Soctec 2 Module 1
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Development
Economic growth Increased productivity Modernization Westernization Urbanization Industrialization
However, growth-oriented development…
Failed to “trickle down” to the poor Created a form of “dependency” by the poor on the rich Led to environmental destruction Promoted gender inequality Displaced indigenous cultures
Alternative Models of Development
Human development Sustainable development
Human Development
Material development + Political empowerment Spiritual development
Sustainable Development
Environmentally sound Culturally appropriate Gender equal
Development, Science and Technology
Development is a process of social change Science and Technology play a significant role in the process
Theories of Social and Technical Change
Techno-determinism Structural Functionalism Historical Materialism
Techno-Determinism
Technology is the main driver for social change The universal application of technology has led to industrialization Technology caused significant changes in the economy, politics and culture of human societies
Structural Functionalism
Social change is an evolutionary process Change is viewed as gradual and incremental The ideal state is characterized by balance and harmony Conflict is seen as dysfunctional and abnormal
High Mass Consumption
Progress in Scientific Knowledge and Technology
Post-Industrial Stage
Drive towards Maturity Industrial Stage Take-Off
Preparation for Take-Off Pre-Industrial Stage Primitive Technologies, Spiritual Worldviews
Traditional Societies
Historical Materialism
Dynamic view of society Conflict and contradiction is what drives change The historical development of society is driven by the contradiction between social forces at a given time. The resolution, or synthesis, of such conflict paves the way for the emergence of a new period
New Mode of Production
Developments In technology
Technology (Forces of Production) Controlled by the ruling class
Dominant Social Class Loses control Of technology
Mode of Production
Class Conflict (Revolution)
Society is organized in relation to the conversion of nature into products and commodities (Social classes)
Capitalism
Development Of Industrial Technology
Agricultural Technologies Controlled by landlords
The Capitalist Class Emerge; Landlords loses control of dominant technology
Feudalism
Class Conflict (Revolution)
The production process Is land-based; Landlords versus Peasants in which Land-owners control the production process
Development Processes vis-à-vis Science and Technology
Modernization Development of the modern state and its attendant bureaucratic organizations Development of a capitalist economy Globalization
Modernization
A process of social change Society moves from a primitive state towards an advanced and modern state Movement is unidirectional It is desirable since it implies progress, humanity and civilization Not revolutionary but evolutionary – a slow, gradual and piecemeal process
Characteristics of the Modernization Process…
Phased—comes in stages Homogenizing—tends to unify different political, cultural, economic and social systems into a single system Europeanization (or Westernization)—follows the European or Western models and patterns of social change Irreversible—a system cannot go back to its original state once modernization ensues
… Characteristics of the Modernization Process
Progressive—from backward to advanced states Lengthy—takes a long time Systematic—follows a distinct pattern Transformative—transforms societies from one state of existence to another Immanent—inevitable
Characteristics of Relatively NonModernized Societies
Low degree of specialization High level of self-sufficiency Cultural norms of tradition, particularism and functional diffuseness Relatively low emphasis on money circulation and market Family norms such as nepotism are prevalent One-way flow of goods and services from rural to urban areas
Characteristics of Relatively Modernized Societies
High degree of specialization and interdependency of organizations Cultural norms of rationality, universalism and functional specificity High degree of centralization Relatively more emphasis on money circulation and market Emphasis on bureaucratic organizations Two-way flow of goods and services between towns and villages
Relatively Non-Modern Societies
Relatively Modern Societies
Low degree of specialization
High degree of specialization and interdependency of organizations
High level of self-sufficiency
Cultural norms of rationality, universalism and functional specificity
Cultural norms of tradition, particularism and functional diffuseness
High degree of centralization
Relatively low emphasis on money circulation and market
Relatively more emphasis on money circulation and market
Family norms such as nepotism are Emphasis on bureaucratic prevalent organizations One-way flow of goods and services Two-way flow of goods and services from rural to urban areas between towns and villages
Role of S and T in Modernization
S and T are already present in “relatively nonmodern” societies Modernization is enabled by advances in S and T Modernization also enables advances in S and T
Political Modernization
Development and emergence of the state and the bureaucracy Associated with social and cultural modernization Involved the differentiation of political structures Secularization of political culture Entrenched the ethos of equality as a political ideal Enhanced the capacity of a society’s political system
The Modern State
An outcome of the increasing scale or coverage of a political system, and its ability to implement its decisions Able to perform tasks through bureaucratic organizations that are able to penetrate, govern and regulate the conduct of citizens Acquired the capacity to aggregate the interests of various political groups Institutionalized political structures and processes that strengthen the capacity for problem-solving Sustained the emergence of new political demands and organizations
Crises of State-Building
The crisis of national identity The crisis of political legitimacy The crisis of penetration The crisis of citizen participation The crisis of integrating the interests of various political groups The crisis of distribution emanating from the inability of the state to bring about economic growth, and its failure to distribute the benefits of such growth
Role of S and T in the Development of the State
S and T as resources for nation and state-building
As resources for development As resources for controlling and influencing citizens
S and T helps the state in addressing the various crises Scientific management principles enhances state capacity through bureaucratic efficiency
Work specialization Development of planning and monitoring systems
Capitalist Development
Capitalism is the dominant economic system in the age of modernity It is an outcome of industrialization Accomplished through the rise of entrepreneurs and markets
Underdeveloped and Traditional Economies
Usually seen as closed and backward There is an oversupply of labor which are not fully employed to their productive capacities Dominated by a subsistence sector, which is mainly based on family labor Low labor productivity Low levels of capital investments
Developed Capitalist Economies
Attended by the effective mobilization of capital and productive resources Productive investment enabled the manufacturing sector to become a significant part of national income Investments later went to other sectors (agriculture, services) Population growth is overtaken by economic growth
Effects of Increase in Investments
Increase in investments, supported by an increase in the rate of savings, drives the capitalist sector to grow significantly The final stage of capitalism is a society of high mass consumption
Growth in employment opportunities Increase in national income Continuing rise in consumer demands Formation of a strong domestic market
Vicious Cycle of Poverty Low Productivity Low Levels of Investments
Low Levels of Capital Low Income
Low Demand
Demand Side
Low Savings
Supply Side
To break the cycle….
A strong incentive system for investments needs to be created There is also a need to expand markets by balancing capital investments in a number of key industrial sectors Investments in S and T can play a big role!
Role of S and T in increasing Productivity
New machines and methods enable the development of new production processes New methods of converting raw materials into commodities, and the search for new materials and sources of energy increase productivity Biotechnology and agricultural engineering enhance land productivity and modernize agricultural production Advances in IT, artificial intelligence, and robotics enhance the productivity of work
Capitalist Development in a Globalized World
Internationalization of commercial capital: growing commodity trade among capitalist economies Internationalization of productive capital: the transfer of industrial production from the industrialized countries to the developing countries
New patterns affecting global industrialization
Increasing numbers of cheap labor in developing economies Technological developments that allowed for the splitting up of the production process into constituent parts Developments in transportation, information and communication technologies
Internationalization versus Globalization
Internationalization
Involves merely the relocation of certain production processes to other countries, including developing countries Example: A Japanesebased company relocating its assembly plants to the Philippines
Globalization
Involves a deliberate restructuring of manufacturing, trade, and services within a system that is global in scale Led by globally oriented mega-corporations or transnational corporations (TNCs) that organize their entire production and sales as a world-wide operation
Globalization
Enabled by a rapid growth of global financial markets resulting from the deregulation of financial transactions Facilitated by technological developments in information technology This development is called technocapitalism, and is associated with the enhanced movement of money, ideas, products, design and services within societies and across societies
Economic growth Increased productivity Modernization Westernization Urbanization Industrialization
However, growth-oriented development…
Failed to “trickle down” to the poor Created a form of “dependency” by the poor on the rich Led to environmental destruction Promoted gender inequality Displaced indigenous cultures
Alternative Models of Development
Human development Sustainable development
Human Development
Material development + Political empowerment Spiritual development
Sustainable Development
Environmentally sound Culturally appropriate Gender equal
Development, Science and Technology
Development is a process of social change Science and Technology play a significant role in the process
Theories of Social and Technical Change
Techno-determinism Structural Functionalism Historical Materialism
Techno-Determinism
Technology is the main driver for social change The universal application of technology has led to industrialization Technology caused significant changes in the economy, politics and culture of human societies
Structural Functionalism
Social change is an evolutionary process Change is viewed as gradual and incremental The ideal state is characterized by balance and harmony Conflict is seen as dysfunctional and abnormal
High Mass Consumption
Progress in Scientific Knowledge and Technology
Post-Industrial Stage
Drive towards Maturity Industrial Stage Take-Off
Preparation for Take-Off Pre-Industrial Stage Primitive Technologies, Spiritual Worldviews
Traditional Societies
Historical Materialism
Dynamic view of society Conflict and contradiction is what drives change The historical development of society is driven by the contradiction between social forces at a given time. The resolution, or synthesis, of such conflict paves the way for the emergence of a new period
New Mode of Production
Developments In technology
Technology (Forces of Production) Controlled by the ruling class
Dominant Social Class Loses control Of technology
Mode of Production
Class Conflict (Revolution)
Society is organized in relation to the conversion of nature into products and commodities (Social classes)
Capitalism
Development Of Industrial Technology
Agricultural Technologies Controlled by landlords
The Capitalist Class Emerge; Landlords loses control of dominant technology
Feudalism
Class Conflict (Revolution)
The production process Is land-based; Landlords versus Peasants in which Land-owners control the production process
Development Processes vis-à-vis Science and Technology
Modernization Development of the modern state and its attendant bureaucratic organizations Development of a capitalist economy Globalization
Modernization
A process of social change Society moves from a primitive state towards an advanced and modern state Movement is unidirectional It is desirable since it implies progress, humanity and civilization Not revolutionary but evolutionary – a slow, gradual and piecemeal process
Characteristics of the Modernization Process…
Phased—comes in stages Homogenizing—tends to unify different political, cultural, economic and social systems into a single system Europeanization (or Westernization)—follows the European or Western models and patterns of social change Irreversible—a system cannot go back to its original state once modernization ensues
… Characteristics of the Modernization Process
Progressive—from backward to advanced states Lengthy—takes a long time Systematic—follows a distinct pattern Transformative—transforms societies from one state of existence to another Immanent—inevitable
Characteristics of Relatively NonModernized Societies
Low degree of specialization High level of self-sufficiency Cultural norms of tradition, particularism and functional diffuseness Relatively low emphasis on money circulation and market Family norms such as nepotism are prevalent One-way flow of goods and services from rural to urban areas
Characteristics of Relatively Modernized Societies
High degree of specialization and interdependency of organizations Cultural norms of rationality, universalism and functional specificity High degree of centralization Relatively more emphasis on money circulation and market Emphasis on bureaucratic organizations Two-way flow of goods and services between towns and villages
Relatively Non-Modern Societies
Relatively Modern Societies
Low degree of specialization
High degree of specialization and interdependency of organizations
High level of self-sufficiency
Cultural norms of rationality, universalism and functional specificity
Cultural norms of tradition, particularism and functional diffuseness
High degree of centralization
Relatively low emphasis on money circulation and market
Relatively more emphasis on money circulation and market
Family norms such as nepotism are Emphasis on bureaucratic prevalent organizations One-way flow of goods and services Two-way flow of goods and services from rural to urban areas between towns and villages
Role of S and T in Modernization
S and T are already present in “relatively nonmodern” societies Modernization is enabled by advances in S and T Modernization also enables advances in S and T
Political Modernization
Development and emergence of the state and the bureaucracy Associated with social and cultural modernization Involved the differentiation of political structures Secularization of political culture Entrenched the ethos of equality as a political ideal Enhanced the capacity of a society’s political system
The Modern State
An outcome of the increasing scale or coverage of a political system, and its ability to implement its decisions Able to perform tasks through bureaucratic organizations that are able to penetrate, govern and regulate the conduct of citizens Acquired the capacity to aggregate the interests of various political groups Institutionalized political structures and processes that strengthen the capacity for problem-solving Sustained the emergence of new political demands and organizations
Crises of State-Building
The crisis of national identity The crisis of political legitimacy The crisis of penetration The crisis of citizen participation The crisis of integrating the interests of various political groups The crisis of distribution emanating from the inability of the state to bring about economic growth, and its failure to distribute the benefits of such growth
Role of S and T in the Development of the State
S and T as resources for nation and state-building
As resources for development As resources for controlling and influencing citizens
S and T helps the state in addressing the various crises Scientific management principles enhances state capacity through bureaucratic efficiency
Work specialization Development of planning and monitoring systems
Capitalist Development
Capitalism is the dominant economic system in the age of modernity It is an outcome of industrialization Accomplished through the rise of entrepreneurs and markets
Underdeveloped and Traditional Economies
Usually seen as closed and backward There is an oversupply of labor which are not fully employed to their productive capacities Dominated by a subsistence sector, which is mainly based on family labor Low labor productivity Low levels of capital investments
Developed Capitalist Economies
Attended by the effective mobilization of capital and productive resources Productive investment enabled the manufacturing sector to become a significant part of national income Investments later went to other sectors (agriculture, services) Population growth is overtaken by economic growth
Effects of Increase in Investments
Increase in investments, supported by an increase in the rate of savings, drives the capitalist sector to grow significantly The final stage of capitalism is a society of high mass consumption
Growth in employment opportunities Increase in national income Continuing rise in consumer demands Formation of a strong domestic market
Vicious Cycle of Poverty Low Productivity Low Levels of Investments
Low Levels of Capital Low Income
Low Demand
Demand Side
Low Savings
Supply Side
To break the cycle….
A strong incentive system for investments needs to be created There is also a need to expand markets by balancing capital investments in a number of key industrial sectors Investments in S and T can play a big role!
Role of S and T in increasing Productivity
New machines and methods enable the development of new production processes New methods of converting raw materials into commodities, and the search for new materials and sources of energy increase productivity Biotechnology and agricultural engineering enhance land productivity and modernize agricultural production Advances in IT, artificial intelligence, and robotics enhance the productivity of work
Capitalist Development in a Globalized World
Internationalization of commercial capital: growing commodity trade among capitalist economies Internationalization of productive capital: the transfer of industrial production from the industrialized countries to the developing countries
New patterns affecting global industrialization
Increasing numbers of cheap labor in developing economies Technological developments that allowed for the splitting up of the production process into constituent parts Developments in transportation, information and communication technologies
Internationalization versus Globalization
Internationalization
Involves merely the relocation of certain production processes to other countries, including developing countries Example: A Japanesebased company relocating its assembly plants to the Philippines
Globalization
Involves a deliberate restructuring of manufacturing, trade, and services within a system that is global in scale Led by globally oriented mega-corporations or transnational corporations (TNCs) that organize their entire production and sales as a world-wide operation
Globalization
Enabled by a rapid growth of global financial markets resulting from the deregulation of financial transactions Facilitated by technological developments in information technology This development is called technocapitalism, and is associated with the enhanced movement of money, ideas, products, design and services within societies and across societies
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