Solar System - Qs.pdf

: What Is Our

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Our solar system consists of many objects m predictable orbits around the slln These orbits are predlct<1hle because the gt'avity of the sun keeps the planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and other ohJects tr<1vl'ilT1g 111 regular paths. Most orbits 111 our solar system are 111 the shape of an ellipse, rather than a perfect clfcle

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Solar System Basics •

ESSENT1AL I ERMS

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dwarf planet - a large, nearly round object orbiting a star that ha s not cleared the neighborhood of its orbit

when referring t o orbits, means: , in t he s hape of a n ova l ellipse - oval shape _ _ _ _.. extratenestrial - occurring out side of Ea rth a nd

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of stars, gas, and dust

gravity - phys ica l force of na t ure tha t causes two bodie s t o attra ct each ot her the distance that light travels in one 5,878,499,814,210 miles) - the m e a sure of the amount of matter in an

mean distance (of a planet from the sun) - the average of the distances during one revolution of the orbit - pat h of on e object a round a n other, like the m oon aroun d Earth or Earth a round the s un (see

speed - the average speed at which one around another

planet - very large, n ear ly round body in orbit a rou nd a star - referring to a time before recorded

body

solar system - a group of objects-including planets, asteroids, and comets-held by the gravity of a star u se of device s li ke

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The International

Astronomical union (IAU) develops official definitions for astronomical objects. According to the IAU, a planet is a celestial body that is in orbit around the sun, is massive enough for its self-gravity to create a nearly round shape, and has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. By thi s definition, our s olar system ha s eight planets: Men:ury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Some astronomers call these the major planets.

HOW A RE PLANETS CLASSIFIED?

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Planets are usually classified by composition or size. TerTeStrial planets have a solid sUrface made of rock and metal, and have a slow rotation, high density, and few satellites. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are terrestrial planets. They are also classified as small planets, with diameters less t han 13,000 kilometers (8,077 miles). Jovian planets are made of gas and liquid (su ch as hydrogen and helium), and have a rapid rotation, low density, and many satellites. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune a re }Qyian planets. They are also classified as giant planets, with diameters greater than 48,000 kilometers (29,825 miles).

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For many years, pluto was class ified a s a planet, but the IAU officially reclassified it as a dwarf planet in 2006. A dwarf planet shares all the characteristics of a planet exc:~ that it has not cleared the n eighborhood around its orbit. Currently, there are five celesti a l bodies classified as dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea,

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WHAT IS A DWARF PLANET?

as new objects are found and more information is gathered about the objects sci entists a re a lready aware of.

WHAT IELSE ORBITS THE SUN? Object s orbit ing the sun that are smaller than dwarf planets are called solar system bodies. These inclu de aste1'oids and comets. Asteroids are rocky fragments left over from the format ion of our solar system billions of years ago. Most asteroids are found orbiting the sun between Mars and Jupiter in a region called the

Asteroid Belt. Comets are dirty-ice remains from the formation

of our solar system. Most comets come from t he icy region beyond Neptune's orbit called the Kuiper Belt. About a dozen new comets are discovered each year. Some take less than 200 years to orbit t he sun, while others take as long as 30 million years!

WHAT DOES THE SUN ORBIT? The sun-in fa ct, our entire solar system---orbit s the center of the Milky Way galaxy. This galact ic center is about 2 6,000 light years fro m the sun , so the trip around it t a ke s a very long time . Traveling in an elliptical orbit at about 140 mile s per second, the sun (and thus our solar system) t a kes a bout

22smillion years to complete one orbit. This orbita l period is known as a cosmic year.

Solar System in Detail

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Need to Know: • third planet from the sun

• only planet known to support life

• oldest fossils of living organisms are 3.9 billion years

old

• only planet with liquid water on the surface

only major planet with a name not derive d from Greek or Roman mythology (Earth comes from the Anglo-Saxon word erda, meaning"ground, soil, or earth "); core can reach temperatures higher than the surface of the sun; light from the sun takes about e ight minutes to reach Earth; rotation changes slowly over time (scientists think that, 900 million years ago, there were 481 18-hour days in a year!)

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• closest planet to the sun • smallest major planet • has greatest daily temperature variations of all planets • has a highly eccentric orbit, causing its distance from the sun to vary greatly during each revolution

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-r----------------------, . Fun Facts: named after the Roman god of travel; often I • • visible with binoculars, but is always very close to the sun, and so is only visible at dawn and dusk; humans I .

have seen less than half of Mercury's surface I •

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• • • • • • affects seasons, ocean currents, weather, and climate • on Earth • • composed of 70% hydrogen, 28% helium, and 2%

• other metals

--------------, •• I Fun Facts: contains more than 99.8% of the total mass • I of our solar system; one of more than 100 billion stars • in the Milky Way galaxy (but the closest star to Earth); • about 100 times larger than Earth l Need to Know:

• center of our solar system • brightest object in Earth's sky • star of average size, brightness, and intensity • provides light and energy needed for life on Earth

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Need to Know: • second-brightest object in Earth's sky • Earth's only satellite • gravitational forces between Earth and t he moon cre­ ate high and low ocean tides • revolution of the moon around Earth, and its location with respect to the sun, create the phases of the moon seen in the Earth's sky

•• Ir Fun Facts: only extraterrestrial body to have been • I visited by humans; only 12 people have walked on th E' moon; Neil Armstrong was the firs t person to walk on the moon on July 20, 1969 (his footprint will last for mil­ lions of years b e cause the moon has no air); we always see the same side of the moon because its rotatio n period is the same as its orbita l period

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• Need to Know: • second planet from the sun • has most circular orbit of any planet • third-brightest object in Earth's sky • nearly the same size as Earth (95% of Earth's diameter and 80% of Earth's mass)

r---------------------­ Fun Facts: named for Roman goddess of love and

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beauty; dense clouds prevent even the most powerful telescopes from seeing the surface; surface tem­ perature is hot enough to melt lead; one Venus day is longer than a Venus year!

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Solar System in Detail (continued) •

Need to know:

Need to know: • fifth planet from the sun • largest planet (more than twice as massive as all other planets combined) • visible to the unaided eye • Great Red Spot (a hurricane-like storm) has been ob­ served since the 17th century and measures approxi­ mately three Earths across

named for Roman god of war; some­ I • times called the Red Planet; several spacecraft have I • landed on Mars and explored its surface; has our I • solar system's largest volcano-Olympus Mons

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ASTEROID BELT

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• 167 to 418 million miles • 3-6 Earth years • first asteroid discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi in I ti01

• Pioneer lOfirst traversed the belt in 1972; Dawn Mission spacecraft launched in 2007 and is scheduled to reach Vesta in the Asteroid Belt in 2011

Fun I=acts: named for the Roman king of the gods; has a faint and thin ring system; has solar system's largest moon-Ganymede; Galileo Galilei discovered four of Jupiter's moons in 1610; Jupiter is large enough to contain approximately 1,300 Earths l

• located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter • composed of rocky material remaining from the forma­ tion of our solar system

• more than 20 large (diameter greater than 125 miles) asteroids have been identified, but there are millions of smaller ones

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• mostly hydrogen • Johann Gottfried Galle, 1846

• Voyager 2 in 1989 (only visit)

Need to Know: • eighth planet from the sun • not visible to the unaided eye • has four very faint and thin rings

in atmosphere makes the planet appear blue, has a "fluctuating" giant storm, known as the Great Dark Spot, with far less intensity than its counterpart on Jupiter; has the strongest winds in our solar system, _m.!:a.:ured at over 1,200 mph!

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Need to know: • sixth planet from the sun • least dense of all planets • has the most prominent and easily visible rings (com­ posed of billions of small chunks of ice and rock) • visible to the unaided eye (but need a telescope to see _the rings) ___ _

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• ~un ~act8: named for Roman god of agriculture; the • diameter of Saturn's rings is about 155,000 miles, but

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they are less than a mile thick; pressure is so strong that a metal spaceship would be crushed like a paper cup in Saturn's atmosphere

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Need to know:

• pronounced (KY·per)

• extends from Neptune's orbit to about 5 billion miles

from the sun

• often called our solar system's "final frontier"

• contains icy objects and debris, including four known dwarf planets, and countless comets ~un ~act8:

origin of most comets in solar system; named for astronomer Gerald Kuiper who theorized its existence in the 1950s; scientists estimate at least 35,000 KBOs have diameters greater than 100 kilometers (62 miles)

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• I ~un ~act8: named for Roman god of the sea; methane

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named for Roman goddess of grain and agriculture; contains about 30% of the Asteroid Belt's total mass; some scientists think Ceres might contain fresh water

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• 13 known • does not have a solid surface

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total mass of all asteroids equals less than that of Earth's moon; Vesta, the largest known asteroid, is visible to the unaided eye; scientists believe asteroids have hit Earth in the past, causing major changes in the planet's geology and life

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• • 163.7 Earth years • • • 3·ffi~it~p1lC!m}~4Q\:lFp"'\T~:~I;~tlf&W~:;\';:\\\lt~:

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• classified as an asteroid until 2006 • only known dwarf planet in the Asteroid Belt • not visible to the unaided eye

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• Pioneer 10 In 1973

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• '. ml,11s ",,;res . . • • 2.793 billion miles 46 (ou to S • • • 16 hours, 7 mInutes (Earth time)

• known since prehistoric times

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• fourth planet from the sun • has some of the most varied terrain of any terrestrial planet ~st-explored planet (after Earth) , reddish color (most likely from iron oxide in soil)

• seventh planet from the sun • not visible to the unaided eye • has 11 known, but faint, rings

~un ~act8: nam; d fo; th""., (jr;;eksky ; od ;;nd f;;ther of Cronus (Greek name for Saturn); faintly bluish color is caused by methane gas in atmosphere; extreme tilt of axis (nearly 98°) causes winter to last for 42 years in total darkness l

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smaller than Earth's moon classified as a planet until 2006 not visible to the unaided eye orbit is highly eccentric, causing Pluto to sometimes be closer to the sun than Neptune is • brightest known object in the Kuiper Belt ~un ~act8:

named for Roman god of the underworld; is 39 times farther from the sun than Earth is; light from the sun takes about five and a half hours to reach Pluto I

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pronounced how-MAY-ah QL ha-oo-MAY-ah classified as a dwarf planet in 2008 has an unusual football shape not visible to the unaided eye

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Fun Facts: named for Hawaiian goddess of childbirth

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- pronounced MAH-kay-MAH-kay - classified as a dwarf planet in 2008 - is second-brightest object in the Kuiper Belt (after Pluto) - not visible to the unaided eye ­

and the personification of stone; has fastest rotation • Fun Facts: named for the god of Rapa Nui (Easter speed of any dwarf planet or planet • I Island), South Pacific creator of humanity and god of _____ ~ • I fertility (Rapa Nui was discovered just before Easter); • I appears to have a faintly red color ----~

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• - classified as a dwarf planet in 2006 • - is largest known object in the Kuiper Belt and largest known dwarf planet • - not visible to the unaided eye • - is most distant object ever seen in orbit around the sun

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Fun Facts: named after the Greek goddess of discord

and strife; its discovery (especially the fact that it is larger than Pluto) caused the IAU to demote Pluto to dwarf planet status

More Solar System "acts ASTRONOMICAL UNITS Most scientists use astronomical units (AU) to measure and describe distances in our soLar system. An AU is defined by the mean distance of Earth from the

W sun (about 93 million miles). AUs make comparing distances from the sun much

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easier. For exampLe, Pluto has a mean distance from the sun of 39-44 AU. This

means it is about 40 times farther from the sun than Earth is.

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• THE EARTH/SUN RELATIONSHIP • sun is the most important factor for life on Earth. The sun not only provides • The • nearly all the Light and energy needed for survival, it also determines night and • day and the change of seasons on Earth. • Day & Night Seasons • Spinning on its axis at about 1,000 miles per hour, Earth's seasons are • Earth takes about 24 hours to complete one rotation. caused by the way • daily rotation from west to east causes the Earth tilts on its axis • This distinction between day and night, and has been as it orbits the sun. • (Earth t ilts at 23 .45' as the basis for measuring time for thousands • ofused from its elliptical plane.) years. [NOTE: The sun rises in the east and sets • in the west precisely because the Earth rotates from Since the axis is tilted, •

west to east. Otherwise, if the Earth rotated from east to west, the sun's rising and setting would be west and east, respectively- the exact opposite of what actually happens.J

•• •• • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••••••• •• • COMPARING PLANETS The chart beLow gives ratios that compare the mass, diameter, and density of each pLanet to those of Earth. For exampLe, the ratio for the diameter of Mars is 0.53. This means that the diameter of Mars is about haLf (0.5) the size of Earth's diameter.

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ow...t... 1 0.38

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098

0.12

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0.95

095

011

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0.53

1

071

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3178 I 952

14.5

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9.45

4.01

0.13

023

1121

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d ifferent parts of Earth are oriented toward the sun at different times of the year.

3.88

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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • GRAVITY & WEIGHT Your weight is a measure of the pull of gravity between you and the pLanet you are standing on. PLanets have different masses, so they also have different gravitational pulls . This means that if you could stand on the surface of every planet, your weight would be different on each one! The chart below shows how much a 100-pound person would weigh on the surface of each planet.

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M

WeIght (in pound.)

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091

1

0.38

254

093

08

1.2

38

91

100

38

254

93

80

120

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