahtan, Saudi U a b i a ) , E n e r w Comun, V 2:535-5581 X 6 , 22 refs, 1 9 7 6 Sased on the a s s m o t i o n t h a t 1%of t h a land s u r f a c e area is covered with solar c o l l e c t o r s and the e f f i c i e n c y of s b l a r conversion w i l l n o t be 1 0 % the g l o b a l solar energy a v a i l a b l e f o r mankind i s computed and its e q u i v a l a n t i n ban-els of o i l is given f o r d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n s i n the world. Under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , a t o t a l of 123 thousand/million S b l could b e c o l l e c t e d annually on a g l o b a l b a s i s . Paper presents an e n g i n e e r i n g a n a l y s i s of t h e p r o s p e c t s of u t i l i z i n g s o l a r energy a s a p o t e n t i a l source of p r o v i d i n g h e a t throughout many i n d u s t r i a l apphcations. ( SOLAR-OVEXVIEW)

10

11009 ST77 11005

PROSPECTS FOR SOLAR ENZRGY LiILiZE.TIO?I I N I W

- ?HOTOl?iERMAL

XETHODS

X l i :4ansoori, G.,

(Univ of I l l i n o i s , Chicago C i r c l e , IL:, I r a n J S c i Tec-Snol, V 3:55-73, N 2 , 49 refs, 1976 The s t a t e of t h e a r t of tSe photothermal methods of s o l a r energy u t i l i z a t i o n is reviewed and i t is shown t h a t aany of t h e s e techniques a r e a p p l i c a b l e ia I r a n dr;e t o both t h e f a v o r a b l e c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s and t h e tec.Snologica1 developments of t h e count-q. ( SOL;U-OVERVIEW)

. h i ' ENERGY CENTZR IH S X I LXiICA

ST77 11006

- UNITZD

SATIONS RURAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT P R O G M

A l l i s o n , Z.J., Southprland, S.R., Gordon, C.E., (Oklahoma S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , S t i l l w a t e r , O K ) , I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Uti?, S t a t e L i n e , Nevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, New Yolk, American I n s t i t u t e of C 3 e d c a l Engineers, V 1:58-63, 1976, Xesearch Sponsored by t h e United Nations Environment Program, X77-12662 02-44, A77-12669 I n conneetion w i t h t h e United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) e f f o r t t o i n s t a l l rural energy c e n t e r s i n developing n a t i o n s throughout the world, a model energy c e n t e r is designed and b s t a l l e d i n S r i Lanka (formerly Ceylon). The system w i l l d e r i v e its i n p u t fmm a mix of s o l a r , wind, and bioqao energy, and produce e l e c t r i c i t y a t power l e v e l s up t o 30 t o 5 0 k i l o w a t t s . Windmills w i l l be used t o g e n e r a t e e l e c t r i c i t y and pump water. A s o l a r energy system is also t o be employed. The e l e c t r i c a l components of the solar and w i n d energy system w i l l be connected t o a s t o r a g e system t o i n s u r e an u n i n t e r r u p t e d supply o f energy. The s o l a r energy component o f t h e system c o n s i s t s of a moderate temperature solar c o l l e c t o r which d r i v e s a Rankine c y c l e enqine t h a t producas d i r e c t c u r r e n t f o r charging a b a t t e r y bank. ( SOLAR-OVERVIEW)

INTERNATIONdL SYMPOSIUX ON SOLAR ENERGY, WASHINGTON, E€,

ST77 11007

A A Y 5-7, 1975, PROCZEDIXGS

Berkowitz, J.J., ed., (Arthur D. L i t t l e , I n c . , Cambridge, MA), Lesk, I . X . , (Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ), 369 p., 1976, Symposium Sponsored by t h e Electrocncmical S o c i e t y P r i n c e t o n , XJ, P l e c t r o c h e m i c a l S o c i e t y , I n c . , A76-47051, PCflO.OO The papers c o l l e c t e d d e a l p r i n c i p a l l y w i t h advances in technology and materials f o r conversion o f s o l a r energy i n t o electrical energy w i t h t h e a i d of solar cells, w i t 9 some work r e l a t i n g t o technology f o r p h o t o t h e m conversion and photogalvanic and photochemical cells. Some o f t h e t o p i c s covered include chemical vapor d e p o s i t i o n of molybdenum and t u n g s t e n films of high i n f r a r e d r e f l e c t a n c e , a n a l y s i s of current-voltage and power c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f photog a l v a n i c c e l l s , t h i n f i l m GAALAS-GAAS solar c e l l s by peeled f i l m technology a comparison o f G;ws and S i h y b r i d solar power systems, p u r i f i c a t i o n o f m e t a l l u r g i c a l - g r a d e s i l i c o n t o solar g r a d e , use of solar cells in a compound p a r a b o l i c c o l l e c t o r , and a c c e l e r a t e d l i f e p e r f o m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t k i n f i l m CulS-tdS solar c e l l o . I n d i v i d u a l items a r e announced i n t i i i s issue. ( SOLAR-OVERVIEW

, CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY)

TEE UTILIZATION O F SOLAR ENERGY AFTER EXHAUSTION OF FOSSIL AND MINERAL EXERGY

ST77 11008

SOURCES

3osse1, U. , (Aemdynarrische V e r s u c h s a a s t a l t , Goettinqen, West Germany) , Deutsche G a s e l l s c h a i t Fuer Sonnenenergie, G r a e f e l f i n g , W e s t Germany, p . 35-60, 1976, I n Solar Heating; Meeting, l s t , Goettingen, W e s t Germany, Feb 23-24, 1976, r e p o r t s , A76-45301 23-44. 2176-45303. In German T h e r e a s o n s f o r a u t i l i z a t i o n of s o l a r energy a r e examined i n connection w i t h t h e limitat i o n s of f o s s i l f u e l r e s o u r c e s and c e r t a i n undesirable environmental e f f e c t s r e l a t e d t o t h e i r use. T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s o l a r energy and i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y a r e considered along w i t h s u i t a b l e aproaches f o r u t i l i z i n g t h i s energy. A t t e n t i o n is given t o the d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t u t i l i z a t i o n of s o l a r h e a t , t h e employment of solar cells, problems of energy s t o r a g e , and b i o e n e r g e t i c apgroaches. Economical and p o l i t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e l a t e d t o a u t i l i z a t i o n of s o l a r energy a r e also d i s c u s s e d . ( SOW-OVERVIEfJ,

ST77 11009

SO=

ALTERNATIVES) ENERGY

- CONVERSZON TECSNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

( u n i v e r s i t y College, C a r d i f f , Wales), I n Aspects of Energy Conversion; ProBrinkworth, B.J., c e e d i n g s of t h e Summar s c h o o l , Oxford, England, J u l y 14-25, 1975, Pergamon areso, Oxford, England, p. 431-447, 1976, Discussion p . 447, 448. A77-11026 01-44, X77-11037 The p a p e r reviews t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f the d i r e c t use of s o l a r energy. A t t e n t i o n is given t o solar energy f l u e s , a d the d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o l a r c o l l e c t o r . S o l a r space h e a t i n g Systems a r e c o n s i d e r e d toget!er w i t h s o l a r thermal power p l a n t s (thermodynamic conversion) and conversion thermionic,' t h e m e l e c t r i c , and p h o t o v o l t a i c t o e l e c t r i c i t y . P h o t o c h d c a l and a h o t o b i o l o g i c a l energy conversion systems a r e a l s o considered.

-

!~

~ ~ a - p . - ~ ~ ;;c;zs~~p; ~ ~ ~ \ ~ ~ ~ ; ,

11

ST77 11310

SOLXR TOTAL EXERGY I9OG2AM SzIiIANZJUAL REPORT, APRIL 1975-SETTEXEER 1975

(Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, ?m! , 99 &., Apr L976, ShtD-76Champion, Xi., Edenburrr, X.W., 0078, PCS5.00/KE'$3.30 This r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s t,Le a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s S o l a r T o t a l Energy ProgrZm Ourinq t h e 6-month p e r i o d , A p r i l 1975 through September 1975. Inclcded a r e h i g h l i q h t s of the p e r i o d , d e s c r i p t i o n s of the system and ics components, i n c l u d i n g r e c e n t m o d i f i c a t i o n s , and t h e r e s u l t s of syscems a n a l y s e s and component t e s t i n g . (SOLAR-OVERVIEW,

ST77 11011

SANDIA-LABS)

N 3 POTZNTIALITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION i?JTKE FIELD O F S O U R ENERG1 AND ITS .APPLICATIONS

C b a t e l , B.H., (Office f o r Science and Technology, United Nations, NY), Solar Energy, Pergamn P r e s s , V 13:69-71, 1976 Solar energy has t o be e v a l u a t e d a s an a d d i t i o n a l source which can complement t h e t r a d i t i o n a l sources of energy. From t h i s p o i n t of view, a number of a p p l i c a t i o n s become economically f e a s i b l e : ( a ) Heating, (b) Cooling, and (c) Electric power g e n e r a t i o n . I n t h i s p e r s p e c t i v e , UNESCO i n 1970 launched anew i t s s o l a r a c t i v i t i e s , on a modest b a s i s , i n e d u c a t i o n , i n r e s e a r c h , by d i s s e m i n a t i n g information, and by providing t e c h n i c a l assistance. (SOLAR-OVERVIEW) ST77 1 1 0 1 2

S O U R ESERGY .X&SEARCX AND UTILIZATION

Cherry, X.R., (SRDA, Washington, D C ) , Symp on Energy Sources for t h e F u t u r e , Oak Ridge, TN, J u l y 7-25, 1975, Pub1 by ERDA, Tech Inf C e n t , Oak Ridge, TX, p. 47-65, 2 4 r e f s , 1975, CONF750733 Avai1:NTIS S p r i n g f i e l d , VA The paper d e s c r i b e s what r o l e s o l a r energy w i l l p l a y i n t h e h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g of buiLdi n g s , t h e production of renewable gaseous, l i q u i d and s o l i d f u e l s , and t h e production of t r i c power over the n e x t 45 y e a r s . P o t e n t i a l impacts on t h e v a r i o u s enerqy markets and e s t i m a t e d c o s t s of such systems a r e discuased along with i l l u s t r a t i o n s of some of the p r o c e s s e s t o aCCmp l i s h the goals. (SOLAR-OVE2VIEW, CONFERENCE) ST77 1 1 0 1 3

TH& POTENTIAL O F INDIGENOUS ENERGY RESOURCES FOR RF.MOTE MILITARY BASES REPORT

-

INTERIM

Connors, T.T., Morrison, P.F., Moor, C.C., S a l t e r , R.G., (Rand Corp., Santa .Xonica. C A I , 141 p . , Documant, AD-A022829 R-1798-ARPA, DAXCl5-73-C-0181 ARPA Order 189, N76-33679 Avail :NTIS An examination of the p o t e n t i a l of s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , wind, and ocean waves t o p r o v i h thermal S u f f i c i e n t energy i s shown t o be a v a i l and e l e c t r i c a l power t o s t a n d a r d remote m i l i t a r y bases. a b l e i n t h e North A t l a n t i c , I n d i a n , and P a c i f i c Oceans, and t h e Caribbean t o s a t i s f y average reomta base power requirements. A survey of indigenous energy t e c h n o l o g i e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e research is needed t o b r i n g wave power recovery up t o the l e v e l of s o l a r and wind systems. An a n a l y t i c computer modal is used t o show t h a t indigenous anargy s y s t e m a r e extremly c o s t l y , in p a r t because o f s t o r a g e requirements, and t h a t a mix of indigenous and c o n v e n t i o n a l (petroleum) s y s t e m would be f o r less so. S i n c e a w n a combined system is shown t o exceed t h e c o s t of a pure conventional power supply, use of indigenous ener$y i s j u s t i f i a b l e o n l y a s a m a n s of reducing the dependence of remote b a r e s on petroleum f u e l s . (SOUR-OVERVIEW,

ST77 1 1 0 1 4

CONVERSION)

.

DESCRIPTION OF TRE SOLAR ENEXGY R AND D PROGRAMS IN MANY NATIONS.

FINAL REPORT

de Winter, F., de Winter, J.W., ( A t l a a COZp., Santa C l & r a , C A I r 298 p., Feb 1976, SAN/1122-76/1 The p r e s e n t r e p o r t i n c l u d e s dmscriptions Of the Solar Energy R and D Programs O f 32 c o u n t r i e s , of t h e Organization of Xaurican S t a t e s , of UNESCO, and of a number of p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The d e s c r i p t i o n s w e r e s o l i c i t e d from t h e most r e l i a b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s known for t h e i n d i v i d u a l c o u n t r i e s , and were received betwaan l a t e J u l y 1975 and February 1976. (SOWB-OVERVIEW,

ST77 11015

INTERNATIONAL)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT SEARINGS CONDUCTED BY THE STATE O F ILLINOIS, APRIL 2 9 , 3 0 , 1975

Dunwoody, J . E . , C a s e l i a , X., ( I l l i n o i s S t a t e Deet. of Business and Economic Development, S p r i n g f i e l d , IL), NSF/IDOE-75-02, 1 7 5 p . , NOV 1975, PB-260 608/3wE This document is a t r a n s c r i p t of two days of p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on t h e I l l i n o i s S o l a r E n e r g Development Program. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e 1 9 people who p r e s e n t e d o r a l testimony a t the h e a r i n g s , an a d d i t i o n a l 27 pecple submitted e x t e n s i v e w r i t t e n comments. Viewpoints from major C r O U Q S of

12

I

11020

I

people c u r r e n t l y i n t e r e s t e d i n solar energy developmenc i n I l l i n o i s a r e r e f l e c t e d i n t h e s e comments.

I I

( SOLAR-OVE.9VIETJ)

I

ST77 1 1 0 1 6

I

I

PXZLIMNARY ASSZSSMENT O F SOLAR E?JERGY TSCBNOLOGY

Garg, P . , (Duke Univ, Durham, NC) , SLW Pap, 9 p., ?176-WA/TS-1, 30 refs, Dec 5 , 1976, for Meet This paeer d e s c r i b e s
ST77-11017

, SOCIO-ECONOMIC)

THE OPTIONS FOR USING THE SUN

I

Goodenough, J.S., (Oxford u n i v e r s i t y , Oxford, England), Technology Review, V 79:63-71, O c t 1976, A17-3.0318 S e v e r a l s e r i o u s l y proposed schemes f o r solar-energy u t i l i z a t i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d . The ' e temperature d i f f e r e n c e between seawater at t h e ocean s u r f a c e and a t depths e w l o i t a t i o n of & of a tbousand meters and the conversion of municipal waste i n t o f u e l gas a r e c i t e d a s two i l l u s t r a t i v e c a s e s . o f solar-energy u t i l i z a t i o n . O p e r a t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e s and components of s o l a r - h e a t c o l l e c t o r s a r e d e s c r i b e d , r e f r i g e r a t i o n systems powered d i r e c t l y by solar energy a r e c o n s i d e r e d , ana ways t o c o n c e n w a t e s u n l i g h t a r e reviewed. A l t e r n a t i v e s f o r producing e l e c t r i c power from s o l a r energy a r e summarized, i n c l u d i n g t h e use o f :?iadmills o r nydropower to t u z x elec-sic g m e r a t o r s , a r e c t conversion of solar energy t o e l e c t r i c power by .wan3 of semiconductors, and i n d i r e c t conversion by d r i v i n g conventional t u r b i n e equipment w i + A solard e r i v e d h e a t . The conversion of s o l a r energy i n t o chemical energy i s examined in terms of p y r o l y s i s , e l e c t r o l y s i s , p h o t o l y s i s , and p h o t o e l e c t r o l y s i s o f water. The problem of s o l a r energy s t o r a g e is noted.

NOV

( SOLAR-OVERVIEW,

~

~

i l7o i a7

CONVERSION-'TECLINOLOGY)

-

ENEXGY

A P ~ I C A LREDIRECTIOX

Gravel, M., (U.S. S e n a t e , Washington, DC), Journal of Energy and Development, V 1:191-200, S p r i n g 1976, A77-11275 S u i t a b l e approaches f o r a X a t i o n a l energy policy a r e d i s c u s s e d , t a k i n g i n t o account tibe g o a l of energy s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y f o r the u . S . . Current commitments i n regard t o energy p o l i c y I t is concluded t h a t the p r e f e r e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t of t h e b r e e d e r r e a c t o r a r e c r i t i c a l l y examined. i n t h e a l l o c a t i o n of funds a t the expense of s o l a r energy o p t i o n s cannot be j u s t i f i e d . The proposal is made t o p l a c e g r e a t e r emphasis on the development of approaches f o r t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f solar energy. A t t e n t i o n is given t o s o l a r heating and c o o l i n g o f b u i l d i n g s , wind energy, and bioconversion t o f u e l s . D i f f i c u l t i e s concerning a use of s o l a r c e l l s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e i r high price. It is recommanded t o provide government s u p p o r t i n a s s u r i n g a market which would make a lowering o f t!le g r o d u c t i o n c o s t s possible. (SOLAR-OVERVIEW,

ST77 1 1 0 1 9

SO=

CONVEXSION-TECLINOIQGYr ECONOMICS, UNITED-STATES) ELECTRIC POWER Q;QERATION

(CITATIONS FROM THE ZNGINEERIXG INDEX DATA BASE)

Yundemann, A.S., (NTIS, S p r i n g f i e l d , V A ) , 197 p . , O c t 1976, ?ITIS/PS-76/0797/1WE, PC$25.00/ .TS25.00 A worldwide Literature survey c i t e s power generation by d i r e c t conversion w i t h solar cells and i n d i r e c t conversion using solar heat. Topic a r e a s cover solar tower power p l a n t s , o r b i t a l s o l a r energy tec.fnology, p h o t o v o l t a i c power g e n e r a t i o n , and solar augmentation o f h y d r o e l e c t r i c ?mer s y s t e m . A f e w a b s t r a c t s p e r t a i n t o the f u t u r e role t h a t s o l a r energy w i l l p l a y i n pmduct i o n o f e l e c t r i c power and g e n e r a l s t u d i e s comparing t h e t e c h n i c a l and economic f e a s i b i l i t y o f AbsL-acts d e a l i n g w i t h s o l a r sea power generairarious methods 02 electric power generation. t i o n and s p a c e c r a f t power s u p p l i e s a r e excluded.

(SOLAR-OVERVIEWI ~

~ 11020 7 7

SOLAR ELECTRIC

POWER GENERATION

(CITATIONS

FROM TBE XTIS DATA a A s a

aundemann, X.S., (NTIS, S p r i n g f i e l d , V A ) , 222 p . , O c t 1976, NTIS/PS-76/0796/3WE, '.CS25.00/ V€S25.00 :&strarts oi r a ~ e ~ ~ i i y - reaearch ~ ~ i i ~ pertaiiiiiig d t~ tarrestsiai ctiectric sower generaxion 5 y both d i r e c t conversion with s o l a r c e l l s and i n d i r e c t conversion usinq s o l a r h e a t a r e presented. T o p i c a r e a s c o v e r equiqment d e s i g n , s i t e surveys, economics, and f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s . A b s t r a c t s 2 e a l i n g w i t h s o l a r s e a Bower s e n e r a t i o n and s p a c e c r a f t ?over s u p p l i e s a r e excluded. (

soLx?.-ovEx~n~~)

13

li026 ST77 1 1 0 2 1

"SOLAR ENERGY

- FUEL AND

FOOD" WORKSHOP

Jensen, M . H . , 262 p.. Apr 5 - 6 , 1976 Avai1:Enviromental Research Laboratory, The University of Arizona, i n cDopeZatiOn 'dich E m A , and U.S. Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , A g r i c x l t u r a l Research S e r v i c e The u t i l i z a t i o n of s o l a r energy i n greenhouses and i n t e g r a t e d g r e e n h o u s e - r e s i d e n t i a l systems.

(SOLAX-OVERVIZW, PXGCSEDINGS, GXEENHNLSZS) ST77 11022

THE STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF SOLAR ENERGY

J u s t i , E . , (Braunschweig, Technische r J n i v a t s i t a e t , Braunschweig, West Garmany), Deutsche G a s e l l s c h a f t Fuer Sonnenenergie, G r a e f e l f i n g , W e s t Germany, p . 3-34, 1976, I n solar Eeating: Xeeting, Ist, Goettingen, West Germany, Feb 23-24, 1 9 7 6 , Reports, 476-45301 23-44, Xi6-45302, InCarPan I t is shown t h a t t h e amount of solar: energy r e c e i v e d on e a r t h is more than s u f f i c i e n t t o s a t i s f y any conceivable energy requiraments of human c i v i l i z a t i o n . Approaches f o r providing energy with t h e a i d of s o l a r cells have t o overcome disadvantages r e l a t e d t o t h e high c o s t s of s o l a r c e l l production. Thermal approaches r e q u i r i n g a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s o l a r r a d i a t i o n have c e r t a i n o p e r a t i o n a l disadvantages. Methods u t i l i z i n g p l a n a r r a d i a t i o n c o l l e c t i n g d e v i c e s which do n o t s u f f e r from t h e s e disadvantages are d i s c u s s e d . A t t e n t i o n is given t o s o l a r h e a t i n g i n the a r e a of r e s i d e n t i a l housing, solar power s t a t i o n s producing hydrogen $a energy carrier i n t h e south of EUIOQI, and t h e s u p e r i o r i t y of b i o e n e r g e t i c systems based on p h o t o s y n t h e t i c reactions. ( SOLAR-OVERVIEW

ST77 1 1 0 2 3

,

CONVERS ION-TECHNOLOGY

FUSION AND SOLAR ENERGY

, FORECASTING)

- POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE ZNERGY

SOURCES?

(Univ of NSW, A u s t r a l i a ) , I n s t of Eng, A u s t r a l i a ; Annu Eng Conf, Townsville, May p. 16-24, 15 r e f s , 1976 The paper reviews t h e p r e a e n t s t a t u s and f u t u r e p r o s p e c t s of f u s i o n and s o l a r energy Sources i n terms of technology and economic p r o s p e c t s .

Kemeny, L.G., 10-14,

1976, P u b 1 by I n s t of Eng, A u s t r a l i a , Sydney, Pap 362/1,

( SOLAR-OVERVIEW,

ST77 11024

ECONOMICS)

UTZLIZATION O F SOLAR ENERGY

Kleinkauf, W., (Deutrche Forschungs- und V e r s u c h s a n s t a l t f u e r Luft- und Raumfahtt e . V . , E l O e h , P.R. Germany, I n a t . f u e r Energfewandlung und E l e k t r i s c h e A n t r i a b e ) , 17 p . , 1976, E R D A - t t - 1 4 4 , T r a n s l a t i o n of German r e p o r r The production o f hiqh-temperature heat: i n t h e F e d e r a l Republic of Germany is n o t C O S t e f f e c t i v e owing t o the a v a i l a b i l i t y of a d u r a t i o n of sunshina o f ca. 1500 h/a- The s u b s t i t u t i o n of previous energy carriers f o r production of low-temperature h e a t , n e v e r t h e l e s s , is a l s o s t i l l a v a i l a b l e a t there l a t i t u d e s . E s p e c i a l l y s u i t e d f o r t h i s a r e d e c e n t r a l i z e d units W i t h f l a t c o l l e c t o r s y s t e m f o r supplying s i n g l e and two-family houses. The energy production with low-temperature c o l l e c t o r s can be eatimated f o r the y e a r 2000 a t ca. 100 TWh/a. If higher s o l a r energy y i e l d s a r e r e q u i r e d w i n g t o t h e s h o r t a g e as w e l l a s t h e s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s i n g Costs of previous energy carriers o r owing t o e c o l o g i c a l viewpoints, it follows t h a t sunny r e g i o n s become involved a s l o c a t i o n s f o r solar power a l a n t s . I f t h e r e g i o n s of N o r t h Africa of t h e SOUL! a r e included i n the c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , it follows t h a t there i s a c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e energy p o t e n t i a l a v a i l a b l e which could a l s o cover t h e energy requirement of t h e F e d e r a l Republic o f Germany a s w e l l as t h a t of Western Europe. Basic c o n d i t i o n f o r this is i n t e n s i v e c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h c o u n t r i e s i n sunny regions. (SOU-OVERVIEW,

ST77 11025

CONVERSION,

GERMANY)

SOLAR ENERGY OPTIONS FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES

Leon, H . I . , Gor?Mn, R., Dawley, R., (TRW Systems, McLean, V A ) , New York, I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers, Inc., p. 76-70, 1 9 7 6 , I n Engineering i n a Changing Economy: Proceedi a g s of t!!e Southeast Region 3 Conference, Clemnon, SC, Apr 3-7, 1976, A 7 6 4 7 2 0 1 24-99, A7647208 Four solar e l e c t r i c technologiea f o r u t i l i t i e s a r e examined s o l a r thermal, s o l a r 2hotov o l t a i c , ocean thannal, and wind conversion. The t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e a s s e s s e d and compare2 by d e f i n i n g a baaeline of conventional p l a n t s , t h e s o l a r e l e c t r i c p l a n t o b j e c t i v e s f o r 3erfOr3IanCev c a p i t a l c o s t and y e a r of commercial a v a i l a b i l i t y , and a s t a n d a r d set of economic measures t o c a l c u l a t e bus b a t c o s t . ( SO=-OVERVIZW

ST77 11026

, CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY) SOLAR E N E X Y PROSlECTS ?OR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION IX BRAZIL

Xaqnoli, D., (Centra De Tecnologia ?rOmOnr RiO i7e J a n e i r o , B r a z i l ) , Xew Pork, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1224-1231, 1976, I n I n t a r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering

14

-

I I I ~

I I

I

i' i

I

11030 Conference, Iltfi, S t a t e Line, Nevada, Sept 12-17, 1 9 7 6 , Proceediags, 877-12562 02-44. ~ x - i z a o s X review o f t h e energy p r o s p e c t s f o r e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n i n B r a z i l i n d i c a t e s t h a t h y d r a u l i c resources o f f e r t h e b e s t p o s s i b i l i t i e s . However, B r a z i l ' s h y d r o e k c t r i c p o t e n t i a l , both known and assumed, l i e s i n t h e n o r t h , which i s f a r away from t h e c o u n t r y ' s developed c e n t e z s and where s e t t l e m e n t is d i f f i c a l t . J x p l o i t a t i o n O f Other r e s o u r c e s f o r e l e c t r i c power Generation i s necessary b e f o r e 1090. The d i s c u s s i o n covers e l e c t r i c power i n t h e n o r t h e a s t r e g i o n , p r o s p e c t s of t h e u s e o f s o l a r energy i n the n o r t h e a s t r e g i o n , c o n f i g u r e t i o n of h e l i o e l e c t r i c systems i n p t o s p e c t , and c a p a c i t y of t i e a r a z i l i a n i n d u s t r y f o r manufacture of s o l a r power p l a n t components and a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h grograms. There i s s u f f i c i e n t R&D b a s i s f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n of small power p l a n t s based on biomass energy. i n s t a l l a t i o n of l a r g e - s c a l e s o l a r power p l & ? t s would r e q u i z e a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h programs regarding p r o c e s s e s , m a t e r i a l s , and development of adequate equipment. ( SOLAR-OVERVIEW)

I I

5T77 11027

PROSPECTS FOR SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION I N IRAN

- PHOTOTHEW! AMETHODS

Mansoori, G.A., ( I l l i n o i s , U n i v e r s i t y , Chicago, I L ) , I r a n i a n J o u r n a l of Science and Technology, V 5:55-73, N2, 1976, A77-11532 The paper reviews t h e s t a t e of t h e a r t of photothermal met!!ods o f s o l a r energy u t i l i z a t i o n and examines t h e technical and economic f e a s i b i l i t y of adopting photot!!ermal methods i n Iran. A t t e n t i o n is given t o the following methods space and w a t e r h e a t i n g , a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p and v e g e t a b l e d r y i n g , water d e s a l i n i z a t i o n and d i s t i l l a t i o n , cooking, h e a t a c t u a t e d h e a t pumps: space c o o l i n g and h e a t i n g , water pumping i n a r i d a r e a s , conventional staam t u r b i n e s f o r power g e n e r a t i o n , d i s s o c i a t i o n of water f o r the production o f hydrogen, advanced MED and gas t u r b i n e g r o c e s s e s , s o l a r f u r n a c e s , and t!!ernoelectric and thermionic c o n v e r t e r s . (SOLAR-OVERVIEW,

ST77 11028

CONVERSION-TEC3NOLOGY)

SOLAR ENERGY AND THE EIZDA PLAN FOR 3ES-&CX,

DEVELOPMENT XND DLONSTWiTION

!lamin, K.H., (ERDA, Div. of S o l a r Eaerqy, Washington, D C ) , Washington, DC, Government I n s t i t u t e s , i n c . , p. 129-134, 1976, I n Energy Tec!mology 111 Commercialization: Proceedings of t h e T h i r d Conference, Washington DC, Mar 29-31, 1976, A76-45226 23-44, A76-45238 The EXDA s o l a r energy program is discussed. A t t e n t i o n is p a i d t o s o l a r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g , process h e a t , wind energy conversion, solar thermal conversion, p h o t o v o l t a i c energy conversion, ocean thermal energy conversion, and biomass energy conversion.

-

(SOLAR-OVERVIEW,

ST77 1 1 0 2 9

UNITED-STATES)

ENVIXONMENTALLY APPROP-RIATE TECENOMGY

-2

Mctallum, B . , (Environment Canada), Eng J , Montreal, V 59:27-36, N 1 , Jan-Feb 1976 Growing numbers of scientists b e l i e v e that solar energy is t h e only energy fonn t h a t can provide us w i t h non-polluting and non-depletable energy. S t u d i e s and a c t u a l experiments are being conducted i n Canada, the U.S., Japan, B r i t a i n , France, The Netherlands, W e s t Germany, and probably numerous o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . Most of t h e s e c o u n t r i e s a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n using s o l a r energy f o r h e a t i n g purposes. However, i n t h e U . S . , t h e r e a r e a number of f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s of largescale e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i n g systems as w e l l as r e s e a r c h i n t o s o l a r space h e a t i n g and cooling. They have g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d the funding f o r r e s e a r c h i n t o s o l a r and s o l a r - r e l a t e d enerqy s o u r c e s !wind and b i o m a s s ) . !SO=-OVEXVXEW,

ST77 11030

INTERNATIONAL)

SOLAR HICaOCLIMATOLOGY

(Helio Associates, I n c . , Tucson, A Z ) , NASA-CR-148533, 7 1 p - , Xckenney, D.B., Beauchamp, W.T., 1975, ~ 7 6 - 2 8 7 3 a / 2 ~P~C, S ~ . ~ O / M F S ~ . O O I t has become a p p a r e n t i n recent y e a r s t h a t s o l a r energy can be used f o r electric power production by s e v e r a l methods. Because of the d i f f u s e n a t u r e of t h e s o l a r i n s o l a t i o n , t h e a r e a involved i n any c e n t r a l p a r e r p l a n t design can encompass s e v e r a l square miles. A d e t a i l e d design o f t h e s e l a r g e a r e a c o l l e c t i o n systems w i l l r e q u i r e precise knowledge of t h e l o c a l s o l a r insolation. D e t a i l e d information w i l l a l s o be needed concerning t h e temporal n a t u r e O f t!!e Therefore, i n s o l a t i o n d a t a w a s c o l l e c t e d and i n s o l a t i o n and the l o c a l s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . analyzed for a network o f s e n s o r s d i s t r i b u t e d over an a r e a of s e v e r a l square k i l o m e t e r s i n The a n a l y s e s of t h i s d a t a y i e l d e d p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s of cloud s i z e , v e l o c i t y , Arizona. and d i r e c t i o n o f m t i o n which were c o w a r e d w i t h d a t a o b t a i n e d from t h e N a t i o n a l Weather Service. X i c z o c l i m a t o l o g i c a l a n a l y s e s were a l s o performed f o r suitabLe modbling parameters p e r t i n e n t t o p l a n t design. i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n used t o c o l l e c t t h e d a t a is d e s c r i b e d . Large s c a l e e l e c t r i c pow-

YOV

( SOLAR-OVERVIEW

, C3NVEBSION-TECENOLOGY, NViBONMENT)

15

11035 ST77 1 1 0 3 1

DEVELOPENTS I N SOLAR E X R G P K i L i Z X T i G N IB THE UNIT'ET) ICI?IGDOX

McVeigh, J . C . , (Brighton P o l y t e c h n i c , Brighton, England), S o l a r Energy, V 18:381-385, N5, 1975, CONF-750712-10, A77-12402 The paper o u t l i n e s LLe main l i n e s of r e s e a r c h and development c u r r e n t l y being undertaken i n t h e United Kingdom f o r s o l a r energy a p p l i c a t i o n s . A b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n of the r a d i a t i o n c l i m a t e i s included, along with a review of a c t i v i t i e s i n the p h o t o v o l t a i c , photochemical, and photob i o l o g i c a l f i e l d s . Wind power is a l s o r e c e i v i n g renewed i n t e r e s t . 4 m j o r conclusion is t h a t nany workers S e l i e v e s o l a r e n e r F can make a s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o tSe energy requirements of t h e c o u n t r y , although t h i s is n o t a s y e t t h e o f f i c i a l government viewpoint.

(SOLAR-OVERVIEW) ST77 1 1 0 3 2

STATUS O F SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION I N AUSTRALIA FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND

DOMESTIC PURPOSES Norse, a . N . , Cooper, P . I . , P r o c t o r , D., (Colamonwealth S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l Research Organization, Melbourne, A u s t r a l i a ) , 48 p . , J u l y 1974, s . ~ . s . - 7 4 / 1 , U . S . S a l e s Only The s t a t u s of solar energy u t i l i z a t i o n i n A u s t r a l i a f o r i n d u s t r i a l , COmmeICial, and domest i c purposes is discussed i n t e r m of e x i s t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s , planned i n s t a l l a t i o n s , solar equipamnt manufacturers, completed r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s , and c u r r e n t r e a e a r c h programs. ( SOLAR-OVERVIEW)

ST77 11033

STRATEGY MR S O U R ENERGY RESEARCH I N AUSTRALIA

Morse, R.X., (Conumnwealth S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l Research O r g a n i z a t i o n , E a s t .Xelbourne, A u s t r a l i a ) , 1 4 p., 1975, CONP-751178-1, PCS3.50/MF$3.00, U.S.Sales Only S o l a r energy could, by the end of the c e n t u r y , be making an important c o n t r i b u t i o n t o A u s t r a l i a ' s prinuuy en8rqy i f it is given t h e necessary s u p p o r t now. I t can do t h i s , f i r s t l y , by s o l a r h e a t generating systems, i n t e g r a t e d with c o n v e n t i o n a l f u e l s , supplying h e a t f o r indust r i a l processes. Secondly, c e l l u l a s e produced by p h o t o s y n t h e s i s can be converted t o e t h a n o l , which is a l i q u i d f u e l s u i t a b l e f o r motor v e h i c l e s . The combination of s o l a r - g e n e r a t e d h e a t and renewable f u e l s such a s e t h a n o l could provide a permanent replacement f o r f o s s i l f u d s . The r e s e a r c h Brograras needed t o make t h i s p o s s i b l e would involve a c o n s i d e r a b l e expansion o f t h e p r e s e n t e f f o r t and would i n c l u d e p r o j e c t s concerned w i t h t h e c o l l e c t i o n of s o l a r e n e r g y , s t o r a g e of h e a t , energy t r a n s f a r , and systems and a p p l i c a t i o n s engineering. The renewable f u e l s program would be a m u l t i - d i s c i p l i n a r y one, i n c o r p o r a t i n g p r o j e c t s on f o m s t and crop p r o d u c t i v i t y , land u s e , environment impact, energy e f f i c i e n c y , improvements t o h y d r o l y s i s and 2esmentation p r o c e s s e s , and a p p l i c a t i o n s engineering. The program, t o be f u l l y e f f e c t i v e , should involve i n d u s t r i a l l a b o r a t o r i e s , u n i v e r s i t i e s , and c o l l e a e s of advanced e d u c a t i o n , a s w e l l a s gOvern!Uent research l a b o r a t o r i e s on a scale needed t o l a y t h e foundation f o r two new major i n d u s t r i e s . CONVERSION)

( SO--OVERVIEW,

ST77 11034

SOLAR ENERGY:

L-DIVISION MISCELLANEA

Xeifert, R.D., ( C a l i f o r n i a Univ., Livermore, CAI, 11 p., May 27, 1976, UCID-17177 This r e p o r t summarizes soma of the c a p a b i l i t i e s t h a t have been developed w i t h i n L-Division r e l a t 8 d t o t h e use of s o l a r energy f o r h e a t i n g of b u i l d i n g s , electrical g e n e r a t i o n , and/or process heat. To d a t e , t h e s e c a p a b i l i t i e s have been p r i m a r i l y d i r e c t e d towards s t u d i e s r e l a t e d t o t h e Sohio Process Heat F a c i l i t y p r o j e c t . However, they would be a p p l i c a b l e t o a wide v a r i e t y of s o l a r energy p r o j e c t s , and t h e r e f o r e , are presmnted for information and review. A standalone d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n system has been developed f o r t h e purpose of measuring i n s t a n t a n e o u s I n a d d i t i o n . a compact, mobile c a l i b r a t i o n system s o l a r r a d i a t i o n and ambient a i r temperature. is available t o cross-calibrate s o l a r i n s t n r w n t s in-situ. S o l a r r a d i a t i o n data has been c o l l e c t e d and analyzed s i n c e January 1974. Data a r m a v a i l r r b l e f o r t o t a l i n s t a n t a n e o u s i n s o l a t i o n , t o t a l d a i l y i n s o l a t i o n and w n t h l y - a v e r a g 8 t o t a l d a i l y i n s o l a t i o n . S e v e r a l computer codes a r e a v a i l a b l e for parametric p8rformance S t u d i 8 S Of p r o c e s s h 8 a t f a c i l i t i e s and c a l c u l a t i n g c o l h c Zion e f f i c i e n c y f o r a shallow solar pond. ( SOLAR-OVERnE%,

INSOLATION-DATA)

I

ST77 11035

PRODUCTION OF CEEMICAL ENERGY CARRIERS BY-NON-EXPANDABLE ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY ELECTROLYSIS. PHOTOLYSIS, AND TRERMOCHEMICAL CYCLES

- SOUa

X i t s c h , J . , (D8utsche Forschungs- und V e r s u c h s a n a t a l t f u e r Luft- und Raumfahrt, Lampoldshausen, West Germany, I n s t . f u a r Chemische R a k 8 t e n a n t r i e b e ) , 4 5 p . , Report w i l l a l s o be announced a s T r a n s l a t i o n ESA-TT-338, OLX-E%-76-32, N77-13541, I n German; English Summary Avar1:NTiS The d i f f e r e n t forma of energy ( r a d i a t i o n , high-temperature h e a t , and e l e c t r i c i t y ) a r i s i n g from- non-expandable energy sources l i k e s o l a r energy can be u s e d for t h e production o f chemical e n e r q y - c a r r i e r s . P o a s i b l e methods a r e t h e s p l i t t i n g of w a t e r by means of p h o t o l y s i s , thennochemrcal c y c l e s , and e l e c t r o l y s i s , a s w e l l as t h e s t o r a g e of energy i n c l o s e d loop chemical systems. These met!!ods a r e d e s c z i b e d , and e f f i c i e n c i e s and c o s t s o f t h e production of t h e s e

16

i1039

,I I

e n e r w c a r r i e r s a r e s p e c i f i e d . S p e c i a l problems of t h e long-distance t z a n s p o r t a t i o n of hydrogen produced by s o l a r energy are d e s c r i b e d and t h e r e s u l t i n g c o s t s estimated. (SOLAR-OVE,PVIZW,

i

5T77 1 1 0 3 6

CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY)

CiTILIZATION OF S O U R POWER

I

-A

W E W DEPARTURE

2212, N., (Centre National D'Etudes S p a t i a l a s , P a r i s , F r a n c e ) , Revue F r a n c a i s e De L ' E l e c t r i c i t e , 3 r c Q u a r t e r , V 49:6-13, 1976, A77-15049, I n French Current a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r s o l a r power, and p a r t i c u l a r l y s o l a r energy f a c i l i t i e s based on s o l a r p h o t o c e l l s , i n France, new d i r e c t i o n s i n u t i l i z a t i o n of solar c e l l s , and t h e h i s t o r y Of s o l a r power u t i l i z a t i o n along v a r i o u s l i n e s , a r e discussed. ??on-electrical use o f s o l a r power i n water h e a t e r s and r e s i d e n c e h e a t i n g is discussed w i t h i t s l i m i t a t i o n s , i n a d d i t i o n t o solar e n g i n e s , solar energy power s t a t i o n s , and s o l a r gumps. Direct conversion v i a p h o t o c e l l s , w i t h t h e advantaqes o f minimal maintenance, no moving p a r t s , and u s e f u l n e s s i n c o l d c l i m a t e s , is stzessed, and f u t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n s of solar cells a r e p r o j e c t e d . A breakeven time Of 3-5 y e a r s f o r s o l a r power water h e a t e r s is reported.

(SOLAR-OVERVIEW, CONVERSION-TECENOMGY, FFUHCE) ST77 11037

E'LORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CXXTER

P h i l l i p s , W . B . , ( S t a t e Univ S y s t o f FL) , Techno1 Today f o r Tornorrow, P u b 1 by Canaveral Counc of Tech Soc, Cape Canaveral, FL, p.5 , 1 - 5 , 4 , 1975, Space Cangr, l t t h , Proc, cocoa Beach, FL, Apr 9 - X , 1 9 7 5 The F l o r i d a S a l a r Energy C e n t e r , e s t a b l i s h e d under t h e d i r e c t i o n of t!!e F l o r i d a Board o f Regents, is designed t o serve a s a c e n t z a l f a c i l i t y f o r s o l a r energy a c t i v i t i e s of Lie s t a t e ' s n i n e p u b l i c u n i v e r s i t i e s , as well a i p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s which choose t o p a r t i c i p a t e . x c t i v i t i e s of tl!e Center w i l l i n c l u d e r e s e a r c h , development, i n f o r n a t i o n d i s s e m i n a t i o n , and demonstration projects. The Center w i l l i n c l u d e D i v i s i o n s or' Xesearch, Development, T e s t s and S t a n h r d s , Education, Information, and Tec.hnica1 Assistance. The s i t e c o n s i s t s of 20 aczes On tkie w a t e r a t P a r t Canaveral and adjacent t o the Kennedy Space C e n t e r . F c u r e x i s t i a g b u i l d i n g s i n c l u d i n g an auditorium, l a b o r a t o r i e s , o f f i c e s , a l i b r a r y , TV s t u d i o s , and classrooma w i l l be used f o r t!!e i n i t i a l o p e r a t i o n s of *he Center. ( SOLAR-OVERVIEW,

ST77 11038

DEMONSTRATIONS)

THE LONG-RANGE PROSPECTS FOR SOLAR ENE3GY

*.

P o l l a r d , W.G.. American S c i e n t i s t , V 64:424-129, July-Aug 1976, A77-12237 An a t t e m p t is made t o e v a l u a t e the long-range p o t e n t i a l o f v a r i o u s ways of u s i a g solar energy. Assuming the technology t o be s u c c e s s f u l l y e s t a b l i s h e d , the q u e s t i o n is posed whet!!er s o l a r energy systems can be commercially f e a s i b l e as a p r a c t i c a l component of t!!e n a t i o n ' s anergy system i n competition w i t h a l t e r n a t i v e energy s o u r c e s . I n d i s c u s s i n g direct uses of s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g s o l a r h e a t i n g and s o l a r e l e c t r i c i t y systems, t h e energy conversion e f f i c i e n c y , problems related t o Low i n t e n s i t y and i n t e r m i t t e n c y of solar energy aze analyzed, a s w e l l as Land [email protected] f o r solar-electric pawer p l a n t s . T h e inajor t r e n d s and pxospects o f wind power p l a n t s , and the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system a m examined as examples of i n d i r e c t l y used solar energy. A t t e n t i o n is a l s o given t o space-based s o l a r electric systems. I t is concluded t h a t n e i t h e r d i r e c t nor i n d i r e c t solar energy ( o t h e r t h a n hydroelect r i c ) can make a s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o the n a t i o n ' s l a r g e - s c a l e energy needs. P o t e n t i a l of s o l a r energy is found t o be s i g n i f i c a n t only f o r small s e l f - c o n t a i n e d t o t a l energy systems f o r r u r a l homes and farms, o r i n remote l o c a t i o n s where t h e c o s t f a c t o r i s n o t important. ( S O U R - O m R V I E W , ECONOMICS, UNITED-STATES,

ST77 11039

PESSIMISTIC-OUTLOOK)

COMBIXATXON MET%OD FOR CONSTROCTXNG PERFORMANCE-CONFIDENCE CURVES FOR TEE COMBINED OPEECATIONOF SOUR wn WIND-DRIVEN POWER PUNTS

S a l i e v a , B.B., ( T a s h k e n t s k i i Elektrote.khnicheskii I n s t i t u t S v i a r i , Tashkent, UzSek SSR) , G e l i o t e k h n i k a , p. 52-56, ~ 4 1976, , A76-47109, I n Russian An e q u a t i o n of the i n t e g r a l performance p r o b a b i l i t y f o r combined s o l a r and wind-driven p l a n t s , r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e performance-confidence c u r v e , is analyzed. The a n a l y s i s is c a r r i e d o u t by a combination method of c o n s t r u c t i n g p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s , based on operat i o n a l independence of the two components (the performances of the s o l a r and wind-drives p l a n t s ) . S o l l l t i o n s a r e o b t a i n a d from d i r e c t o b s e r v a t i o n a l d a t a on the component gerformances, without r e c o u r s e to e x t r a p o l a t i o n . The r e s u l t a n t curve O f L e! t o t a l performance i s compared with t h e Both curves c o i n c i d e w i t h i n t h e same curve p l o t t e d by s i m u l a t i o n of o b s e r v a t i o n a l r e s u l t s . e r r o r of g r a p h i c a l methods. ( SOWR-OVE,PVI%)

17

11943/12000 ST77 1 1 0 4 0

EVALUATION O F THE RELIABILITY O F POWER SUTPLY FROM REGZXEXATING EXERGY SOURCES JY .XEL.NS O F SIMODAL EISTRISL?T?.CN CURVES SOLAR -LYD WIND SYS?Eb% FOR RAD10 3 E U Y LINKS

-

S a l i s v a , LE., (Tasnkentskii E l e k t r o t e k h n i c h e s k i i I n s t i t u t S v i a z i , Tashkent, Uzbek S S X ) , Galiotekhnika, p - 57-62, N 4 , 1 9 7 6 , A76-47110, I n Russian Power supply of r a d i o - r e l a y communication l i n e s by s o l a r or wind energy sources is supplemented by accumulators o p e r a t i n g d u r i n g &he p e r i o d s of cloudy or windless weather. An attemp is made to c o n s t r u c t a mat'lematical model of t h e process f o r use a s a b a s i s i n developing automatic c o n t r o l of such power supply systems. The d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n for t h e d u r a t i o n of continuous o p e r a t i o n of the accumulators is d e s c r i b e d using t h e s t a t i s t i c a l met!!oa of moments. t c u m e s of Lie d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s have a The a n a l y s i s o f o b s e r v a t i o n a l d a t a showed t h a t !e bimodal shape. A method of a n a l y s i s for such curves is proposed. Equations d e s c r i b i n g t h e curves a r e d e r i v e d , a computer algorithm for s o l v i n g t!ese e q u a t i o n s i s worked o u t , and t h e numerical s o l u t i o n s obtained a r e analyzed. (SOLAR-OVERVIEW

ST77 1 1 0 4 1

,

CONTROL-SYSTElY, COMPUTER-PROGRAM)

S O W ENERGY NOW:

WHY AREN'T W E USIXG I T MORE?

Tobias, A., Neu West, V 1:32-39, X 4 , June 7, 1976 S o l a r energy a p p l i c a t i o n s run t h e gamut. some of t h e m are simple, r e l i a b l e , and economi c a l l y compelling r i g h t now. ( SOLAR-OVERVIEW

ST77 1 1 0 4 2

, INSTITUTIONAL-RESTRAINTS , CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY)

SOLAR TOTAL EXERGY PROGRAM SEMIANNUAL REPORT, OCTOBER 1975-MARCEI 1976

Treaawell, G.W., Torkelson, L.E., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, XM), 6 4 p . , June 1976, SAND-760 2 0 5 , PC$4.50/MFS3.00 This r e p o r t describes t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s S o l a r T o t a l Energy P m q r m during t h e 6-month p e r i o d , October 1975 through March 1976. Included a r e h i g h l i g h t s of the period, d e s c r i p t i o n s of the system and its components, i n c l u d i n g recent m o d i f i c a t i o n s , and t h e r e s u l t s of s y s t e m a n a l y s e s and component t e s t i n g . (SOLAR-OVERVIEW, SANDIA-LABS) ST77 1 1 0 4 3

SOLAR ENERGY APaLICATIONS

- 1976

Princeton, N J , Electrochemical S o c i e t y , I n c . , p . 1-15, 1976, I n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Yellott, J.Z., Symposium on S o l a r Energy, Washington, DC, May 5-7, 1 9 7 6 , Proceedings, A i 6 - 4 7 0 5 1 24-44, A 7 6 4 70 52 The t h r e e b a s i c domains of holiotechnology a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d , namely, h e l i a c h e x i c a l , h e l i o t h e n n a l , and h e l i o e l e c t r f c a l procesaea, and some of the more s u c c e s s f u l concepts t h a t have been r e a l i z e d o r are under developmhnt f o r c o n v e r t i n g the sun's r a d i a n t energy t o u s e f u l h e a t f o r space and w a t e r h e a t i n g (and c o o l i n g ) , a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . The economic d e s i r a b i l i t y of s o l a r water heating a s opposed t o conventional water h e a t i n g is e x p l a i n e d . The COnCePtS O f p a s s i v e and a c t i v e s y s t e m f o r space h e a t i n g a r e examined, and a c t i v e s y s t e m u s i n g a i r o r based on r o c k - p i l e s t o r a g e a r e described. The two c u r r e n t l y explored concepts f o r developing h e l i o thermal c y c l e s for g e n e r a t i o n of l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f power a r e o u t l i n e d , namely, the use Of long a r r a y s of p a r a b o l i c troughs t h a t r e f l e c t s o l a r rayr t o a b s o r b e r s , and t h e use of a Steam generat o r mounted a t o p a t a l l tower and r e c e i v i n q r a d i a n t energy from thousands of h e l i o s t a t s around it. ( SOLAR-OVERVIEW

L?,!NO

, CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY)

ECONOMICS AND IAW

ST77 12000

THE COST OF ENERGY FROM UTILITY-OWNED SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEMS. METHODOLOGY FOR ERDA/EPRI EVALUATIONS

A REQUIRED REVENUE

( J e t Propulsion Lab., C a l i f o r n i a I n s t . O f Tech., Pasadena, a); NASA-CR-148493, 89 p - , June 1 9 7 6 , JPL-5040-29, N76-28647/5WEI PCS5.00/MFS3.00 This methodology c a l c u l a t e s t h e e l e c t r i c energy busbar c o s t from a u t i l i t y - o w n e d S o l a r e l e c t r i c system. This approach is a p p l i c a b l e t o b o t h p h l i c l y - and privately-owned u t i l i t i e s . Busbar c o s t r e p r e s e n t s t h e minimum p r i c e p e r u n i t of energy c o n s i s t e n t w i t h producing Systemr e s u l t a n t revenues e q u a l t o tha sum of s y s t e m - r e s u l t a n t costs. T h i s e q u a l i t y is e.vreased i n preaent value terms, where t h e d i s c o u n t r a t e used r e f l e c t s the r a t e o f return r e q u i r e d on i n vested c a p i t a l . l a j o r i n p u t v a r i a b l e s d e s c r i b e t h e o u t p u t c a p a b i l i t i e s and c a p i t a l Cost O f t h e energy system, t h e cash flow8 r e q u i r e d for system o p e r a t i o n and maintenance, and t h e f i n a n c i a l s t r u c t u r e and tax environment of t h e u t i l i t y . ( ECONOMIC-OVEXVIEW)

I

i2066

ST77 1 2 0 0 1 I

I

EBGINEERING I N A CBANGfNG ECOXOMY: 7XOCZEDIXGS O F THE SOUTHEAST ?EGION 3 CONFZREXCE, CE.XSON, S O m C\ROLIWA, -TIL 5-7, i976

(Conference Sponsored by t h e I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t z o n i c s E n g i n e e r s ) , X e w York, I n s t i t u c e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers, I n c . , 400 9.. 1 9 7 6 , 476-47201. Me-mbers $21.00, Xonmembers S 2 8 . 0 0 4 v a r i e t y o f ' t o p i c s a r e t r e a t e d i n c l u d i n g power technology, d i g i t a l systems, computor q p l i c a t i o n s , e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d s . semicocductor t e c h n o l o g i e s , solar e l e c t r i c energy, d i g i t a l s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g , c o n t r o l t h e o r y , r a d a r , s o l i d s t a t e a p p l i c a t i o n s , and a i c r o p r o c e s s o r computer systems. AtZention is a l s o given t o inicroprocessor computer systems, b i o l o g i c a l p a t t e r n process i n g , m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s , l a s e r i n e r t i a l n a v i g a t o r s , communication s y s t e i w , c o n t r o l computers, aerospace e l e c t r o n i c s and systems, l a r g e s c a l e s y s t e m , S i o i n s t r m t e n t a t i o n , communication s i g n a l ?recessing, and n o i s e i n semiconductor d e v i c e s . ( ECONOMIC-OVERVIEW)

ST77 12002

.

ETZSIBILSTY O F AN ENERGY OUTAR&ACX PROGUIY.

FINAL REPORT

(ERDA, Washington, D C ) , 59 3..

Jan 14, 1976 The approach t o Ceveloping a f e a s i b l e energy o u t r e a c h program followed a conceptual approach t h a t iavolved f i r s t i d e n t i f y i n g and c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t a r g e t markets f o r energy conservat i o n i n f o m a t i o n and a s s i r t a a c e , and then defining p r o d u c t s o f services t o meet those markets' segment needs. Implementation o f t h i s approach involved seven major s t e p s . The seven s t e p s t h e market: f i n d a market niche; p o s t u l a t e a product l i n e ; conduct m a r k e t r e s e a r c h ; d e l i n e Lie product l i n e ; p r e p a r e the b u s i n e s s plan; and analyze ~e return on investlaent a r e discussed i n d e t a i l and d i s p l a y e d g r a p h i c a l l y . .

-

-

(tfARKET-OVSRVIEW, ECONOMICS1

ST77 1 2 0 0 3

REPORT TO CONGXSS ON TSE ECONOMIC IAXPACT O F ENERGY ACTIONS

( F E A , Hashington, D C ) , 6 4 p . , June 1976, FEA/B-76/384,

P9-257 697/3WE This report a d d r e s s e s t h e i n d i v i d u a l a c t i o n s taken by FEA d u r i a g t h e period from J u l y 1, 1 9 7 5 , t o .%arch 31, 1976, a s analyzed w i t h i n the I n f l a t i o n a r y Impact Evaluation process. A n I n f l a t i o n a r y Impact & v a l u a t i o n (II&) i s an i n d i v i d u a l r e p o r t of t h e l i k e l y impact on energy p r i c e s , the consumer p r i c e index, and o t h e r economic v a r i a b l e s , o f a c t i o n s proposed by the Adfninistrator o f FEA. f

(INFLATION) ST77 1 2 0 0 4

TECINOLOGY EVALUATION REPORT FOR COMMERCIAL DEIYONSTRATION PROGRAM. SUMMARY

EXECUTIVE

(General E l e c t r i c Co., P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , 20 p . , Apr 1976, C00/2683-76/6 This document c o n t a i n s a srnmnary of ';he General E l e c t r i c N a t i o n a l S o l a r Demonstration Program, Technology Evaluation R e p o r t . The r e p o r t a s s e s s e s status and a v a i l a b i l i t y of s o l a r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g equipment f o r i n c l u s i o n i n EXDA's "Commercial Demonstration Program" commensurate w i t h ERDA 23A. C r i t e r i a have been developed which a r e t o be m e t by s o l a r hardware Assessments have been made, based on a survey o f i n c o q o r a t e d i n t o the demonstration program. solar h a r 6 w a r e manufacturers and developers, o f when components, subsystems, and systems w i l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r demonstration according t o t h e tec'hnology s t a t u s c a t e g o r i e s set f o r t h i n ERDA 23A.

(ECONOMICS, MANUFACTURERS-SURVEY ST77 12005

, EQUIPMENT-AVAILABILITY)

-

TURNING TOWARD T€IE SrJN. VOLVME 1 ABSTRACTS OF STATS LEGISLATIVE ENACTXEXTS O F 1974 AND 1975 REGARDING SOLAR ENERGY

( N a t i o n a l Conference o f State L e g i s l a t u r e s , Denver, C O ) , NSF/RA/G-75-052-Vol-l, NSFISR-1552, P9-252836/2, N76-32676 Avail :?ITIS 3 ~ ~ 4 . 0 0 This r e p o r t i d e n t i f i e s and a b s t r a c t s a l l s t a t e enactments i n 1974 and 1975 t h a t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e to i a p r o v i n g t b e p r o s p e c t s f o r solar enerqy a p p l i c a t i o n s . S p e c i f i c a r e a s of coverage a r e a r o p e r t y income and sales tax i n c e n t i v e s , s t a t e financed energy r e s e a r c h and development of s o l a r t e c h n o l o g i e s , l i f e - c y c l e d c o s t a n a l y s i s , s o l a r p r o v i s i o n s i n s t a t e b u i l d i n g codes, a c c e s s t o i n c i d e n t s o l a r energy, and s o l a r e n e r q i n f o r m a t i o n a l and promotional a c t i v i t i e s . S t a t e f i n a n c e d b u i l d i n g s using s o l a r energy, and s e l e c t e d s o l a r energy p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e a l s o described b r i e f l y . 7 1:47,

(LAW P

UNITED-STATES)

ST77 1 2 0 0 6

XELXTIONSHIP O F EmRCY GXOWTH TO SCONOMIC GaOWTH -JNDER ALTERNATIVE EXERGI POLICIES

S e n l i n g , D . J . , J r . , DullLen, R., :tar 1 9 7 6 , B N L - ~ O ~ O O

Hudson, E . ,

(Brookhaven Xational Lab., Upton, X Y ) , 247 ?.,

19

This r e p o r t i s the f i r s t of a s e r i e s of s t u d i e s t h a t w i l l analyze t h e economic and s o c i a l impacts of r e s e a r c h , development, and demonsL-ation plans of t!!e Energy Research and Developa e n t A&xiZiStratio?!. ?wO p o l i c y proposals were examined a g a i n s t a Base Case s e t O f economic (1) t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n or' u) and Dand anergy projeczions f o r t h e years i 9 8 3 , 1390, and 2 0 0 0 : i n i t i a t e d energy supply and end-use conversion technologies t o expand domestic energy SUPPl? and t o iicprove t h e - e f f i c i e n c y and f l e x i b i l i t y of i t s use; and ( 2 ) t h e imposition of t a x e s and t a r i f f s on petroleum and n a t u r a l gas t o reduce demand f o r t h e s e primary energy s o u r c e s . T a r g e t s for t h e amounts of imports of o i l and gas were s p e c i f i e d by ERDA a s follows: 10 s e r c e n t ( o r less) of t o t a l U.S. energy consumption i n 1985; 0 p e r c e n t ( o r less) o f t o t a l U.S. anergy cOnSumPtiOn i n 1490; and 5 percent (or l e s s ) of t o t a l U . S . energy consumption i n 2000. T h e purpose of t h e a n a l y s i s w a 3 to f i r s t i d e n t i f y t h e degree t o wnich t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of new energy tec.hnologies and/or t h e imposition of energy taxes could reduce o i l and gas imports toward t h e t a r g e t Levels: and second, to estimate t h e e f f e c t s of t h e s e ? o l i c i e s on t h e economy and t h e environment. These economic and envirom-ental e f f e c t s a r e L!us a measure of t h e c o s t s a s s o c i a t e d with meeting t h e import t a r g e t s . The b e n e f i t s of t h e s e p o l i c i e s , i n t h e form o f i n c r e a s e d economic and p o l i t i c a l s e c u r i t y were n o t measured. The a n a l y s i s w a s based on an a n a l y t i c framework which i i a k e d det a i l e d mathematical p r o c e s s e n g i n e e r i n g and economic models t o more aggregate econometric models. T h e f o u r models employed a r e described. (SOCIAL-IMPACTS , ENVIROXKENT) ST77 12007

COST ASPECTS OF SOLAR ENERGY

-

SELECTIVE AND CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPEY

Cavard, O . , C r i q u i , P., Revue D e L'Energie, V 27:533-340, Nov 1976, A77-15799, I n French C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t!e l i t e r a t u r e on solar energy a r e s e l e c t e d f o r t h e i r coverage of economic and s o c i a l a s p e c t s of the problem, i n a d d i t i o n t o r e l e v a n c e t o e c o l o g i c a l impact and a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o t h e nontechnical reader. The annotated b i b l i o g r a p h y is organized i n groups o f e n t r i e s o f f e r i n g (1) i n t r o d u c t o r y t u t o r i a l review t x e a t s e n t s of the o v e r a l l t o p i c : ( 2 ) proceedings o f r e l e v a n t conferences; ( 3 ) p e r i o d i c a l s : ( 4 ) s p e c i f i c s o l a r energy t e c h n o l o g i e s o r modes o f u t i l i z a t i o n of solar energy ( r e s i d e n c e h e a t i n g , p h o t o v o l t a i c conversion, d i s t i l l a t i o n . d i r e c t thermal s y s t e m s ) ; ( 5 ) i n s t i t u t i o n a l and l e g a l a s p e c t s ; ( 6 ) r e s e a r c h and development; ( 7 ) r o l e v a n t meteorological information. Cost a s p e c t s a r e broached i n t h e s t r i c t s e n s e ( c o s t c o m p e t i t i v i t y of systems) and i n the l a r g e r s e n s e ( s o c i a l c o s t s and c o l l e c t i v e advantages Or penalties). ( ECONOMIC-OVERVIEW,

ST77 12008

ENVIRONMENT)

SOLAR ENERGY ECONOMICS

- THE

A P R I O R I DECISION

C l a r k , J.A., (Xichigan, U n i v e r s i t y , Ann A r b o r , ,MI), I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f Heat and Mass T r a n s f e r , V 19:1095-1106, O c t 1 9 7 6 , A76-45851 The i n i t i a l decision concerning the economic v i a b i l i t y of a solas energy h e a t i n g S y s t m is shown t o involve t e c h n i c a l , p h y s i c a l , m e t e o r o l o g i c a l , geographic, design and c o s t f a c t o r s a s w e l l a s t h e source of funding and type of arrangements made t o f i n a n c e the system. Four economic/technical models, which i n c l u d e the i n f l u e n c a of i n c r e a s i n g f u e l c o s t s , a r e p r e s e n t e d and compared with o t h e r p o s s i b l e k i n d s o f i n v e s t n u n t s t o determine t h e economic v i a b i l i t y O f t h e system. I t is found t h a t d i f f e r e n t economic c o n c l u s i o n s a r e both p o s s i b l e and j u s t i f i a b l e f o r investment s i t u a t i o n s having d i f f e r e n t c o n s t r a i n t s . (HEATING, SYSTEM-XNVESTPENTS, FINANCING)

ST77 12009

ECONOMIC-ENERGETIC ANALYSIS IX TEE FIELD O F UNCONVENTIONAL TBERMAL ENERGY POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS O F GEOTBERMAL AND SOLAR ENERGY

- THE

De Comelli, G . , (Trieste, U n i v e r s i t a , Trieste, I t a l y ) , Rome, Rassegna I n t e r n a z i o n a l e E l e t t r o n i c a Nucleare Ed Aerospaziale, p . 561-572, 1976, I n I n t e r n a t i o n a l S c i e n t i f i c - T e c h n o l o g i c a l Conference on Space, 1 6 t h , Rome I t a l y , Mar 18-20, 1976, Proceedings, A76-45951 23-12, A76-45997, I n I t a l i a n The main purpose of t h i s paper is t o s u r m y the p r e s e n t state of t h e p r a c t i c a l employlrunt of geothermal and s o l a r energy. Geothermal and solar energy a r e examined i n o r d e r t o p o i n t o u t t h e n a t u r a l limits of t h e i r p r a c t i c a l a v a i l a b i l i t y and t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l o b s t a c l e s o t t h e i r employment. The nost important results o b t a i n e d in the u t i l i z a t i o n o f the t w o s o u r c e s o f energy considered a r e summarized. (CONVERSION-EFFICIENCY) ST77 12010

A SURVEY OF STATE LEGISLATION RELATING TO

SOLAR ENERGY

Eisenhard, R.N., ( N a t i o n a l Bureau of S t a n d a r d s , Washington, OC) , 1 6 6 p . , A p t 1976, NBSIR-761082, PB-25d 23S/1WEr PCS6.75/MFS3.00 This r e p o r t reviews enacted s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h s o l a r enerqy. A c t s i n v o l v i n g t a x i n c e n t i v e s , reduced property assessmenta, r e s e a r c h and development, s o l a r easements and s o l a r energy promotion a r e i d e n t i f i e d and a b s t r a c t e d . The r e s p o n s i b l e s t a t e agency and o f f i c i a l P o r t i o n s of t h i s a r e l i s t e d . A c t a and supporting fornu and o t h e r i a f o r m a t i o n a r e included. document a r e n o t f u l l y l e g i b l e .

( W W , ?.U IXCENTIVES , PROPERTY ASSESSIHENTS)

20

12015

ST77 12011

C3ST STCDIES C)N TERRESTRIdL PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEYS WITS SUNLIGHT CONCENTRATION

f v a n s , D.L., Zlorschuetz, L.X., (Arizona S t a t e UnLV, Tempe, AZi, I n t S o l Energy Conqr and E q o , Extended Abstz: S o l U s e Now A Resour f o r People, U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a . LOS k n g e l e s , CX, 8 . 114-115, July 28-Aug 1, 1975, P c b l by ZSES, Smithsonian Rad B i o l Lab, R o c k v i l l e , %ID, 1975 ?be r o l e of s u n l i g h t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n reducing t h e c o s t of e l e c t r i c r l energy g e n e r a t e d by t e r r e s t r i a l p h o t o w l t a i c systems i s defined. The s t u d y e-xplores an a l t a r n a t i v e t o Lie deployment of l a r g e a r e a s of c e l l s i n f l a t unconcentrated a r r a y s . X system s i m u l a t i o n a l g o r i t h m has been Seveloped t o c a l c u l a t e t h e amount of e l e c t r i c a l energy producsd over a y e a r ' s t i m e by a l t e r n a t i v e p h o t o v o l t a i c systems. Energy c o s t s are c a l c u l a t e d by t h e l e v e l i z e d i i x e d charge nechod.

-

(ECONOMICS, YATBEMATICXt MODEL) ST77 12012

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT O F LOW COST PROCESSES FOR INTEGRATED SOLAR ARRAYS. 1, MAY 1 2 , 1976-JUNE 1 8 , 1976

QUAR?EXLY REPORT NO.

Graham, C.D., Jr., Kulkarni, S., Noel, G.T., Pope, D I P . , P r a t t , B., (Pennsylvania Univ., P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , 27 e., EXDA/JPL/954506-76/1 ? r o g r e s s on a program t o determine the c o n d i t i o n s under which s h e e t s of s i l i c o n might be produced by a r o l l i n g 2 r o c e s s is described. Uniaxial compression experiments a r e used t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e deformation p r o p e r t i e s of p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e s i l i c o n a t v a r i o u s t e n q e r a t u z e s and s t r a i n ratss. C r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c texture studies of samples a t v a r i o u s s t a g e s has shown t h a t c o c s i d e r a b l e r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n o c c u r s a s a r e s u l t of compression and annealing. The r e s u l t i n g n a t e r i a l has a cubic t e x t u r e . Experiments t o d a t e have covered the s t r a i n r a t e range LO exp -4 t o 1 0 e- -1 and the temperature range 1200 t o 1400 exp 0 C. B r o l l i n g speed of 'Ihe o r d e r of 180 f t / h r is a r e d i c t e d on t h e b a s i s of c u r r e n t d a t a . A new a p p a r a t u s capable of s t r a i n r a t e s t w o o r d e r s of magnitude h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e used t o d a t e is being r e a d i e d . f o r use i n bdese s t u d i e s . (ECONOMICS, PXOCESS-REVIEW) ST77 12013

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TKE NEED FOR ADVANCED POWER SOURCES

E a r d i e , R.W., Omberg, R.P., (Hanford Engineering Development Lab., Richland, WA), 17 p.. ? r e s e n t e d a t Am. Nucl, SOC. 1975 Winter Meeting, San F r a n c i s c o , Xov 16-21, 1975, EIEDL-SA-989, CONF-751101-77, AT( 45-11 -2170, N77-15509 Avail :RTIS The aconomic need f o r an advanced power source, be it: f u s i o n , solar, or some o t h e r c o n c e p t , is considered. However, c a l c u l a t i o n s were'-also garformed assuming abandoment of the LMFBR program, BO b r e e d e r b e n e f i t s are a by-product o f t h i s s t u d y . The model used was the Alps L i n e a r Programrmng system f o r f o r e c a s t i n g optimum power growth p a t t e r n s . T o t a l power c o s t s were c a l c u l a t e d o v e r a p l a n n i n g horizon from 1975 t o 2 0 4 1 and d i s c o u n t e d a t 74 p e r c e n t . The b e n e r ' i t of a p a r t r c u l a r advanced power source is simply t h e reduction i n t o t a l power Cost r e s u l t i n g from its Lntroducticn. S i n c e data concerning advanced power s o u r c e s ( A P S ) a r e s p e c u l a t i v e , p a r a m e t r i c c a l c u l a t i o n s v a r y i n g i n t r o d u c t i o n d a t e s and c a p i t a l c o s t s about a h y p o t h e t i c a l ABS p l a n t w e r e p e r f o m e d . C a i c u l a t i o n s w e r e a l s o p e z f o m d without the IUXFER t o d e t e r a i n e Lie e f f e c t of t h e b r e e d e r on t h e b e n e f i t s o f an advanced power source. ( FORECASTING,

ST77 1 2 0 1 4

COMPUTER-MODEL) ECONOMIC STUDY O F SOLAR TOTAL ENERGY

Xarrigan, R.W., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, NM), 15 p., 1 9 7 6 , CONF-760821-1, SAND-76-5291 T h i s p a p e r i n v e s t i g a t e s t h e a o p l i c a t i o n of s o l a r t o t a l energy to a 2000-dwelling-unit mixed-load community. The community design is c o n s i s t e n t with c u r r e n t community planning practices. An energy a n a l y s i s of t h e community was performed and a solar t o t a l energy system s i z e d t o meet t h e community demands. The economics of providing a s o l a r t o t a l energy system 1s examined. T h e e f f e c t of dwelling-unit d e n s i t y is examined. ( COMMUNITY-DNELQPHENT)

ST77 12015

SIMJLATION OF NONLINEARITIES W I T H EIE A I D O F MIXED-INTSGRAL LINEAR O P T I M I Z A T I O N AND ITS APPLICATION I N THE ENERGY ECONOMY

X e i l , G . , (Kammer D e r Tec.hnik, I n s t i t u t f u e r Energieversorgung, Dresden, E a s t Germany), E n e r g i e t e c h n i k , v 26:349-353, Aug 1976, A76-47712, I n German X d e s c r i p t i o n is p r e s e n t e d of an approach f o r t h e piecewise l i n e a r i z a t i o n of c o s t f u n c t i o n s with a r b i t r a r y Curvature c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t a k i n g i n t o account mixed-integral o p t i m i z a t i o n methods. A t t e n t i o n is given t o t h e b a s i c forms of a c o s t f u n c t i o n , t h e method of mixed-integral o p t i m i z a t i o n a s an a i d i n t h e s o l u t i o n of minimization problems with a concave c o s t f u n c t i o n , and an e v a l u a t i o n of t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n an a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e considered approach. i P P n w n w r c-n.rc------. \ - - - . * . Y ' . * C - " " E . ~ " ~ C . w ~

21

ST77 1 2 0 1 6

THE IMPACT O F SOLAR AND COXSERVATION TECXNOLOGIES UPON LABOR DEMAiVD

L a i c n e r , S . . 11 p., 17 r e f s , Conference on Energy E f f i c i e n c y , Washington, DC, May 20-21, 1 9 7 6 Avarl :TAC The r e l a t i o n s h i p between energy and jobs and t h e economy is, a t b e s t , a confusing one. Jecause t h e number of persons employed and the s i z e of t i e economy, a s measured by the Gross X a t i o n a l Product (GXP) , h i s t o r i c a l l y has grown a s non-human energy consumption has i n c r e a s e d . b u s i n e s s and indust-7 l e a d e r s argue Lkat more energy i s a ? r e r e q u i s i t e f o r higher employment l e v e l s . a u t t h i s is a crude comparison and does n o t s t a n d up t o c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s .

i

(ECONOMIC-OVERVIEW)

ST77 12017

RESIDENTIAL SOLAR FIEATING AND COOLING CONSTWNTS AND INCENTIVES. LITERATURE

A REVIEW OF THE

D. L i t t l e , I n c . , Cambridge, M A ) , 248 p . , May 1 9 7 6 . ADL-C-70534, PB-258 238/5WE, PCS8.00/MF$3.00 This r e p o r t provides a comprehensive review and assessment o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e on market c o n s t r a i n t s on s o l a r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g and p o s s i b l e governmental incentives t o overcome them. I t p o i n t s o u t major gaps and omissions i n t h e e x i s t i n g - l i t e r a t u r e on c o n s t r a i n t s and i n c e n t i v e s and makes reconmendations t o t h e Department of Kouring and Urban Development (HUD) f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h . Five c a t e g o r i e s of c o n s t r a i n t s a r e analyzed: economic/financial, t e c h n i c a l , S o c i a l / p o l i t i c a l , institutional/industrial and r e g u l a t o r y / l e g a l . Incentives a r e examined i n terms of &&eir p o t e n t i a l usefulness and f e a s i b i l i t y i n overcoming c o n s t r a i n t s i n l i g h t of p r a c t i c a l l i m i t s on governmental p o l i c y .

L i t t l s , X.D.,-(Arthur

(ECONOMICS, W E T S , L A W ) ST77 12018

BUSINESS ANALYSIS OP SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION

Maycock, P.D., Wakefield, G.F., (Texas Instrum Inc, D a l l a s , T X ) , Conf R e c of t h e IEEE Photov o l t a i c Spec Conf, llth, S c o t t s d a l e , A Z , May 6-8, 1975, P u b 1 by IEEE, New York, NY, p - 252-255, 1975, Cat B75CII0948-OED A design-to-cost a n a l y s i s is used t o develop t h e material and labor c o s t g o a l s t h a t must be m a t t o allow p r o f i t a b l e manufacture of s o l a r p h o t o v o l t a i c p a n e l s t h a t meet t h e Energy Research and Development Authority (ERDA) g o a l s f o r 2000. A n a n a l y s i s of the s o l a r p a n e l market V e r s u s p r i c e per peak kw indicates very l i t t l e market o p p o r t u n i t y f o r i n d u s t r y u n t i l S1000/peak kw prices a r e obtained. The selected s t r a t e g y is e x t e n s i v e c o s t r e d u c t i o n s t o o b t a i n $200-$500/k~ p a n e l c o s t s . The approach developed i n t h i s paper is s u f f i c i e n t l y broad so t h a t i t can be used t o scope many o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s o t h e r than the s i l i c o n p h o t o v o l t a i c system s e l e c t e d . ( ECONOMIC-OVERVIEW)

ST77 12019

IS NUCLEAR ENERGY ECONOMICALLY VIABLE

-

COMPETITION WITX COAL

? e r l , L.J., (National Economic Research A s s o c i a t i o n , fnc., New York, N y ) , Energy, V 1:21-23, Summer-Fall 1976, A77-12933 An a t t e m p t is made t o e s t i m a t e t h e cost of e l e c t r i c energy g e n e r a t e d both from c o a l - and n u c l e a r - f i r e d c a p a c i t y in 1990. Regression e q u a t i o n s are used t o e s t i m a t e c a p i t a l c o s t s for c o a l and n u c l e a r c a p a c i t y from 1980 t o 1990. Estimatad c o s t s i n 1990 of energy from t h e n u c l e a r and coal p l a n t s under a l t e r n a t i v e SO2 c o n t r o l s c e n a r i o s and a t a l t e r n a t i v e c a p a c i t y factors are d i s c u s s e d . A table d e s c r i b i n g c o a l demand based upon three a l t e r n a t i v e a s s m p t i o n s of e l e c t r i c i t y growth, n u c l e a r c a p a c i t y growth, and growth o f s o l a r and geothermal energy is presented. ( ECONOMIC-OVERVIEW

ST77 12020

, ALTEWATIVES)

LAW AND SOLAR EXERGY SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

- LEGAL IMPED1,WNTS AND INDUCEMENTS TO SOLAR ENERGY

imbbins, R.L., (Lake Michigan F e d e r a t i o n , Chicago, IL) , NSF APR-74-21034, S o l a r Energy, V 18:3713 7 9 , NS, 1976, I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o l a r Energy S o c i e t y , I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o l a r Eaetgy Congress and E x p o s i t i o n , Loa Angelas, CAI J u l y 28-Aug 1, 1975, A77-12401 Local and s t a t e law impediments a s well a s i n s t i t u t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s t h a t have s e v e r e l y l i m i t e d t h e change t o s o l a r energy systems f o r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g purposes a r e reviewed. Emphasis i s placed on the a c t i v i t i e s t h a t can t a k e p l a c e i n state and l o c a l governments t o encourage use of s o l a r energy. The a r e a s of l e g a l change i n c l u d e improving t h e a c c e s s t o S o l a r i n s o l a t i o n , optimizing the l o c a t i o n o f solar energy c o l l e c t o r s , improving t h e p u b l i c economics of s o l a r anergy systems, improving t h e o p e r a t i o n and d e s i g n of systems through f e a s i b l e energy backup and u t i l i t y concern with solar energy, removing p o t e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n and maintenance problems, financing s o l a r energy s y s t e m , and a l l o c a t i n g r i g h t s t o s o l a r i a s o l a t i o n . Solutions t h a t can be adapted t o t h e problems o f most s t a t e s a r e recommended, although t h e s u g g e s t i o n s s t i l l need t o be m t c h e d t o l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s and l e g a l p r e c e d e n t . ( INSTITUTICNAL

CONSTRUNTS)

22

i

12024/13000 ST77 12021

,

LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND SOLAR ENERGY

Xuegg, R . , (XBS, I n s t i t u t e f o r Applied Technology, Washington, DC) , WiRhE J o u r n a l , V 18:22-25, Nov 1976, A77-13501 Techniques of l i f e - c y c l e c o s t e v a l u a t i o n are examined as p r o s p e c t i v e rneans of assessing t h e c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s of s o l a r enerqy systems a s compared t o r i v a l energy systems. A c q u s i t i o n c o s t s ( i n c l u d i n g system d e s i g n , purchase, i n s t a l l a t i o n ) , system r e p a i r and replacement c o s t s , maintenance and o p e r a t i n g c o s t s , and salvage v a l u e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n a present-value o r annual-value model. 2 e l e v a n t t a x p o l i c i e s and clean-energy i n c e n t i v e s a s e also considered. X present-value e v a l u a t i o n model is presented i n a b b r e v i a t e d f o r n , i n c o r ? o r a t i n g d i r e c t c o s t s (down Bayment, loan p r i n c i p a l and i n t e r e s t ) , insurance c o s t s , direct c o s t savings i n v a l u e of f u e l economized, p r o p e r t y t a x e s and sales taxes, tax d e d u c t i o n s , and i n c e n t i v e s . (ECOXOMIC-OVERVIEW,

ST77 12022

T-XiATION, INSURAi-i-CE)

+N INDUSTRY VIEW O F S O U R HEATING AND COOLING

-

Scfimidt, R.N., (Boneywell, Inc., Minneapolis, MN), Washington, DC, Government I n s t i t u t e s , Iac., p. 163-571, 1976, I n Energy Technology 111 Commercialization; Proceedings o f t h e Third Conar 29-31, 1976, A7645226 23-44, A76-45241 f e r e n c e , Washington. DC, M X b r i e f review is p r e s e n t e d of t h e s t a t u s of s o l a r h e a t i a q and c o o l i n g i n t!!e United S t a t e s . Discussions are p r e s e n t e d on the need f o r economical s o l a r systems and on t i e need f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h and development. The d e v e l o p m n t of solar power p l a n t s is a l s o d i s c u s s e d . (ECONO!!IC-OVERVIEW,

ST77 12023

UNITED-STATES)

THE ECONOMICS O F SOLAR HOME HEATING

Scbulze, W.D., Ben-David, S., Katson, R., Noll, S., Roach, F., Thayer, M., ( U n i v e r s i t y of s e w Xexico) , aalcomb, J . D . , (Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory, NM), 13, 1977, A Study Prepared f o r t h e use of t h e J o i n t Economic Committee Congress of t h e United S t a t e s , 95th Congress, 1st Session Avai1:u.S. Government P r i n t i n g OfEice, Washington, DC, PCS1.35 Xow tfiat soma experience has been gained both i n manufacturing and i n s t a l l a t i o n o f solar systems it is a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e c o s t of s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s i n s t a l l e d , b u t excluding f i x e d c o s t s , w i l l be about SlO/ft2. Although t h i s may seem high i n comparison t o estimates a s low a s S 3 / f t 2 used i n p r e v i o u s , s t u d i e s , sue f i n d that f e a s i b i l i t y does occur for solar water and space h e a t i n g s y s t e m between now and 1390 i f either d e c o n t r o l l e d p r i c e s of t r a d i t i o n a l energy s o u r c e s are used a s the b a s i s of comparison o r where c u r t a i l m e n t s of n a t u r a l gas occur. The importance of this f i n d h g is diminished by the federal government's f a i l u r e t o a s s i s t m making c a g i t a l a v a i l a b l e f o r energy conservation. I f interrest r a t e s a r e k e p t high and i f money ( c a p i t a l ) remains i n short supply, the p r o s p e c t s f o r c a p i t a l i n t e n s i v e systems i n homes, such a s solar energy, are diminished g r e a t l y . (BGIONAL-COMPARISONS,

LZIITED-STATES)

ST77 12024

S O W R COLLECTOR rHANUE'ACTURING ACTXVITf JANUARY TBROUGH JUNE 1976

S t o l l , R.D.,

( W ,Washington, DC), 23 p.,

Sept 1976, FEA/B-76/403,

PB-258 8 6 5 / 5 W E , PCS3.50/

V ? S3.00

This report c o n t a i n s the r e s u l t s o f a survey of p r i v a t e firmu t h a t have a a n u f a c t u r e d and s o i d s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s d u r i n g t h e first h a l f of calendar y e a r 1976. The purpose o f t h i s semiann u a l survey is t o o b t a i n d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s on economic a c t i v i t y i n the s o l a r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g a r e a and t o i d e n t i z y production growth r a t e s i n t3is f l e d g l i n g i n d u s t r y . R e s u l t s show t h a t p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g t h e f i r s t half of 1976 was 60 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r t h a n for t h e l a s t h a l f of 1975 and 195 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r t h a n f o r the f i r s t half of 1975. ( ECONOMICS)

ST77 13000

C Z m m RECEIYTER SO-

POWER SYSTEM, C Q U E C T O R SUE)SYSTEH.

QUARTERLY

TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT (Boeing Engineering and C o n s t r u c t i o n , S e a t t l e , WA), 90 e . , Dec 3 1 , 1975, SAN/llll-75/1 This document c o n t a i n s a d e s c r i p t i o n of the prelixiunary design b a s e l i n e c o l l e c t o r subsystem €or a 10 %,/:.& e/ s=:;~ ~ i s ~ xeiiui; & l Biant. A l s o inciuded a r e s u p p o r t i n g d a t a and a n a l y s e s used i n s e l e c t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c d e s i g n , and r e s u l t s Of r e s e a r c h experiments i n p r o g r e s s t O v e r i f y %!e d s s i q n . Each r e f l e c t o r i n t h e c o l l e c t o r subsystem is enclosed wit!!in a 7 meter (23 ft.) d i a m e t 9 r , a i r - s u > p o r t e d T e d l a r dome. Tedlar for t h e b a s e l i n e dome w i l l be 0 . 1 3 m ( 6 ails) t h i c k and rill be s p e c i a l l y processed t o obtai.? a smooth s u r f a c e r h i c h will provide

23

13005

high Specular ( d i r e c t ) t r a n s m i t t a n c e (86 t o 90 p e r c e n t ) . The r e f l e c t o r u t i l i z e s a c o m e r c i a l l y a v a i i a b l e 0 . 0 5 iirm ( 2 mils! t!!ick .Xylar f i l m which is coated w i t h vacuum-deposited aluminum on one s u r f a c e . The d r i v e and c o n t r o l system s e l e c t e d for t h e h e l i o s t a t s is 3 computer-cont:Olled open-loop system u t i l i z i n g i c c r e m e n t a l s o s i t i o n feedback Zrom o p t i c a l encoders on each h e l i o s t a t drive. HELXOSTATS , TX4CXIXG-SYSTEX)

(THERMAL-WWER,

3T77 l.3001

CENTRAL RECEIVER SOLAR THERMAL POWER SYSTEM. AMZNTS QUARTERLY T E C H N I W PROGRESS REPORT

COLLECTOR SUBSYSTEM, R E S E A R a ZXPERI-

(9oeing CO., Seattle,-WA), 9 2 p . , A p r 2 0 , 1976, S ~ ~ - l l l l - 7 6 - 2 This documant c o n t a i n s a d e s c r i p t i o n of the d e t a i l design ( D D ) of r e s e a r c h e x p e r i m n t hardware t o support the LO .W/sub e/ P i l o t P l a n t p r e l i m i n a r y design ( P D ) . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t e s t g l a n s f o r assembly, i n t e g r a t i o n , and a r r a y tests a r e summarized along w i t h r e s u l t s of completed component/material t e s t s . Research experiment OD and tests d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n were planned t o provide design v e r i f i c a t i o n and supporting d a t a , w i t h hardware which e i t i e r d u p l i c a t e s , O r c l o s e l y s i m u l a t e s the P i l o t P l a n t PD b a s e l i n e .

(TRERMAL-POWER, D&SIC;N-REVIEW) ST77 13002

CENTRAL RECEIVER SOLAR THERMAL POWER SYSTEM, PHASE 1. EXDSNG DECEMBER 31, 1975

PROGRESS REPORT FOR PERIOD

( Y a r t i n LNarietta Cor;,., Denver, C O ) , 486 p . , Apr 1976, MCR-76-121, SAN/1110-76/Tl The program o b j e c t i v e is the preliminary design of a 1 0 M W e p i l o t s o l a r power g l a n t supg o r t e d by major subsystem experiments. Progress is r e p o r t e d on t h e following t a s k elemants: 1 0 W e p i l o t p l a n t ; c o l l e c t o r subsystem design ana a n a l y s i s ; r e c e i v e r subsystem requirements; rec e i v e r subsystem design; thermal s t o r a g e subsystem; e l e c t r i c a l power g e n e r a t i o n subsystem; and p i l o t p l a n t a r c h i t e c t u r a l e n g i n e e r i n g and support. (TSE2MhL-POWER.

ST77 13003

OVERVIEW)

SOLAR PILOT PLANT, PKASE 1.

QUARTERLP REPORT NO.

1, JULY-DECZEMBER 1975

(Honeywell, I n c . , Minneapolis, m ) , 115 p . , Feb 20, 1976, S ~ / 1 1 0 9 - 7 6 / T l Honeywell Inc. is i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e t e c h n i c a l and economic f e a s i b i l i t y of g e n e r a t i n g e l e c t r i c i t y from s o l a r energy. During t h e f i r s t 6 months of t h e program (1 July-31 December 19751, a preliminary dasign b a s e l i n e f o r a lO-EeJ(e) s o l a r p i l o t p l a n t w a s g e n e r a t e d and analyzed. Subsequently, s e v e r a l changes were made t o improve porfonnance and/or reduce c o s t . Conceptual designs and research experiments w e r e generated f o r t h r e e key subsystems c o l l e c t o r , steam g e n e r a t o r , and t h e m 1 s t o r a g e . Limited t e s t i n g was done to s t u a y the problem o f removing e u t e c t i c s a l t s from vaporizer. tubes i n the thermal s t o r a g e subsystem. The program was on schedule a t t2m end of 1975. Plans €or tfra f i r s t q u a r t e r of 1976 i n c l u d e o r d e r i n g long-leadtima items f o r t h e subsystem r e s e a r c h experiments, c o n t i n u i n g a n a l y s i s o f t h e conceptual d e s i g n s p r e p a r a t o r y t o d e t a i l i n g them, and c o n t i n u i n g e n g i n e e r i n g model experiments.

-

( THERMAL-POWER,

ST77 13004

ECONOMICS 1

EXERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

aanks, R . X . , (ERDA, Washington, D C ) , 8 p . , F i l a d Apr 11, 1974, p a t e n t e d O c t 2 1 , 1975, T h i s Government-owned invention a v a i l a b l e for U.S. l i c e n s i n g a n d , p o s s i b l y , f o r f o r e i g n l i c e n s i n g , Copy of p a t e n t a v a i l a b l e Coannisaioner of P a t e n t s , Washington, DC, PATENT-3 913 326, PAT-APPL459 991, PCSO.50 The p a t e n t d e s c r i b e s an engine f o r c o n v e r t i n g thermal enerqy t o r o t a r y mechanical work by a l t e r n a t i n g changes i n c o n f i g u r a t i o n OF t h e r m a l l y rasponsixre elements composed of a thermal memory m a t e r i a l . T h e elements arm p i v o t a l l y i n t e r c o n n e c t e d between a s t a t i o n a r y p i v o t and a r o t o r which r o t a t e s about a f i x e d a x i s dfrrpord e c u e n t r i c a l l y of the s t a t i o n a t y p i v o t . Alt e r n a t e h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g of t h e t h e r m r l l y r e s p o n s i v e elements t o temperatures above and below, r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e predetermined c r i t i c a l tamperature results i n a t o r q u e about t i e f i x e d a x i s of t h e r o t o r . (THERMAL-POWER

ST77 13005

, PATENT,

HUT-ENGINE)

C!iARACTERISTICS O F A SYSTEM FOR TRANSMITTING CONCSXTRATED SOLAR RADIATION

Baranov, V . X . , (Gosudarstvennyi O p t i c h e s k i i I n s t i t u t , Leningrad, USSR), G e l i o t e k h n i k a , p - 152 5 , !IS, 1976, All-14578, In Russian The paper examines a system f o r t r a n s m i t t i n g c o n c e n t r a t e d s o l a r energy over v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s , which uses hollow o p t i c a l waveguides t o g a t h e r r a y s i n t h e o u t p u t p u p i l a f t e r r e f l e c t i o n from the waveguide w a l l s . The r e l a t i o n s between t r a n s m i s s i o n c a p a c i t y and the r a t i o s of c c n c a n t r a t o r to waveguide diameter and waveguide l e n g t h t o c o n c e n t r a t o r geomat-7 a r e i n v e s t i gated. T h e r e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of s e v e r a l Waveguide m a t e r i a l s (Cu, A l , and Ag) is studieci. !T i E X W - POWER WAVEGUf DES 1.

24

13010 ST77 1 3 0 0 6

SO-

POWERED ORGilEsIC RALVKINE CYC'LE

ENGIXES

- CHARACTERISTICS

AND COSTS

a a r b e r , R . E . , (BarSer-8ichols Engineering C o . , .Arvaaa, CO) , New York, .American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2 : 1 1 5 1 - 1 1 5 6 , 1 9 7 6 , i n I n t s r s o c r e t y Energy Canversion m g i n e e r i n q Conference, Ut;?, S t a t e Line, Xevada, S e p t 1 2 - 1 7 , 1 9 7 6 , Proceedings, A77-12662 0 2 - 4 4 , A7712798 The t e c h n i c a l and c o s t a s p e c t s of t h e organic Rankine c y c l e and i t s i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h -&e s o l a r c o l l e c t o r as a power system a r e examined. i t is shown L i a t c o l l e c t o r t - a p e r a t u r e s of 2 0 0 , 300-400, and 600 P a r e optinurn o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r f l a t p l a t e , c o n c e n t r a t o r s , and t r a c k i n g ccmcentzators, r e s p e c t i v e l y , with t h e B e a k s o l a r conversion e f f i c i e n c i e s of t h e s e systems, apgroximately 3 , 1 0 and 114. The dominant f a c t o r i n system c o s t i s shown t o be t h e c o l l e c t o r c o s t . it is i?stimated t i i a t t h e Rankine c y c l e c o s t w i l l be about one L i i r d of the t o t a l system I t is also e s t i m a t e d t h a t the i n s t a l l e d c o s t with two t h i r d s going t o t h e c o l l e c t o r component. c o s t mass-produced solar power systems would b e about 1600-2500 d o l l a r s / p e a k 'kw o u t p t . (TXERMAL-POWER ECONOMICS)

ST77 13007

TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE CiARACPERISTICS OF A HIGH TSMPERATURE DISTRIBUTED SOLAR COLLECTOR FIELD

(Westinghouse Electric Cor?., Advanced Energy Systems Div., P i t t s b u r g h , Black, D.L., E l l i s , J.P., ? A ) , New York, Amarican I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1261-1271, 1976, In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, llth, S t a t e L i n e , Nevada S e p t 1 2 - 1 7 , 1976, Proceedings, Volume 2 , X77-12662 0 2 - 4 4 , A77-12810 X mathematical model of a high temperature d i s t r i b u t e d s o l a r c o l l e c t o r f i e l d w a s used on a hybrid comquter t o s t u d y t h e t r a n s i e n t performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The h e a t t r a n s f e r system c o n s i s t s of a series of r e f l e c t o r / a b s o r b e r energy c o n c e n t r a t i n g d e v i c e s using cherminol 66 c o o l a n t o p e r a t i n g between a minimum-cold s t o r a g e temperature of 242 C and a h o t s t o r a g e temperaControl s t r a t e g i e s w e r e tested and c o n t r o l l e r s were developed which would maxt ' u e of 325 C. i m i z e *e d a i l y energy d e l i v e r e d while maintaining a r i g i d t o l e r a n c e of + or -1 C on i t s temperat m e . The r e s u l t s f o r d i f f e r e n t s t r a t e g i e s included c o l d s t a r t u p , sudden change i n i n s o l a t i o n , and malfunctions such a s loss of pump. Continuous s t o r a g e bypass and s t a r t u p o n l y w e r e e v a l u a t e d through the u s e of a high tamperature a u x i l i a r y bypaas accumulator loop. Analog flow c o n t r o l l e r s were developed from a model frsquency response a t t h e noon p e r i o d o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t!ae f a l l season. (THERMAL-POWER, MA-TICAL ~

~ 1 370 0 87

AXODEL)

SOLAR SEATING SYSTEM 10-5AIRPORT PAVEMEXT SNOW, SLUSH, AND ICE CONTROL

Bromley, E., Jr., DauLeri.0, H., (FRA, Washington, D C ) , Pravda, M., (Dynatherm Corp., Los Angeles, C A ) , American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s , Inc., Vandenberg, CA, Western P e r i o d i cals Co., North Ho~lywood,CA, p. 58-69, 1 9 7 6 , In Symposium on A l t e r n a t e Fuel Resources, S a n t a Maria, CA, .Ut 25-27, 1 9 7 6 , Proceedings, A76-47287 24-44, A76-47293 The technical and economic p r a c t i c a b i l i t y o f a s o l a r energy pavement h e a t i n g system f o r use i n snow, s l u s h and ice c o n t r o l on a i r p o r t runways, taxiways and ramps is discussed. Tho pral i m i n a r y d e s i g n c o n s i d e r s t h e w i n t e r c l i m a t e , the a i r t r a f f i c d e n s i t y and t h e o p e r a t i n g and t o t a l system c o s t s . Cost comparison between a solar, electrical and a steam f i r e d system a r e given t o g e c l e r w i t h a 'snop' number which is unique t o each a i r p o r t . Through use of t h e 'snop' number, each a i r p o r t management can p r e d i c t when the p r a c t i c a l i t y of a s o l a r system should be considered.

(THERMAL-POWER) ST77 1 3 0 0 9

S O L A 2 THERMAL ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS SOCIAL COSTS

- THEIR

PERFORMANO CXARACTERISTICS AND TOTAL

Caputo, R.S., T r u s c e l l o , V.C., ( C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology, J e t PrOpUlSiOn Laboratory, Pasadena, CAI, New 'fork, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2 : 1 2 1 6 - 1 2 2 3 , I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e L i n e , Nevada, S e p t 1 2 - 1 7 , 1 9 7 6 , proceedings, -177-12662 02-4.4, ~ 7 7 - u a 0 4 The central receiver (power tower) concept as a thermal conversion approach t o Lle convers i o n o f s o l a r energy i n t o e l e c t r i c i t y is compared t o ot!!er s o l a r power p l a n t d e s i g n s which Feature d i s t r i b u t e d solar c o l l e c t i o n and use other types of solar c o l l e c t o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . A v a r i e t y of solar thermal s t o r a g e concepts a r e discussed and Lleir impacts on system performance a r e a s s e s s e d . Although a good d e a l of q u a n t i f i c a t i o n is p o s s i b l e in a comparative s t u d y , t h e s u b j e c t i v e judgments c a r q e n o m u s weight i n a socio-economic d e c i s i o n , t h e u l t i m a t e choice of c e n t r a l power p l a n t being more a s o c i a l t h a n an economic o r t e c h n i c a l d e c i s i o n . Major elements O f t h e t o t a l s o c i a l c o s t of each type of c e n t r a l p l a n t a r e i d e n t i f i e d a s u t i l i t y economic c o s t s , RLD funds, h e a l t h C o s t s , and o t h e r r e l e v a n t s o c i a l impacts. (TIIERMAL-POWER, L ST77 13010

~

~

~

-

.

~

~STORAGE, I V E COMPARISONS) ~ r

C O R U D I A T I O N U S n G THE 2EVERSIBLE AMMdNIA X A C T I O N

Carden, P . O . , ( A u s t r a l i a Nat!, Gniv, Canberra, A u s t r a l i a ) , I n t S o l Enerqy Congr and %;so, Extended X b s t t : Sol C s e :
-

25

A. system is described for t h e l a r g e scale g e n e r a t i o n of power from solar e n e r q i n which energy 1s t r a n s f e r r e d by means of t h e r e v e r s i b l e chemical r e a c t i o n 2P:H//3 Z N / / 2 + 3 H / / Z . A n u l t i p l i c i t y O f pressed s t e e l p a r a b o l o i d a l m i r r o r s i s employed each having a f o c a l absorber i n which tile endothernuc forward r e a c t i o n proceeds. The exot!!ermic backward r e a c t i o n O c C U T S a t common c e n t r a l Blant and t h e h e a t energy recovered o p e r a t e s a t!!ernodynamic power p l a n t . The r e a c t a n t s a r e 'rransferred i n small diameter s t e e l p i p i n g a t ambient temperature. S t o r a g e o f enerqy may be c a t e r e d f o r by providing s t o r a g e f o r t h e r e a c t a n t s .

(THERM?&-?OWER, DESIGN-REVIEW) ST77 13011

COMPARISON O F SOLAR POND CONCEPTS FOR ELECTRICAL POWER GEXERATION

Drumheller, K.. Duffy-. J . B . , B a r l i n g , O . K . , Knutsen, C.A., McEinnon, M.A., P e t e r s o n , P . L S r S h a f f e r , L.H., S t y r i s , D.L., Zaworski, R., (Battelle PaciEic Northwest Labs., Richland. :$A) , 1 2 8 s., 9NWL-1951, Z(45-1)-1830, N76-33638 Xvai1:NTIS HCSS.45 Various solar pond concepts for electric p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n were i d e n t i f i e d , i n c l u d i n g b u t not l i m i t e d t o (1) nonconvective s a l t g r a d i e n t solar pond; ( 2 ) ponds with v a r i o u s p l a s t i c or o t h e r membranes a t s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n s t o minimize o r e l i m i n a t e convection: ( 3 ) ponds which a r e t o t a l l y o r p a r t i a l l y g e l l e d t o reduce o r e l i m i n a t e convection; and ( 4 ) shallow convecting ponds. The performance of there v a r i o u s concepts w a s analyzed and compared. The pond c o s t and o v e r a l l power p l a n t system c o s t f o r each concept assuming t h e nonconvective g r a d i e n t s a l t pond as t h e bas8 c a s e were estimated. The aQptOaCh included a p r e l i m i n a r y design of s e v e r a l power p l a n t systems based on solar pond concepts, and performance and economic e v a l u a t i o n based on t h e s e p r e l i m i n a r l designs.

-

(T5EW-T-POWER, ECONOMICS ST77 13012

COLLECTOR FIELD OPTIMIZATION FOR A SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Easton, C.R., Etaetz, J . E . , (McDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s Co., Huntington Beach, C A I , Vant-Bull, L.L., (Houston, U n i v e r s i t y , Houston, T X ) , N e w York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1272-1277, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line, Nevada, S e p t 12-17, L976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12811 A procedure f o r optimizing a central r e c e i v e r s o l a r thermal electric power p l a n t is presented. Key parameters of the o p t i m i z a t i o n are i d e n t i f i e d and examined to show t h e degree Of interdependence and t o d e r i v e a secondary set o f v a r i a b l e s more amenable t o o p t i m i z a t i o n . The procadure is d e t a i l e d with numerical examples, and t h e r e s u l t s f o r a 100-MWe c o m e r c i a 1 P l a n t a r e shown.

.

ST77 13013

SOME MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED I N THE APPLICATION O F SOLAR ENERGY TO ELECTRIC

POWER GENERATION G e r t a i s , R.L., Taketani, R., Babel, H.W., P i t t i n a t o , G.F., (McDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s C O . , Suntington Beach, CAI, Sampe Journal, V 12:12-19, ,Mar-Apr 1976, A77-13739 A p r o g r e s s r e p o r t is made on two b a s i c approaches t o g e n e r a t i n g electrical power using s o l a r energy local a b s o r p t i o n system and c e n t r a l a b s o r p t i o n system. The main d i f f e r e n c e between the two approaches is that t h e c e n t r a l a b s o r p t i o n relies upon o p t i c a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of energy while t h e l o c a l a b s o r p t i o n relies upon p i p i n g of thermal energy. The a c t i v i t i e s and 1 S S U e S a s s o c i a t e d with the formation of noncondensable g a s e s i n water h e a t p i p e s a r e d i s c u s s e d , along with some of t!!e a c t i v i t i e s and issues f o r m a t e r i a l s e l e c t i o n and some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s for the s o l a r concentrator. The t e c h n i c a l issues all appear t o be r e s o l v a b l e w i t h c u r r e n t technology. Innovative concepts, however, a r e r e q u i r e d t o make s o l a r e l e c t r i c power c o m p e t i t i v e . (THERMAL-POWER, COHPARISONS , ECONOMICS ST77 13014

TECHNICAL E'EASIBJLITX STUDY O F MODULAR DISH SOLAR UECTRIC SYSTEMS

Gupta, B.P., auchholz, R.L., McBride, E.M., ray, D.C., Bohan, W . M . , (Honeywell, f n c . , Mi.nneapolis, MN) , NASA-CR-135012, 182 ?. t Mar 1976, ERDA/NASA/l9740-76/1 The e f f o r t was d i r e c t e d a t e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e technical f e a s i b i l i t y of modular g e n e r a t i o n of e l e c t r i c i t y through tha use o f d i s h c o l l e c t o r s , and thereby e l i m i n a t i n g the h e a t transport problem of d i s t r i b u t e d s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s y s t e m . The s u p a r i o r o p t i c a l performance of d i s h Coll e c t o r s among the modular c o l l e c e o r concepts led t o i t s s e l e c t i o n for d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s i n Lie power g e n e r a t i o n range of 30 t o 100 k W ( t ) per module. E f f o r t was a l s o d i r e c t e d a t t h e c e n t r a l r e c e i v e r concept t o examine the b e n e f i t of smaller mirror s i z e ' f o r power g e n e r a t i o n i n t h e range of 500 kH to 4 M ( t ) . On the b a s i s of the r e s u l t s of t h e o p t i c a l and thermodynamic analyses performed d u r i n g t h i s program, a p a r a b o l o i d of r e v o l u t i o n d i s h with a c a v i t y r e c e i v e r using an open a i r r e g e n e r a t i v e Brayton Cycle t u r b i n e emerged a s t h e most promising concept i n t h e power range from 30 t o 1 0 0 k W ( t ) par module. (TBERMAL-POWER,

COMPARISONS)

26

13019 ST77 13015

CEXNTRAL RECEIVER SOTgERMAL POWER SYSTEM. PHASE 1. QUAXTSCL TECXNICU PROGZESS =PORT

CDPL ITEM 1 0 .

FIST

E a i i e t , ~ . ; i . , Jr., Gervais, R.L., (NcDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s Co., Runtington 3each, CX) , 90 p., ;an 1 9 7 6 , .%C-G-6318, S;LN-1108-76-1 The c u r r e n t d e f i n i t i o n of a 10-Me p i l o t p l a n t p r e l i m i n a r y design base l i n e i s p r e s e n t e d , a s well as a summary of a L O O E W l e commercial p l a n t base l i n e . The subsystems d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e slants i n c l u d e t h e c o l l e c t o r , r e c e i v e r , tiiermal s t o r a g e , and e l e c t r i c a l power g e n e r a t i o n . A master c o n t r o l concept employincj a c e n t r a l i z e d computer i s a l s o d e s c r i b e d . The subsystem r e s e a r c h experiment a c t i v i t i e s f o r t!!e c o l l e c t o r , r e c e i v e r , and thermal s t o r a g e s u b s y s t e m a r e p r e s e n t e d , i n c l u d i n g a summary o f SRE test requirements, o v e r a l l t e s t scheduling, and s t a t u s through t h e conceptual d e s i g n review phase o f t!!e SRE e f f o r t .

ST77 1 3 0 1 6

A COMP.ARIS0N O F GaAs XND S i HYBRID SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS

Heinbockel, J . Y . , Roberts, A.S., Jr. , (Old Dominion U n i v e r s i t y , Xorfolk, VA) , 9 x 1 - 1 1 7 0 7 - 8 6 , Princeton, X , Electrochemical S o c i e t y , Inc., p. 170-199, 1976, In I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Solar Energy, Washington, DC, May 5-7, 1976, Proceedings, A76-47051 24-44, A76-47063 An a n a l y t i c a l comparison of energy o u t p u t from v a r i o u s s i l i c o n and g a l l i u m a r s e n i d e h y b r i d solar power systems, producing electric power and a l s o thermal power f o r h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g , is made. System performance indices i n tenus of c a p i t a l cost, peak power. t o t a l power o u t p u t , and e l e c t r i c power w e r e evaluated. Limiting values f o r annual energy production from GzAs and Si s o l a r concenL-ator systems were estimated t o be 2 c e n t s and 6.8 c e n t s p e r kWH f o r GaAs COncentrator system. (TBERMAL-POWER,

ST77 13017

PHOTOMLTAIC, ECONOMICS)

VIXDOWED VERSUS HINOOWLESS SOLAR ENERGY CAVITY 9XCEIVERS

(MIT, Lexington, LMM, New York, American I n s t i t u t e of C h d c a l Enqineers, 1976, In I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Ilth, S t a t e Line, Xevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, t u t e of Technology and U.S. Air Force, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12808 X = d e l f o r a windowed, high-temperature c a v i t y receiver of t h e h e a t e d - a i r type is developed and used t o e v a l u a t e the greenhouse effect as a method f o r o b t a i n i n g high receiver a p e r a t i n g e f f i c i e n c i e s . The e f f e c t s on r e c e i v e r e f f i c i e n c y of v a r y i n g the window c u t o f f wavelength, t5e amount o f a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e w i n d o w pass-band, the c a v i t y o p e r a t i n g temperature, and t h e number of windows a r e determined. S i n g l e windowed cavities a r e found t o o f f e r t h e o r e t i c a l e f f i c i e n c i e s comparable to windowless ones, w h i l e s u l t i p l e windowed u n i t s a r e found t o s u f f e r from low o p e r a t i n g e f f i c i e n c i e s due t o losses r e s u l t i n g from r e f l e c t i o n s a t each window/air i n t e r f a c e . A ' f i r s t orcler' examination is made of t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of air c o o l i n g t h e window t o a s s u r e its s u r v i v a l . T h i s appears p o s s i b l e i f a proper combination of Cooling technique and window m a t e r i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s is selected.

J a r v i n e n , P.O., V 2:1244-1252,

(THERMAL-POWER, COMPARISONS, CENTRAL-RECEIVER) ST77 13018

A S O W POWER PLANT IN TSE 1 0 KWE RANGE W I T H FOCUSING COLLECTORS

i t l e i n k a u f , W., Koehne, R., Lindnor, F., (Deutsche Forschungs- und V e r o u c h s a n s t a l t f u e r t u f t und Raumfahrt, I n s t i t u t f w r Energiswandlung und e l e k t r i s c h e Autriebe, S t u t t g a r t , West Germany), Simon, M. , (Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg, AG, Neue Technologie, .XUniCh, W e s t G e - m . Y ) I XOme, Rassegna 1nternazionaJ.e E l e t t r o n i c a Xucleare Ed Aerospaziale, p. 341-550, 1976, I n I n t e r n a t i o n a l S c i e n t i f i c - T e c h n o l o g i c a l Conference on S p a c e , 1 6 t h , Rome, I t a l y , Mar 18-20, 1976, Proceedings. A76-45951 23-12, A76-45995 A 10-ktie s o l a 9ower p l a n t w i t h focusing c o l l e c t o r s ( p a r a b o l i c t r o u g h s ) is d e s c r i b e d . The advantages and disadvantages of two d i f f e r e n t mountings, a simple and a more s o p h i s t i c a t e d t r a c k i n g d e v i c e , a r e d i s c m s e d . The collector i t s e l f and t h e thermal c y c l e with a steam e n g i n e , s t o r a g e , and an a d d i t i o n a l b o i l e r a r e treated. F i n a l l y , t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n and e l e c t r i c i t y c o s t s a r e presented as a f u n c r i o n of hours of sunshine p e r y e a r €or t h e 10-kWe p l a n t a s well a s l a r g e r plants. ( TIIEWI-POWER,

ST77 13019

ECONOMICS, PARABOLIC-TROUGB)

THERMAL STORAGE FOR S O U R ENERGY CONVERSION

L a f r o i s , R.T. , (Honeywell Systems and Researcb Center, Minneagoiis, ANN), Venkatasetty, H . V . , (Honeywell C o r p o r a t e Research C e n t e r , Bloomington, MN) , P r i n c e t o n , N J , Electrochemical S o c i e t y , I n c . , p. 16-35, 1976, In I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on S o l a r Energy, Washington, DC, May 5-7, 1 9 7 6 . P r o c e e d i n g s , E 9 ( 0 4 - 3 ) - 1 1 0 9 , A76-47051 24-44, A76-47053 The p a p e r d e s c r i b e s t!e thermal s t o r a g e subsystem f o r s t o r i n g thermal energy by melting eu'iec',ic J a i t s , that part 0 2 teatra:=z=t&-.-sr =;-p= s=laz th=--zl pswer a i l = = 71zzt. The thermal s t o r a g e u n i t is & i v i d e d i n t o i n d i v i d u a l c e l l s f o r improved phase chanqe Berformance. Each c e l l c o n t a i n s one charge c y c l e h e a t exchanger and one d i s c h a r g e c y c l e h e a t sxchanger. ?welve reis s t o r a g e u n i t c e l l s w i l l g e n e r a t e s a t u r a t e d steam while another s e t o f c e l l s w i l l g e n e r a t e s u p e r h e a t e d steam. The s a l t s e l e c t e d f o r t h e main s t o r a g e is a t e r n a r y e u t e c t i c mrxt?lre of :?aC1, XaN03, and Xa2S04 v i t h e u t e c t i c t e n u e r a t u r e o f 2 6 7 C and h e a t of f x s i o n of 94.2 :<WH(t)/Cu 24.

ST77 1 3 0 2 0

TSER!!

ENERCl STORAGE CONSIDE.SATIONS FOR SOLAR-TEIERMAL POWER GZNERATION

L i o r , S . , ?yyaswamy, P.S., Oleary, J . , Kauffman, K.w., Yeh, H., (Pennsylvania, u n i v e r s i t y , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , i o r s c h , H.C., ( F r a n k l i n I n s t i t u t e Research L a b o r a t o r i e s , P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA) e Sew VOrk, American i n s t i t u t e of Chemical Zngineers, V 1:613-622, 1976, 12 i n t e r s o c i e t y EnerTI conversion Snqineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line, Nevada, s e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, X77-12662 02-44, X77-12732 The problem of thermal energy s t o r a g e f o r solar-thermal power g e n e r a t i o n i s examined. Hajor conceptual systems f o r thermai s t o r a g e a r e Broposed and described. s t o r a g e nodes through s e n s i b l e h e a t , l a t e n t h e a t (phase change), and thennochemical energy a r e reviewed and Proposed. X survey of a p p l i c a b l e m a t e r i a l s f o r thermal s t o r a g e , which i n c l u d e s a v a i l a b l e thennophysical p r o p e r t i e s , c o m p a t i b i l i t y with c o n t a i n i n g and h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t e r f a c e s , and economics, 2s Wesented. The energy s t o r a g e r e l a t e d parameters ( s u c h a s temperatures, h e a t f l u x e s and q u a n t i t i e s ) of two major conceptual s y s t e m f o r solar-thermal power g e n e r a t i o n a r e i d e n t i f i e d f o r a power s t a t i o n s i z e of 1 0 0 .We. Matiiematical d e t a i l s r e l e v a n t t o t r a n s i e r i t a n a l y s e s o f thermal s t o r a g e have been developed and discussed. (COMPARISONS, DESIGX-REVEIW) ST77 13021

PLANNING NODELS FOR THE ASSESSMENT O F ADVANCSD E?JERGY STORAGE SYSTXMS

?H.D. TBESIS

.m, F.S.T., (Pennsylvania Univ., P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA), 1 8 1 p., N77-12504 Avai1:Univ. Microfiknrr, Order No. 76-22731 Two a l t e r n a t i v e approaches are i d e n t i f i e d : A system s t o r a g e which can be charged electric i l l y by any conventional power p l a n t of t!!e system: and a s o l a r s t o r a g e which can only S t o r e n o n - e l e c t r i c a l energy e x t r a c t e d from a renewable source ( e . g . , by s o l a r thermal c o n v e r s i o n ) . i n both approaches, t h e s t o r a g e is includad a s a l i m i t e d source o f energy g e n e r a t i o n i n a power system. They a r e s t r u c t u r e d a s optimal c o n t r o l formulations which i n c l u d e important b a s i c t e c h n o l o g i c a l parameters. The o p t i m i z a t i o n problem is then s o l v e d using dynamic programming. The f e a s i b i l i t y of a c a n d i d a t e c o n f i g u r a t i o n of each advanced technology is compared with t h o s e of advanced designs o f gas t u r b i n e s and combined c y c l e s . R e s u l t s of t h i s study i n d i c a t e t h a t , based on m d e r a t e l y p r o j e c t e d c o s t and l i f e span estimates, t9e s p e c i f i c s t o r a g e systems a r e more expensive than gas t u r b i n e s and combined c y c l e s . (THERMAL-POWER, COMPUTSR-MODELS, COMPARISONS)

ST77 13022

OPTICAL SYSTEMS E'OR LARGE SCALE SOLAR POWER PLANTS

McFCe. R.E., (McDannell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s CO., Huntington Beach, CAI, Chicago, I n d u s t r i a l and S c i e n t i f i c Conference Management, I n c . , p. 100-105, 1975, I n E l e c t r o - O p t i c a l Systemr Design Conference and I n t e r n a t i o n a l Laser E x p o s i t i o n , Anaheim, a,xov 11-13, 1975. Procoadings Of t h e Technical Program, A7644926 23-35, A76-44934 An approach t o tl9e s o l u t i o n of some of t h e o p t i c a l problems involved i n t h e deslqn O f o p t i c a l systems f o r l a r g e - s c a l e solar power p l a n t s is presented. The computation procedure f o r a t y p i c a l h e l i o s t a t a r r a y u s i n g the elemant image sun approach is d e s c r i b e d . Mirror s u r f a c e Receivers i r r e g u l a r i t i e s C M b e simulated by a s s i g n i n g s l o p e e r r o r s t o the i n d i v i d u a l elements. of d i f f e r e n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n m y be handled by t h e same program through t h e use o f a S e p a r a t e s u b r o u t i n e for each r e c e i v e r design. The use of t h e e l e m e n t a l image numerical i n t e g r a t i o n technique made it p o s s i b l e t o develop a v e r s a t i l e and a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s u i t a b l e f o r a V a r i e t y of s o l a r power s y s t e m d8sign problems. (THERMAL-POWER,

ST77 1 3 0 2 3

COMPUTER MODEL)

COMING

-

SOLAR POWER PLANTS

Skinrood, A.C., (Sandia L d b o r a t o r i a s , Livermore, CA) , MOChAniCal Engineering, 1 9 7 6 , A77-12125 The s y s t m daaigns proposed by Honeywell, ,Martin Marietta, and McDonnell Douglas f o r t h e 1 0 YPi(e) p i l o t p l a n t and its h e l i o s t a t concepts a r e examined. C a l c u l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t roughly 2000 h e l i o s t a t r , each wit!! about 40 Sq M of r o f l e c t i v e s u r f a c e , would bo r e q u i r e d f o r such a p l a n t . Annual solar energy o f approximatoly 2.0 MWEr/Sq M of m i r r o r a r e a can be redirected t o a r e c e i v e r from a h e l i o s t a t a r r a y Located i n a f a v o r a b l e l o c a t i o n . Each of t h e d e s i g n s examined r e q u i r e s approximately 1 0 0 a c r e a of land f o r t h e 10-rn p l a n t , b u t less than 40% of t h e l a n d W i l l be a c t u a l l y covered by m i r r o r s . Both Honeywell and McDonnell Douglas e n v i s i o n a tower surrounded by a f l a t h e l i o a t a t f i e l d . The Martin Marietta approach is t o l o c a t e t h e tower on the southern edge of e i t h e r a h o r i z o n t a l o r sloped f i e l d . E v a l u a t i o n of the d i f f e r a n t s y s t e m w i l l n o t s t a r t u n t i l 1977. Preliminary s t u d i e s , however, i n d i c a t e t h a t ' t h e d e s i g n s proposed a r e m r k a b l e . Xurphy, L.H.,

V 98:26-32,

NOV

(THERMAL-POWER, HELIOSTAT, ARRAY, DESIGN-REVIEW) ST77 1 3 0 2 4

STEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER I N TRANSVERSELY HEATED POROUS MEDIA WITH APPLICATION TO FOCUSZD SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS

Xichols, L.D., (XASA, L e w i s ) , NASA-TN-D-8310, 4 6 P - , O c t 1976, N76-33440/8WE 1\ f l u i d flowing i n a porous medium heated t r a n s v e r s e l y t o t h e . f l u i d flow i s c o n s i d e r e d . T f r i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s a p p l i c a b l e t o a focused solar energy c o l l e c t o r f o r u s e i n an e l e c t r i c

28

1

L3029 power g e n e r a t i n g s y s t s m . A f l u i d i z e d bed can be regarded as a gorous m e d i u m w i t s , s p e c b l properties. "he s o l u t i o n s p r e s e n t e d a r e v a l i d for d e s c r i b i n g the e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f such a f l u i d i z e d bed f o r c o l l e c t i n g concentrated s o l a r energy t o heat t h e xorking f l i l i d o f a h e a t engine. 2es u i t s i n d i c a t e t h e advantage o f kigh t h e m i c o n d u c t i v i t y i n t h e t r a n s v e r s e d i r e c t i o n and high c p e r a t i n g temperature of t h e porous medium.

!

(TBEFiMAL-?OWER)

t

ST77 13025

I

STORAG2 SI OIL OF OFF-PEAK TYERMAL ENERGY F3OM WRGZ POWE2 STATIONS

Xicholson, E.W., (Exxcan E n t e q r i s e s , Inc., New York, NY) , Cahn, R.T., (Exxon Research and Engineering t o . , Lind.en, NJ), New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 1:598-605, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Sngineering Conference, Ut!!, S t a t e L i n e , Nevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12730 X novel method of s t o r i n g and r e c a l l i n g off-peak thermal energy from l a r g e power s t a t i o n s using a high-boiling r e f i n e d o i l a s s t o r a g e medium is d e s c r i b e d , and t h e economics of t h e ayst*sn a r e developed and compared with c o m p e t i t i v e energy s t o r a g e techniques. ?he e f f a c t o f s t o r a g e medium c o s t is analyzed, and p o t e n t i a l methods of improving t h e economics of t h e o v e r a l l system a r e o u t l i n e d . S p e c i f i c a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o v a r i o u s n u c l e a r r e a c t o z tDes is d i s c u s s e d , aad o t h e r 9 o t e n t i a l uses of t h e method a r e presented.

i

("XERMAt-POWE,P,

ST77 13026

ECONOMICS)

THE XOLE OF SI.MXATION

I N TYE DEVELOP.XENT O F SOLAR-THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

Schrenk, G.L., (Pennsylvania, i r n i v e r s i t y , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:3256-1263, 1976, In I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Confereece., L l t h , S t a t e Line, Bevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceediags, h77-12662 02-41, X77-12809 The d e s i g n of a s o l a r - t h e n n a l energy conversion system depends on a l a r g e number of parameters t h a t r e l a t e t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of tiae solar c o n c e n t r a t o r and a b s o r b e r . Only p a r t of these parameters are amenable t o experimental determination. A comprehensive balanced e x p e r i mental-aathematical s a u l a t i o n procedure for t h e s o l a r - t h e r m a l subsystem i s d e s c r i b e c , and i s shown to be c a p a b l e of q u a n t i t a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e v a r i a b l e s c r i t i c a l t o t h e d e s i g n of a z e a l i s t i c s o l a r - t h e r m a l energy conversion system. A unique f e a t u r e of t h e work d i s c u s s e d is e !t r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t w e d e a l w i t h an extended f i n i t e - s i z e d source and t h a t &&er e s u l t a n t r a d i a t i o n t r a n s f e r inust b e analyzed u s i n g cones, e i t h e r i n f i n i t e s i m a l or f i n i t e , rather t h a n o p t i c a l rays as t h e b a s i c v e h i c l e for energy t r a n s f e r . ( TIfE2iMA.L-POWER,

ST77 13027

.

MATREMATICAL MODELS)

TRERMAL ATMOSPBERIC POWER SYSTEEi CONCEPTS

Simon, D.I.M., Rome, Rassegna I n t e r n a z i o n a l e E l e t t r o n i c a Nucleare Ed Aerospaziala, p. 525-536, 1976, I n i n t e r n a t i o n a l . S c i e n t i f i c - T e c h n o l o g i c a l Conference on Space, 1 6 t h , Rome, I t a l y , Mar 1820, i976, Proceedings, ~76-45951 23-12, A76-45994, In German Thermal atmospheric a r e a power systems e x p l o i t i n g i n s o l a t i o n of a roofed-over a r e a , w i t h t h e ground a c t i n g a s a n a t u r a l c o l l e c t o r of sunshine energy, and a c e n t r a l chimney providing a convection channel f o r e x t r a c t i n g energy from a i r c u r r e n t s g e n e r a t e d , a r e d e s c r i b e d . Transformation of the k i n e t i c energy of tfie r i s i n g a i r c u r r e n t s t r a v e r s i n g the v e r t i c a l Chimney i n t o e l e c t r i c power o r mechanical s h a f t o u t p u t by ineans o f wind t u r b i n e s , and u t i l i z a t i o n Of random h o r i z o n t a l wind i n a d d i t i o n by meas of an auxiliary slewable wind t u r b i n e s t a g e a t o p t h e vert i c a i chimney, a r e a l s o d e s c r i b e d . The concepts a r e recommended primary f o r energy-poor semia r i d r e g i o n s with b u d a n t i n s o l a t i o n . Applications i n nore temperate environments a r e a l s o tcnsidered. ( SEMI-ARID-REGIONS

ST77 13028

)

KINETIC ENERGY STORAGE O F OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY

Oldaker, I.E., Ste-cheg, J., ( A t o m i c Energy of Canada Ltd., Pinawa, X a n i t o b a ) , Simpson, L.A., 72 ?., S e p t 1975, AEcL-5116, N76-32661/OWE The c o n c e p t of using Large flywheels t o s t o r e off-peak e l e c t z z c i t y is considered. The development of high strenocomposite m a t e r i a l s nas made Bossable i q r o v e m e n t s i n t h e e n e r w s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y of such devices. The problems involved i n d e s i g n i n g l a r g e flywheels and t h e i z economic advantages over a l t a r a a t i v e means of energy s t o r a g e are d i s c u s s e d . The economic argunentS a r e b a s e d on t!e p r e s e n t o r near f u t u r e c a p a b i l i t i e s and c o s t s of s t r u c t u r a l composite m a t e r i a l s . The flywheel Costs t u n o u t t o be considerably higher than f o r iuany a l t e r n a t i v e schemes i n c l u d i n g advanced b a t t e r i e s , gas t u r S i n e g e n e r a t o r s , and pumped s t o r a g e schemes. ( FL'fimEEL

ST77 13029

STORAGE, ECONOMICS) SOLAR I S PRACTICAL

Sni:h, o.z.x., ( ~ n i v .o f C a l i f s r n i a , Berkeley, C A I , 3 2 . hvai1:Univ. o f C a l i f o r z r a , S e r k e l e y , CA

29

S o l a r power p l a n t s can be b u i i t immediately t o reduce our dependence on imported energy, t o provide needed employment, and t o save d e p l e t a b l e r e s o u r c e s . They can b e b u i l t using convent i o n a l engineering techniques and conventional m a t e r i a l s . The desiqn czm b e v e r s a t i l e with a l t e r n a t i v e s a v a i l a b l e ' f o r almost svery comsonent. The p l a n t can be buil: so tnac it is easy t o r e t z o f i t it i n the f u t u r e t o change t o improved o r lower c o s t m i r r o r s . t o change to iWXOved heat-exchange f l u i d s , and t o i n s t a l l a d d i t i o n a l h e a t s t o r a g e and t h e a s s o c i a t e d a d d i t i o n a l inirror f i e l d s . ( SO~LAR-O~ERVIEW,

ST77 130 30

CONVERSION-POTENTIALS

, THERMAL-POWER)

4NLTIMODULE PRACTICAC SOLAR-THERMAL-ELECTRICAL POWER PLANTS

Smith, O.J.H., (Cniv.' of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkley, a), Energy Economics Environment Engineering, Proceedings, F r o n t i e r s of P o w e r Technology, O c t 27-28, 1 9 7 6 Avai1:Oklahorna S t a t e University Extension College of Engineering A p r a c t i c a l s o l a r - t h e m a l - e l e c t r i c power p l a n t can b e b u i l t a t a reasonable Cost With a v a i l a b l e technology and m a t e r i a l s . This paper reviews t h e design and c o n s t r u c t i o n O f a Proposed power generation system t o produce 1 0 0 megawatts. (WERMAt-POWER,

ST77 13031

CONCENTRATOR, DESIGN-REVIEW)

D E S I a CONSIDERATIONS FOR SMITB STRIP-MIRROR S O U - E L E C T R I C PLANT

Smith, O.J.M., (Univ. o f C a l i f o r n i a , a e r k e l e y , C A ) , 34 p. Avail :Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, CA A 3 r a c t i c a l s o l a r - t h e m a l - e l e c t r i c power p l a n t can be b u i l t a t a reasonable c o s t wit!! a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l s and conventional e n g i n e e r i n g design techniques. F i e l d s of a d j u s t a b l e S t t i p n i r r o r s c o n c e n t r a t e t h e r e f l e c t e d s u n l i g h t on h o t r e c e p t o r s t r i p s behind heat-conserving windows on s h o r t towers. The absorbed h e a t from t h e h o t r e c e p t o r s is c a r r i e d by h e a t exchange f l u i d s through p i p e s t o a c e n t r a l s t a t i o n power p l a n t c o n t a i n i n g h e a t exchangers t o p r e h e a t and b o i l water and t o superheat steam, and a conventional t u r b i n e and e l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a t o r . (THERMAL-PWEB, ECONOMICS)

ST77 13032

CSNTRAL STATION SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER USING L I Q U I D METAL HEAT TRANSPORT

S p r i n g e r , T.H.. Thomson, W.B., (Rockwell I n t e r n a t i o n a l Cor;?., Atomics I n t e r n a t i o n a l Div., Canoga Pa:k, C X ) , New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1232-1238, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Znergy Conversion Enqineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line, Nevada, S e p t 12-17, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12806 A study has been made of a 1 0 0 M W e s o l a r thermal e l e c t r i c power s t a t i o n using the tower concept i n which l i q u i d sodium is used t o t r a n s p o r t h e a t from t h e r e c e i v e r on t h e tower t o steam g e n e r a t o r s on the ground. The advantages of using sodium a r e (1) the a b i l i t y t o a c c e p t a s e v e r e h e a t flux a t t h e r e c e i v e r , ( 2 ) a dense, single-phase c o o l a n t with no i n h e r e n t flow i n s t a b i l i t i e s , ( 3 ) an i n h e r e n t l y l o w taceiver c o o l a n t p r e s s u r e , ( 4 ) sodium r e h e a t can be U s e d i n t h e c y c l e , and ( 5 ) sodium technology has advanced s u f f i c i e n t l y t o be s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d i n such a power s t a t i o n . Conceptual design d a t a f o r the m i r r o r system, r e c e i v e r . sodium h e a t t r a n s p o r t system, steam system, and h e a t r e j e c t i o n system a r e presented. Thermal s t o r a g e is discussed. Data an t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of l i q u i d sodium technology a r e given. (THERMAL-POWER, CENTRAL-TOWER) ST77 1 3 0 3 3

A SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRIC POWER OVERVIEW

Stromberg, R.?., (Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s , Albuquerque, NM), New York, I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t z i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers, Inc., p. 74-75, 1 9 7 6 , I n Engineering i n a Changing Economy: Proceedings of t h e S o u t 5 e a s t Region 3 Conference, C l e m o n , SC, Apr 5-7, 1976, A76-47201 2 4 - 9 9 , A76-47207 A . n aggressive program t o e s t a b l i s h t h e t e a 8 i b i l i t y of s o l a r energy f o r producing electrici t y i s being sponrorad by t!!e Energy Research and Devmlopment Administration (ERDA). R J O major i d e a s a r e bring pursued. C e n t r a l power plants, r e m o t d y l o c a t e d , would r e p l a c e convent i o n a l l y f u e l e d p l a n t s . T o t a l energy systems, c l o s e r t o t h e developed a r e a s of c i t i e s , would produce e l e c t r i c i t y and u t i l i z e t!!e l a r g e amounts o f thermal energy o t h e r w i s e lost. Economies of s o l a r energy systems look marginal i n c o n t r a s t t o c u r r e n t f u e l arices. I t w i l l be necessary to change i n c e n t i v e s i n o r d e r t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e t r a n s f e r from f o s s i l f u e l s t o a l t e r n a t e sources of energy. (COMPARISONS, ECONOMICS) ST77 13034

ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION OF THE ENERGY TRANSPORT COMPONENT O F A URGE DISTRIBUTED SOLAR POWER PWIVT

Turner, R.H., ( C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e o f Technology, J e t Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers. V 2:1239-1243. 1 9 7 6 , I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, llth, S t a t e Line. Nevada, S e p t 12-17, 1 9 7 6 , Proceedings, Volume 2, A77-12662 0 2 - 4 4 , ~77-12807

30

A s o l a r t h e m a l power p l a n t with a f i e l d o f c o l l e c t o r s . each l o c a l l y h e a t i n g some t r a n s p o r t f l u i d , r e q u i r e s a p i p e network system f o r t v e n i x a l d e l i v e r y of energy power g e n e r a t i o n equipment. For a given c o l l e c t o r d i s t r i b u t i o n and p i p e network geometry, a technique is h e r e i n developed which n a n i p u l a t e s b a s i c c o s t information and p h y s i c a l d a t a i n o r d e r t o design an energy t r a n s p o r t system c o n s i s t e n t with minimized c o s t c o n s t r a i n e d by a c a l c u l a t e d t e c h n i c a l aerformance. For a given t r a n s p o r t f l u i d and c o l l e c t o r - c o n d i t i o n s , t!!e method determines t h e network p i p e diameter and p i p e t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n and a l s o i n s u l a t i o n Lhickness d i s t r i b u t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t ? miniaun system c a s t : Lbese r e l a t i v e d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e unique. Transport l o s s e s , i n c i u a i n g 3ump work and h e a t l e a k , a r e c a l c u l a t e d operatinq expenses and impact t h e t o t a l system cosc. ?he minimum c o s t system is r e a d i l y s e l e c t e d . The technique is demonstrated on s i x c a n d i d a t e t r a n s p o r t f l u i d s t o emphasize which parameters dominate t h e system c o s t and t o provide b a s i c d e c i s i o n d a t a . Three d i f f e r e n t power p l a n t outgut s i z e s a r e e v a l u a t e d i n each case t o determine s e v e r i t y of diseconomy of scale.

(TBERMAL-POWER , HhTHEMATICAL LWDELS1 ST77 13035

TliERMAL ENERGY STOEZAGE MATERIAL TIiERMOPHYSICAL ?ROPER-

MEASUREMENT AND HEAT

T-WSFER IMPACT Tye, R.P., Bourne, J.G., D e s t a r l a i s , A.O., (Dynatech R/D Co., Cambridge, M A ) , NASA-CX--135098, XAS3-19716, 98 p., REPT-1503, N77-12510 Avai1:NTIS The thermophysical p r o p e r t i e s of salts having p o t e n t i a l f o r thermal energy s t o r a g e t o ;rrovrde peaking energy i n conventional e l e c t r i c u t i l i t y power p l a n t s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d . The power p l a n t s s t c d i e d were t!!e p r e s s u r i z e d water r e a c t o r , b o i l i n g water r e a c t o r , s u p e r c r i t i c a l steam r e a c t o r , and high temuerature gas r e a c t o r . The s a l t s c o n s i d e r e d were LiN03, 63LiOH/37 L i C l e u t e c t i c , LiOH, and BaZB407. The t!!ermal c o n d u c t i v i t y , s p e c i f i c h e a t ( i n c l u d i n g l a t e n t h e a t of f u s i o n ) , and d e n s i t y of each s a l t were measured f o r a temperature range of a t l e a s t + or 100 K o f t h e neasured melting ? o i n t . Measurements w e r e made wit!% both r e a g e n t and comm e r c i a l grades of each sal:.

-

(XERXAL-POWER,

ST77 13036

PHASE-CBANGZ)

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND SELECTION O F OPTI-XAL ?ARXETERS O F B DYNAMIC CONVERTER FOR X SOLAR ENERGY SET-UP U T I L I Z I N G STIRLING ENGINE

-

Umarov, G.Ia., Orunov, B.B., K l i u c h e v s k i i , Iu.E., Turtunbaev, I . A . , Trukhov, V.S., (Ucademiia Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Ffziko-Tekhnicherkii I n s t i t u t , Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) , Geliote.Lhnika, p. 31-34, BS. 1976, A77-14580, I n Russian Yo A b s t r a c t A v a i l a b l e (TBE-3MAL-POWERI ST77 13037

TXERMAL ENERGY STORAGE FOR SOLAR POWER PLANTS

Venkatesetty, H.V., L e f r o i s , R.T., (Honeywell, Inc., Minneaeolis, MN), New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 1:606-612, 1 9 7 6 , I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e L i n e , l e v a d a , S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, X77-12731 Experimental techniques and r e s u l t s obtained f o r a number of promising phase-change n a t e r i a l s f o r t!e t!!ermal energy s t o r a g e subsystem of c e n t r a l r e c e i v e r s o l a r t!!ennal power p i l o t p l a n t a r e p r e s e n t e d . N i n e i n o r g a n i c e u t e c t i c compositions wit!! melting p o i n t s between 220 and 290 C w e r e s t u d i e d w i t h trJo of them: NaNEI03-NaOH and NaCl-NaN03-NaS04, chosen f o r f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . The t h e m a l s t a b i l i t y and phase c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the l a t t e r e u t e c t i c were examined a s w e r e t h e e f f e c t s of tfiermal c y c l i n g on t h e s t a b i l i t y and h e a t s of f u s i o n of bot! eutectics. Engineering model experimentation results a s s o c i a t e d wit! l a t e n t h e a t s t o r a g e dynamic p r o c e s s e s a r e a l s o d e s c r i b e d wit!! a t t e n t i o n given t o vaporizer h e a t t r a n s f e r , and s o l i d s a l t removal and settling. ( PSASSZ-CXANGZ,

3T77 13038

OvERVIaW)

CXLORI-=TRY OF IAXGE SOLAR CONCENTRATORS

Xaddington, D . , (Martin M a r i e t t a Aerospace, Denver, C O ) , New York, American I n s t i t u t e O f Chemical E n g i n e e r s , V 2:1291-1295, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Znerqy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line, Bevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-i2884 The development of l a r g e f o c u s i n g n e l i o s t a t s t o c o n c e n t r a t e s o l a r energy on a b o i l e r o r Ceiltral r e c e i v e r demands a method of measuring t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y . A f l a t p l a t e c a l o r i m e t e r , u s i n g t h e temperature rise i n water a t a measured flow r a t e , has been employed t o t e s t a 22.3-square-meter h e l i o s t a t focused a t a d i s t a n c e of 3 1 meters. These measurements r e p r e s e n t the f i r s t tests of l a r g e - a r e a c o n c e n t r a t i n g h e l i o s t a t s i n t h i s country. This paper PreSSntS t h e c a l o r i m e t e r d e s i g n , d e f i n i n g a b s o q t a n c e of t!!e f l a t p l a t e Coating, t h e instrumentat i o n , and the c a p a b i l i t i e s f = = c = l i b r a = i = n an2 a z z t r c r z r e c L i G n . Typical tests a r e d i s c u s s e d and d a t a a r e i n c l u d e d . Evaluation d a t a taken w i t h an AGA tkermovision i n f r a r e d scanner confirm f l u x d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e c a l o r i n e t e r r e c e i v e r p l a t e . The prototype c a l o r i m e t e r Sas s u c c e s s f u l l y xeasured solar f l u x e s of 47,307 w / S q Y and t o t a l fluxes of 1 4 , 6 5 0 w a t t s . (T~EXXAL-?O~WER, :XSTRUYXESTS)

31

ST77 1 3 0 3 9

COMPARATIVE PE.PFORMANC OF S O W T 3 E m ?OWEX GNE.SATION

COSCEPTS

Wen, L.. wu, Y.C., ( C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology, J e t Propulsion Laboratory, ?asadena. U), ?Iew 'fork, Xmerfc;? I n s t i t u t e of Chenical Engineers, V i:i209-1215, 1376. I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, llth, S t a t e Line, Nevada, Sept 1 2 - 1 7 , 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12803 A Ferformance comparison is made between +-he csnt-a1 receiver system (power tower) and a d i s t r i b u t e d system u s i a g e i t h e r d i s h e s or troughs and l i n e s t o t r a n s p o r t f l u i d s t o t h e power s t a t i o n . These systems were analyzed a t a r a t e d c a p a c i t y of 30 x,W of thermal energy d e l i v e r e d i n t h e form o f superheated steam a t 5 3 8 C (1000 F) and 6 8 ATM (1000 P S U ) , using c o n s i s t e n t weather d a t a , c o l l e c t o r s u r f a c e waviness, p o i n t i n g e r r o r , and e l e c t r i c conversion e f f i c i e n c y . The comparisons include tectrnical c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r component requirements, land u t i l i z a t i o n , and annttal thermal energy c o l l e c t i o n r a t e s . The r e l a t i v e merits of d i f f e r e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e systems a r e dependent' upon t h e o v e r a l l conversion a s expressed i n t h e form of p e r f o r s a n c e f a c t o r s i n t h i s paper. These f a c t o r s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y i n d i c e s of t h e r e l a t i v e perfornance e f f e c t i v e n e s s for d i f f e r e n t concapts based upon u n i t c o l l e c t o r a r e a . These perfornance f a c t o r s enable f u r t h e r economic t r a d e o f f s t u d i e s of systems t o be made by comparing t h e m with p r o ~ e c t e dproduction c o s t s f o r t h e s e systems. ,

( ECONOMICS 1

ST77 13040

T?IE IMPACT OF TES ON ENERGY STRUCTURES

- TYERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

Xilson, J.Z., (Ontario Hydro, Energy and Environmental S t u d i e s Dept., Toronto, Canada), Glendenning, I., ( C e n t r a l E l e c t r i c i t y m n e r a t i n g Board, Marchwood Engineering L a b o r a t o r i e s , Southampton, England) , Bourgeois, B., (CrrRS, I n s t i t u t Economique E t J u r i d i q u e D e L'Energie, Grenoble, F r a n c e ) , F e l l s , I . , (Xewcastle-Upon-Tyne, U n i v e r s i t y , Sewcastle-Upon-Tyne, England), Glenn, D.R., (GE v a l l e y Forge Space C e n t e r , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , Golibersuch, D., (GE Reaearch and Development Center, Schenectady, W , Hannes, K., (Steag-imlagentechnik, E s s e n , West Germany) I H o e r s t e r , H . , ( P h i l i p s Forschungslaboratorium Aachen GYBH, Aachen, West Germany), Knobbout, J.A. I ( C e n t r a l O r g a n i s a t i e Voor Toagepaat-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Apeldoorn, Netherlands) (ERDA, T h e r m 1 Energy S t o r a g e Branch, Washington, D C ) , p. 49-72. 1976, I n Thermal Lowe, P.A., Energy Storage: NATO Science Committee Conference, Turnberry, S c o t l a n d , Mar 1-5, 1976, Report, Brussels, ?JATOr A76-45543 23-44, A76-45548 Thermal energy s t o r a g e f o r r e s i d e n t i a l and commercial energy s t r u c t u r e s ( s p a c e h e a t i n g , Some i n d u s t r i a l groupings water h e a t i n g , proccsa h e a t , s e a s o n a l s t o r a g e , etc.) is considered. (cement, i r o n and steel, food, paper, aluminrrm, b a t c h / v a r i a b l e p r o c e s s e s , e t c . ) considered 3 o s s i b l e € o r TES a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e examined. TSS is a l s o d i s c u s s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o urban h e a t i n g systems (e.g., d i s t r i c t h e a t i n g ) , energy t r a n s p o r t and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and electric u t i l i t i e s . (TIIERMAL-POWER, TOTAL-EXERGY-SYSTEMS

148 O N

I

OVERVIEW)

THERM 101.1I C/THERMOELECTRIC

ST77 14000

PROGRAM O F THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR TESTING AND RTG DEG2ADATION MECHANISMS WAL'JATION. PROGRESS REPORT NO. 17

( J e t Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, a), 8 3 , p . , J u l y 1976, JPL-7 Research progress i s r e p o r t e d on s i l i c o n germanium technology i n c l u d i n g (1) s i l i c o n n i t r i d e c o a t i n g experiments (long-term vacuum experiments f o r s i sub 3 N sub 4 -coated h o t shoes and CO environment t e s t s of S i sub 3 N sub 4 -coated h o t s h o e s ) ; ( 2 ) VACUUIP conductance experiments: ( 3) MRW-RTG degradation code (DEGRA) ; ( 4 ) 4-couple module experiments ; and ( 5 ) t h e r m o e l e c t r i c p r o p e r t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . S e l e n i d e m a t e r i a l e v a l u a t i o n tests included (1) thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y t e s t s : ( 2 ) in-gradient t e a t s ; and ( 3 ) i s o t h e r m a l experiment. Thermoelectric g e n e r a t o r tests and e v a l u a t i o n included (1) high performance g e n e r a t o r , HPG S+2; ( 2 ) t r a n s i t g e n e r a t o r , QM If1 ( s u b g e n e r a t o r G sub 1, subgenerator G sub 2 , and s u b g e n e r a t o r G sub 3) : ( 3 ) r i n g c o n v e r t e r : ( 4 ) I'IRW-TBC-1: and ( 5 ) RcA r e f e r e n c e g e n e r a t o r . (OVERVIEWS

ST77 14001

ADVANCED THERMIONIC ENERGY CONVERSION

B r i t t , E.J.,

F i t z p a t r i c k , G.D., Bansen, L.K., Rasor, N . S . , (Rasor A s s o c i a t e s . I n c . , Sunnyvale, 136 p. t 1974, COD-2263-2, X76-28989/1WE, P C $ 1 0 . 0 0 / ~ $ 3 ~ 0 0 a a s i c a n a l y t i c a l and experimental e x p l o r a t i o n w a s conducted on s e v e r a l e l p a s 0 2 advanced thermionic energy c o n v e r t e r s , and preliminary a n a l y s i s was performed on systems u t i l i z i n g advanced Converter performance. The Pt-Nb c y l i n d r i c a l diode which e x h i b i t e d a suppressed a r c drog, a s described i n t h e preceding r e p o r t , w a 8 r e a s a e h l e d and t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e p o s t u l a t e d hydrid node of Operation vaa t e n t a t i v e l y confirmed. I n i t i a l d a t a o b t a i n e d on i g n i t e d and unignited t r i o d e o g e r a t i o n i n t h e demountable cesium vapor s y s t e a e s s e n t i a l l y c o n f i r a e d t h e design p r i n c i p l e s developed i n e a r l i e r work, with a few e x c e p t i o n s . Three s p e c i f i c advancad. c o n v e r t e r concapts were s e l e c t e d as c a n d i d a t e s f o r Concentrated b a s i c study and f o r p r a c t i c a l

CAI t XASA-CR-148569,

32

e v a l u a t i o n i j f i x e d - c o n f i g u r a t i o n c o n v e r t e r s . Test v e h i c l e s and t e s t s t a n d s f o r t h e s e c m v e r t e r s and a unique contzolltd-srmosphere s t a t i o n f o r converter assembly ana a r o c e s s i n g were designed, and prccurernent w a s i n i t i a t e d . ( C O X P - W S O X S , TSST-DATA)

ST?; 1 4 0 0 2

D I M I N I O D E TIIEZYIONIC COXVERSION WITH 1 1 1 - I R I D I U M ELECTFIODES

Koeger, E.W., B a i r , V.L., Y o r r i s . J.?., (MASA, Lewis), NASA-TX-X-73492, 11 p . , S e p t 1976, E-aaaa, ~ 7 6 - 3 3 9 9 1 / 0 ~ ~ Preliminary d a t a i n d i c a t i n g thermionic-conversion p o t e n t i a l i t i e s f o r a I l l - i r i d i u m e m i t t e r snd c o l l e c t o r spaced 0 . 2 ;am a p a r t a r e presented. These resulcs comprise o u t g u t d e n s i t i e s of c u r r e n t and of power a s f u n c t i o n s of v o l t a g e f o r t h r e e sets Of e m i t t e r , c o l l e c t o r , and r e s e r v o i r temperatures: 1553, 9 4 4 , 561 K ; 1 6 0 5 , 898, 533 R: and 1656, 1028, 586 K. For t h e 1 6 0 5 i< e v a l u a t i o n , estimates produced work-function values of 2.22 e V € o r t!!e e m i t t e r and 1.63 e V f o r t h e c o l l e c t o r w i t h a 2.0-eV b a r r i e r index ( c o l l e c t o r work f u n c t i o n p l u s i n t e r e l e c t r o d e v o l t a g e drop) corresponding t o t h e maximum o u t p u t of 5.5 W/sq cm a t 0 . 2 4 v o l t . The c u r r e n t . v o l t a g e curve f o r the-1656 R 111-iridium diminiode y i e l d s a 6 . 2 W / s q cdl maximum a t 0.25 v o l t and is comparable w i t 3 t h e 1700 R envelope f o r a diode w i t h an etched-rhenium emitter and a 0.025-nan e l e c t r o d e gap nade by TECO and e v a l u a t e d by NASA. (DESIGN-REEEW) ST77 1 4 0 0 3

TXERMIONIC ENERGY CONVERSION RESEARCH ANALYSIS.

ANNUAL PIZOGRESS REPORT

Lam, S A . , (Princeton Gniv., N J J J ) , 1 4 p . , 1976, COO-2533-4 This p r o g r e s s r e p o r t summarizes t h e major r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i n "Preliminary Report on Plasma Arc-Drop i n Thermionic Energy C o n v e r t e r s , " (C00-2533-4), and i n c l u d e s a d d i t i o n a l d i s c u s s i o n s on t h e Paqnitude of t i e normalized plasma r e s i s t a n c e r e q u i r e d t o achieve low arc-drop c m v e r t e r operation. ST77 11304

THE-SMOELECTIUC rWDULE DESIGWED FOR A WIDE RANGE O F APPLICATIONS USING EIGE PEWORAXANC3 SULTIDE MATERIALS

Reylek, R.S., H a n p l , E.F., Jr., Hinderman, J . D . , S m i t k a , R.L., Wald, D.A., ( 3 H Pioneering Laboratory, St. P a u l , 'W),?lev Pork, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1599-1605, 1 9 7 6 , In I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line, Nevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12856 Sigh performance s e l e n i d e thermoelectric m a t e r i a l s o f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l f o r p e r f o r mance improvement of t h e r m o e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t o r s . The u s e of t h e s e materials i n g e n e r a t o r d e s i g n s . has bees p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d . T h i s paper d e s c r i b e s t h e r m o e l e c t r i c raodules ( t y p i c a l l y 25 W ( e ) . o u r p u t ) of advanced design which w i l l be compatible with a wide range of g e n e r a t o r concepts, i n c l u d i n g r e c t a n g u l a r and c y l i n d r i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . The module d e s i g n is d e s c r i b e d and t h e e f f e c t of o p e r a t i n g temperatures and o t h e r design c o n d i t i o n s on t h e p a r t i c u l a r s of t h e design a r e d i s c u s s e d . The b a s i c module c o n s i s t s of s e v e r a l components which promote high e f f i c i e n c y , low weight, and long l i f e . T e s t results on these components a r e d e s c r i b e d which v e r i f y d e s i g n assumptions. ( DES IGN-REVIEW)

ST77 15000

O S A H TXERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC)

(ERDA, Washington, E), 97 p.,

OTEC P r o g r a m Summary, O c t 1976, ERDA76-142 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is one o f s i x s o l a r t e c h n o l o g i e s + h a t c o n s t i t u t e d t h e o r z g i n a l U.S. s o l a r energy program. Those technologies were selected by t h e N a t i o n a l Science Foundation (NSF) Research Applied t o National Needs (2AiXN) program a s being o p t i o n s t h a t could each p o t e n t i a l l y grovide a s u b s t a n t i a l energy c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e n a t i o n . When t h e U.S. Znergy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was e s t a b l i s h e d on January 1 9 , 1975, t h e l e a d r o l e i n s o l a r e n e r g was t r a n s f e r r e d from NSF t o ERDA. (OCEAN AT, [rXITED-STATES , OVERVIEW)

ST77 l9001 .*Om,

Z.,

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A HIGH-SPEED O C W N TRERMAL ENGISE (Chalmers Univ of Technol, Goteborg, Sweden), L M a r Techno1 Soc 3 , V 9:11-18,

6 r e f s . S e p t 1976 ~aaea==.', bas a h ~ w nthat

?IS,

can obtain a i i e i voik uiiegiit p i 3 t u u t 20 k j n per licer of e x p e r b e n t a l engine when t h e temperature d i f f e r e n c e between watar which is passed zhrouqfi <e: c o i d and w a n water is 2 5 0 ~ . With an i n d u s t r i a l l y developed engine one can o b t a i n ,

33

supposedly, about 30 kpm p e r l i t e r of water. I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t those developing c o u n t x i e s , whicn have access t o warn s u f a c e water and c o l d bottom w a t e r , can use t h i s engine i n tno f u t u r o to f i l l i n t!!eir i n c e a s i n g power needs on t h e b a s i s of t i e f a c t t h a t one can almost o b t a i n a l a f f i c i e n c y a t given temperature Carnot-p--cess which g i v e s t!!e mxanuz t ! ! e - ~ ~conversion levels. (OCEAN AT, OVERVIEW)

ST77 15002

MARINE FOULING OF TITAXTUX HEAT EXCHANGERS

Xdamson, W.L., (Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Annapolis, LXD), 30 p., ---A022207 PAS-75-29, N76-33458 Avai1:NTIS A series of marine f o u l i n g experiments w a s conducted a t F r e e p o r t , Texas, on t w o s i n g l e g a s s t i t a n i u m h e a t exchangers. The exchangers, which were c o n s t r u c t e d with commercially pure t i t a n i u m tubes (5/8-inch (1.59-centimeter)) o u t s i d e diameter by 30-inch (76.3-centimetsr l e n g t h ) and 6A1-4V a l l o y tube s h e e t s and headers, were operated on n a t u r a l seawater. One of the exchangers w a s fed e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y c h l o r i n a t e d seawater, while t h e o t h e r w a s run with u n t r e a t e d , seawater feed. Velocity and c h l o r i n a t i o n l e v e l s were v a r i e d to determine t h e e f f e c t of t h e s e t w o v a r i a b l e s on fouling o f t h e titanium s u r f a c e s . Operating c o n d i t i o n s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e t h a t might be expected i n shipboard h e a t exchanger/condenser usage w e r e modeled. (OCZAN PT, TEST DATA, MODELS)

ST77 15003

OCZAN T!3ERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION:

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND WIRONMENTAL ILXPACT

FOR PROPOSED PUERTO RICO SITE Xtwood, D., Duncan, P . , S t a l c u p , M.C., Barcelona, M . J . , (Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaquez, P U B r t O R i c o ) , NSF/RA-760249, 1 0 7 p., Aug 1976, PB-259 303/6WE T h i s r e p o r t c a n t e r s on the a o s s i b i l i t y of e x t r a c t i n g thermal e n e r g s t o r e d i n t i e t r o p i c a l sea s u r f a c e by Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) a t a s i t e n e a r the town o f YdbuCOa, on t h e sOutheastCOaStof P u e r t o Rim. The report c o n s i s t s of two p a r t s . P a r t I is a survey of e x i s t i n g oceanographic and meteorological data a t and n e a r the s i t e and f o r o t h e r p o s s i b l e s i t e s near Puerto Rico. P a r t 11 is a survey o f t!!e s p e c i f i c s i t e t o confirm the oceanographic c o n d i t i o n s prevalent there. (OCEAN AT, DATA-SURVEY

5277 1 5 0 0 4

, SITING)

h R I T I M E AND CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS O F OCEAN THERHAt ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) PLANT SHIPS

Avery, W.H., Blevins, R.W., Dugger, G.L., F r a n c i s , E.J., (Applied Physics Lab., Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, rMD), 41 p., Sponsored by M a r i t i m e Admin., APL/JHU-SR-76-U MA/RD-940-T76065, PB-255639/7, N77-12552 Avai1:NTIS An a n a l y s i s of the maritime, c o n s t r u c t i o n , and c o s t a s p e c t s of Ocean Thermal Energy C o w e r s i o n (OTEC) p l a n t s h i p s for deployment i n t r o p i c a l oceans t o produce anumnia and o t h e r energy i n t e n s i v e products is given. A concept w a s developed f o r OTEC p l a n t s h i p s f o r use a t selected s i t e s i n t r o p i c a l oceans t o produce energy i n t e n s i v e products on board. These platforms a r e very s t a b l e under normal o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s and serve many o t h e r needs. (OCEAN AT,

ST77 15005

ECONOMICS) CONCURRENT STUDIES OF ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER AND MATERIALS FOR 0 C - d EXCXANGERS

THERMAL

Bonewitz, R.X., (Aluminum Co. of America, Alcoa Laboratories, Chemical Metallurgy Div., A k o a Center, P A ) , 69 p., F i n a l Report oct 2 9 , 1976, ( C o n t r a c t NO. E ( 1 1 - 1 ) - 2 6 4 1 ) , (Caraegie Mellon/ Alcoa Subcontract No. 1-53500), f o r ERDA Aluminum a l l o y s 1 1 0 0 , 3003, 5052, and 6063 were examined f o r their c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t h t h e proposed working f l u i d s f o r O c e a n Thermal Energy Converrion (OTEC), anhydrous aamonia, Freon 22 and propane, and mixtures of these w i t h sea water. Such mixtures would occur i f leaks develop i n evaporator or condenser h e a t exchangers. These aluminum a l l o y s a r e compatible With the anhydrous working f l u i d s . I n ammonia-sea water s o l u t i o n s only limited g e n e r a l c o r r o s i o n i s found i n 0-309 ammonia, no c o r r o s i o n i n 30-908 ammonia, and " s e l f l i m i t i n g " p i t s i n 90-100% ammonia so r a p i d d e t e r i o r a t i o n of t h e exchangers would n o t occur.. N o c o r r o s i o n w a s observed i n sea water s a t u r a t e d with Freon 22 o r propane. N o d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l l o y perfozmance ware e v i d e n t i n any of t h e s e tests so s e l e c t i o n can be made on t h e b a s i s of c o m p a t i b i l i t y with sea water. A review of t h e a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e s t h a t 5052 shows t i e b e s t performance i n s u r f a c e sea water followed by 1100, 3 0 0 3 , and then 6063 a l l o y . I n deep sea water o n l y 5052 and 1100 a l l o y s appear s u i t a b l e although more d a t a is r e q u i r e d . I n both s u r f a c e and deep s e a w a t e r s , a l c l a d d i n q o f f e r s t h e b e s t p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t t u b e p e r f o r a t i o n ; f e w i n s t a n c e s of p e n e t r a t i o n i n t o the core a l l o y have be8n observed f o r t h e a l c l a d a l l o y s examined i n t h i s s t u d y . (OC-a

AT, FLUIDS-WORKING)

34

15010

9T77 15006

AN SNVZSTIGATION OF XEAT EXCXANGERS ?OR O G A N T H E W ENERGY COXVERSION (OTEC) SYSTE.%

a r a r e n , 2 . , HcGowan, Z.G., ( P d s s a c h u s e t t s Univ., .Amherst, M A ) , ~SF/IzANN/SE/GI-34979/T~/75/8 ?EF/PA/N-75-236 ?IS? GI-34979, 130 p . , P3-252640/8, N77-10668 Xva il :?ITIS A n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s f o r t h e design of evaporators and coxidensers f o r Ocean T h e m a l Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems a r e presented. The g e n e r a l i z e d d i g i t a l computer program f o r OTEC thermal c y c l e a n a l y s i s was used f o r s e v e r a l parametric s t u d i e s . These included t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of (1) power p l a n t s i z e , ( 2 ) h e a t exchanger m a t e r i a l s , ( 3 ) p l a s t i c p l a t e - f i n exchangers, ( 4 ) s i t i n q choice, ( 5 ) tube bank e v a p o r a t o r s , ( 6 ) f o u l i n g e f f e c t s , and ( 7 ) e v a p o r a t o r r e c i r c u l a t i o n . Xodels a r e developed f o r e v a l u a t i o n of the s t e a d y - s t a t e o f f - d e s i g n performance of both t h e e v a p o r a t o r and condenser, and an i n i t i a l off-design s t u d y is made of a p a r t i c u l a r system design. (0CZ:ILU AT, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, DESIGN-OVERVIEWS)

ST77 1 5 0 0 7

M OPTIMIZATION STUDY O F A LOW THERMAL POTENTIAL POWER SYSTEM

Buckingham, S . X . , Raike, W.W., x e l l e h e r , H.D., (Naval Tostgraduate School, XOnterey. C.), 111 p . , S e p t 1 9 7 6 , NPS-69Kk76091, AD-AO31 709/9WE A power g e n e r a t i n g system u s i n g t h e low thermal p o t e n t i a l a v a i l a b l e from t h e v e r t i c a l t e q e r a t u r s d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e ocean is analyzed a s a combined e n g i n e e r i n g and economic mathematical m d e l . The model is optimized f o r minimum c a p i t a l c o s t employing a s e q u e n t i a l uiiconstrained m i n i n i z a t i o n algorithm. Examples of $he kinds o f e n g i n e e r i n g and c o s t informat i o n a v a i l a b l e from the model a r e presented. ( OCEAY

AT, MATLIEMATICAL IMODEL, ECONOMICS

ST77 1 5 0 0 8

AN .LVALYTICxL STUDY OF TELE IRReVERSIBLE LOSSES ASSOCIATED iJIX VAFOR FLOW I N ZVAPORATOR OF SOLAR SEA POWER PLANT .XANIZ'OLD J R O B E Y

-

f a r t h i n g , G.A., S r . , (Carnegie Mellon Univ., P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , Report No. ERDA/SZ/E(ll-L)2895/ TR/76/2, 1 4 4 p . , Apr 1 9 7 6 , (Grant NO. ERDA E ( l l - l ) 2 8 9 5 ) , Sponsored by ERDA, Washington, DC The i r r e v e r s i b l e losses a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the f l o w of vapor i n t h e e v a p o r a t o r of a S o l a r Fundamentally, a two-dimensional a n a l y s i s Sea P o w e r P l a n t a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d a n a l y t i c a l l y . using both t h e nuamenturn e q u a t i o n and the Bernoufli e q u a t i o n is shown t o be t h e n o s t r e a l i s t i c approach t o t h e s o l u t i o n o f the o u t l e t manifold problem. Using these ideal f l u i d s o l u t i o n s 3s a b a s i s , two o u t l e t m i f o l d models a r e developed which a r e d i r e c t l y a p p l i c a b l e t o the flow of vapor i n t!!e e v a p o r a t o r of a Solar Sea Power Plant. A l a r g e number of c h a r t s contained i n the appendices a r e g e n e r a t e d u s i n g the two models. Through t h e use o f the models, it is shown t h a t , w h i l e t h e f l o w l o s s e s i n the evaporator a r e n o t n e g l i g i b l e , they are n o t seen a s a s e r i o u s threat t o t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of a S o l a r Sea Power P l a n t , either.

-

-

(OC2AN AT, SEAT-EXCHANGERS,

ST77 1 3 0 0 9

MATHEMATICAL MODELS)

CONCRETE FOR OCEAN THERMAL EXERGY, CONVERSION STRUCTURES

Haynes, R.H., Rail, R.D., ( C i v i l Engineering Lab, Navy, F o r t Huename, C A I , 5 0 p . , Aug 1 9 7 6 , CEZ-TN-1448, AWA031 045/8WE The purpose o f this study was t o a s s e s s the s t a t e of t h e a r t of c o n c r e t e technology and c o n s t r u c t i o n practices a s they a r e related t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f massive f l o a t i n g s t r u c t u r e s t 3 house ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems. The r e l e v a n t c a p a b i l i t i e s and limitat i o n s of a v a i l a b l e c o n c r e t e tec.hnology and const-uction p r a c t i c e s a r e d e s c r i b e d and d e f i c i e n t a r e a s i d e n t i f i e d . Reconrmendations € o r r e s e a r c h and development a r e given by which reasonable improvements can be made i n the n e a r term t o provide g r e a t e r a s s u r a n c e s of long-term s a f e and r e l i a b l e o p e r a t i o n of t h e OTEC systems and t o provide l o n e r c o s t s t r u c t u r e s . (OCEAX AT, ECONOMICS)

ST77 13010

DYNAMIC MODELING WD CONTROL OF SOLAR SEA POWER PLANTS, PART 1

S e t y e i , S.A., Neuman, C.P., (Carnegie-Mallon Univ., P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , NSI/RANN/SE/GI-39114/ NSF AER-73-07863-AO2, NSP GI-39114, 1 4 4 p . , ~ ~ - z s z s a 3 / 2 ,~ 7 6 - 3 x 9 2 211-75-7, X S F / W N - 7 5 - 2 7 0 , Avail:.NTIS Hc$s. so A methodology is developed. f o r modeling the dynamic behavior of s o l a r sea p a r e r p l a n t (SSPP) condensers and evaporators. Because of t h e complexity of a s o l a r s e a power p l a n t , dynamic modeling is an e s s e n t i a l s t e p p r i o r t o the design and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a p r o t o t y p e p l a n t . The z e r t i n e n t s h y s i c a l laws of h e a t t r a n s f e r and mass balance a r e a p p l i e d t o develop lumped o a r m e t e r , dynamic a d s t e a d y - s t a t e models f o r s i n g l e tube condensers and e w p o r a t o r p r e s e a t e r s i n c o r p o r a t i n g f a l l i n g f i b s . The condenser and ? r e - h e a t e r rnodels a r e each s p e c i f i e d by t h r e e o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s and one, and two, a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s with time-delay, respectively. (OCEAN A?,

-YATSEYATfCU 230DELS 1

35

ST77 13011

?RELIMINARY RESEAXCH ON OCEAN ENERGY IXDUSTRIXI. COMPIEXES

Bornburg, C.D., Lindai, S . , El-ilamly, :?., (DSS Engineers, Inc., F o r t Lauderdale. FL) 2 4 2 . . 1 9 7 6 , CONF-760821-2 R e s u l t s of a one year study on t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of Jroducing energy i n t e n s i v e groduc2s a t ocean s i t e s using e l e c t r i c i t y generated from Ocean Thermal Enerqy Conversion (OTEC) p l a t s a r e presented. Analysis of production mechods and o t h e r d a t a on 6 2 major products l e a d t? s e l e c t i n g 2 3 of these f o r furt!!er study. Production was grouped i n t o f i v e s e p a r a t e , p o s s i b l e complexes. Further m a r k e t and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d i e s showed t k a t production O f products i n a s e a chemicals complex ana an o r g a n i c chemicals and p l a s t i c s complex had t h e h i g h e s t economic p o t e n t i a l . Detailed designs of t h e s e two complexes a r e presented. The t h r e e p o t e n t i a l s i t e s were s e l s c t e d f o r t h e s e QTECs. An environmental assessment r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e s e complexes would have no adverse envizonmental impact. The s e l e c t e d products can be produced a t ocean s i t e s c o m p e t i t i v e l y with production a t s i m i l a r lmd-based complexes. !&turn on investment W i l l be between 1 3 and 18 p e r c e n t depending on a c t u a l power c o s t s and d e t a i l s of t h e f i n a l d e s i g n s . ( O C Z W AT, ONSITE-PRODUCTION, ECONOMICS, DESIGN-REVISW, ENVIXONMENT)

ST77 15012

ENERGY TRANSMISSION FROM OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PLXYTS

Konopka, A . , T a l i b , A.. Yudow. E., E i e d e I l P M , N . , ( I n s t i t u t e of Gas Technology, Chicago, I L ) , 1 0 p a r 1 9 7 6 , CONF-760906-20 This paper compares the t r a n s m i s s i o n , by barge and p i p e l i n e , of gaseous hydrogen, l i q u i d hydrogen, and ammonia, a s energy carriers, with t r a n s m i s s i o n of e l e c t r i c i t y i n submarine Cables from an OTEC p l a n t . aecauae hydrogen energy and e l e c t r i c a l energy a r e n o t e q u i v a l e n t , Comparison r e q u i r e s assuming t h e o u t p u t s a r e converted t o a common fom. Thus, -&e a u t h o r s p r e s e n t t!e d e l i v e r e d c o s t and o v e r a l l energy e f f i c i e n c y o f hydrogen, ammonia, and e l e c t r i c i t y a s well as a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e equipment, c o a t s and e f f i c i e n c i e s of c o n v e r t i n g hydrogen and ammonia i n t o e l e c t r i c i t y , and OTEC nechanical energy i n t o hydrogen and ammonia. Converting e l e c t r i c i t y to chemical commodities and e n e r g i e s w a s n o t a s s e s s e d . (OCEAN AT, ENERGY-CARRIERS)

ST77 15013

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MIXTURE AND PURE FLUID CYCLES I N OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY

CONVERSION SYSTEMS Lawson, C.A., (Oklahoma Univ., Noman, O K ) , 1 4 4 p . , Apt 30, 1976, ORO-4918-8 ?he OTEC3-1 s i m u l a t o r is capable of c a l c u l a t i n g t h e c a p i t a l c o s t of major equipmant i n an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion power p l a n t . The results of t h i s r e s e a r c h study i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e h e a t exchangers a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l c o n t r i b u t o r s to t h e c a p i t a l c o s t of t h e ocean t!!erInal power p l a n t . The s e n r i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s perfonned i n t h i s r e s e a r c h study showed t h a t t h e r e zue s e v e r a l economac t r a d e - o f f s a s s o c i a t e d with t h e d e s i g n and performance of t h e h e a t exchanger. The t r a d e - o f f s include such item a s t h e c o l d water p i p e l e n g t h , t h e sea water temperature rise and v e l o c i t y . I t w a s observed that mixtures provide an i n c r e a s i n g economic advantage over p u r e f l u i d s a s the temperature rise i n the c o l d sea water is i n c r e a s e d . I t is p o s t u l a t e d t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t economic savings can be experienced w i t h the u 8 e of m i x t u r e s i f t h e c o s t of t h e h e a t exchanger can be reduced by one-half their p r e s e n t c o s t . (OCEAN AT, TRADE-OE'FS)

ST77 15014

DEEP WATER PIPE AND MOORING DESIGN STUDY OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PROGRAM. FIRST QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT, MAY 1, 1975-AUGUST 1, 1975

(Westinghouse Electric Corp., Annapolis, M D ) , 25 p., Aug 1 4 , 1975, TID-27037 L i t t l e , T.E., The Westinghouse Oceanic Division is p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n the study of ocean e n g i n e e r i n g i s s u e s a f f e c t i n g t h e design, c o n s t r u c t i o n , daploymenf, and o p e r a t i o n of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power p l a n t s . S p e c i f i c a l l y this study teSQOnd8 t o t h e p r o b l e m of c o n c e p t u a l d e s i g n , a n a l y s i s , and e v a l u a t i o n of t h r e e major s u b s y s t e m ; (1) c o l d water p i p i n g , ( 2 ) c o l d water pumping, and ( 3 ) platform mooring arranqamant. This f i r s t q u a r t e r l y r e p o r t provides a summary of t h e study o b j e c t i v e s and the h i g h l i g h t s of the progress a g a i n s t t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s . The s t u d y s t r a t e g y is reviewed, a p r o j e c t mileatone schedula is p r e s e n t e d , and a g e n e r a l p l a n o f work is d e s c r i b e d . (OCEAN AT, PUMPING)

ST77 LSO15

ANALYTICAL STUDY O F TWO-P?IASE-FLOW

HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR OTEC SYSTEM

Olsen, H.L., P a n d o l f i n i , P . P . , (Johns KoQkins Univ., L a u r e l , .%I), 133 p . , J u l y 1, 1975, AFL/JHU/~O-75-37 The work began i n J u l y 1975. P r i o r in-house r e s e a r c h a t t h e Laboratory had spanned t-.a years and had yielded a p r e l i m i n a r y design f o r a low-cost OTEC p l a n t - s h i p intended f o r operaBecause t h e t i o n i n t r o p i c a l oceans f o r producing ammonia o r o t h e r e n e r g y - i n t e n s i v e products. h e a t axchanger concept r e p r e s e n t e d an e x t r a p o l a t i o n from e x i s t i n g e x p e r i e n c e , a comprehensive a n a l y t i c a l study followed by an e s s e n t i a l l y f u l l - s c a l e experlmsnt with the b a s i c h e a t exchanger elements is needed. The a n a l y t i c a l study r e p o r t e d h e r e i n i s b e l i e v e d t o neet t h e f i r s t r e q u i r e ment, and a a l a n f o r t h e experiment is included. (Oc-3 AT1

36

15019 ST77 15016

OCEAN T H E W ZNERGY CONVERSION OPPORTUNITIES

P e r r i g o , L.D., Zensen, G.X., ( B a t t e l l e P a c i f i c Northwest Labs., Richland, WA), 3 1 p . , Nay 1976, CCNF-760549-1. BNWL-SA-3808 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion i s one of s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t concegts f o r u s e of s o l a r energy. Recent e s t i m a t e s suggest about 4 p e r c e n t of our n a t i o n ' s energy needs i n 2020 might ne supplied by s u c c e s s f u l u s e of t l i s concept which involves t h e o p e r a t i o n of a h e a t engine on t h e 2enpezature d i z f e r e n c e between s u r f a c e anci deeper ocean waters i n t h e t r o p i c s . However, t o achieve t h e base load power p o t e n t i a l of t h i s process a s u b s t a n t i a l r e s e a r c h and development a f f o r t is needed i n t h e next few decades. x a j o r improvements a r e r e q u i r e d f o r c o n t r o l of biof o u l i n g ana c o r r o s i o n and improved h e a t t r a n s f e r systems. The thermodynamic e f f i c i e n c i e s of t h i s process a r e very low and met!!ods f o r preventing f i l m d e p o s i t s a r e mandatory. Heat t r a n s f e r cannot r e a l i s t i c a l l y Ae improved by i n c r e a s i n g pump r a t e s o r h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e s because of i n t o l e r a b l e p a r a s i t i c power demands o r c a p i t a l expenditures. The development and u s e of OTEC power p l a n t s a l s o has p o l i t i c a l i a p l i c a t i o n s t h a t must be accommodated. Operation of such s y s t e m must be r e c o n c i l e d with v a r i o u s i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreements, t h e needs of marine navigat i c n , and n a t i o n a l defense requirements. (OCEAN AT, OVERVIEWS, SOCIO-POLITICAL)

ST77 15017

OCEALY ENERGY SYSTEMS:

NATIONAL NEEDS AND CAPRBILITIES

Richards, A.F., (Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, P A ) , Background Pap on S e a f l o o r Enq: N a t l Needs i n S a a f l o o r Eng, V 1:131-205, 8 9 refs, P r e p . f o r Natl R e s Counc, Corn on S e a f l o o r Eng, Washington, DC, 1 9 7 5 Eight nethods, plus a number of v a r i a n t s , f o r o b t a i n i n g energy from t h e oceans a r e presented i n deczeasizg o r d e r of p o t e n t i a l importance: ocean Lhermal; kelp bioconversion: waves; t i d e s and Each is d i s c u s s e d t i d a l c u r r e n t s : winds: ocean curzents: s a l i n i t y gradients; and geothermal. i n terms of concepts, a p p l i c a b l e geographic a r e a s , development schedule and c o s t s , and s e a f l o o r i n t e r a c t i o n . None of t h e s e Pethods y i e l d s "excess' h e a t i n t o t h e environment, as do f o s s i l fuel and n u c l e a r power g e n e r a t i n g p l a n t s . I t is concluded e a t ocean t h e r n a l , kelp bioconversion, and wave methods a t p r e s e n t appear t o have the g r e a t e s t economic and t e c h n o l o g i c a l m e r i t .

(OCEAN AT, BIONASS, WIND, TIDAL, COMPARISONS, ENVIRONMENT) ST77 15018

CONCURRENT STPOLES OF ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER AND M A T E E S FOR OCEAN TSERMAL EXCEIANGERS

R o t l f u s , R.R., (Carnegie-Uellon Univ., P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , Report No. C00/2641-1, 45 p - , Zuly 3 1 , 1 9 7 6 , (Contract/Grant No. EY-76-S-02-2641), Sponsored by ERDA, Washinqton, DC To demonstrate t!!e enhancement of h e a t t-ansfer i n OTEC exchangers by means of f i n e , a x i a l f l u t e s on e!!t h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e s , experiments have been performed on s i n g l e i n t e r n a l l y o r e x t e r n a l l y f l u t e d t u b e s of 1-inch diameter. I n t e r n a l f l u t e s provide water-side enhancesmnt of both h e a t tr-ansfer and f r i c t i o n t o about the same e x t e n t . Heat t r a n s f e r experiments have been performed on Freon-11 umvinq i n a t h i n l a y e r under g r a v i t y down t h e outer s u r f a c e of a smooth tube and of a t u b e having 26-mil external, axial f l u t e s . Work is continuing in o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h t h e s e p a r a t e e f f e c t s of f l u t e style and s i z e on t h e water s i d e and t o extend t h e f i n d i n g s t o ammonia on the p e r - f l u i d s i d e of t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e . (OCEAN AT, E'LUIDS-WORKING)

ST77 15019

DESIGX W D MODELING OF SOLAR SEA POWER PLANTS BY GEOMETRIC PROG-NG

2H.D

THESIS

(Carnegie-Mellon Univ., P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , 159 p., & R D A / S E / E ( l l - l ) 2895/TR/76/lr Order 76-19981, N77-14582 Avail :Univ. Micro f i l m r G e o m e t r i c programming, a n o n l i n e a r optimization tec.hnique, is used t o design s o l a r sea ? W e r p l a n t s (SSPP) which convest the thermal energy s t o r e d i n the t r o p i c a l w a t e r i n t o e l e c t r i c i t y . F i r s t , t h e conversion process is d e s c r i b e d , and t!!e hardware necessary t o implement a b i n a r y - f l u i d , closed-Rankine q c l e is i d e n t i f i e d . Next, s t e a d y - s t a t e a n a l y t i c a l models f o r t h e major components are derived. These models a r e then used a s t h e c o n s t r a i n t s of a geometric program whose o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n is the minimization a f a p a r t i c u l a r f u n c t i o n of t!!e design v a r i a b l e s of t h e SSPP. A v a r i e t y of problems a r e solved. The geometric ;rrogramminq technique produces t h e o p t a m design and, more importantly, the s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n a t t h e OPtimum to v a r i a t i o n s i n c o s t f i g u r e s , c o n s t r a i n t bounds, and a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t s of t h e model.

iJU. YO.

C.C.,

(OCEAN AT,

COMPUTER MODEL, O P T I M Z A T I O N )

37

ST77 1 6 0 0 0

INVESTIGATION O F THE FZXSIaXLXTP OF C.jSING WINEPOWEX FOR SPACE SEATING CXrWTES. THIRD QUAXTERLY PROGXSS REPORT COVERING THE FINAL DZSIGX TURING PEWS': OF TIfE PROJECT, SZ?TEMBER TO DECEMBER 1975

1s CDLDER -3lA.NJFX-

( x a s s a c h u s e t t s Univ., Amherst, .W), 165 p., Dec 1 9 7 5 , ERDA/NSF/00603-75/Tl Progress during t h e t h i r d q u a r t e r has Seen inadequate. The o v e r a l l p r o j e c t i s nOw 1 weeks behind schedule, whrch means t h a t d a t a c o l l e c t i o n a t S o l a r Habitat One w i l l n o t begin u n t i l mid narch 1976, the t w e l f t h month of t h i s phase of the work. S y s t e m aesign and C O S t a n a l y s i s a r e summarized. ST77 16001

ENERGY-STORAGE REQUIREMENTS REDUCED I N COUPLED WIND-SOLAR

GENERATING SYSTEMS

Xndrews. Z.W.., (Southampton College of Long i s l a n d U n i v e r s i t y , Southampton, NY) , S o l a r E n e r g y , v ~ 8 ~ 7 3 - 7 4 8, r e f s , 1976 The development of t h e sun ana t h e winds as u s e f u l sources of ?mer h a s been hampered by t h e v a r i a b i l i t y and, OM^ short periods of t i m e , the u n p r e d i c t a b i l i t y of t h e power which can be drawn from them. The r e s u l t i n g need t o provide e i t h e r backup g e n e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y o r some form of r e s e r v u i r f o r s t o r i n g enerqy has c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e b e l i e f , g e n e r a l l y held almost witho u t question u n t i l r e c e n t l y , t h a t while p o t e n t i a l l y a b l e t o supply v a s t amounts of energy, they a r e i n h e r e n t l y uneconomical. ST77 1 6 0 0 2

XPPLiCATION STUDY OF WIND POWER TECXNOLOGY TO THE CITY OF HART, MICHIGAN

Xsmussen, J . , Fisher, P.D.,

Park, G.L., Krauss, O . , (Michigan S t a t e IJniv., East Lansing, & X I ) , Dec 3 1 , 1975, COO-2603-1, PC$S.50/MFS3.00 Information is presented concerning wind d a t a c o l l e c t i o n s and a n a l y s i s ; Hart power demand and consumer wage: w i n d p o w e r assessamnt: hydro power assessment: results of preliminary economics analysis: environmental impact of wind t u r b i n e s and o p e r a t i o n i n t h e Hart, O C e a n a County, LHichigan area: and system modal for t h e Hart power system with wind t u r b i n e . 103 p.,

(ECONO.XICS,

ST77 1 6 0 0 3

ENVIRONMENT) WIND TUNNEL PERFORMANCE DATA FOR THE DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE W I T H NACA 0012 BLADES

a l a c k w e l l , B.F., Sheldahl, R.E., F e l t z , L.V., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, NM) , 6 1 p . , .my 1956, SdND-76-0130 Five blade c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of a 2-meter-diameter Darrieus wind t u r b i n e have been t e s t e d i n t h e LTV Aerospace Cor?oration 4.6- x 6.1-m (15- x 20-ft) Low Speed Wind Tunml. The a i r f o i l sectLon f o r a l l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s w a s NACA 0012. The parameters measured were t o r q u e , r o t a t i o n a l speed, and tunnel c o n d i t i o n s . Data are presented i n t h e form of power c o e f f i c i e n t as a funct i o n o f tip-opeed r a t i o f o r t h e various s o l i d i t i e s , Reynolds number, and f r e e s t r e a m v e l o c i t i e s tested. (TEST, COMPARISONS ST77 1 6 0 0 4

STATUS OF THE ERDA/SANDIA 17-METRE DARRIEUS TURBINE DESIGN

Blackwell, B.F., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, N M ) , 1 6 p . , 1976, CONF-760909-2, SAND-76-5683 The p r e s e n t s t a t u s of t h e ERDA/Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s 17-mtre Darrieus t u r b i n e design is summarized. ( DESIGN-REVIEW)

ST77 1 6 0 0 5

W I N D TURBINE

Blackwell. B . F . , F e l t z , L.V., Maydaw, R.C., (ERDA, Washington, D C ) , 9 p . , Nov 11, 1975, PATENT-3 9 1 8 839, PAT-APPL-508 0 1 6 , This Covernmnt-owned i n v e n t i o n a v a i l a b l e for U.S. l i c e n s i n g and, p o s s i b l for f o r e i g n Licensing, Copy of p a t e n t a v a i l a b l e Conmritsioner of P a t e n t s , Washington, Dc, iGs0.50 The p a t e n t r e l a t e s t o a wind t u r b i n e r o t a t a b l e about a shaft. I t may i n c l u d e a d r i v e r o t o r with one o r more elongated blades each having a c e n t r a l ourdardly curved p o r t i o n of a i r f o i l Shape which produces r o t a r y motion when t h e blade r o t a t e s i n wind a t a blade t i p v e l o c i t y t o wind v e l o c i t y r a t i o q r e a t e r than about t h r e e o r f o u r , a d d i t i o n a l wind r o t o r means disposed a t both ends of t h e curved p o r t i o n s of the elongated b l a d e for r o t a t a b l y a c c e l e r a t i n g t!!e d r i v e r o t o r t o t h e desi:ed v e l o c i t y r a t i o , and means coupled t o s a i d r o t o r s f o r u t i l i z i n g t h e r o t a t i o n t h e r e of. ( TATSXT ,

BLADE-DESIGX)

38

16011

I

I ST77 1 6 0 0 6

II

XfBD DOWER

-

A BISLIOGWWY

Colyer, E . , Su, D. , (Canada i n s t i t u t e f o r S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information, Ottawa, Canada) , 32 p . , 1975, NRC Xo. 1 4 9 8 6 , CXR No. 1 4 9 8 6 This e d i t i o n has r e s u l t e d from t!!e i n t e r e s t of many s c i e n t i s t s a t t h e National Research Council of Canada a s well as from t h e r e s e a r c h e r s both i n Canada, and o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , who have found our f i r s t e d f t i o n v e q u s e f u l . A l a r g e number of p a p e r s , r e p o r t s and m a t e r i a l s i n o t h e r forms a e r t a i n i n g t o wind power u t i l i z a t i o n have been p u b l i s h e d since o u r f i r s t e d i t i o n which came o u t a year ago. However, because of t h e urgent demand, w e could not spend a s nuch tLme as we would l i k e t o l o c a t e ail Lbe m a t e r i a l s and t o include them i n t h e p r e s e n t e d i t i o n . Thus, e r r o r s and omission a r e i n e v i t a b l e . He s i n c e r e l y hope t h a t l a p s e s w i l i be r e p o r t e d t o us so t h a t o u r f u t u r e e d i t i o n s may be b e t t e r and more comprehensive.

1

(CANADA)

/

ST77 16007

,

LOW-COST aLADE DESIGX CONSIDEPATIONS

F e l f z , L.V., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, NM), 38 p . , 1976, CONF-760551-1, SAND-76-5535 The s t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d attempt to i d e n t i f y and c o n t i n u a l l y upgrade blade d e s i g n s f o r a 1 7 n e t e r wind t u r b i n e design. The g o a l o f this e f f o r t i s t o e s t a b l i s h s e v e r a l low-cost b l a d e designs. ( N I X D , ECONOMICS)

ST77 16008

ZLZCTRICAL ENERGY OUTTUT O F WIND POWEX BLANTS

Jayadevaiah, T.S., Sa*,

R.T.,

(Univ of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI), IZEZ Ixd Aunl SoC. Annu

T h s paper p r e s e n t s a g e n e r a l a n a l y s i s of e l e c t r i c a l energy o u t p u t of constant-speed, =onstant-frequency (CSCF) and variable-speed, constant-frequency (VSCF) systems based on powerit is shown, from a sample c a l c u l a t i o n , t h a t VSCF systems have a s l i g h t edge d u r a t i o n curves. over CSCF systems from t h e p o i n t of view of energy o u t p u t , b u t they c a l l f o r l a r g e c a p i t a l o u t l a y L~Ig e n e r a t i n g systems whereas CSCP systems c a l l f o r e l a b o r a t e p i t c h c o n t r o l s . I t i s shown t h a t g e n e r a t o r e f f i c i e n c y has a dominant i n f l u e n c e on energy o u t p u t i n both M e systems.

(ZZFICIENCIES. COMPARISONS) ST77 16009

WIND ENERGY STATISTICS M R LARGE ARRAYS O F WIND TURBINES (NEW ENGLAND AND CENTRAL CTZJITED STATES REGIONS)

J u s t u s , C.G., (Georgia I n s t . of Tech., A t l a n t a , a), NSI/RA-760191, 129 p - , Auq 1976, ERDA/NSF00547/76/1, PB-260 679/6WE The ?erformance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s have been simulated f o r l a r g e d i s p e r s e d a r r a y s of 5 0 0 kW 1500 wind t u r b i n e s producing power and feeding i t d i r e c t l y i n t o e!% u t i l i t y distribution grid Middle A t l a n t i c and t h e Central U.S. r e g i o n s . Despite comparable wind i n t h e New England England and in the C e n t r a l U.S., w i n d p a r e r is p o t e n t i a l l y c l o s e r t o regimes i n c o a s c a l ~ e w This is Seccuse of t h e heavy reliance on being c o s t - e f f e c t i v e a s a f u e l s a v e r i n ?Jev England. ex?ensive f u e l s i n New England a s compared w i t h the C e n t r a l D.S. a r e a . By a t l a y power return t i m e a n a l y s i s , i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t 24 t o 4 8 hours o f s t o r a g e would i n c r e a s e the power r e l i a b i l i t y of 200 kW p e r 1500 kW g e n e r a t o r t o about 95% i n New Zngland, and t o b e t t e r than 95% i n t h e C e n t r a l u.S. P r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s o f diuzznal c y c l e s of monthly mean winds v e r s u s t i m e of day shows t h a t i n both Bew England and t h e C e n t r a l U.S., t h e r e is a s t r o n g summertime a f t e r n o o n p e a k i n a v a i l a b l e wind, which would correspond t o the summertime peak a i r conditzoning load. T h e appendices included i n t h i s r e p o r t are: (1) Analysis Methods, and ( 2 ) Some Aspects of S t a t i s t i c s of Arrays of Wind Turbines.

-

-

(RELIABILITY, ECONOMICS) ST77 15010

DARXIEUS VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE PROGRAM AT SANDIA LABORATORIES

Kadlec, E.G., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, B M ) , 11 p., 1 9 7 6 , CONF-760821-7, SAND-76-5712 As p a r t o f ERDA's F e d e r a l Wind Energy Proqrqm, Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s i s engaged i n a technology development program f o r t!!e Darrieus V e r t i c a l Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). The a p p l i c a t i o n r e c e i v i n g c u r r e n t emphasis u t i l i z e s t h e VAWT o p e r a t i n g a t c o n s t a n t speed t o g e n e r a t e electrici t y which is f a d d i r e c t l y i n t o a u t i l i t y g r i d . The a c t i v i t i e s w i t i i n t h e program a r e d e s c r i b e d .

-

(UTILITY-G2ID)

ST77 1 6 0 1 1

TOWER hND FtOTOR S W D E VIBRATION TEST RESULTS FOR A 100-KILOWATT X I N D TURBIXE

L i n s c o t t , B . S . , Shapton, 'J.R., Srown, O., (?IPSA, L e w i s ) , ?;SA-TX-X-3426, E-3751. 40 p . , O c t 1 0 7 6 , 376- 3 362 8/8WE The predomLnant n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c i e s and mode shapes f o r t h e tower and t h e r o t o r blades of t h e ERDA-SASA 100-kW wind t u r b i n e were determined. The tests on t h e tower and 'he b l a d e s were

39

16016 conducted both before and a f t e r the r o t o r blades and the r o t a t i n g rnachineq w e r e i n s t a l l e d on top of t!!e tower. The tower and each blade were instrumented with an accelerometer and impacted by bn instrumented mass. The tower and blade s t r u c t u r e vas analyzed S y meaas of NASTRAN, and computed v a l u e s agree with t!!e t e s t d a t a . (TEST- DATA) ST77 1 6 0 1 2

OPTIIIZATION AND CSARACTERISTICS OF A SAILWING WIXDMILL 3OTOR

Elaughmer. M . D . , ( P r i n c e t o n Univ., MJ) , NSF/RA-760201, 90 p., Far 1976, MIS-1297, PB-259 898/5WE Wit!!in t h i s f o u r t h and f i n a l q u a r t e r p r o g r e s s r e p o r t a r e comprehensively d i s c u s s e d a l l o f t!!e r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s undertaken by 'he P r i n c e t o n windmill group over % e! p a s t year. This i n c l u d e s a d e t a i l e d accounting of e!!t development and o p e r a t i o n a l techniques of t h e P r i n c e t o n moving-vehicle w i n d m i l l t e s t i n g f a c i l i t y . Also presented i s a complete documentation of t h e performance build-up (Dp(max) = . 0 6 t o Cp(max) . 4 0 ) of a 12 f t . diameter, two-bladed Sailwing :otor. + h i s r e p o r t f u r t h e r includes an examination of an e x p l o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h e f f o r t d i r e c t e d toward using a small, f i z s t - s t a g e , c o - a x i a l r o t o r t o augment w i n d m i l l performance. F i n a l l y considered a r e t h e results and conclusions of an e x t e n s i v e wind-tunnel t e s t program aimed a t a q u a n t i t a t i v e determination of t h e aerodynamic p e n a l t i e s a s s o c i a t e d with numerous s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s of t h e b a s i c double-membraned Sailwing c r o s s - s e c t i o n .

-

(TEST-DATA, AERODYNAMICS ST77 16013

IXVESTIGATION OF DIFFUSER-AUGXENTED W I I D TURBINES. DECEMBER 24, 1975

PROGRESS REPOR", JW 25, 1975-

(Grrmrman Aerospace Corp., Betheage, NY) , 64 ?., Jan 1376, COO-2616-1, PCS4.50/MPS3.00 The Diffuser-Augmented Wind Turbine (DAWT) is one of t h e more promising advanced concepts f o r d e c r e a s i n g the c o s t o f wind energy conversion. The f i r s t r e s u l t s of an i n v e s t i g a t i o n designed t o determine the most e f f e c t i v e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s for DAWT's and t o a s s e s s t h e i r ultimate performance in l a r g e units a r e presented. Two t y p e s of compact d i f f u s e r s have been analyzed and tested, u s i n g s c r e e n s t o s i m u l a t e the t u r b i n e s . A 20 exp 0 h a l f - a n g l e c o n i c a l d i f f u s e r with t w o t a n g e n t i a l boundary l a y e r c o n t r o l s l o t s provided a measured augmentation r a t i o of 1.7 a t an area r a t i o of 2 . 8 , while a double ring-wing d i f f u s e r gave 2 . 1 a t an e q u i v a l e n t a r e a r a t i o of 3.8. 2 e s u l t s i n d i c a t e p o t e n t i a l for c o n s i d e r a b l e improvenaent and f u r t h e r s i z e r e d u c t i o n . S e v e r a l a n a l y s e s r e l a t e d t o d i f f u s e r development a r e given. Oman, L A . , Foreman, K.N., G i l b e r t , B.L.,

(ECONOMICS, AERODYNAMICS) ST77 16014

EICPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESEARCE ON THE AERODYNAMICS OF WIND TURBINES. TE-W TECHNICAL REPORT, JUNE L-DECEHBER 31, 1975

HID-

Rohrbach, C., (Hamilton Standard, Windsor Locks, a), 111 p., Feb 1976, COO-2615-76-T-1 The s u c c e s r f u l dwrelopment of reliable, cost c o m p e t i t i v e h o r i z o n t a l a x i s , p r o p e l l e r - t y p e wind energy conversion s y s t e m (WECS) is s t r o n g l y dependent on t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of advanced technology f o r each of the system components. P a s t e x p e r i e n c e and c u r r e n t s t u d i e s of t h i s type of wind energy conversion systems have shown t3at the wind t u r b i n e subsystem most s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t s t h e system's c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s and performance c a p a b i l i t y . Thus adequate technology bases a r e e r s o n t i a l for a l l elements of the wind t u r b i n e d e s i g n . Information is p r e s e n t a d concerning aerodynamic design and performance technology, wind t u r b i n e p a r a m e t r i c performance s t u d y , s e l e c t i o n of model wind t u r b i n e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , and s t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n o f wind t u r b i n e models. (ECONOMICS, OPTIMIZATION) ST77 16015

W I N D POWERED AERATION FOR REMOTE LOCATIONS

S c h i e r h o l z , P.M., Somarvell, W.L., Jr., Babcock, W., K a r t e l , R., Watson, K., (Colorado S t a t e gniv., F o r t C O l l i n S , CO) , NSF/RA-760238, 74 p., A Q r 1976, PB-259 304/4WE This r e p o r t concerns t h e use of wind power d i r e c t l y t o compress a i r t o i n c r e a s e Oxygen l e v e l s i n p o l l u t e d r i v e r s and l a k e s s u b j e c t t o w i n t e r k i l l . A p r i m e advantage nay be u s i n g t h e water f o r s t o r a g e o f oxygen e l i m i n a t i n g requirements f o r energy s t o r a g e such a s b a t t e r i e s . Three s i t e s a r e proposed f o r t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of wind powered systems. One is a l a k e chosen on t h e high p l a i n s f o r ease of a c c e s s , anot!er i s a high mountain l a k e s u b j e c t t o w i n t e r h l l and t h e t h i r d is a high p l a i n s r i v e r w i t h p o l l u t i o n p r o b l e m . (WATER POLLUTION, OXYGEN-ADDITION)

ST77 1 6 0 1 6

OPERATTONAL. COST, AND TECHNICAL STUDY O F L A R G WINDPOWER SYSTEMS INTEGRAmD W I T H EXISTING ELZCTRIC UTILITY

Smith, R.T., Swanson, R . K . , Johnson, C.C., Ligon, C., Lawrence, J . , (southwest 3esearch I n s t . , San Antonio, T X ) , 7 p . , 1976, COXF-760906-8

40

16021 A comprehensive study of t h e o p e r a t i o n a l , c o s t , and t e c h n i c a l a s p e c t s of l a r g e windpcwer systems i n t e g r a t e d xi*A e x i s t i n g e l e c t r i c u t i l i t y networks has been c a r r i e d o u t for a r e g i o n of t h e Texas Panhandle. The study was c a r r i e d o u t j o i n t l y by S c u t h i e s t Research I n s t i t u t e , Texas Tech U n i v e r s i t y , S o u c h i e s t e r n P u b l i c Service Co., and Boeing-Vertol Company.

(ECONOMICS, TZXXS 1 ST77 1 6 0 1 7

APPLICATION O F COMPOSITE BFSRINGLZSS ROTOR CONCE?T TO WIXD TURBIXE ROTOR. REPORT, JbXE 3 , 1975-OCTOBER 31, 1 9 7 5

PROGRESS

S p i e r i n q s , P.A.M., Cheney, Y.C., (United Technologies Research C e n t e r , East H a r t f o r d , E), 25 p., Dec 1, 1975, COO-2614-1, PC$3.30/MF$3.00 ?he o b j e c t i v e of the one year program is to e x p l o r e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of t!!e Composite B e a r i n g l e s s Rotor (CBR) f o r u s e a s a wind t u r b i n e and t o e v a l u a t e s e v e r a l automatic c o n t z o l concepts designed t o improve e f f i c i e n c y and c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s . The program c o n s i s t s of t h e design of a f u l l - s c a l e wind t u r b i n e , the design and f a b r i c a t i o n of a dynamically s c a l e d model, r i n d t u n n e l experiments, and a n a l y t i c a l s t u d i e s . To d a t e , t h e d e s i g n work has been completed, the m d e l wind t u r b i n e s u p p o r t tower has been f a b r i c a t e d and assembled with a g e n e r a t o r . The model b l a d e s and o t h e r hardware a r e under c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h i s i n t e r i m p r o g r e s s r e p o r t c o n t a i n s d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e full s c a l e and model d e s i g n s , a review of t!!e performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Appendices expected of the wind t u r b i n e , and an o u t l i n e of me remaining t a s k s of t!ae program. a r e included t o p r o v i a e d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on some of the d e s i g n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the m o d e l wind t u r b i n e . (EF?ICIENCIES, ECONOMICS , TEST MODEL) ST77 15018

TSE ATb%SP€iERE AND THE OCEANS AS ENERGY SOURCES

Swift-Sook, D . S . , ( C e n t r a l ElectriciCI Generating Board, Marchwood Engineering L a b o r a t o r i e s , Soutbampton, England), I n Aspects of Energy Conversion: Proceedings of t h e Summer School, Oxford. England, J u l y 14-25, 1975, Bergamon Tress, Oxford, p. 405-429: Discussion 430 p . , 1976, -4771 1 0 2 6 01-44, A77-11036 Wind power is d i s c u s s e d with emphasis on a v a i l a b l e F e r and sites and windmill design. T i d a l power is c o n s i d e r e d w i t h a t t e n t i o n given t o the d e s i g n of t i d a l b a r r a g e s , and e n g i n e e r i n g problems. Also c o n s i d e r e d a r e bhermal s e a power, and wave power (wave c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , wave Gower conversion d e v i c e s , and o v e r a l l system c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ) . (WIND, -TIDAL, WAVE-POWER, OCEAN AT, OVERVIEW)

ST77 1 6 0 1 9

W I N D POWER

Syverson, C.D., (Syverson Consulting, North .Mankato, MN) , Design N e w s , p. 155-160, Mar 2 2 , 1976 Wind g e n e r a t o r s a r e a v i a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e energy source, one which, if p r o p e r l y u t i l i z e d , can s u r e l y compete wit!! t h e almost certain r i s i n g c o s t of u t i l i t y power, b u t it is important t o p u t it i n t o p e r s p e c t i v e . (POUER-OUTPUTS , EFFTCIENCIES) ST77 1 6 0 2 0

PLANS I\ND STATOS O F THE NASA-LEWIS aESuLRcs CENTER WIHD ENERGY PROJECT

Thomas, R., Puthofz, a., Savino, J., Johnson, W., (NASA, L e w i s ) , NASA-TM-X-71701, 3 1 ?., 1975, CONF-7509137-1, PC A03/MF A 0 1 The p o r t i o n of the n a t i o n a l five-year wind energy program t h a t is being -aged by t h e WASA-Lewis Research Center f o r t h e ERDA is described. The L e w i s Research Cmter's Wind Power O f f i c e , i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n and p l a n s and s t a t u s a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . The t h r e e major elements are the experimental 1 0 0 kW wind-turbine g e n e r a t o r : t h e f i r s t of tl?e wind energy p r o j e c t a t -is g e n e r a t i o n i n d u u y - b u i l t and u s e r - o p e r a t e d wind t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r s : and t h e s u p p o r t i n g r e s e a r c h and technology t a s k s which are each b r i e f l y described. ( ~OO-ICW,

OVERVIEW)

ST77 1 6 0 2 1

A C O I ~ P~ R RO G M TO CILLCULA!fE AND PLOT WIXD-GEiZERATED STORED ENERGY AT CONSTANT CONSUMPTION

V a l e r i o t e , E.x.L., (Defence Research Establishment Ottawa, O n t a r i o , Canada), 49 p . , June 1976, DREO-TX-76-15, AD-AO29 977/6WE, PC$4.00/MF$3-00 X computer program h a s been d e s c r i b e d which g i v e s p r i n t e d and p l o t t e d o u t p u t s of t h e q u a a t i t y of vind-generated e n e r n r e n a i n i n g i n a s t o r a g e system under qiven c o n d i t i o n s . The ?=Ogram ?emits simulated v a r i a t i o n s of s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y , c o n s t a n t e l e c t r i c a l l o a d and conversion e f f i c i e n c y by simple d a t a changes. F u r t h e r a l t e r a t i o n s t o t h e progrka i t s e l f a r e d e t a i l e d , t o adapt it ia c;-arry simi:a= ==lc-lacions far wind t u r b i n e s of v a r i o u s s i z e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . The grogran: has been t e s t e d by s i m u l a t i o n Of a h y p o t h e t i c a l System Of energy p r o d u c t i o n , s t o r a g e I t i s glanned t h a t its p r e d i c t i o n s w i l l be compared with d a t a o b t a i n e d from an and Consumption. e x p e r i m e n t a l program c u r z e n t l y i n p r o g r e s s . STOFAGE, S;?rIcLATION)

41

ST77 16022

AERODYNAMIC ?E-WORMANCE OF WIND TURBINES

Wilson, R.Z., Lissasta~, P.S.S., Walker, S . N . , (Oregon S t a t e Univ., iotvallis. OR) I NSF/m760228, 170 p., &ne 1376, TB-259 089/1WE This r e p o r t summarizes t!!e s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t of performance p r e d i c t i o n inatbods for both h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l a x i s wind t u r b i n e s . S t r i p theory nethods f o r h o r i z o n t a l a x i s wind tufbines a r e evaluated f o r v a r i o u s ti? loss models and occur=ence of m u l t i p l e s o l u t i o n s i n s t r i p theory a n a l y s i s is d i s c u s s e d and i l l u s t r a t e d . The performance o f h i g h - s o l i d i t y t u r b i n e s Such a s L!e Chalk design a l s o a r e discussed. The c o n f i g u r a t i o n and performance of optimum h o r i z o n t a l a x i s wind tuzbines a r e addressed. Optiinization schemes a r e developed and d i s c u s s e d and CO!3parisons with t h e .WD-O r o t o r a r e made. Perfomance a t off-design c o n d i t i o n s is a l s o examined. P e r formance a r e d i c t i o n methods f o r v e r t i c a l a x i s wind t u r b i n e s a r e covered. ChaDter 4 develops t h e p e r f o r m m e model f o r t h e Darrieus Rotor. !.iultiple s o l u t i o n s a r e found t o occur f o r Darrieus Rotors i n ttie same manner a s occuzs for h o r i z o n t a l a x i s r o t o r s . This flow model is compared t o e x i s t i n g experimental d a t a and shown t o y i e l d e x c e l l e n t agreement. Chapter 5 c o n t a i a s an a n a l y t i c a l model of t h e flow i n a Savonius Rotor. The flow model is shown t O pred i c t t h e e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s of flow i n Savonius Rotors w i t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n Of Viscous effects. (OVERVIEWS, OPTIMIZATION, MODELS) ST77 16023

PRODUCTION O F METXANE USING OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY.

FINAL REPORT

Young, R.B., Tiedemann, A.F., Jr., Marianowski, L.G., Camara, E A . , (XU Cor?., aaltimore, M D ) , 131 p . , NOV 1975, ERDA/NSP/993-75/Tl The work accomplished d u r i n g a program t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of converting wind energy t o methane gas is described. The b a s i c approach c o n s i s t s of u s i n g o f f - s h o r e winds t o d r i v e g e n e r a t o r s which supply e l e c t r i c i t y t o e l e c t r o l y s i s cells. E l e c t r o l y s i s of d i s t i l l e d s e a water produces hydrogen. Carbon d i o x i d e is d e r i v e d from underwater c a r b o n a t e d e p o s i t s . These g a s e s a r e combined t o form methane. This concept o f f e r s s e v e r a l advantages over t h e g e n e r a t i o n of e l e c t r i c a l ?wer f o r i n s e r t i o n i n t o an A.C. power netwark. I t is envisioned t h a t hydrogen w i l l be generated a t each wind t u r b i n e . Depending on the d e s i r e d o u t p u t of t h e p l a n t , methane w i l l be produced a t each tower, or f o r l a r g e o p e r a t i o n s , hydrogen from many towers will be piped t o a c e n t r a l p o i n t f o r processing. Herer the methane w i l l be formed and s e n t t o e x i s t i n g n a t u r a l gas t r a n s m i s s i o n systema. (HYDROGZN, EFFICIENCIES)

17,OflO

B I OCOFiVERS I ON

ST77 17000

ENERGY FXOM AGRICULTURE

Alich, J.A., Jr., Inman, R.E., ( S t a n f o r d h a I n s t , .Menlo Park, CA) # p. 287-309, 1976, Clean Fuels from Biomass, Sewage, Urban Refwe, Agric Wastes, Orlando, FL, J a n 27-30 # 1976, SponsOrbd by I n s t o f Gas Technol, Chicago, I L Under bioconversion f o u r sources of biomaaa are included: urban s o l i d w a s t e , a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s i d u e s , and energy crops both t e r r e s t r i a l and marine. The paper c o n c e n t r a t e s on t e t r e s t r i a l energy crops. The types of v e g e t a t i o n b e 8 t suited f o r an i n t e n s i v e energy p l a n t a t i o n a s w e l l a s v e g e t a t i o n s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a are discussed. The type and a v a i l a b i l i t y of land f o r , a s W e l l a s l o g i s t i c s and economics o f growing energy c r o p s on a c o n c e p t u a l t e r r e s t r i a l p l a n t a t i o n is discussed. An energy budget f o r p l a n t m a t e r i a l production and h a r v e s t i n g f o r t h e c o n c e p t u a l p l a n t a t i o n is developed. A technoeconomic comparison of f i r i n g the c r o p s d i r e c t l y f o r e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n with conversion t o c l e a n fu.1 gaa e i t h e r a t the farm s i t e or a t s e l e c t e d markets is made. (BIOCONVERSION, COMPARISONS ST77 1 7 0 0 1

OVERVIEWS)

ENERGY FROM AGRICULTURX CONVERSION

- THE

MOST ECONOMIC -00

O F XARGE SCALE SO-

ENERGY

Alich, J.A., Jr., Inman, R.E., ( S t a n f o r d Res I n s t , Menlo Park, CAI, Errergy, Oxford, V 1:536 1 , Xl, May 1976 The economics of t e r r e s t r i a l growth of v e g e t a t i o n f o r i t s - e n e r g y c o n t e n t is f a r more f a v o r a b l e than o t h e r more t e c h n i c a l l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d methods of l a r g e - s c a l e s o l a r energy converm i r r o r s , p h o t o v o l t a i c s , e t c . This paper summarizes t h e a u t h o r s ' view of what might he sion a t t a i n a b l e i n biomass production, hoping, t h e r e b y , t o s t i m u l a t e i n t e r e s t i n t h e concapt. The type o f Vegetation b e s t s u i t e d f o r an i n t e n s i v e energy p l a n t a t i o n , as w e l l a s v e g e t a t i o n select i o n c r i t e r i a , are discussed. The type and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f l a n d f o r growing energy c r o p s on a conceptual t e r r e s t r i a l p l a n t a t i o n , a s w e l l a s t h e l o g i s t i c s and economics, a r e d i s c u s s e d . A n enerTf budget f o r p l a n t - m a t e r i a l production and h a r v e s t i n g for the c o n c e p t u a l p l a n t a t i o n is developed. X tec.hnocconomic comparison of f i r i n g t h e c r o p s d i r e c t l y f o r e l e c t r i c lower g e n e r a t i o n w i t h conversion t o c l e a n f u e l gas (methane or low-BTu g a s ) e i t h e r a t t h e form s i t e or a t s e l e c t e d markets is made.

-

( S I O C O N V E R S I O N . OVERVIEWS, ETHANE)

42

17006 BIOLOGICAL C;INVERSZON OF SOLAR ENERGY: TO OUR ZXERGY XEQUIXEIUIENTS

ST77 L 7 0 0 2

AN ASSESSMENT O F I T S

POTEXTIAL CONTRIBUTION

aoardman, x.K., ( C S i 2 0 Div of P l a n t Ind, Canberra, A u s t r a l i a ) , i n s t of Enq, A u s t r a l i a ; Annu Eng C m f , Townsvilie, .Yay 10-14, 1 9 7 6 , T u b 1 by i n s t of Enq, A u s t r a l i a , Sydney, Pap 322/2, p. 6-10, 12 refs. 1976 The g l o b a l annua.1 p r o d u c t i v i t y of t e r r e s t r i a l and marine p l a n t s is e q u i v a l e n t t o s t o r e d solar energy of 3 x 10**2**?5, which is 10-fold h i g h e r than p r e s e n t world consumption of energy. Solar enezqy i a c i d e n t on the e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e i s 2 x 10**2**4J p e r annum. Total inarine photos y n t h e t i c p r o d u c t i v i t y is lower t!!an t h a t of the land. Maximum s h o r t - t e r m growth r a t e s of high y i a l d i n q c r o p s r e p r e s e n t s o l a r energy conversion e f f i c i e n c i e s of 2. 7-4. 6%. . h n u a l p r o d u c t i v i t i e s are c o n s i d e r a b l y lower. Average f o r e s t p r o d u c t i v i t i e s i n t h e Northern Remisphere r e p r e s e n t solar energy conversion e f f i c i e n c i e s of 0 . 2-0. 3%. Indigenous f o r e s t s i n A u s t r a l i a have much lower ' J r o d u c t i v i t i e s . A t t h e g l o b a l l e v e l , it s e e m u n l f i e l y that p h o t o s y n t h e s i s can provide nore than a r e l a t i v e l y small percentage of t h e w o r l d ' s energy requirements. (BIOCO:?VEXSION,

ST77 17003

OVERVIZWS)

PKOTOSYNTEESIS AS X RESOURCE FOR ENERGY AND N A T E R X W

C a l v i n , M., ( C a l i f o r n i a , U n i v e r s i t y , Berkeley, C A I , American S c i e n t i s t , V 64:270-278, May-June 1976, ERDA-Supported Research, A77-12233 P o s s i b l e ways of using the n a t u r a l p h o t o s y n t h e t i c mechanisms i n soplants t o construct l a r g e - s c a l e s > n t h e t i c systems s e r v i n g a s renewable sources of materials ( p l a s t i c s , fibers) and ftlel are examined. The p r o c e s s e s of p h o t o s y n t h e t i c quantum c o l l e c t i o n i n green p l a n t s a r e d i s c u s s e d w i t h s p e c i a 1 , a t t e n t i o n t o the photosynthetic p o t e n t i a l of such p l a n t s a s sugarcane, k e l p , ana t h e rubber tree. The p o s s i b i l i t i e s of e m t r o l l i n g n a t u r a l processes i n t h e s e alants and I-rzgrcvFng t h e i r e n e r g e t i c e f f i c i e n c y are analyzed. The photochemical quantum conversion in syr.t??etic systems i s t i e n c o n s i d e r e d as a aromising mechanism f o r direct fuel p o d u c t i o n (X2, 8 4 , etc.) Recent s t u d i e s concerning c a t a l y s t s Cor 'Aese p r o c e s s e s a r e reviewed. ? a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n is given t o the problem of c r e a t i n g photochemical cell-membrane, i n which hydrogen A conceptual, d e s i g n of m i g h t be evolve6 on one s i d e of t h e aexubrane and oxygen on t h e o t h e r . such a membrane analogous t o t h e n a t u r a l c h l o r o p l a s t membranes is proposed.

.

(BTOCONVERSION , OVERVIEWS, LXGE-SCALE,

ST77 17004

RENEWABLZ)

MtnTIDISCIPLINARY XESEARCH PRODIRECTED TOWARD UTILIZATION OF SOLAR ENERGY THROUGH BIOCONVERSION O F RENEWABLE ElESOURCES. PROGiiESS =PORT

F i n n e r t y , W.R., (Georgia Univ., Athens, GA), 73 p., July 1976, SRO-888-1 Progress is r e p o r t e d i n four r e s e a r c h a r e a s o f s o l a r bioconversion. The f i r s t program d e a l s w i t h t h e g e n e t i c s e l e c t i o n of s u p e r i o r t r e e s , p h y s i o l o g i c a l basis o f v i g o r , t i s s u e culture, h a p l o i d c e l l l i n e s , and somatic hybridization. The second d e a l s w i t h t!!e physiology of a a r a q u a t induced o l e o r a s i n b i o g e n e s i s . S e p a r a t e a b s t r a c t s were Orepared for the o t h e r t w o program areas: biochemical b a s i s of paraquat-induced o l e o r e s i n pcoduction in p i z e s and biochemistry of metianogesesis. ( OVERVZEWS )

aT77 L7005

A SOLAR-RIWLU;IZED SYSTEM FOR AtGOCULTTJRE

Fox, ZD., ( L a b o r a t o i r e de La Roquette, France) A s i m 9 l e Low-cost system for c u l t u r i n g t h e p r o t e i n - r i c h blue-green a l g a e , S p i r u l i n a , a t the v i l l a g e l e v e l u t i l i z e s s o l a r energy t o produce algae, r e g u l a t e temperature, provide C02, stir t h e c u l t u r e , harvest t h e a l g a e , and k i l l c o n t a m h a t i n g organisms. This system has a high p o t e n t i a l f o r combatting m a l n u v i t i o n i n the developing c o u n t r i e s where p r o t e i n d e f i c i e n c y is d- problem. (BIOCONVERSION. ?LGAE-PSODUCTION,

ST77' 1 7 0 0 6

ECONOMICS)

AGilICVLTURe FOR ZEXO W A S T E

- TRE IPPI CONCEPT

Gartside, G . , (CSIZo, South .%lbourne, A u s t r a l i a ) , Natl Chem Eng Conf, 3rd. Proc: T r e a t , Recycle and! Disposal of Wastes, a l d u r a , V i c t o r i a , A u s t r a l i a , Aug 20-23, 1975, Pub1 by N a t l Cham Eng Conf., Monash Univ, Clayton, A u s t r a l i a , Pap T134-Tl36, 1 r e f . 1 9 7 5 The concept of I n t e q r a t e d P h o t o s y n t b e t i c Product I n d u s t r i e s (IPPI) is aimed a t d e r i v i n g . maximum economic b e n e f i t from
(aIOCONVERS ION, SQCiO-E?fVSRON~TAL)

43

ST77 1 7 3 0 7

WASTES AXD BIOMASS AS EXERGY RESOURCSS:

AZY OVERViFA

Klass, D.L., ( I n s t of Gas TecL.o:, Chicago, IL), p. 21-58, 18 rer's, 1976, Clean Fuels from Siomass, Sewage, Urban Refuse, Agric Wastes, Orlando, FL, Jan 27-30, 1976, Sponsored by I n s t of Gas Technol, Chicago, IL The n a t i o n a l economy can be maintained on organic f u e l s by c o n v e r t i n g major S O u r C e S Of conizinuously renewable n o n f o s s i l c a r t o n to s y n f u e l s t h a t a r e i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e wiLbr 3r can be f u e l s . Promising s o u r c e s of LbiS carbon s u b s t i t u t e d f o r , natural gas and pet:oleum-derived a r e waste m a t e r i a l s , such a s urban r e f u s e , and biomass produced from s o l a r enerJy.by ghotos y n t h e s i s . The paper p o i n t s o u t t h e broad scope of t h e technology and i t s 2 o t a n t L a l l a p a c t on C.S. energy s u p p l i e s . The renewable f e a t u r e of both wastes and biomass makes t h e n v a l u a b l e " n a t u r a l resources" t h a t i n e v i t a b l y w i l l be f u l l y developed and c o m e r c i a l i t e d a s sources Of anergy-intensive products and s y n f u e l s .

(axocomRsIoN, ST77 1 7 0 0 8

UXITED-STATES, S Y N ~ L S )

CONVERSION OF OCE&Y F-LW RELP TO METHANE AND OTRER PRODUCTS

Leese, T.X., (Nav Weawns Cent, China Lake, C A I , p. 253-266, 13 r e f s , 1976, Clean Fuels from Biomass, Sewage, Urban Refuse, Aqric Wastes, Orlando, n,J a n 27-30, 1976, Sponsored by I n s t of G ~ STechnol, Chicago, IL The paper d e s c r i b e s a process being s t u d i e d f o r t h e conversion of k e l p ( H a c r o c y s t i s pyrifera g i a n t C a l i f o r n i a k e l p ) i n t o f u e l s . Xey f e a t u r e s of the approach a r e : t h e use of solar energy t o produce biomass a s a source of f u e l , r e s u l t i n g i n a s t o r e d energy t o produce biomass source whose u s e produces no n e t energy i n c r e a s e i n Lbe e a r t h ' s atmosphere: and the use of c u r r e n t l y nonproductive ocean s u r f a c e , ocean w a t e r , and deep n u t r i e n t s i n t h e production of the biomass. The c u r r e n t major p r i o r i t y of t h e conversion p r o c e s s e f f o r t i s t o c o n v e r t L?e o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l i n k e l p t o methane and u t i l i z e the r e s u l t m g by-products and waste a s : terrestrial f e r t i l i z e r , feed supplements for meat-producing a n i m a l s , and miscellaneous i n d u s t r i a l products.

-

(BIOCONVERSION, OVERVIEWS) ST77 1 7 0 0 9

SOLAR ENERGY FOR AUSTRALIA.

THE ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION

Morse, R.N., S i e m n , J . R . , (CSIRO Solar Energy Stud, Melbourne, A u s t r a l i a ) , I n s t of Eng, A u s t r a l i a ; AMU Kng Conf, Townsville, Hay 10-14, 1976, P u b 1 by I n s t of Eng, A u s t r a l i a , Sydney, Pap 322/1, p. 1-5, 1 8 r e f s , 1976 S o l a t enorgy by means of p h o t o s y n t h e s i s s t o r e s energy i n trees and p l a n t s which can be converted t o l i q u i d f u e l suitable for i n t e r n a l combustion engines. Ethanol could be produced t h i s way from c e l l u l o s e on a s c a l e s u f f i c i e n t to supply h a l f A u s t r a l i a ' s e s t i m a t e d needs f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n 2000 from f o r e s t p l a n t a t i o n s t o t a l l i n g 13 m i l l i o n ha. The process has been used on small s c a l e , b u t is n o t f u l l y developed. Rising energy c o s t s w i l l improve t h e p r o a p e c t s t h a t r e s e a r c h could make solar e t h a n o l c o m p e t i t i v e w i t h s y n t h e t i c f u e l s such a s o i l from Coal, and i n t r o d u c e a major renewable source of l i q u i d f u e l . (BIOCONVERSION, SYNFUELS, OVERVIEWS) ST77 17010

GAS PRODUCTION FROM MICRO ALGAE

Oswald, W.J., (Univ of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, a), p. 311-324, 1976, Clean Fuels from Biomass, Sewage, Urban Refuse, Agric Wastes, Orlando, FL, Jan 27-30, 1976, sponsored by I n s t O f G a s Technol, Chicago, IL Nitro a l g a e are a b l e t o f i x s o l a r energy i n t h e v i s i b l e spectrum w i t % d a i l y production of 1 0 t o 25 grams o f c e l l material p e r s q u a r e meter. The h e a t of combustion of t h e s e a l g a e is about 5 . 5 kilogram c a l o r i e s p e r gram and 5 0 t o 70 p e r c e n t of t h i s energy can be converted t o methane through anaerobic f e r m e n t a t i o n of t h e alga.. On t h e b a a i s of e x i s t i n g technology, it appears p l a u s i b l e to u t i L i z e l a r g e ponds f o r i n i t i a l f i x a t i o n o f energy and f o r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o € t h e energy t o mt5ane. W s t promising is an i n t e g r a t e d s o l i d waste and a l g a l bioqas f a c i l i t y i n which combustion o f d.ry wastes could be used t o g e n e r a t e p o w e r , r e l e a s e carbon d i o x i d e f o r a l g a e and h e a t t h e d i g e s t e r s . (BIOCONVERSION, SYSTEM-REVEIW)

ST77 1 7 0 1 1

THE LONG-RANGE

PROSPECTS FOR SOUR-DERIVED FUELS

P o l l a r d , W.G., American S c i e n t i s t , V 64:509-513, Smpt-Oct 1 9 7 6 , A77-12240 Solar-derived fuels a r e considered t o be t h o s e produced a n n u a l l y by g h o t o s y n t h e s i s i n c u r r e n t l y growiag p l a n t m a t e r i a l . The papar examines t h e p o t e n t i a l o f f u e l s d e r i v e d from t h e sun through photosynthesis f r o m the s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e i r commercial conversion a s an i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e world energy s y s t m i n Lbe long-range f u t u r e when r e s e r v e s of f o s s i l f u e l s , e s p e c i a l ly petroleum and n a t u r a l g a s , have been d e p l e t e d . A t t e n t i o n is focused on *&e p y r o l y s i s o f biomass t 3 produce s o l i d f u e l and methonol, a s w e l l a s on t S e p r o d u c t i o n of Liquid and gaseous ftlels by a p p r o p r i a t e techniques. I t i s shown that t h e long-range p r o s p e c t f o r t h e use of s o l a r energy through photosynthesis t o produce s o l i d , l i q u i d , and gaseous f u e l seems reasonably w e l l assured. T h e tec.hology f o r such f u e l s i s a l r e a d y w e l l developed and t h e i z e x t e n s i v e use a w a i t s

44

17016 a favorable p r i c e l e v e l for d e l i v e r e d biomass and a major s h i f t i n a g r i c u l t u r a l and s i l v a cul t x r a l p r a c z i c e . ( B I O C O N V E R S I G N , OVERVIEW, COXVERSION-TECXNOLOGYI

ST77 1 7 0 1 2

SOLAR EXERG'I COLLECTION BY BIOCONVERSION

S i t t o n , Q.C., Gaddy, J.L., (.Xissouri-Rolla, U n i v e r s i t y , R o l l a , XO) , New York, .-rican Institute cf Chemrcal Engineers, V 1:91-97, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t i h , S t a t e Line, Xevada, S e p t 12-17. 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12672 The l e a f system. or canopy, of a p a r t i c u l a r p l a n t serves a s a solar energy c o l l e c t i n g s u r f a c e . E f f i c i e n c i e s a s high a s 30.0 p e r c e n t have been r e p o r t e d f o r t i e conversion of i n c i d e n t r a d i a t i o n i n t o energy i n t h e form of biomass. U.S. l a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y f o r biomass production i s c o n s i d e r e d , t a k i n g , i n t o account the n o r t h c e n t r a l c r o p l a n e , c r o p wastes, and range and f o r e s t land. A t t e n t i o n is given t o biomass a s an energy mechanism, t h e p r o c e s s i n g of t h e biomass t o o b t a i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of methane f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n e x i s t i n g n a t u r a l gas p i p e l i n e s , and q u e s t i o n s of p r o c e s s economics. I t is found t h a t bioconversion of p l a n t matter t o methane g a s is economically a t t r a c t i v e a t t o d a y ' s f o s s i l f u e l energy prices. Technology and l a n d areas are a v a i l a b l e t o employ this process on a l a r g e s c a l e today. (SCONOMICS, UNITED-STATES) ST77 17013

FEASIBILITY O F MEETING THE ENERGY NEEDS O F ARMY BASES W I T R SELF-GENERATED FUELS DERIVED FROM SOLAR ENERGY PLANTATIONS (APPENDICES A , E , AND C)

Szego, G.C., ( I n t e r t e c h n o l o g y Cor?, Warrenton, V A ) , 321 p . , BO31 164/7WE, PC A14/ME' A 0 1 Yo A b s t r a c t d v a i l a b l e ST77 17014

J u l y 1976, ITC-260675-App,

AD-

CLEAN FUELS FROM AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY WASTES

Efston, L.W., (Georgia I n s t . of Tech., A t l a n t a , GA), Tats=, Z.W., Colcord, A.R., Knight, J.A., 118 ?., Apr 1976, E?A/600/2-76/090, PB-2S9 956/1WE The r e p o r t g i v e s r e s u l t s of an experimental i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the o p e r a t i n g pasameters for a n o b i l e w a s t e conversion system baaed on the Georgia Tech Engineering Experiment S t a t i o n ' s p a r t i a l o x i d a t i o n p y r o l y s i s process. The o b j e c t of the t e s t i n g w a s t o determine a e combination Of parameters producing t h e m o s t c h a r and o i l and the l e a s t gas from a g r i c u l t u r a l -6 foresm wastes. The t e s t i n d i c a t e d both t h e dominant i n f l u e n c e of a i r / f e e d on c h a r and o i l y i e l d s , and d e s i r a b i l i t y of low v a l u e s of this r a t i o . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e t e s t i n g , a p r s l i m i n a r y d e s i g n ox a 200 ton/day mobile p y r o l y s i s system f o r conversion of a g r i c u l t u r a l and f o r e s t r y wastes i n t o c l e a n f m l s w a s made and a simplified economic a n a l y s i s conducted. The r e s u l t s of tixis work i n d i c a t e t!ae t e c h n i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y and t h e economic p r o f i t a b i l i t y o f such a system. ( ~ I O C ~ ~ R S I OSYNFUELS, N, ZCOWOMICS) ST77 17015

=DEW

FUELS FROM BIOMASS ENERGY PROGRAM

Ward, El., ( U . S . ERDA, Washington, DC), For Prod J , V 26:60-64, N9, 6 r e f s . S e p t 1976 Fuel f r o n biomass, c o n s i d e r e d an i n d i r e c t form of s o l a r energy, w a s i d e n t i f i e d a s p a r t of an o v e r a l l s o l a r energy program. A comprehensive 5-year program of r e s e a r c h , development, and demonstration has been developed. me major program elements m c l u d e : f u e l s from a g r i c u l t u r a l and f o r e s t r y r e s i d u e s , t e r r e s t r i a l biomass production and conversion, marine biomass production and c o n v e r s i o n , and b a s i c and advanced r e s e a r c h . (BIOCONVERSION, S m U E L s ) ST77 17016

AND ENERGY PRODUCTION BY SIOCONVERSION O F WASTE MATERIALS

- STATE-OF-TEE-ART

Ware, S.A., (Ebon 3esearch Systems, S U v e r Springs, MD), 78 p., Aug 1976, EPA/600/2-76/148, PB-258 499/3WE This r e p o r t is a s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t suarmary of b i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s f o r c o n v e r t i n g waste c e l l u l o s i c m a t e r i a l s ( a g r i c u l t u r a l , municipal and lumbering wastes) t o f u e l s . I t indicates t h e l o c a t i o n s and q u a n t i t i e s of s u i t a b l e wastes and d i s c u s s e s t h e s t a t u s of the c u r r e n t proc e s s i n g schemes. The p r o c e s s e s d i s c u s s e d are: Acid h y d r o l y s i s followed by f e r m e n t a t i o n ; enzyme h y d r o l y s i s followed by fermentation; anaerobic d i g e s t i o n of manure and municipal s o l i d waste; and, S i o p h o t o l y s i s . (OVERVIEWS)

45

18,000

RESICE~ITIAL

ST77 18000

TEIE IMPACT OF SOLAR BEATING AND COOLIXG O F HOMES ON ?XE ZLECTRIC U T I L i 9

Aseltine, R.,

(Tennessee, U n i v e r s i t y , Knoxville, T ? U , Mew Y o r k , I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers, I n c . , p. 174-176, 1976, I n Engineering i n a Changing Economy; Proceedings of t h e Southeast Xegion 3 Conference, Clenson. SC, Apr 5-7, 1 9 7 6 , A76-47201 24-99, A76-47225 An i n t u i t i v e a n a l y s i s of t h e p o s s i b l e impact of s o l a r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g of homes On t h e e l e c t r i c u t i l i t y i s made. Consideration is given t o t h e load imposed by e l e c t r i c a l backup u n i t s , and how t h i s r e l a t e s t o t h e need :or a d d i t i o n a l g e n e r a t i o n and t r a n s m i s s i o n f a c i l i t i e s . A r e d u c t i o n i n the short term weather s e n s i t i v e load through t h e normal o p e r a t i o n Of s o l a r u n i t s i s shown t o y i e l d a savings i n d a i l y g e n e r a t i o n c o s t s , however, c a r e f u l c o o r d i n a t i o n O f t h e v a r i o u s systems must be implemented f o r maximum e f f i c i e n c y . (RESIDENTIAL, ECONOMICS, P m - L O A D I N G ) ST77 18001

NEW CONCEPTS I N S O U R PHOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRIC POWER SYSTE.X.5 DESIGN

Federmann, E.F., Ferber, R.R., P i t t m a n , P.F., Chowaniec, C.R., (Westinghouse Electric C O W . , P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1308-1315, 1 9 7 6 , I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e L i n e , Nevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, AZ7-12817 R e s u l t s a r e presented for a study of three types of v i a b l e s o l a r a h o t o v o l t a i c e l e c t r i c mwer systems. The f i r s t is an o n - s i t e r e s i d e n t i a l power system with an o u t g u t ranying from 1 t o 10 kw: L5e second is an i n t e r m e d i a t e power system w i t h an o u t p u t i n t h e range 1 0 0 jw to 10 XW f o r l o c a t i o n n e a r an i n d u s t r i a l or commercial load; and t h e t h i r d is a c e n t r a l power System with an o u t g u t varying betwaen 90 and 1 0 0 0 MW t o be l o c a t e d remote from urban a r e a s . The r e s i d e n t i a l power s y s t e m is d i s c u s s e d r e l a t i v e t o system d e s c r i p t i o n and a p p l i c a t i o n , slystam e v a l u a t i o n elements, energy balance program, and system p o t e n t i a l . The i n t e r n e d i a t e power system is examined i n terms of system d e s c r i p t i o n , u t i l i t y ownership, and proprietor-ownership. The central power system is an i n s e p a r a b l e p a r t of a t o t a l u t i l i t y system. If one assumes that c o s t o b j e c t i v e s for tae p h o t o v o l t a i c m a t e r i a l s a r e achieved, t h a t t h e r e is an e f f e c t i v e precommercialization phase, t h a t t h e r e a r e r i s i n g energy c o s t s , and t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n a l problems a r e r e s o l v e d , then the r e s u l t would be widespread acceptance of a l l three types of systems. (RESIDENTIAL, IXDUST~ALCOMMERCIAL, L A R G Z - S U OVERVIEW) ST77 18002

SOLAR POWER ROOF SHINGLE

F o r e s t i e r i , A.F., Ratajczak, A . F . , S i d o r a k , L.C., (NASA, L e w i s ) , Dec 1975, 075-10289 I t is designed a s a roof A r e c e n t l y designed s i l i c o n solar c e l l module does double duty. s h i n g l e f o r residences and similar structures, and provides both t h e all-weather p r o t e c t i o n of a s h i n g l e as w e l l a s the electrical power o f a s o l a r c e l l module. The module c o n s i s t s O f a r r a y of c i r c u l a r s u i c o n s o l a r c a l l s bonded t o a f i b e r g l a s s s u b s t r a t e roof s h i n g l e wit!! d f l u o r i n a t e d et!!ylene propylene (FEP) encapsulant. ( RESIDENTIAL,

ST77 18003

PHOTOVOLTAIC)

DEFINITION STUUY FOR PRTOTVOLTAIC RESIDENTIAL PROTOTYPE SYSTEM

FINAL REPORT

Imamura, M.S., H u l s t r o m R . , Cookson, C., Waldman, B.H., (Brooks Waldman Assoc.), Lane, R., (Martin Marietta Gorp-, Denver, C O ) , NASA-CR-135056, NAS3-19768, 303 p . , MCR-76-394, ERDA/NASA19768, N77-13533 Avai1:NTIS A parametric s e n s i t i v i t y study and d e f i n i t i o n o f the concaptual design is p r e s e n t e d . A computer program c o n t a i n i n g t h e s o l a r i r r a d i a n c e , solac a r r a y , and energy balance models was developed t o determine the s e n s i t i v i t i e s of s o l a r i n s o l a t i o n and t h e corresponding solar a r r a y o u t p u t a t f i v e s i t e s s e l e c t e d for t h i s study as w e l l M t h e performance of s e v e r a l s o l a r a r r a y / b a t t e r y s y s t e m . A b a s e l i n e e l e c t r i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n was chosen, and t h r e e d e s i g n o p t i o n s were recommended. The study i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e most s e n s i t i v e p a r a m e t e r s are t h e s o l a r i n s o l a t i o n and t h e i n v e r t e r e f f i c i e n c y . The b a s e l i n e PST sdected is comprised of a 133 SG M solar a r r a y , 2 5 0 ampere hour b a t t e r y , one t o t h r e e i n v e r t e r s , and a f u l l s h u n t r e g u l a t o r t o l i m i t t h e upaer s o l a r a r r a y voltage. A minicomputer c o n t r o l l e d system i s recommended t o provide t h e o v e r a l l c o n t r o l , d i s p l a y , and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n requirements. A r c h i t a c t u r a l r e n d e r i n g s of t w o photov o l t a i c r e s i d e n t i a l concepts, one above ground and the o t h e r underground, a r e p r e s e n t e d . The i n s t i t u t i o n a l problems were d e f i n e d i n t h e a r e a s of l e g a l l i a b i l i t i e s d u r i n g and a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e PST, l a b o r p r a c t i c e s , b u i l d i n g r e s t r i c t i o n s and a r c h i t e c t u r a l g u i d e s , and l a n d use. ( COMPUTZR- PZOGRAM

ST77 1 8 0 0 4

, ARCSITECTURE1

PERFORMANCE AND COST AN;cLYSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEXS FOR ON-SITE RESIDENTIAL AP?LICXTIONS

K i q i c b , A., Shepard, N.F., Jr., Irwi3, S.E., (General E l e c t r i c Co., Space Div., Valley Forge, PA), Sew York, american I n s t i t u t e of chemical Engineers. V 2:1300-1307, 1 9 7 6 , I n I n t e r s o c i e t y

46

Energy Conversion Zngineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line, Nevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, h77-12562 02-44, A77-12816 R e s u i t s a r e p r e s e n t e d f a r t h e performance a n a l y s i s of an o n - s i t e r e s i d e n t i a l p h o t o v o l t a i c sower system, both w i t ? and without energy s t o r a g e . For systems w i L ? energy s t o r a g e , a d i r e c t ( o r f l o a t ) charge system implementation with a lead-acid b a t t e r y was s e l e c t e d , whereas f o r systems without energy s t o r a g e a maxinun power t r a c k i n g OC/AC i n v e r t e r was used t o provide t h e i n t e r f a c e between t5e s o l a r a r r a y and t h e u t i l i t g . The system performance s e n s i t i v i t y t o t!!e number of s o l a r c e l l s i n t!!e a r r a y and t o Lke s o l a r roof slope a n g l e i s d i s c u s s e d . The r e s u l t s of systern i e r f o m a n c e c a l i b r a t i o n s f o r t?e b a t t e r y and no-battery c a s e s a r e used a s a b a s i s f a r a m d i f i a a Oresent wor6k c o s t a n a l y s i s t o determine the ? r e f e r r e d system s i z i n g a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Xajor conclusions a r e that f o r average s i z e a l l - e l e c t z i c t h e ninimum c o s t of energy supplied. houses o n - s i t e r e s i d e n c e p h o t o v o l t a i c systems with energy s t o r a g e can achieve energy d i s p l a c a ments varying from 38 t o 80% f o r t h e range of U.S. weather c o n d i t i o n s , and t h a t systems w i t h o u t energy s t o r a g e can achieve energy displacements ranging from 31 t o 98%. (ECONOMICS, STORAGE) ~

~ 1800s 7 7

CO~WOSITE RESIDENTIAL POWER SLTBLY SYSTEXS EXEXGY SOURCES

-

A PIIOOJECTION

- ALTERNATE DOMESTIC

a a t t e r s o n , I . B . , (USAP, Space and M i s s i l e T e s t C a t e r , Vandenberg AFB, a), American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s , Inc., Vandenberg, CA, Western B e r i o d i c a l s Co., North Hollywood, Ch, p. 49-57, 1976, I n Symposium on A l t e r n a t e Fuel Resources, Santa iMariar CB, Mar 25-27, 1976, ? r o c e e d i n g s , X76-47287 24-44, A76-47292 The paper p r e s e n t s a b r i e f survey of a l t e r n a t e energy s o u r c e s , w i t h s p e c i a l e w h a s i s on s m a l l - s c a l e solax enerqy sources. Energy sources a r e d i s c u s s e d r e l a t i v e t o c a p i t a l s o u r c e s (petroleum, c o a l , a t c . ) , c o n t r o l l e d f u s i o n processes, renewable s o u r c e s ( h y d r o e l e c t r i c , geot n e r n a l , t i d a l , e t c . ) , and solar energy ( p h o t o c e l l s , focused c o l l e c t o r s , and f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s ) . Xeatzng and c o o l i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s of s o l a r energy a r e i n d i c a t e d . The reason f o r t h e d e c l i n e of s o l a r w a t e r h e a t e r s is reported t o be a s t r o n g promotion campaign t o have everyone s w i t c h to utility-powered w a t e r h e a t e r s . The main a r e a s of a c t i o n should be t o educate -he p u b l i c concerning s o l a r energy and t o take s t e p s t o make i t s ?we economical. (COWAAISONS, SOCIO-ECONOMICS) ST77 1 8 0 0 6

AiV WTEG2ATED PHOTOVOLTZUC/TXERMAT HIGH INTEXSITY SOLAR ENERGY SYSTREY ' (HISESl

CONCEPT FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS S a t e r , B.L., Goradia, C., (Cleveland State U n i v e r s i t y , Cleveland, OH), New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1316-1323, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engin e e r i n Conference, llth, S t a t e L i n e , Nevada, Sept 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44 A7 7 12118 An i n t e g r a t e d p h o t o w l t a i c / t h e r m a l high i n t e n s i t y solar energy system (HISIS) concept is p r e s e n t e d f o r r e s i d e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n . The design o f a 36 Sq m HISES which can supply a l m o s t t h e e n t i r e energy f o r t h e h e a t i n g , air c o n d i t i o n i n g , h o t w a t e r and e l e c t r i c a l n e e d s of an 1800 Sq f t model home in Albuquerque, Nu is d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l . I t a p p e a r s t h a t the YISES concept can be implemented i n ttte very n e a r f u t u r e ana t h a t it is c o s t e f f e c t i v e i n terms of both d o l l a r v a l u e and energy payback. A t an i n s t a l l a t i o n r a t e of about 500,000 BISES p e r y e a r , a 36 Sq m HISES is e s t i m a t e d t o c o s t less than $4,500, while providing over 45,000 kwhr/yt of t!!ermal energy a t $O.O072/kwthr and over 1 0 , 0 0 0 b h r / y r of electzical energy a t $0.02,4cwehr and r e s u l t i n g i n an e q u i v a l e n t f u e l savings of o w 30 m i l l i o n b a r r e l s of o i l t o t a l p e r y e a r .

-

(ECONOMICS)

ST77 18007 Shepard, N.F.,

DEFLVITION STVDY FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC RESIDENTIAL PROTOTYPE SYSTEM L a d e s , R., Kornrumpf, I . P . , (General Electric Co., P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , NASA-CR271 p . , DOC-76SDS4225, 377-13532

1 3 5 0 3 9 , NAS3-19769,

Avai1:NTIS A s i t e e v a l u a t i o n was performad t o a s s e s s the r e l a t i v e merits of d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s of t h e c o u n t r y . i n terns of the s u i t a b i l i t y f o r experimental g h o t o v o l t a i c powered r e s i d e n c e s . E i g h t s i z e s w e r e s e l e c t e d based on e v a l u a t i o n c r i t e r i a which included p o p u l a t i o n , p h o t o v o l t a i c systems i e r f o m a n c e and t h e c o s t of e l e c t r i c a l energy. A parametric s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s was performed f o r f o u r s e l e c t e d s i t s l o c a t i o n s . M a l y t i c a l models were developed f o r four d i f f e r e n t power system implementation approaches. Using t h e model which r e p r e s e n t s a d i r e c t (or f l o a t ) charge system implementation t h e perfor;nance s e n s i t i v i t y t o t h e following parameter v a r i a t i o n s is r e p o r t e d (1) s o l a r roof slope angle; ( 2 ) r a t i o of the number of series c e l l s i n t h e s o l a r a r r a y t o t h e number of series c e l l s i n the lead-acid b a t t e r y : and ( 3 ) b a t t e r y s i z e . For a Cleveland s i t e l o c a t i o n , a system w i t h no on s i t e energy s t o r a g e and w i + A a maximum power t r a c k i n g i n v e r t e r which f e e d s back excess power t o the u t i l i t y was shown t o have 19 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r n e t system Oucput tfian t h e second p l a c e system. The experiment test i l a n is d e s c r i b e d . The l o a d c o n t r o l ~ 8i;c::a=d. and i a t a a c q u i s i t i o n system and &e 6aca d i s p i a y panei f o r Lye r s ~ i d e n tszs

( S I T E CONPAR\RISONS, .*THEMATIC=

MODELS, UTILITY-IMTEGXATION)

47

19,1100

-

OTHER

- HYCRGGEPI

PRGEI!CTIO:I,

LARGE SCALE PHOTOVOLTAIC, ETC,

Seam, B.H., H a n s e n , C.F., (Beam Sng I n c , Sunnyvale, C A ) , Con€ R e c of the IEEE P h o t o v o l t a i c S p e c Conf, I l t h , S c o t t s d a l e . AZ, May 6 - 8 , 1975, P u b l by IEEE, New York, N Y , p. 332-337, 1975, C a t ?175 CVO 9 4 8 -OED C a l c u l a t i o n s and e x p e r i s e n t a l d a t a a r e presented l e a d i n g t o t h e development of a p r a c t i c a l , economical s o l a r p h o t o v o l t a i c power supply. The concept involves c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s u n l i g h t up t o about LOO t i m e s normal s o l a r i n t e n s i t y i n a s o l a r t r a c k i n g c o l l e c t o r and d i r e c t i n g t h i s t 0 an a r r a y Of s o l a r cel-1s. The c e l l s a r e immersed i n water c i r c u l a t e d from a thermal reservoir which limits c e l l temperature rise t o about 2OoC above ambient d u r i n g the day and which cools t o ambient temperature d u r i n g t h e n i g h t . Experiments were conducted on s o l a r cells using a F r e s n e l l e n s f o r magnification, a t e l e s c o p e e q u a t o r i a l mount with clock d r i v e , and t a p water c i r c u l a t e d through t h e s o l a r c e l l h o l d e r c a v i t y . T e s t results show t h a t c e l l s o p e r a t e s a t u f a c t o r i l y under these c o n d i t i o n s . P o w e r o u t p u t s achieved experimentally with c e l l optimized f o r 25 suns were l i n e a r with Concentration t o about 15 suns. C e l l s optimized f o r 1 0 0 suns were n o t a v a i l a b l e , but a corresponding l i n e a r r e l a t i o n of power o u t p u t with c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s a n t i c i p a t e d . T e s t results have been used i n a deaign a n a l y s i s of t h e c o s t of systems u t i l i z i n g t h i s teChniWe. (TEST-DATA, SYSTEM--SI) ST77 19001

PERFORMANCE OF SILICON SOLAR CELLS UNDER CONCENTRATION

Ho, J.C.T., R u t h , W.T., (Mobil Tyco S o l a r Energy Corp., Waltham, LMA), Electrochemi c a l S o c i e t y , Xnc., P r i n c e t o n , N J , p. 237-263, 1976, I n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposirrm on S o l a r Energy, Washington, DC, Lilaay 5-7, 1976, Proceedings, A76-47051 24-44, A76-47067 Generally s o l a r c e l l s have been designed and f a b r i c a t e d t o work wib& u n i t s o l a r f l u x . A cell optimized f o r such c o n d i t i o n s d e f i n i t s l y i s n o t b e s t f o r use under c o n c e n t r a t i o n . A t h e o r e t i c a l model of a S i s o l a r c e l l was developed t o h e l p w i t h t h i s o p t i m i z a t i o n and then compared t o experimental measurements made on commercial s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t cells a t concentrat i o n s between 1 and 10 s u a . Such moderate c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e t h o s e encountered f o r ColleCtOrS such as t h e s i d e mirror r e f l e c t o r , l i n e a r F r e s n e l l e n s or compound p a r a b o l i c c o l l e c t o r which do n o t r e q u i r e d i u r n a l UACkhg. The e x c e l l e n t agreement w i t h t h e o r y encourages us t o b e l i e v e the model is u s e f u l in p r e d i c t i n g performance under c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r guidance i n improving t i e design.

Bell, R.O.,

(PHOTOVOLTAICS, DESIGV-REVIEW) ST77 19002

CONVERSION O F SOLAR ENERGY BY PHOTOSYNTXESIS TO OBTAIN MOLECULAR HYDROGEN

Berezin, S.V., Varfolomeev, S.D., ( S t a t e Univ im. n. V. Lomonosov, mscon, USSR), G e l i o t e k h n i k a , p. 60-73, XJ3, 25 r e f s , i976, I n Russian A g e n e r a l surrrey is given of t h e state of t h e a r t of hydrogen production from water by photosynthesis using solat anergy. S o v i e t and f o r e i g n r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s a r e summrd up. (OVERVIZW, SOVIET-UNION)

ST77 19003

SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION

- TEE CHEMICAL VIEWPOINT

Boer, K.W., (Delaware, U n i v e r s i t y , Newark, D E ) , Resource Recovery and Conservation, V 2:s-21, Aug 1976, X76-47695 The paper reviews s o l a r energy conversion technology w i t h a t t e n t i o n given t o photochemical r e a c t i o n s (bioconversion t o f u e l s , and thermochemistry), d i r e c t conversion of s u n l i g h t i n t o e l e c t r i c i t y ( t h e r m o e l e c t r i c and p h o t o v o l t a i c c o n v e r s i o n ) . The s o l a r one concept O f deploying s o l a r c e l l s f o r heat and e l e c t r i c i t y is i l l u s t r a t e d by the example of t h e Delaware s o l a r one house. Economic a s p e c t s of s o l a r energy conversion a r e d i s c u s s e d and schedules a r e p r e s e n t e d ,Cor p o s a i b l e l a r g e s c a l e deployment. (PHOTOVOLTAICS, REAT-i?EJECTION, ECONOMICS, OVERVIEWS) ST77 19004

ON HEAT REJECTION FROM TZRRESTRIAL SOLAR CELL ARRAYS W I T H SUNLIGHT CONCENTRATION

F l o r s c h u e t z , L.W., (Arizona S t a t e Univ, Tempe, A Z ) , Conf Rec of t h e IEEE P h o t o v o l t a i c Spec Conf, 11th. S c o t t s d a l e , A Z , Wy 6-8, 1975, P u b l by IEEE, New York, N Y , p. 318-326, 1975, Cat SJ75CY0948OED A simple model f o r preliminary assessment of c o o l i n g system requirements f o r h e a t r e j e c t i o n from s o l a r c e l l s s u b j e c t e d t o concentrated s o l a r i r r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s is p r e s e n t e d , baaed on e f f e c t i v e thermal conductance concept. S e v e r a l b a s i c p a s s i v e and a c t i v e c o o l i n g schemes a r e analyzed, and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e e f f e c t i v e thernal conductance v a l u e s determined. R e s u l t s show t h a t passive c o o l m g t o ambient a i r with extended s u r f a c e s can accommodate i r r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s achieva b l e with p r a c t i c a l l i n e a r o r trough type c o n c e n t r a t o r s , b u t performance w i l l depend on adequate l o c a l wind c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Once through f o r c e d c o o l i n g with ambient a i r i s n o t a v i a b l e

48

19008 a l t e r n a t i v e . For i r r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s t - i c a l o f water c o o l i n g should be adequate. ( PHOTOVOLTAICS

ST77 19005

of s a r a b o l o i d c o n c e n t r a t o r s , a p p r o p r i a t e t y p e s

, COOLZXG-SYST'SMS)

HYDROGEN SEO-ARATION AND COMP?.ESSION THROUGH HYDRIDE FORMATION XND DISSOCIATION aY LOW-LEVEL SEAT

Gidaspow, D., Liu, Y., ( I n s t i t u t e of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL), Xew York, .American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 1:920-925, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Confere n c e , 11th. S t a t e Line, Uevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, 877-12662 0 2 - 4 4 , A77-12770

A process making it p o s s i b l e t o e f f e c t hydrogen s e p a r a t i o n from methane and compression of hydrogen i n t o h y d r i d e s , using low-level h e a t (waste h e a t , o r solar enerqy from f l a t g l a t e c o l l e c t o r s ) and e l i m i n a t i n g an expensive cryogenic s e p a r a t i o n s t e p , is described. The hydrogen product s t r e a m can be d e l i v e r e d a t pressures up t o 1000 PSIG, w i t h methane, C02, and N2 removed. and LaNiS a r e proposed a s s o r b e n t s i n the s e p a r a t i o n s t e p . Hydrogen Alloys of Fe-Ti, Fe-Ti-Ni, production from biomass p a r t i a l l y o x i d i z e d w i t h a i r i s considered, a s w e l l a s hydrogen removal from methane-hydrogen mixtures r e s u l t i n g i n c o a l g a s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s or from c o a l g a s e s produced by ia s i t u coal g a s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s , f o r production of p i p e l i n e q u a l i t y gas w i t h o u t a cryoseparation step. (OVERVIZW)

ST77 19006

PHOTOVOLTAICS AND BIOMASS UTILIZATION

Johnson, A.C., ('XITRE C o r p . , Bedford, MA), Washington, iJC, Goverraent I n s t i t u t e s , I n c . , p . i38152, 1976, I n Energy Technology I11 Commercialization; Proceedings of the Third Conference, Washington, OC, M u 29-31, 1976, X76-45226 23-44, A76-45240 The direct conversion o f s u n l i g h t i n t o e l e c t r i c i t y by p h o t o v o l t a i c c e l l s , and the production of h e a t o r f u e l s from o r g a n i c wastes o r from l a n d o r water crops grown f o r energy purposes, a r e two a p p l i c a t i o n s o f s o l a r energy which offer c o n s i d e r a b l e promise f o r t h e midterm. .3esearch, Cevelopment and demonstration can produce more e f f i c i e n t and reliable p h o t o v o l t a i c systems and b e t t e r proCuction methods; more e f f i c i e n t biomass p r o d u c t i o n , c o l l e c t i o n and conversion p r o c e s s e s ; and optimized s y s t e m f o r the u t i l i z a t i o n o f bot!! these energy sources.

-

(3IOCONVERSION, OVERVIEWS)

ST77 19007

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCZS FOR RYDROG2N PRODUCTION

M a r e h e t t i , C., ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e of Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A u s t r i a ) , Revue O e L'Zaergie, V 27:102-U2, Feb 1976, X77-11335, In E n g l i s h and French Various blue-sky approaches t o protiuction of hydrogen by novel low-cost t h e r m o d y n m i c a l l y e f t i c i e n t p r o c e s s e s w i t h e c o l o g i c a l c o m p a t i b i l i t y are p u t fort!^. Tapping of hydrogen s t o r e d i n t r e e s by u s i a g g e n e t i c a l l y engineered m i c r o f l o r a and suitable c o l l e c t o r s , s e c o n d a q recovery of c o a l , an energy-island concept of u s i n g nuclear f i s s i o n r e a c t o r s i n hydrogen production a t t e r a w a t t l e v e l s , hydrogen e x t r a c t i o n from "Aeraonuclear plasma, t a p p i n g solar energy by developi n g photothermal chemistry techniques and a p p r o p r i a t e semiconductors and soLid e l e c t r o l y t e s , and t a p p i n g m e l t i n g g l a c i e r ice and ocean thermal g r a d i e n t s are considered. The s t o r a b i l i t y , t r a n s p o r t a b i l i t y , f l e x i b i l i t y , and e c o l o g i c a l c o m p a t i b i l i t y o f hydrogen and t h e e c o l o g i c a l s a f e t y of a s s o c i a t e d e l e c t r o l y t i c p r o c e s s e s are pointed o u t . ( PHOTOTHERMAL-CONVERSION

ST77 19008

, OCEAN hT)

A SUIIVEY OF HYDROGEN PRODUCING PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS I N TROPICAL AiiD SUBTROPICAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTS

A., ( R o s e n s t i e l School of Marine and Atmospheric S c i e n c e , Miami. E%), NSF/RA-760203, 73 P . , 1976, PB-259 2i2/9WE The r s s e a r c h is concerned wit!! the concept of c o n v e r t i n g s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i n t o a u s a b l e f u e l , o r o t h e r p r o d u c t , v i a a b i o l o g i c a l conversion system. The study examines t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of e x p l o i t i n g t i e n a t u r a l hydrogen gas producing c a p a b i l i t y o f z a r i n e p h o t o s y n t h e t i c a i c r o o r j a n i s m s a s a source of f u e l f o r t h e f u t u r e . Included is a review of the working h y p o t i e s i s and t h e p r o g r e s s made w i t h i n the f i r s t of t h i s two-year p l a n aimed a t e s t i m a t i n g the p o s s i b i l i t y The most s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t of t!!e f i r s t y e a r ' s Of commercial a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h i s concapt. e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n is t h e discovery of a blue-green a l g a l s p e c i e s with remarkably high and s t a b l e hydrogen photoproduction c a p a b i l i t y . The discovery o f such a s t r a i n provides numerous opport*mities for further r e s e a r c h and a p p l i c a t i o n . Subsequent t o t h e s e experiinents, it w i l l now be f e a s i b l e to conceive of d e s i g n i n g a prototype hydrogen production p l a n t , a t l e a s t on a l a b o r a t o r y scale. FitSUi,

(OVZXVI~JS 1

49

19010 ST77 19009

RYDROGEN PRODUCTION U S I X G SOLAR .WDIATION

Chta, T., (Yokohana ? r a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y , Yokohama, J a p a n ) , Veziroglu, T . N . , (%lid. University, Csral Gables. FL), I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l of Bydrogen Energy, V 1:255-263, O c t 2 0 , 1976, X7713540 v a r i o u s w a t e r - s p l i t t i n g methods using s o l a r energy a r e reviewed and compared t o each o t h e r . D i r e c t thermal method has t!e h i g h e s t e f f i c i e n c y , however it poses d i f f i c u l t i e s because of t h e need f o r h e a t - r e s i s t i n g x a t e r i a l s . Thermochemical method becomes gromising i f corrosionr e s i s t i n g m a t e r i a l s a r e found. E l e c t r o l y t i c method is s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d and conventional. However, a hybrid system combining e l e c t r o l y t i c method with thermochemical and/or photochemical metbods Looks promising and i s b e l i e v e d t o result i n optimum conversion e f f i c i e n c i e s i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e . PhotoLysis and biochemical metbods a r e environmentally mast a c c e p t a b l e , b u t a r e of low conversion e f f i c i e n c i e s presently. (PHOTOTHERMAL-CONVERSION,

ST77 19010

COMPARISONS)

B I G i INTENSITY SOLAR CELL

- KEY

TO LOW COST PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER

S a t e r , B.L., Goradia, C., (NASA, L a w i s ) , Conf Rec o f t h e IEEE P h o t o v o l t a i c Spec Conf, llth, S c o t t s d a l e , A Z , May 6-8, 1975. Pub1 by IEEE, New York, NY, p. 356-363, 15 r e f s , 1 9 7 5 , Cat Y75CH0948-OED This p e e r d i s c u s s e s t h e problems a s s o c i a t e d with conventional s o l a r c e l l s a t high i n t e n s i t i e s and p r e s e n t s t h e design c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e "high i n t e n s i t y " (HI) solar c e l l whrch appears t o e l i m i n a t e t h e major problems. T e s t d a t a o b t a i n e d a t g r e a t e r than 250 a i r aass one ( A M l ) suns gave A peak o u t p u t power d e n s i t y of 2 w/cm**2 a t an e f f i c i e n c y exceeding 6 % w i t h an moptimized c e l l o p e r a t i n g a t over 100°C. ?.t appears t h a t o p e r a t i o n a t 1000 A M l suns a t e f f i c i e n c i e s g r e a t e r than 1 0 % is p o s s i b l e . A t 1 0 0 0 AM1 suns and 1 0 3 e f f i c i e n c y , t h e HI c e l l m n u f a c t u r i n g c o s t is e s t i m a t e d t o be 50.25/watt, with m u l t i maqawatt a n n u a l production c a p a b i l i t y a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g w i t h i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r . A high i n t e n s i t y solar system was analyzed t o determine i t s c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s and t o a s s e s s t h e bene f i t s of f u r t h e r improving HI c e l l e f f i c i e n c y . I t appears t h a t r e s i d e n t i a l s i z e d s y s t e m could be produced a t less than $1000/kw aeak electric p a r e r with s u b s t a n t i a l amounts o f thermal enesgy a v a i l a b l e f o r h e a t i n g and cooling. Because o f t h e i r s u p e r i o r high i n t e n s i t y g e r f O m n C e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s coapared to t h e conventional and v e r t i c a l m u l t i f u n c t i o n c e l l s , HI c a l l s and l i g h t c o n c e n t r a t o r s may be t h e key t o low c o s t p h o t o v o l t a i c power. (ECONOMICS, RESIDENTIAL, HEATING)

50

t

! I

.

AUTHOR INDEX

51

91:735

>

13012 3 IS?’?1 315032 0 10040 ?11?35 917331

017000 311375 316031 7 1 aooq 3 16032

,115003 015304 0 13020 316015

313013 314013 314032 3 12023 613994

013Or)Fj 3 13336 315303

010012 313012 0 19000

011030 012066 019901

010015 010014 3 12023 3 10023 010016 019002 311037 3 159t2

3 10622 013907

3 16005 31hO04 3 16003 blOOl7 315Q04 317032 3 19093 713314 0 15005 3 11009 3 13040 013035 015305

53

311779 314361 3 13J
a13314 ?15037 116339 3 13025 317033 9 15023 3 13009 013010 3 113 15 3 12007 311015 311311 316017 GI1312 3 :a93 1

3 12908 010021 3 17.314 0 10020 316306 311632

011013 ,319003 0 11032 312007 313308 ’lIOO44 01 1925 012009 31101*

011014 3 13035 313011 0 1331 1 010321 315334 012006 (315003 311315 0 10022 3 13023 910639

a13012 31131 3 319012 012010 3 1501 1 313237

317614

54

3l2311

F V A Y S , 0.L. 'IRrHIUG. G.A.9 FE3E2MANN. Eo'.

FELLS9

I.

'=ELTZ. FELTZ. F3LTZ.

L e v o

JR.

t.V. L e v o

FE2aFR. FXNNERTY

RoRo 9 W.R.

FXSHER.

POD.

FITZPATRICKv

5.00

FL3RSCHUETZv L.Yo F L G R S C I U E T Z . L.W. FORD. Q . FOREMAN. K o H o FOREST1 ERX AoF. FOX. ROD. FRALEYI O o Y o FRANCIS. E o J o G A O O Y I J.L.. GARG. P o GARTSXDE. Go GERVAISI R o L o CERVAIS. Q o L o GIBQAT. Re CIDASPOW. 0 0

G I L B E R T . B.L. CLE NDE.NN XNG.

I

G L E N N . 0.R. G O L X B E R S U C H I 3. GOODENOUCH, J O B . G O R A D I A I Co C O R A O I A. C . GORDON. C o E o CORMAN. Re GRAHAM. C O D . . JR. GRAVE,. Ho G R A Y 9 DOC. GREY* J CUPTAI B O P . GUPTA. Y o P o

HAFELE.

Wo

H A L L E T , ROW.. JRo HAMPL. E O F O I J R o HANNES. K O HANSEN. C o F o HANSEN. L o K o H A R D I E I ROW. H A R L I N C I OoK. H A R R I C A N . R. W O HARTEL. R o HAUSEQ. L O G . HAYNES. H o H o

55

315033 318091 3 13343 616337 9 16335 3 16003 31Rr)01 3 17604 9 16332 314001 319034 0 1201 1 610012 ,71601 3 018002 317005 0 10024 0 15004 3 17012 311015 3 17936 613613 313015 3 10025 319005 016013 013040 033043 313045 311017

618006 319010 0 1 IO06

311325 3 12312 311318 3 1301 4 3 16026 0 1331 4 013012 9 13027 313315 014004

0 13043

319.390 014091 3 1201 3 01301 1 312014 316015 0 100~s315309

HAZELTON. HEIL, G o !iE!NBUCK€Le

310012

TO

312915 J.H.

013015

FoJ.

910023

H E T Y E I . S.A. HCNDERMAN. J.0. HQ. J o C o T . HOERSTC=R, H e HORNBURG. C O D . HUOSONI E. H U L S T R O M . R. HUNDEMANN. A. S. HUNDEMANN. AoS. IHAMURA. M.S. INMAN. ROE. INMAN- ROE. IRWIN. S . E . JARVINEN. P o 0 0 J4YADEVAIAH. T.S. JENSEN. GOA. JENSEN. MOHO JOHNSON. AoCo JOHNSON Co C D JOHNSON W JONES. 8.00 JUSTf. Eo JUSTUS. COG. KADLEC. €.Go KATSON. R. K A U F F M A N , K.W. KEATCN. MOJO KEATON. MOL. KELLEHER HOD. KEHENY. L O G . K X E S L I N C . HOE. KXRPICHI A. KLASS. DOL. K L E SNKAUF. Wo KLEINKAUFe W o KLIUCHEVSKII. 1U.E. KNKGHT. JoAo K N O B B O U T * J.A. KNUTSEN C D A. KOEGERI E d . KOEHNE. R. KOELN. FOR. KONOPKA A. KORNRUYPF. W.2. KRAUSS. 0. KRENZI JmHo KULKARNI. So KUNIN. L o KUQTH. W.T.

015010 314004 319031 013040 315011 312006 018033 011020 311019 318003 3 17000 017001 018004 313017

HENOEL.

56

316038 015315 311021 3 19066 016016 3 16020 310017 011022 0 16009 616313 Q 12023 0 13020 0 10035 910312 315007 011023 310012 318004 017007 011324 013318 013036 317014 0 13040 313011 9 14602 913018 9 11024 315012 318007 0 16002

3 10333 012312 o 10042 319301

L A FQANCE. L LAITNER. So

o J o

LAMS SOH.

LANOES. R e LANSFORD. R.R. LAWRENCZ, J o LAWSON. C I A O -5.ESEr T O M . L E F R O X S . ROT. LEFRUISI ROT.

LEON. LESK.

H.1. KOA.

LSSKUVJAN. L O L O L I G O N S C. LINDAL. e. L I N O N E R I F. CI NSCBTT. a.s. LIOQ, N o L I S S A M A N . PeI3.S. LITTLE. A 0 0 0 L I T T L E . TOE. LIUI Y. LOWE. P . A . HA. F.S.7'. MACPHERSQN. H.C. MAGNGLI 9 0 . H A N N . 8.J. MANSOORIS GeA. M A R C H E T T I . C. H A R I A N O Y S K I s LOG. M A R S H A L L * W. MARVIN* H o H o MAUCHMER. MID. HAYCOCK, POD.

MAYDEW.

ROC.

MCSRIDEr Eon. YCCALLUH. 8 . H C C A S L I N . 8.0. HCFEEe R.H. YCGOWAN. J.G. NCKENNEY. 0.80 MCK tNNON. M e A * MCVE 1GH 9 J C HfTSUt. A i MORGAN* J O D I M O R R I S . J.F*

MORRISON.

?OF*

MORSE.

RON* MORSE. R O N . YORSE. R O N * HOW. C o c o MURPHY9 L O M I NESERAY. Y o I *

57

010012 0123:5 314093 3 18337 013312 316315 3 15C13 317038 0 133 19 0 13037 911325 011007 3 10940 3 1631 6 0 1501 1 3 1331 8 31601 1 3 13020 0 16022 312317 015014 319035 r) 1304c 0 1332 1 3 13044 31 1 326 010035 011027 9 19031 0 16023 3 13331 311923 016012 312918 3 166935 0 130 1 4 311329 310012 0 13322 615335 311030 0 1301 1 011031 3 19003 Q 16032 314602 311013 311932 311933 3 17003 311013 3 13023 310912

CJ11334 3 1531 3 3 13024 313323 3 11335 0 1201 2 312023 019009 3 13-328 3 13C%O 015915 016013 0 12013 013036 017010 015015 616302 313012 3 15005 3 10034 012019 015036 3 10044 013011 611037 9 10335 313313 3 1800 1 0 1701 1 011039 3 1201 2 010036 312012 3 imoa 0 11032 3 16023 313012 015007 3 15309 014001 018032 3 10044 3 14004 3 10037 015017 0 12023 0 12020 013016 3 10038 310612 316014 0 10039 3 10039

58

0 13040 0 1531 d

oOS?’. D o J o ?0T+FUS 9 R R e XVEGCI Ro SALIEVA. Ro30 S A L X E V A . ROB. S A L T E R . RoGo

SASSIN9

J 12021 0 11040 3 11939 911313 0 10027

Wo

S A T E R . 8.L. SATER. a o L o SATHAYE. J o A SAVIN09 J o

318206

019010 0 10342 316023 016015 910041 0 1‘322 0 13026 9 12623 3 13039 3 13035 0 1331 1 3 1601 1

o

SCHIERHOLZ. P O I Y O SCHMXOI L O C O SCHMIDT 9 R .No SCHRENK. C o L o SCHUCZE

s WOO. SERVAIS. RoAo SESSLER 9 CoLo

SHAFFER.

L o H o

SHAPTON.

UoRo

SHELDAHC.

016073

ROE.

SHEPARD. N o F o SHEPAR39 N o F o . SIDORAK. L O G O S I E MON 9 J R SILVER. EoGo SX.MON9 0 - I OH. SIMPSON. L O A .

JRo

S1RI n WOE* SITTON9 O a C o SKI N R 0 0 0 . A9Co SMITH. G O S O SHS TH, 0 O J M o SMITH. 0-J.H. SMITH. O o J o Y o SMITH. R 9 L o SHSTH. R . T o SYITH+ ROTO S O H E R V E L L e ‘d 0 - 0 9 SOUTHERLANO. So!?. S P E I S E R . 4.P. SP I ER I N GS 9 P A M SPRINGSR. T 9 H o S T A F F E L D T . E9Ee STALCUP. H O C . J9 S TE RMSC HEG STEVENS. T o H o STEVENS Wac. STOLL. R O O . STROMBERC. R 9’0 S T Y R I S-e D O L O Sdi. D o SWANS~NI RoK*

59

318037 0 19004 3 18002 317009 I) 10044 013027 a 13028 3LO052 917012 0 13023 316012

313031 313030 0 I3029 3 14034 316038 JQ

315016 3 16035 311396 313a4.3 0 16317 3 13032 0 10012 315903 0 13929 010012 310012 312’324 3 13633 3 1301 1 016006 316016

S A I X F T - H C O K . 0.1.

316313

SVIFT. 11.H. SYVERSgN e Co D o

3 10024

SZECO. G o t . T A K E T A N I r ti. T A L I B . A. TATOM. JoW. THAYER. M a THEOOC39E. L D THCMAS. THOMSCIY

Re We

Bo

TIEDEMANN. A*'.. JR TITMAN. P O S O T D R I A S . A. TDRKELSON. L e I o TREADWELL. G.W. TRUKHOV. V. So TWJSCELLO. V e C o TURNER. R.HD TURSUNSAEVI 1.40 TYE. RoP. UMAROV GD I A . VALERIOTE. E .MOL V A N HORN. A.J. VARFOL3MEEV 300. VENKATASEETY H Vo VENKATESETTY. H o V . WADDINGTON. O D WA<EFIELD. Gof. WALD. DoAo WALDMAN B OH WALKER. S O N O WA90. WA?E+

Re

SoA. WATSON. K O WEINHOLD. J o F . WEN* L e WHITTLE. C e E . WILLEM. 9 . A . WILSON. 0.8. W ILSON J o E WILSON. RmE. WU. C.C. WU. Y.C. YEHr H o YELLOT Jo I e YOUNG. R o e 0 YUDn'U. Bo ZAUORSK1. R o

60

3 16.319 017013 3 1301 3 315012 317314 312023 313039 3 16023 313032 316023 010012 311041 311342 011042 333036 0 13009 3 13034 313336 013035 013036 3 16021 313317 319002

'

313019 013037 9 13338 01201a 914004 318003 316322 017015 3 17016 316315 0 lQ044 313039 0 10044 310012 310012 3 13040 9 16322 315019 0 13039 313020 011043 0 16023 315012 31301 1

PERMUTED TITLE/SUBJECT TERM INDEX

.-

61

CEY-ADDITTCN# dXND-?OWERE3r T J ? 3 1 NES. SVERVIEkS. 3’TI M IZ/ I / ?€SEARCH. ECYNICAL-REPORT, W I N D M I L L ROTOR- T E S T - O A T A r RESS R E D O 2 T r 1973. E C O N O M I C S . U N I TED S T A T E S R SOUTHWESTERN Y O R < S H O P s CONFEQENCE. EDINCS. ~ 8 I O C O V V E R SOI N * EL3 PROCEEDINGS CONFERENCE. C S S Y M P O S I U M * E N E R G Y - O V E R V fE/ e ELECTRICI/ ENERGY-OVE4VIEW* SOCIO-ECONOMI/ RESIDENTIAL. ACTS. E\IVIR/ ECONOMIC-GROWTH* TEHBER 1 9 7 6 s E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W . €NE RGY -3 V E ? V I EW 9 ECONOMICS# FUSI ON. R V I EU G N Y E N T A L - I MP, I C A T I O N S . F U T U R E MZ’4 T-TRE”JDS9 ENERGY-OVEQVXEW SOLAR-OV E R V I EW E N E R G Y - 3 VER V I EW s EZ3NOMIC. ECONOMCC-3VE9VXEW. E N E R G Y - J V E R V 1EW* E N V I R O N M E N T . ENERGY-JVERVIEW. U T I L I Z A T I CN. - Q E / C O R R A D I A T I O N + REVE7SIBLE Y# THERMAL-ENERGY R T r ENERGY-JVERVfEW/ REGIONAL ER9s OCEAN DTS EVAPORATOG O C E A N 07. H E A T - € / ?ESL DENT I A L . ECONOMY H E A T I N G CLIYATE. E N E R G Y - O V E R V t EW 9 LOGY * MICHIGAN. E C O N O M I C S . E/ V L Z U . C O N V E R S I W SOLAR-ENERGY ILLINOIS. PROCEEDINGS. HZ45T‘REGICN+ SOUTH C A R O L I N A . COMPtJTER-PROGRAM* N4L-REPORT. NT. THERMAL-POWER. HELIOSTATr L A d s TAX I N C E N T I V S S ?ROPERTY UELS. OVERVIEWS# EYE R G Y - 3 V E ? V t E W + V E T SI/ S C L A R - E N E R G Y R E S E A R C H . SOLAR-ENERGY STATUS. E Q G Y - O V E R V I E W U T I L I Z A T I / FUEL € 3 PROGRESS-REPORT. JJNEI 19/ VERVIEW. N T I S-DATA-BASE@ UtND-POWER. d * ENVIRONMZNTI U*S.+OUSE ENERGY-OVEQVIEW.

FiE9ATI3Ns

OXY AERODYVAMIC-PERFORMANCE. W I Y D AERODYNAMICS. WIND T U R B I N E S I T AERODYNAMICS# A E R O O Y Y A M I C S M / T U Q B I N E S m PQOG EYERGY-OVERVIEW. AGRICULTURE 4IRLIE-HOUSE-VA. M A R C H 1976. E A L G A E - P R O D U C T I O N + ECONON ICs# J U L Y 1975. E N E R G Y - 0 ALTA-UTAH. A L T E R N A T E R E S O J R C E S I P R 3 C E E D 1’4 1975-2000 A L T E R N A T E RESOURCES. A L T E R N A T E SaURCES. CCNPARISONS A L T E R N A T I V E ENERGY. SOCI AL-IMP ALTERNAT IVE-F’JSLS R /VADA* SEP ALTERNA T W E - R Z SOURCESS A L T E R N A T I V E - S 3 U g C E S 9 SOLAR-OVE ALTERNATIVES. ENERGY-OVERVIEW# ALTERNATIVES. SOCIO-ECONOMICS# A L T E R N A T XVE S # A L T E R N A T X V E S# ALTERNAT IVESM A L T E R N A T 1 V E S # / IV E - S T A N D A R D S 9 ALTERNAT I V E S R /NITED-KINGDOM. AMMONIA. THERMAL-POWER. DESIGN CONVERSION-EFF I C I E N C ANALYSI S A N A L Y S I S , VOLUME-1. F I N A L REP0 A N A L Y T I C A L STUDY 9 H E A T EXCHANG ANALYTICAL STUDY VAPOR-FLOW, AND COOL I N G s E L E C T R I C - U T IL I T Y 9 ANTHRO?OG&NIC-I MPACTN A P P L X C A T I O N STUDY. WIYD-TECHNO APPLICATIONS. 1376s S O L A R - O V E R APR 1L 1915- S O L A R - O V E R V I E W # A P R I L 1976. E C O N O M I C - O V € R V I E W # ARCHITECTURE# / R E S I D E N T I A L FI A R R A Y * DESI G N - R E V I E W @ I W E R - P L A ASSESSMENTSI /TE-CEGISLATION. AUSTRALIA. BIOCONVERSION. SYNF CONFERENCE-PAPERS 9 A U S T R A L X A. AUSTRALIA. SOLAR-OVERVIEW, CON AUSTRAL I A s SOLAR-OVERVIEW* A V A I L A a I L I T Y . POWER-%ANTS. EN B E A R I N G L E S S R O T O R * WIND TWRB IN 81 S L I O G R A P H Y - 1 ‘ 4 DEXES. E N E Q G Y - 0 B I B L I 3 G R A P H Y + CANADA# BIRLIOGRAPHY E C O N O M I C - O V E R V TE B I B L I O G R A P H Y # /-1975. VOLUME-1 81OCONVERS I ON. ALGAE-PRODUCT I D N e ECONOYICS# CRV IEWS# EYERGY-AGRI CJLTURE. B I O C O N V E R S I O N S C C H P A R I SUNS. OV BIOCONVERSION. ECONOMICS. U N I T ED- S T A T E S + ECO NOMIC. C O N V E R S I ~ N I OVE?VIEWS. BIOCONVERSION. HETHANEI / e T O S Y Y T H E 5 IS 9 ENERGY-RESOUR CE, B I O C O Y V E R S I O N * (3 VERV IE’dS LARG R S I ON-/ L O N G - R A N G E PQOSPECTS. B I O C O N V E R S I O N * OVERVIEW. CCNVE

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8 I O C O N V E R S I ON, O V E q V IE U S # 3 1 3 C O N V E R S I O N r JVEQVXE’AS R BIOCONVE2SION. OVERVIESSR BIOCCNVERSION. OVEQVIEMSH RXCICONVERS I O N . RENEWA6LE 9ESOU BIOCONVERSION. SOCI3-ENVIRONYE B ~ O C C N V E R S I D N I S Y N F U E L S . OVERV 8 I ClCUNVERS I ON 9 S Y N F U E L S # B I O C O N V E R S I ON, SYNFUELS ECONO BXOCONVERSIONI UhITED-ST ATES. B I O M A S S . WIND. T I D A L . COMPARIS 8LADE-OESfGN. WlND, ECONCMICS# BLADE-OESIGNN 8 0 3 K . ENERGY-OVERVIEW. EhVIRON BRAZIL. SOLAR-OVERVIEW* PR CALIFORNIA E L E C T R I C I T Y SUPPLY CA-ORXMETRY THERMAL-POWERI IN CANAOAl CAC70LXNA. A P R I L 1976. E C O Y O M I C C E L L . PHOTOVOLTAIC-POWER. ECGN CELLS. CONCENTRATION. PHOTOVOL C E N T R A L - R E C Z I V E R 9 PROGRESS R E P CENTRAL-RECEIVER 9 RESEARCH PRO CENTRAL-RECEIVER STORAGE. COM C E N T R A L - R E C E I V E R 9 THERMAL-POWE C E N T R A L - R E C E f V E R il STGRACE. CENTR4L-RECE KVER # CENTNAL-TOWER# / I Q U I D METAL. H CENTRAL-UNITED-STATES# /NEU--EN CHEMICAL-ENERGY 9 NON-EXPANDABL C H E M K C A L . P H O T O V c l l T A I CS. HEATC L I M A T E S E N E R G Y - O V E R V I EU. A N T H C L I MATOCOGY # ENVIRONMENT COLLECTOR MANUFACTURING. 1976. C3LLECTOR-F I E L O THERMAL-POWER COLLECTCIR-FIELO# /STICSs THERM COLLECTORS. THERMAL-POWERY C O M M € R C I A L - O E M O N S T ~ A T I O ~ E~C C N COHHUN I TY-DE VEL PMENTiO C O M P A R I SON‘ NOT I N D E X E D COMPREHENSf VE-STANDARDS ENERG C O M P U T E R MODElr O P T I M I Z A T I O N ~ COMPUTER MODEL* UP C O M P U T E R PROGRAMS. DESXGWOVER COMPUTER-MODEL# COMPUTER-MODELS COMPAR I S O N S # COMPUTER-PQOGRAH. ARCHITECTURE COMPUTER-PROGRAM. WIND-GENEQAT C 3 M P O T E R - P R O G R 9 M f f / Y e WINO SO C O N C E N T R A T ION. P h O T O V O L T A I C S . CONCENTRATION. PHOTOVOLTAICS CONCEYTRATORI D E S I G N - R E V I Z W W 1 CONCENTRATOR. LIQUID COOLIYG.

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HEAT-T2ANSFEQ* MATZRIALS. OCEA nEAT-TRANSFER. THERMAL-EXCHANG HEAT-TRANSPORT, THERMAL-POWER* H E A T I N G AND COOLING. ELECTRICH E A T XNG S Y S T E M * T H E R M A L - P O W E R # VIEW+ UNITED-STATE/ INDUSTRY. HEATfNG+COOLXNG. ECCNOMIC-OVER -MXCS. MARKETS, / RESI3ENTXAL. HEATING+COOLIVS. R E V I E W . ECCNO VESTIGATION. W L ~ D P O W E R I S P A C E H E A T I N G * P R O G R E S S R E P O R T 1 1975 UY [ T E D - S T A T / E C O N O M I C S * HCME H E A T I N G . R E G I O N A L - C C W P A R I S O N S . I NANC I N G # ECONOMICS. HEATING. SYSTEM-INVESTMENTS F CIWER. E C O N O M I C S . R E S I D E N T I A L . H E A T I Y G # / C E L L * PHOTOVOLTAIC-P PGUER-PLANT. THERMAL-POWER. HELIOSTAT. AR9AY DESIGN-QEVIE 3 G R E S S REPORT. THERMAL-POWER. H E L I O S T A T S * TRACKTNC-SYSTEM# / SONS. UNITED-STAT/ E C O N O H I C S I HOME H E A T I N G . qEGICNAL-CCHPARI H O T 3 V O L T A I C e E C W CUMPARISCN. HYBRID-POWER. THERMAL-POWER. P HYDROGEN. H Y D R I D E I O V F R V I E W * n ~ H O T O T H E R N A L ~ C C N V E R S X ~C/N ~ H Y D R O G E N P R O D U C T XCN. R A D I A T I O N MAL-CONVERSION. OCEAN O T # HYDROGEN PRODUCT ION. PHOTOTHER ME T H A N E W I NO F INAL-RE?ORT* HYDROGEN EFFI C I ENC I ES # HYDROGEN H Y D ? X DE. O V E W I E w # O N - P H O T O S Y N T H E S I S . M O L E C U L A R HYDROGEN. O V E Q V I E W I S O V f ET-UNI HYDRGCENI PHOTOSYNTHETIC. MAR1 NE. O V E R V I E W S * NGE. UoS.. E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W 9 / LEA. SI M U L A T I O N MODEL. LCNG-RA 1 9 7 6 r ENERGY3 V E R V IEW. P O U E R / P R O C E E D I N G S * I E E E C O N F E R E N C E . E R V IEW# PROCEE31NGS. I L L I N O I 5 . A P R T L 1975. S O L A R - W * IMPACT N l J T INDEXED TUT I O N A L / LAW, SOLAR-ENERGY. IMPEDIYENTS-INDUCEMENTS. INSTI S T A T E ~ L E G I S L A T I O NL~A U . T A X I N C E N T I V E S . P Q 3 P E R T Y A S S E S S M E N L T A I C . E L E C T R I C * R E S 1 D E N T I A L s I N D U S T Q I A t ~ C O M Y E R C T A L . LARGE-S NOMIC-OVERVIEW. UNITED-STATE/ I N D U S T R Y . H E A T 1 NG+COOLING. ECO REPORT. CONGRESS. INFLATION# Lo0 I V I STON. S O L A R - O V E R V I E W . INSOLATION--OAT4# RGY I M P E D I H E N T S ~ I N D U C E M E N T S ~I N S T I T U T I O N A L C Q N S T R A I N T S S /NE ERS ION-TECHN/ SOLAR-OVERVIEW. I N S T I T U T I O N A L ~ ~ E S T R A I N T CONV S~ THERYAL-POW €Re I N S T R U Y ENT S C A L O R 1 ME T R Y EZONOHrC-OVERVIEW. TAXATICN. INSURANCE* NGTOY-OC. MAY 19769 P R O C E E D X / I N T E R N A T I O N A L S Y M P O S I U M . W A S H 1 &D. E O N S E R V A f I O N . ENERGY--OVE/ I N T E R N ~ T I O N ~ L - A G E N C Y IENERGY-R I N T E R N A T I O N A L - S E M I NARIQ TE S T - F A C I L I T IES. S O L A R - O V E R V T E W TION. S O L A R - O V E R V f EW. S 3 C I C - / I N T E R N A T I O N A L * CCNCRESS-EXPOS1 I N T E R N A T I O N AL. S GLAR-OVERV IEiJff FIN4L-EPORT. SOLAR-OVEQVIEW. INTERNATIONAL# ENERGY-R+O. TECHNOLOGY I NT €RNA 1I O N S A L S O L A R-OVERV I EW ENV I RONNENT E H E A T I N G . P R O G R / F E A S I B I L I T Y I N V E S T I G A T I O N . W INDPOWER. S P A C 3 C I O - E N V I R O N M E N T / ZERO--WASTE. IPP I - C O N C E P T . BIOCCNVERSION~S V I / SOLAR--ENERGY U T I L I Z 4 T I O N . I R A N . P H O T J T H E R M A L . SOLAQ-OVEQ I R AN. S O L A R-OVE R V I EU I 3 1 NGS 9 C O N F E R E N C E . ALTA-UTAH* J U L Y 1975r E N E 4 G Y - O V E R V I E W . TE IN0 T U R B I N E . PROGRESS-REPORT. JUNE. 1975. E F r I C I E N C I E S * E C C N ENERGY-OVERVIEW UNITED KINGDOM. FUEL-Q!ESOURCES* L-0 I V I S I C N . S O L A R - O V E R V I E'#. I N SOLAfIQN4ATA# w* T EC H N O t O G I C 3 I M P A CT. L A B O R - D E HAND. E C CNC M I C O O VERV I E '?OGRAM. SOLAR-OVERVIEWS S R I LANKA. U N I T E D - N A f S O N S * RLRAL D

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LARGE-SCALE OVERVIEW# / 9ESIOE LARGE-SCALE. R E N E W A B L E # /ES3UR LAW, SOLAR-ENERGY, I MPED I H E N T S LAW T A X I NCENT I V E S , P R O P E R T Y LAW. U N I T E D - S T A T E S # / 1 LEGISL L A W # IDENTIAL. HEATING+CCOLING L E G I S L A T ~ V E - E V A C T M E N T S . 1974. L I Q U I D COOLING. TEST-CATA. SYS L I Q U I D METAL. HEAT-TRANSPORT LONG-RANGE P Q O S P E C T S . B I O C O N V E LONG-RANGE. U.S. ENERGY-OVERV MACRO-ECONOMICS. ENV IRCNMENTU MANUFACTURERS-SURVEY EQGIPMEN M A N U F A C T W 1 N G . 1976. E C G N O M I C S M A R C H 1976. E N E R G Y - O V E R V IEWff / MARCH 1976# / O S I t M * ENERGY-OVE MAR I NE. O V E R V I E M SW M A R K E T - O V E R V I E'# F IN A L - R E P O R T MARKETS. L A W * / D E N T I A L . HEATIN MATER1 A L I H E A T TFANSFER. THERM MATERKALS. DES1 G N - R E V I E W # TH MATERIALS. O C E A N DT. F L U IDS-WO M A T H E M A T I C A L YODEL. ECaNCHKCS* MATHEMAT I C A L YO D E L COLLECTORPHO M A T H E M A T I C A L NODEL# M A T H E M A T I C A L YODELS. U T I L I T Y - I M A T H E M A T I C A L MODELS* P R O C E E D I N M A T H E M A T I C A L YODELS# HATHEMAT I C A L MODELSff /V4PORATfY MATHEYAT I C A L MODELS# A L CONVERSION. THERMAL-POWER. MATHEMATICAL YODELS# IAR-THERM NAL S Y M P O S I U M . WASHINGTON-DCI MAY 1976. P R O C E E D I N G S . S C L A R - O -POWER CENTRAL-TOWER/ L IQ U I 0 M E T A L HEAT-TRANSPORT TbERMAL E dS M E T H A N E s 8 X OCONV E R S IO N 9 OVERV 1 YQROGEN. E F F I C I E N C I E S * M E T H A N E 9 W I NO. F I N A L - R E P O R T . H ('Ne OVERVIEWS. BIOCONVERSICN. METHANE# / v FCONCWIC. C C N V E R S I A T X O N STUOY. WIND-TECHNOLOGY. MICHIGAN, ECYNOHICS. ENVIRONME EWI C O N V E R S I O N - T E C H N O L O G Y E/ M I C R O C L I M A T O L O G Y S O L A R - C V E R V I t O N V E R S f / ENERGY-RESOURCES. MILITARY-BASES, SOLAR-OVERVIEW 'MODEL NOT I N D E X E D w M O O C L I N G 0 N O T INOEXED 'MODELS N O T XNOEXEO 9 THERMAL-POWER* C O M P A R I S O N S / M O D U L A R - 0 1 SH. E L E C T R I C - S Y S T E M S C O N V E R S I O N * P H O T O S Y N T H E S 1s. M O L E C U L A R H Y D 2 O G E N . O V E R V I E W . T r 100-KWv OVERVIEW# N A S A - C E U IS 9 Y I NO-ENERGY PROJEC L-REPORT 9 ENERGY-OVERVIEW# NASA. JORKSHOP. VOLUME-4. FINA OLJME-I ENEQCY-OVERVIEW# NATICNAL-PLAN. E N E R G Y R--C+O* V -OVERVIEW A L T E R / CONFERENCE. NEVADA. S E P T E Y B E R 1976. E N E R G Y M/ STATTSTICS. WIND T U R S I N E S NEW-ENGLAND, R E L I A B I L I T Y 9 ECONQ F'PLEHENT. SOLAR-OVERV I D A N O N - C O Y V E N T 1 0 N A L . PETRCLEUM-SU OVERVIEW. C/ C H E M I C A L - E N E R G Y . NON-EXPANDABLE SOURCES. SOLARER 0 E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W S # R+O. NON-MECHANICAL. ELECTRICAL-POW NOY I C - 0 V E P V IEW # N O N L I N E A R I T I ES S I N U L A T I O N - E C 3

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EQVIEWY NON-CONVEYT I O N A C s # STO RACE. T H E 2 ' 4 A L - P O V E R 9 STORAGE. HE4 T TRANSFER THERMAL-POWER. E * BIOCONVERSXON. OVERVIEWS./ OGEN. OVERVIEW. / CONVERSICN. E as # HYDROGEN* O R O G E N PRODUCT I O N * R A D I A T T C N . Of R HYDROGEN P R O D U C T I O N . IRAN L A R - E N E R G Y UT I L I Z A T ION. M I C - O V E R V Y E I Iy R E S I DENT1 A L * HE/ S O L A R C E L L 9 S . M A T H E M A T I C A L MODEL# YSTEH. R E S I D E N T I A L . ECONOMIC/ HYBRID-POWER. THERMAL-PCWER. NTIAL INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL/ T I A L . ECONOMXCS* S T O R A G E * tONCENTPATDR. L I Q U I D C O O L I / E C O M P A R I S O N S . M A T H E M I STUDY, AL-REPORT. COMPUTER-QROCRAN,/ RESIDENTIAL. O V E R V I EWS M # C O N C E N T R A T I CN. S I L I C O N CELLS. CONCENTRATICN, E C O N W CONVERSION. CHEMICAL. 5 THERMAL-POWER ECONOM XC S I ONS I D E R A T I ONS SOLAR-ELECT R IC GC'U E R A T E D F U E L S S O L A R-ENERGY ERS rcl CONVERSION ENERGY-OVERVIEW. ECONOMICS. W INO-POWERED A E R A T I ON. WATER EN€ R G Y - 3 V E R V I EW ENVIRONMENT HER HAL-POWER. ECONOMIC/ SOLAR I MATOLOGY* ENVIRONMENT'. LIQUID C O 3 L I / P H O T O V O L T A I C . W I NO-POWER. L X J S T AT. AR?AY DESIGN-REVIEI IJTILIZATI/ FUEL A V A I L A B I L T T Y 9 ER M O D E L * O/ M O D E L I N G D E S I G N . SOLAR-W INO fOLAR-OVE2VIEW. CONTROL-SY/ R E V C E . 1976. ENERGY-OVERVYEM. [E'#* STORAGE. S O L A R - T H E R M A L A R C H PROGRESS REPORT. T H E R M A L EC3h)OMICSlY THERMAL E L E C T R I C . ATOR. DES t G N - R E V I / ELECTRICAL OVERV I € / A L T E R N A T E RESOURCES. U T 4 H . J/ M A T H E M A T I C A L MODELS. WORKSHOPr SOLAR-OVER I V E W . 1976. ENERGY-OVERVIEW. POWER/ 973 SOLAR-OVERV Y E U M IJMI UASHXNGTON-OC. MAY 13769 SJUTH CAROLINA. / CONFERENCE

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DETROLEWM- S U P o L E M E N T r S C L A R - O V PWAS E-C HANG€. C E N T RAL-SE CS I V E 9 PHASE-CHANGE OVERVIEW # P H A S E - C H A N G E # /QAGE M A T E R I A L . P H O T O S Y N T H E S I S . ENERGY-RESOURC PHOTOSYNTHESIS. MOLECULAR HYDR MAR I NE 9 OVERV I PHOTOSYNTHET I C PHOTOTHERMAL-CONVERSION. CClMPA PHOTOTHERMAL-CONVERSION. OCEAN PHOTOTHERMAL S O L A Q - O V E R V IEW P W O T O V O L T A I C C O N V E R S I O N . ECONO P H O T O V O L T A I C-PO WER - E C t N a M I C S P H O T O V O L T A I C - S Y STEMS. E C O N O M I C PHOTOVOLTAIC/TH€RMALI ENERGY-S P H O T O V O L T A I C . E C C N O M I C S # /SON. PHOTOVOLTAIC. E L E C T R I C * G E S I D E R E S IDEN PHO TOVOL TA IC. ON-S ITE P H O T O V O L T A I C . POWER G E N E R A T I O N PHOTOVOLTAIC. R E S I D E N T I A L . S I T PHOTOVOLTAIC* RESIDENT IAL. F I N PHOTOVOLTAIC# P H O T O V O L T A I CS. B I O C C J N V E R S I CIN. PHOTOVOLTAICSI CCOLING-SYSTEYS PHOTOVOLTAICS, DESIGN-REVIEW# PHOTOVOLTAICS. HEAT-REJECTION. P I L O T - P L A N T 9 R E P O R T - N O e- 1 197 PLANT. THERHA,-PCW ER. E C O N O M I C PLANTAT IONS# SELFPLANTS. OCEAN D T e ENERGY-CARRI LONG-RANGE. UeS. P O L I C I E S # /LI P O L L U T I ON. OXYGEN-ADD1 T I CN# P O L L U T I CN# POND. E L E C T R I C A L G E N E R A T I O N . T POST-2000. ENERGY-OVERVIEW. CL POWER G E N E R A T I O N . CONCENTRATOR POWER-OUTPUTS. EFF I C I E N CI E S M POW€R-PLANT. THERMAL-POWER. HE POWER-PLANTS. ENERGY-OVERVIEW POWER-PLANTS. O C E A N 01. COMPUT POWER-PLANTS. S O L A R - O V E R V I EW P O W E R - S U P P L Y R E L I A B I L I TY 9 W I N O POWER-TECHNOLOGYM 1 IEEE c a w € POWER. C C M P A R I S O N S . D E S I GN-REV POW'ER. D E S I G N - Q E V I E W d / R e R E S E POWER. OVERVIEW COMPARISONS. POWER. T H E R M A L - P O W E R CONCENT8 P 9 0 C E E D I N C S SYMPOSIUM. ENERGYPROCEEDINGS. CONFERENCE. 4LT4PROCEED I N G S GREENHOUSES& PROCEED I N G S I I E E E CCNFERENCEI P Q 3 C E E D INCS. I L L I N O I S . APRrL 1 PQOCEEDINGS. SOLAR-OVERVIEWr C PROCEEDINGS. SOUTHEAST-REGION.

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PRCCEED INGS. dOGKSHOP. C C N F E Q E P90CEZDINGS. 1975. ENE?GY-OVE? PROCEEDINGS. 1975. ENERGY-OVER PROCESS-REVIEW# /+ CUARTEQLY-3 PQODUCTION. S I O C C N V E R S I C h . OVE PQODUCT I J N PHOTOTHERMAL--CONVE PRODUCTION. R A D I A T I C ‘ N , PFOTUTH *PROGRAM NOT INDEXED E R S + OTECI O C E A N DT. C O M P U T E R PROGRAMS* D E S I G N - O V Z R V f E k S a /G e SVERVIEW/ C E N T R A L - R E C E I V E R r PROGRESS R E P O R T 9 THESMAL-POWER * / CENTRAL-RECEIVER. R E S E A R C H PROGRESS R E P O R T rn T H E R M A L POWER 9 +EL IOSTATS. T R A C K I N G - S Y S l F / PROGRESS R E P O 2 T 9 THERMAL-POWER C S + AEROOYNAM/ U I N D T U R B I N E S PROGRESS R E P O R T 1975. ECONOMT PROGRZSS-REPORT. JUNE. 1F75r E R I N G L E S S R O T 3 R . WIND T U R 3 I N E . V E ? S I ON. R E N E W A B L E RESOURCES. P R O G R E S S - R E P J R T 9 O V E R V I E U S * /N C GENERATOR. R T G - O E G R A D A T I C N I PROGRESS-REPORT O V E R V IC-bS# / I TI PUMPING# DESIGN-STUDY* PROGRESS-REPORT. 1975- O C E A N D ON. Y I N O P O Y E R I S P A C E H E A T I N G . PROGRESS-REPORT l?J75# / T I C A T 1 O N V E R S ION R E 5 EARCH-ANALY S IS. PROGRESS-REPORT# THERM1 ONIC-C OVERVIEW# NASA-LEWIS. WIND-ENERGY P R O J E C T . IOO-KW. S L A T 1 CN. L A Y * TAX I N C E N T I V E S . P R O P E R T Y A S S E S S M E N T S * ITE-LEGI VIEY. CONVERSION-/ LONG-RANGE PROSPECTS. 8 I;!COhVERSfCN. OVER a R A Z I L s SOLAR-OVERVXEUa PROSPECTS. E L Z C T R I C - G E N E R A T I O N S O L A R - G V E R V I E W + ECO U C I M I C S + UNITED--/ S O L A R - Z N E R G Y P q O S P E C T S , SSMENT. ~ N V I R O N M E N T A L - I M P A C T . P U E R T O ~ R I C O . O C E A N DTv 9 A T A - S U 1975. O C E A N DT. P U M P I N G * DESIGN-STUDY. PRO G~ESS-REPORTI PROCESS-REVI/ R+O. QUARTERLY-REPORT-N0.-1 1976. EC3NJMTCS L-POWER. ENERGY-aVERVIEdSI R tD. NON-MECHAN I C A L E L E C T R I CA 9 7 5 * ECONOMICS. PROCESS-REVX/ Q+D. QUARTERLY-REPORT-NOI-I 9 1 EW 1y NATT 9NAL-PLAN. E N E R G Y R-D+O. VOLUME-I ENERGY-OVERVI S1O.Y. C / H Y D R O G E N P R O D U C T I O N + R A D I A T I C N . PHOTOTHERMAL-CONVER -POWER E C O N O M I C S # R A N K I N E C Y C L E 3 R G A N I C . TI-ERMAL I N 4 L REPORT. E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W / REGIONAL ANALYSIS. VOLUME-1. F T A T / ECONOMICS. kOME H E A T I N G . R E G I O N A L - C O M P A R I S O N S , UNITED-S S . W 1 NO T U R B I N E S * NEY-ENGLAND. R E L I A B I L STY* E C 3 N 3 Y I C S r CENTRA IElr rn C O N T R O L - S Y / POUES-SUPPLY R E L I A B I L I T Y 9 WINO. SOLAR-OVERV E A ? C H PROGRAM. 8 IOCONVERSION R E N E W A B L E RESOURCES. PROGRESSS ION. OVERVIEWS+ LARGE-SCALE. RENEWABLE* /€SOURCE* B I O C O N V E R 1 EN SAND I A-LABS Iy REPORT S E M I A N Y U A L . SOLAR-OVERV 1975. T H E R N A L - P r J WZR. ECUNOMICS# PIL3T-PLANTe REPtYRT-NO.-I THERMAL-POWER. REPORT-PROGRESS ff CEN TRAL-RECEIVER Sm U N I T E D - S T A / E N V I P O N M E N T A L I REPORT-SUMMARY + S O L A R - O V E R V I E W 9EPORT. CONGRESS. INFLATION* ENERGYoOVERVIEU* I E G I O NAL ANALYSIS. VOLUME-1 9 F I N A L REPORT. L - ~ E C E I V E R I R E S E A R C H PROGRESS REPORT+ T H E R M A L FOWER. D E S I G N d / CENTRAL-RECEIVER. PROGRESS REPORT. THERHAL--FOWER. JVERVIE ATS T R A C K 1 NG-SY STE/ P R O G R E S S REPORT. THERMAL-FOWEQ HEL I O S T YYAM/ WINO T U R B I N E S . P Q O G R E S S REPORT. 19759 ECCNOMXCS. A E R O 0 “4, R E N E W A B L E R E S C U R C E S + PROG/ R E S E A R C H PROGRAM, B I O C C N V F R S T O M A L POWER./ CENTGAL-RECEIVER. R E S E A R C H P R O G R E S S REPORT, THER P’3RT# T H E R M T O N I C = C D N V E R S 1 0 N I R E S E A R C H - A N A L Y S T S . PROGRESS-RE U?31NES. T E C H N I C A L - R E P O R T . 1 / RESEARCH. A E R O D Y N A M I C S . W I N O T R V I E W 9 C O N V E R S I / S O L A R - E N E R G Y RESEARCH. A U S T Q A L I A . SilLAR-OVE

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RESEA?CH. OCZ'AN 3T. C N S I T E - P R O R E S E A ~ C H . SCJLAR-CVERVIEW. CONF RES IDENT I A L . A L T E R N A T E 5 0 U R C E S R E S I D E N T X A L I E C O N O M I C S 1 STOiZAG Z C O N J M I C S 9 PEAK-C RESIDENTIAL ECONOMICS* IOTOVO RES I D E N T X A L PES I D E N T I A L r F I NAL-REPORT. C3M R E S I D E N T I A L I H E A T I N G # /CELL P R E S I D E N T I A L . HEATING+CCOLXNG* INDUSTRIAL-CUMME3 RESIDENT I A L . RES I DENT I A L P H O TOVOLT A I Cff Y4THEH/ STUDY 9 P H O T O V O L T A I C . R E S I D E N T I A L . S I T E COMPARISONS. N T A L - I M P A C T 1 P U E G T O ~ R I C O . OC/ R E S O U R C E - A S S E S S M E N T s Eh(V I R O N M E S I O N I U N I T E D ~ S T A T E S . / E N E R G Y RESOURCES. O V E R V I E W . B I O C O N V E R UMI ENERGY-OVERV I € / A L T E R N A T E RESOURCES. PROCEED I N G S S Y M P O S I RAMI B I O C O N V E R S I O N . R E N E W A B L E RESOURCES. PROGRESS-REPORT. OV I/ E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W . A L T E R N A T E RESOURCES. 1975-2'360. ELECTRIC WE3 9 D E S I G N - R E / C O R R A O I A T I C N + R E V E R S 1 BLE AHMONXA. THERMAL-PO 'REVIEW ' NOT INDEXED TEST-OAT A e AERODYhAMICS # W I N D M I L L ROTOR. REPORT. JUNE, 19/ B E A R I N G L E S S ROTOR. W I N 0 T U R B I N € . P R O G R E S S RTG-OECRADAT I O N * PROGRESS-REP0 R t / fHERMOE,ECTRIC GENERATOR. R U R A L 3FIOGAAM. SCLAR-OVERV IEN# SR I L A N K A . UNITED-NATICNS, SANOIA-LABS# REPOR T SEMIANNUAL. SCLAR-OVERVIEW. / Y PROGRAM. SEHIA NNUAL-REPORT, S O L A R - O V E R V IEU. S A N D I A - - L A B S # MARCH CS S Y M P O S I U M + E N € R C Y - O V E R V I E W S A N T A-M AR I A - C A L I F O R N I A SE4-POWER-PLANTS* O C E A N O f . MA THEMAT I C A L MODELS# IEWv T H E P H O E L E C T R I C-MODULE. SELENIDE MATERIALS. DESIGN-REV SELF-GENERATED FUELS+ SOLAR-EN E 9 G Y PLANT A T IO N S # T H E R M A L SY ST E M SEMI-4RIb-RECXONS# S E M I ANNUAL-SEPORT. SOLAR-OVERV IEU S/ S O L A R - E h E R G Y PROGRAY. NO1 A - L A B S # R E P O R T SEMIANNUAL. snLAR-uvEavxEw. SA '4 A L T E R / CONFERENCE. NEVACA. SEPTEMBER 1976. E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E P H O T O V O L T A I C S 9 DES 1CN-REV 1 EW/ S I L X C O N C E L L S . C C N C E N T R A T I O N . XEd MACRO-ECONOMICS. ENV I R O / S I Y U L A t I ON M O D E L ENERGY-OVERV S I M U L A T I O N MODEL. LCNG-RANGE. U e S a. ENERGY-OVFRVIEW. / IEA. NUNLI N E A R I 1I ES S f M U L A T I O N . ECONCMIC-OVERVIEW# N O - G E N E R A T E D ENERGY. STORAGE, SI M U L A T I ON# / ~ U T E R - P R O G ~ A M SW I r . PHOTOVOLTAIC^ RESIDENTIAL. S I T E C O H P A R I SONS. M A T H E M AT I C A L -9ICO. OCEAN DT. D A T A - S U R V E Y , S I T I N G # /MENTAL-IMPACT s P U E R f 3 ENTRAL-RECEIVER. STCJRAGE. CO/ S O C I A L C O S T S . THERMAL-POWER. C C-CRO WTH. A L T E R N A T I V E EYERGY. SOCIAL-IMPACTS. ENVIRONMENT* / Y-4SSESSMENTr SOLAR-OVERVXEW. SOCIO-ECONOMIC* TECHNOLOG S - E X P O S 1 T I ON. S O L A R - O V E R V I E W . SOCfO-ECONOMIC# / O N A L s CCNGRES E RGY-OVERV IEW 9 E N V I R O N M E N T A L . S U C I 0-ECONOM I Clr / O N V E R S IC N EN TE2NATE SOURCES. C O M P A R I S O N S . S O C I O - E C O N O M I C S # / IDENTI LIL AL NERGY-OVERVIEd ALTERNATIVES. SOCIO-ECONOMICS# /NT-TRENDS+ 5 I P P I -CDNCEPT. R I O C O N V E R S I O N . S O C I O - E N V I R O N M E N T A L I /O-WASTE* VERSION. OCEAN DT. O V E R V I E U S + S O C I O - P O L 1 T I C A L # CON S C O h O M I C S . R E S I D E N T I A L * HE/ S O L A R C E L L . P H O T C V O L T A I C - P O W E R I: 'Y'l THERMAL-POW ER 9 ECUNOM I C / S O L A R P O N O + E L E C T R I C A L G E N E R A T POWER/ D E S ~ G N - C C N S ~ O S Q A T l O N S . S O L A R - E L E C T R I C P L A N T . THERMALP R I 1 ECONOMIC'OVERVIEWff SOLAR-?LECTRIC SYSTEMS. ERDA/E 0

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197 69 S C L A R - O V E R V I E Y . C C N V E R S IO/ S O L A R - E N E R G Y A P P L I C A T I G N S , 4R-OVERVIEW 9 U N I T E 3 - K I N G D O M # S O L A R - S N E Q G Y D E V E L O P M E N T S * SOL S EL F - G E N E R A T ED F U E L S 9 SI3LAR-E h E R G Y PL A h T A T I O N S iL S E M I ANNU AL-QEPOPTr SOLAR-OVSPVIEVI S/ S O L 4 R - E N W G Y PROGRAM. O V E i Z V I E d 9 ECONOMICS. UNITED-/ SOLARSOLAR-EhE!?GY PROSPCCTS, 14. SOLAR-OVERVIEW. C O N V E R S I / S O L A R - E N E R G Y R E SEA?CH. ALST2AL S rjL Ai?-OVERV I EW I s a AR-ZNERCY ST ATUS AUSTRAL I A PHOTOTHERMAL. S O L A R - O V E R V I / SOLAR--ENERGY U T I L I Z A T I O N . IRAN 9-3VERVlEW. CONVERSION. GERM/ SOLAR-EhERGY U T I L I Z A T I C N I SCLA CEYENTS. I N S T X T U T I O N A L 1 L A W . S O L A R o E N € R G Y , I YPEDIMENTS-XNOU ?€ENHOUSES d UORKSHOP. S O L A R - O V E R I V E W . PROCEEDIhGS. G SCLAR-OVERVIEW. ALTERNATIVES# RESEARCH. SOLAR-OVEQVIEW. CONFERENCE# #€?-SUPPLY R E L I A B X L I T Y . WINO. SOLA2-OVE!?V I E d . C O N T R O L - S Y S T E M R-ZNERGY RESEARCH. A U S T ? A L I A * SOLAR-OVERVIEW. CONVERSICNH / 4 E Q S Y 9 NON-EXPANC P B L E SOURCES. S O L A R 0 O V E R V I E W * CGNVERSXCN-TEC AR-ENERGY A P P L I C A T I O N S . 1976. S O L A R - O V E R V I E W . CONVERSICN-TEC HN3LOCY. F/ S T A T U S - W O S P E C T S * SOLAR-OVEQVIEW. CCNVERSICN-TEC O P T 1 CNS. ELECTRIC-UTILITIES. SOLAR-OVFjVIEW* CUNVERSICN-TEC I R A N . PHOTOTHERMAL. SOLAR-OVERVIEW. CUNVERSICN-TEC L I Z A T ICN. 9'41 S C L A R - E V E R G Y U T I L I Z A T I C N . S O L A R - O V E R V I E W . CONVERSICN. G E HVOLOGY. E / M I C R O C L I Y A T 3 L O G Y 9 S O L A R - O V E S V I E 4 . C C N V E 2 S I t N - T E C HNOLOGY. E C C N O M I CS UN ITED-S/ SOLAR-OVE9VIEW. CONVERSXCN-TEC H N O L OG Y # S O L A R-OVERV I EW 9 C O N V E R S I ON-T EC GY-RESOURCES. MILITARY-BASES. SOLAR-OVERVIEW* C O N V E R S I C N 5 /R ON-DC. MAY 19761 P R O C E E D t N G 5 . SOLAR-OVERVIEW * CONVERSICN-TEC E N T I A L S . THERMAL-POWERS SOLAR-OVERVIEW. C O N V E R S I CN-POT # FLORIDA. ENERGY-CENTER. SOLAR-OVERVIEW. OEYONSTRAT I D N S TED-/ S C L A R - E N E R G Y P R O S P E C T S , S O L A R - O V E R V I €We ECON3MXCS. U N I F U S I O N * ALTERNATIVE-SOURCES. SOLAR-OVERVIEW. ECONQHICSiv ENERGY - P C L I C Y 4 S O L 4 R-O V E R V 1 Fd I 9 N / SOLAR-P3WER U T I L I Z 4 T I C N . SOLAR-OVEPVIEI. F R A N C E CCWVERS A# L-0 I V I S I CN. S O L A ROO V ER V 1EW I NS U L A T I CN-0 A T RESTR A m ' ? C O N V E R S I O N - T E C H W SOLAR-OV€RVXEW. INSTITUT I a N A L ry T E C H N O L O G Y E N V I R O Y M E N T m S O L A R - O V E R V 1EW. INTERNATIONSAL INTERNATIONAL# ENERGY-?+O. FINALIREPORT* SOLAR-OVERVIEd. IVTERNAT IONALSEW I N A R l Y TEST-fACILXTXES* SOLAR-OVERVIEW. R E P O R T S E M I ANNUAL. S O L A R - O V E R V IEW, S A N D L A - L A B S # Y PQOGRAM. SEMIANNUAL-REJORT. SOLAR-OVERVIEW. SANOIA-CABS@ / # TECHNOL3tY-ASSESSMENT, S O L A R - O V E R V I EW 9 S O C I O - E C C N O M T C A T 1 13N A L , CONGR E S S - E X P O SI T I C N SOLAR-OVEQV I EW SOC I 0 - E C C N a M IC SOLAR-ENERGY OEVELJPHENTS. S O L A R - O V E R V IEWr U N I T E D - K I N G D O M ERDA-RD+D. S O L A R - O V E R V IEWI U N I T E D - S T A T E S # C G N V E R S I C N - T E C H N O L O G Y 9 S O L A R - O V E R V I EWI WORKSHOP# INTERNATIONAL. SOLAR-OVERVIEW6 T I 3 N A L . PETROLEUM-SUPPLEMENT. SOLAR-OVERV I E W A N O FL-CONVEN IQAN. S O L A R - O V E R V I EW# €DINGS, X L L S N O T S . A P R I L 1975. S O L A R - O V E R V I E W # PROCE EL E C T R I C - G E N E R A T 1 CN. S O L A R - O V E Q V IEWS E L E C T R I C - G E N E R A T I C N s SOLAR-OVEQV t EU ff EL€ C T R T C - G E N E R A T I O N BR 4 Z I Le S O L AR-0 V E R V I F'd# PROSPECTS S C L A R - U I NO * POWER-PLANTS. SOLAR-OVERV I EWd LAR-ENERGY STATUS. AUSTP4LIA. S O L A Q - O V E R V I EWlQ so

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