Sistem

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Sistem, Sistem Politik, & Sistem Sosial beberapa ide dasar

apa itu sistem? (menurut peserta sspi ’07)

sistem adalah … a set of interrelated parts, working independently & jointly, in pursuit of common objectives or the whole, within a complex environment (Shorde & Voich)

sistem politik

sistem politik adalah… … (1) allocates values; (2) its allocations are authoritative; and (3) its authoritative allocations are binding on the society as a whole (David Easton)

sistem politik adalah… … any persistent pattern of human relationships that involves, to a significant extent, control, influence, power, or authority (Robert A. Dahl)

sistem politik adalah… … that system of interactions to be found in all independent societies which performs the functions of integration and adaptation, by means of the employment, or threat of employment, of more or less legitimate physical compulsion (Gabriel A. Almond)

sistem politik adalah… • … (1) allocates values; (2) its allocations are authoritative; and (3) its authoritative allocations are binding on the society as a whole (David Easton) • … any persistent pattern of human relationships that involves, to a significant extent, control, influence, power, or authority (Robert A. Dahl) • … that system of interactions to be found in all independent societies which performs the functions of integration and adaptation, by means of the employment, or threat of employment, of more or less legitimate physical compulsion (Gabriel A. Almond)

bagan sistem politik environment input output

sistem politik

(tuntutan & dukungan) kebijakan)

(keputusan &

feedback

fungsi input & output fungsi input • sosialisasi politik & rekrutmen • artikulasi kepentingan • agregasi kepentingan • komunikasi politik

fungsi output • pembuatan peraturan • penerapan peraturan • ajudikasi peraturan

fungsi sistem politik lingkungan domestik

input

output

ajudikasi kebijakan

penerapan kebijakan

lingkungan internasional

sosialisasi, rekrutmen, komunikasi politik

pembuatan kebijakan

artikulasi kepentingan

agregasi kepentingan

kemampuan sistem politik • ekstraktif: mengumpulkan sumber daya • regulatif: mengontrol anggota • distributif: mengalokasikan sumber daya • simbolik: mencitrakan diri • responsif: mengelola input (esp. tuntutan) • domestik & internasional: menjalankan operasi di lingkup domestik

sistem sosial

sistem sosial perlu dipandang sebagai struktur sosial & proses sosial – struktur sosial: posisi sosial, afiliasi kelompok -> parameter nominal & gradual -> heterogenitas sosial & kesenjangan sosial – proses sosial: interaksi antarkelompok

masyarakat • masyarakat majemuk/plural society (J.S. Furnivall): memiliki 2 atau lebih social order, kelompok, atau komunitas, yang hidup berdampingan tanpa terintegrasi dalam satu kesatuan politik

• masyarakat pluralistik/pluralist ic society (Robushka & Shepsle): memiliki keanekaragaman kultural, tetapi keberadaannya tidak menimbulkan persoalan berarti bagi sistem politik & integrasi masyarakat

formula • a+b+c=D

amalgamation

• A+b+c=A

assimilation

• A + b + c = A + Ab + Ac

acculturation

• A+b+c=A+b+c

seg. pluralism

• A + B + C = (A + B + C + AB + AC + BC + ABC) intgr. pluralism/ multiculturalism

apa itu sistem? (menurut peserta sspi ’07) Unsur2 yg slg bhub

Input-output

Mempengaruhi scr memaksa

Aturan

Keterkaitan

Otoriter/hrs diikuti

Tatacara

Kontrol

Tujuan yg sama

Diagram & hirarki

Interaksi

Penyelewengan

Sst yg tstruktur

Terlalu ribet

Kepentingan

Obyek pengamatan Prosedur

Kompleks

Power

Birokratis

Management

jaringan

Sst yg terorganisir partisipasi

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