Soalan Biologi Kertas 2 Tingkatan 4

1. Diagram 1 shows the structure of a cell as seen using an electron microscope.

Diagram 1 (a)

On Diagram 1, name the structures labelled K,L,M and N. [4 marks]

(b)

(i)

Where could this cell be found? ___________________________________________________

(ii)

(c)

(d)

Explain your answer in (b) (i).

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ [2 marks] What is structure K made of? __________________________________________________________ [1 mark] State the function of (i) a mitochondrion __________________________________________________________ (ii) structure N __________________________________________________________ [2 marks]

(e)

(i) What is the most important constituent of structure M? __________________________________________________________ (ii) State the function of structure M. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ [2 marks]

(f)

Explain the role of L in maintaining cell turgidity. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ [2 marks]

2. Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show two different types of transport processes across the plasma membrane.

[10 marks]

(a) On Diagram 2.1, label the following structures: •Phospholipid •Pore

bilayer with letter X

protein with letter Y

(b) State two features of the phospholipid bilayer.

[2 marks] [2 marks]

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ___ (c) Name each transport process across the plasma membrane as shown in Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2.(2 marks) Process in Diagram 2.1: _________________________________________________ Process in Diagram 2.2: _________________________________________________ (d) What is the characteristic displayed by the plasma membrane in both processes? __________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] (e)

If substance in diagram 2.2 are sodium ion. Describe how they are transported out of the cell.

[3 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ____

3.

The Diagram 3 shows the organelles involved in the production of extracellular enzymes.

Diagram 3 By giving an example, explain the term extracellular enzyme. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ [2 marks] Based on the organelles shown, explain how extracellular enzymes are produced. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ [4 marks] (b) The Diagram 3.2 shows the action of an enzyme and its substrate.

Diagram 3.2

(i)

If the substrate used is lipid, name the part labelled P, Q and R. P : _______________________________________________ Q : _______________________________________________ R : _______________________________________________ [3 marks]

(ii)

What is the principles of enzymatic reaction shown in Diagram 3.2 ______________________________________________________

(iii)

State three characteristic of enzyme shown in Diagram 3.2 ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

[1 mark]

[3 marks] 4.

The Diagram 4.1 shows the various structures of protein.

Diagram 4.1 (a) Name the structure P, Q, R and S. P : _____________________________________________________________________ Q : _____________________________________________________________________ R : _____________________________________________________________________ S : _____________________________________________________________________ [4 marks] (b) Explain how a dipeptide is formed. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] structure S is formed from structure R. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ [1 mark]

(c) Give one example of a substance for each of the protein structures of R & S. R : _____________________________________________________________________ S : _____________________________________________________________________ [2 marks] What is denaturation? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] What is the result of denaturation of proteins? ___________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] (e) State the differences between essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids. [2 marks] 5. Diagram 5.1 shows three stages of meiosis X, Y and Z in an animal cell.

X

Y

Z

Diagram 5.1 a) Name the stages X, Y and Z in diagram 1.1. X:________________________________________________________________

Y:________________________________________________________________ Z:________________________________________________________________ (3 marks) b)

Explain what happens at stage Z ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ (3 marks)

c)

State the chromosomal behavior at the following stages: i)

Stage X: ____________________________________________________

ii)

Stage Y:____________________________________________________ (2 marks)

d)

Explain the role of mitosis in the cloning of banana plant. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (3 marks)

e) Diagram 5.2 shows a cell at a certain phase. If chromosome P is not separated, draw the diagrams of two daughter cells which will be formed in the next phase in the spaces provided below.

P

Daughter cell I

Daughter cell II

Diagram 5.2 (2 marks)

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Suggested answer

Score

(a)

K: cell wall M: nucleus

L: vacuole N: chloroplast

4m

(b)

(i) in plants (ii) The presence of the cell wall, chloroplasts and a large central vacuole clearly indicates that the cell is a plant cell.

1m 1m

(c)

Cellulose

1m

(d)

(i) Supplies the cell with energy it requires to carry out cellular activities. (ii) Contains chlorophyll which absorb sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

1m

(e)

(i) DNA (ii) It controls and regulates all cellular activities.

1m 1m

(f)

When water enters the cell by osmosis it fills up the vacuole causes it to expand. The vacuole and cytoplasm press the plasma membrane against the cell wall.

2m

Total

1m

13m

(a) 2 Y X

2m

(b) • • (c)

the polar hydrophilic heads are contact with the extra cellular environment and intracellular environment the non polar hydrophobic tail of both layer point toward each other

2m

Diagram 2.1: facilitated diffusion Diagram 2.2: active transport

1m 1m

(d) The plasma membrane is partially permeable / semipermeable (e) •

sodium ion approach and bind it to the carrier protein

1m 1m

• • •

ATP molecules spilt to ADP and P, releasing the energy to carrier protein. Energy from the ATP changes the shape of the carrier protein, allowing the sodium ion to be transported out of the cell against the concentration gradient/ from lower concentration region to higher concentration region

1m 1m

1m

Max = 3 marks 10m Total

3

(a) (i) An example is amylase. 1m Extracellular enzyme is produced in a cell, then packed and secreted from the cell. It catalyses its reaction outside the cell. 1m Total = 2m (ii) -The instruction for making the extracellular enzyme is transcribed from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus. -The RNA then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore and attaches itself to the ribosome located on the endoplasmic reticulum. -When the synthesis of the enzymes is completed, it is encapsulated in a transport vesicle which fuses with the Golgi Body. -In the Golgi Body, the enzyme is further modified before being packed in a secretory vesicle. - The secretory vesicle transports the enzyme to the plasma membrane, where it fuses with it and the enzyme is released outside the cell. (b) (i) P : Lipase Q : Fatty acid/glycerol R : Glycerol/fatty acid

1m

1m 1m 1m 1m max=4 1m 1m 1m

(ii) Lock and key hypothesis

1m

(iii) - enzyme has specific site/active site to bind with specific substrate - enzyme are not change or destroyed by the reaction - enzyme can be reused after enzyme catalysed Reaction.

1m

Total

1m 1m

13m

4

(a)

P : Primary Q : Secondary R : Tertiary S : Quaternary

1m 1m 1m 1m

(b) (i) When two amino acids combine, a condensation reaction takes place producing a dipeptide with the formation of a peptide bond joining them and water is given out. 1m (ii) Two more structure R combine together to form one large and complex protein molecule that is structure S. 1m (c) R : Enzymes, hormones or antibodies. S : Haemoglobin.

1m 1m

(d) (i) Denaturation is a process to break down a peptide bond causing the protein structure to change. This is caused by heat, pH, ultraviolet rays. 1m (ii) The protein becomes inactive and cannot function.

1m

(e) - Essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body while non essential amino acids are amino acids that can be synthesized by the body. 1m - Essential amino acids can only be obtained from a healthy diet while non essential amino acids are derived from other amino acids. 1m Total

12m

5

a)

1m X: Anaphase Y: Metaphase Z: Prophase

1m (1m

b) Chromosome shorten. /Nuclear membrane disappears. /The spindle fibres form. 2m ( c) i) ii)

Stage X: The chromatids move towards the opposite poles Stage Y: The chromosome are arranged on the metaphase plate

d) - Mitosis increases the number of cells. - Mitosis maintains the genetic contents of parent cell from 1 generation to the next. - Mitosis maintains the diploid number of chromosomes in a species. Daughter cell I Daughter cell II

1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

e)

Diagram 5.2 Students able to draw one daughter cell with chromosome P not separated , and the other three chromosomes being separated become chromatid in both daughter cell. 2m

12m (2 marks)

Total