Sociology Notes For Pms.docx

What are experimental methods? A Closer Look at the Experimental Method in Psychology. The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. This method relies on controlled methods, random assignment and the manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis.

What is method of inquiry? The method of inquiry is based on gathering observable, empirical and measureable evidence. Basically, methods of inquiry are ways that an investigator gathers the information for the case that they are investigating.

What are the 7 steps of the scientific method? 7 Steps of the Scientific Method 

Make an observation.

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Conduct research.

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Form hypothesis.

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Test hypothesis.

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Record data.

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Draw conclusion.

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Replicate.

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One thing that is designed to change in the setup of the experiment. ( The things that I can change) Independent Variable

Design types and sub-types 

Descriptive (e.g., case-study, naturalistic observation, survey)



Correlational (e.g., case-control study, observational study)

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Semi-experimental (e.g., field experiment, quasi-experiment)

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Experimental (experiment with random assignment)

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Review (literature review, systematic review)

The experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the

researcher

manipulates

one

or

more variables,

and controls and

measures any change in other variables. 10. DEFINITION OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD  In the strict sense, experimental research is what we call a true experiment.

What is your definition of a community? Close your eyes and imagine your organization’s "community.”... You can define a community by the shared attributes of the people in it, and/or by the strength of the connections among them. When an organization is identifying communities of interest, the shared attribute is the most useful definition of a community

What is the difference between community and society? In as much as a group of individuals is necessary for the existence of both a society and a community, there are distinct differences between the two. A community refers to a group of individuals residing in a specific geographic location whereas a society refers to a system of social relationships.

The following qualities guide the design and process of a faculty learning community. 

Safety and Trust. In order for participants to connect with each other, there must be a sense of safety and trust. ...



Openness. ...

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Respect. ...

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Responsiveness. ...

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Collaboration. ...

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Relevance. ...

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Challenge. ...

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Enjoyment.

What is the meaning of social structure? Social structure, in sociology, the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together. Social structure is often treated together with the concept of social change, which deals with the forces that change the social structure and the organization of society.

What is an example of social structure? One example of social structure is the idea of "social stratification", which refers to the idea that most societies are separated into different strata (levels), guided (if only partially) by the underlying structures in the social system. ... Family, religion, law, economy, and class are all social structures.

What is Social Organization? In an organized society, there is stability and change. Stability is the condition of equilibrium among the parts of society. It is the state of smooth functioning. During this condition; the social problems decrease in society. Change is the dynamic condition of society. An organized society is also changing for the fulfillment of social needs. Abrupt changes in the form of revolution disrupt the existing social order and disorganization occurs in society. The examples of organization can easily be understood from the organs of human body which are technically joined together called organization of parts in human body. The parts of a table are prepared separately by the carpenter and then fitted together in a technical order. This table is an organized body. It means organization is arranging of parts into its whole. Similarly, social group is an organization of individuals into a social unit. The individuals set themselves at their positions (status) and by interaction (role)

they make a social group. It means they are fitted themselves into the group according to their positions. This participation individuals into group is social organization.

The Contribution of “Emile Durkheim” Towards Sociology! Among the contemporary Sociologists Emile Durkheim, the French genius occupies an important place. He was born in 1858 at Epinal in France. Mostly he was a teacher of sociology in the University of Bordeaux and Paris. He had some major works which became a dominant force in the development of Sociology. Some of the important works of Durkheim’s are the following. (i) (The Suicide)-1897 (ii) (The Social Division of Labor)-1893 (iii) (The Elementary Forms of religious life)—1912 (iv) (Education and Sociology)-1922. Durkheim had explained four major forms of Suicide. They are (a) Egoistic (b) Altruistic (c) Anomic (d) Fatalistic.

Table showing the four types of Suicide: Integration

Low

Egoistic Suicide

High

Altruistic Suicide

Regulation

Low

Anomic Suicide

High

Fatalistic Suicide

From the above table it is found that Durkheim tried to find out the relation between the types of suicide and his two social currents. These two social currents are integration and regulation. Integration refers to the strength of the attachment that we have to society and regulation refers of the degree of external constraint on people. When integration is high, altruistic suicide takes place. But low integration results in an increase in egoistic suicide. Anomic suicide is associated with low regulation whereas fatalistic suicide with high regulation. Criticisms: The theory of suicide of Durkheim is not free from criticisms. Some of the critics say that the society and the social currents which are solely responsible for suicide is not correct as other factors are there causing suicide. So it is an one-sided view, some other critics say that the theory of suicide of Durkheim is incomplete as he has based the theory upon a very small number of sample.

Sociology of Religion: Max Weber Essence of the Theory: The Sociology of religion by Weber is a piece with all his sociology. His study promulgates that how far a particular sect of religion can influence the economic behaviour of its followers. Weber’s main concerned was to what extent religious conception of the world of existence have influenced the economic behaviour of various societies and specially the western society. Weber says that Calvinist sect of protestant Christian religion has strongest influences on the development of capitalism. Weber examines this connection from two points of view: 1. The influence of these religious doctrines on economy.

2. The position of the groups in the economic system. He was less concerned with the ethical doctrines as expounded by the theologians than with these doctrines in their popular form as they guide their (group) behaviour. He wanted to comprehend capitalism as a civilization. The civilization of modern man. What motivated Weber the most is the primary orientation to the attainment of profit in nominally peaceful system of exchange relationship. One of the major reasons behind Weber’s theory was the result of his endeavor to undertake a distinct and independent theoretical analysis of the social and political issues and his dissatisfaction with both Marxism and German historical economics and jurisprudence to solve these problems. Inter-relationship between Religious Ethics and Economy: Superficially, Religion and society seem poles apart. Religion concerns itself with the beyond, whereas economy deals with the practical business of working, producing and consuming. Are these two seemingly diverse systems related? Max Weber thought so. According to him, it was the ideas, beliefs, values and world view of human societies that guided the way their members acted, even in the economic sphere. Religion prescribes certain guidelines of behaviour. It is in accordance with these guidelines that followers direct or orient their activities. These guidelines are incorporated in the body of religious ethics of each religious system. Let us illustrate Weber’s view with an example from our society. “A health expert might suggest that if Indians would eat beef, the problem of hunger and malnutrition might be lessened. But the very idea of cow-slaughter is revolting to most Hindus and would probably be rejected outright. So even though cow-slaughter may seem economically rational or logical, values and ideas (in this case, the idea that the cow is sacred) definitely influence the making of certain decisions. It is our beliefs and values which helps to shape our behaviour.” Weber’s Comparative Studies on Religion:

Weber tries to establish relation between religious ethics on the one hand and the economic behaviour on the other. Weber also tries to substantiate or validate this idea with the help of comparative studies of various world religions. Weber studies Confucianism in Ancient China, Hinduism in ancient India and Judaism in ancient Palestine (West Asia). Confucianism in China: Ancient China had a well-developed economy. Trade, commerce, finance and manufacture were quite advanced. Despite the presence of these material conditions, western-style of capitalism did not develop there. Because according to Weber, the Confucian ethic would not permit this. The stress on harmony, traditionalism and family obligations are quite contradictory to the relentless pursuit of profit for its own sake. Indeed, the spirit of capitalism would probably have been considered to be bad manners. Judaism in West Asia: Their prophets united them in the belief that they were the chosen ones of God and must help to establish God’s Kingdom on Earth. Judaism unlike Confucianism and Hinduism speaks of an ethic of mastery over the environment, not harmony. Weber says, Judaism could have generated the spirit of capitalism. However certain historical forces prevented this. The Exodus or mass migration of the Jews from their homeland due to persecution left them scattered all over the world. Their economic participation was restricted to money leading, which they did very successfully.

What is the difference between social research and social survey? The purpose of social research is to discover the causes of a social phenomenon or to increase knowledge about a social problem, but the purpose of social survey is not to increase knowledge but is related to welfare side of the society. The results gained from a social survey helps and directs the government to proceed in necessary steps to solve a social problems.

Social Research – Definition, Types and Methods 

Qualitative methods rely on direct communication with members of a market, observation, text analysis. ...



Quantitative methods use statistical analysis techniques to evaluate data collected via surveys, polls or questionnaires.

What are the causes of the generation gap? Generation gaps are caused by increased life expectancy, rapid changes in society, and the mobility of society. Effects of the generation gap include conflict among family members of different generations and misunderstandings.

What is the Marxist theory in sociology? Marxist sociology. Marxist sociology is the study of sociology from a Marxist perspective. ... Marxist sociology is "a form of conflict theory associated with ...Marxism's objective of developing a positive (empirical) science of capitalist society as part of the mobilization of a revolutionary working class."

What is Karl Marx best known for? These books laid the foundation for Marx and Engels's most famous work, a political pamphlet that has since come to be commonly known as The Communist Manifesto. ... In late 1847, Marx and Engels began writing what was to become theirmost famous work — a programme of action for the Communist League.

What is a Marxist point of view? The Marxist perspective is the study of the struggle between the upper, lower, and middle class. The basis of this perspective is economics. Marx found that economic was the

driving

force

behind

society.

Often,

the

quest

for

wealth

character.Marxist look for oppression of a lower class by an upper class.

defines

What is Marxist theory sociology? Marxism. Marxism is a political, social, and economic philosophy derived from the work of the 19th-century historians Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It views human history as a struggle between social classes and asserts that capitalism is inherently exploitative.

Marx thought that this class struggle would result in workers taking power. He believed that no one should have power over another, that everyone should be equal. His most famous book was the Communist Manifesto. He wrote it with Friedrich Engels in 1848. ... Marx's most popular theory was his 'materialism'.