Seconda Lezione In Aula Virtuale

Titolo della lezione:

Second Meeting On-line Business English

Aim of Second Meeting

Summarise the work done Indicate difficulties Resolve problem areas

On-line Business English Course for Beginners The alphabet and spelling ‰ The Parts of Speech: Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adverbs Adjectives Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections ‰

Classes of Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs Ordinary Verbs

Classes of Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs: to be, to have, to do; can, could, may, might, must, out, shall, should, will, would;

Ordinary Verbs: to plan, to work, to sing, to play, to write, to phone to travel, to meet, to send

Ordinary Verbs Principal Parts of Active Verb Affirmative

Negative

• Present infinitive

to work

not to work

• Present continuous infinitive

to be working

not to be working

• Perfect infinitive

to have worked

not to have worked

• Perfect continuous infinitive

to have been working

not to have been working

• Present participle and gerund

working

not working

• Perfect participle and gerund

having worked

not having worked

• Past participle

worked

Active tenses Form ƒ Present

simple continuous perfect perfect continuous

he works he is working he has worked he has been working

ƒ Past

simple continuous perfect perfect continuous

he worked he was working he had worked he had been working

ƒ Future

simple continuous perfect perfect continuous

he will work he will be working he will have worked he will have been working

ƒ Present

conditional conditional continuous

he would work he would be working

ƒ Perfect

conditional conditional continuous

he would have worked he would have been working

Tools Used – Part 1 Tool Type

Use

Slide Shows

Grammar Presentation

Slide Audio

Vocabulary Sentence Structure Reading Phonetics Orthography – Spelling

On-line Exercises – Quizzes; Progress Tests

Offers instant feedback for on-going progress assessment

Text Book – Dictionary

Grammar exercises with solutions Check words and pronunciation

Lezione Aula Virtual

Collective exchange

Ricevimento

For questions and clarifications

Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary and modal auxiliaries Principal auxiliaries

Modal auxiliaries

Semi-modals

to be to have to do

can may must ought shall will

to need to dare used

could might had to should would

Auxiliaries help to form a tense or an expression, hence the name. They combine with present or past participles or with infinitives to form the tenses of ordinary verbs: I am coming.

He has finished.

I didn’t see them.

Auxiliaries: forms and patterns Principal auxiliaries Infinitive

to be, to have to do

Present tense

Past tense

Past participle

am, is, are have, has do, does

was, were had did

been had done

Principles auxiliaries used as normal verbs 1. to be 2. to have 3. to do Used as normal verbs: 1. Be denotes existence – be + adjective Tom is an architect. I’m cold. This is the letter he sent. The clerk is very helpful. How old is the company? It’s fifteen years old. How tall are you? I’m 1.65 metres. What is your weight? I am 65 kilos. My weight is 65 kilos. How much is the new computer? It’s €1,240 . How much are the opera tickets? They’re €250 each.

Principles auxiliaries used as normal verbs Used as normal verbs: 2. Have means ‘possess’ The basic meaning of have: He has a black beard. I have had this job for ten years. She will have €20,000 a year when she retires. ƒ

Have is conjugated with do for habitual actions: Do you have earthquakes in your country? Yes, but we don’t have them often. Can you help me now? Do you have time? / Have you got time?

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Have meaning ‘take’ (a meal), ‘give’ (a party) We have lunch at one every day. They’re having a party tomorrow. Did you have trouble with Customs? I hope you’ll have a good holiday. I can’t answer the phone. I’m having a meeting. I didn’t have a very good journey.

Principal auxiliaries used as normal verbs 3. ‘do’, like ‘have’, is used as a normal verb, as well as an auxiliary verb. It forms its negative and interrogative in the simple present and past with do / did: I do not do. Do you do? Don’t you do? He does not do. Does he do? Doesn’t he do? I did not do. Did he do? Didn’t he do? It can be used in the continuous or simple forms: What are you doing (now)? - I’m doing my work. What’s he doing tomorrow? (near future). Why did you do it? - I did it because I was angry. How do you do? is said by bother parties after an introduction: Hostess: Mr Day, may I introduce Mr Davis? Mr Davis, Mr Day. Both men say: How do you do? Other examples: He doesn’t do what he’s told. What do you do for a living? How’s the new trainee doing? Will tomorrow do?

Sentence and Sentence Patterns

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English language provides considerable flexibility in sentence construction. A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.

Sentences are classified as declarative (a statement), interrogative (a question), imperative (command or request), or exclamatory (for emphasis).

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- Declarative: - Interrogative: - Imperative: - Exclamatory:

We reached the final level of excellence. How did you get past Customs? Click on the dragon. Watch out for the Black Guard. I’m in the Secret Chamber!

Sentence construction Subject and Predicate-1 The subject is the person, place, or thing that is the topic of the sentence. ‰ The predicate is what is said about the subject. ‰

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Subject

Predicate

The balloon New York City

floated up through the trees. is a major cultural centre.

Subject + verb + object is the usual construction of a sentence. The subject usually consists of nouns, pronouns or proper nouns. - The stock market is strong right now. - Why don’t you pick up the letter on your way to work. - Carol almost missed the bus this morning.

At times, noun phrases and clauses, gerunds and gerund phrases, and infinitive phrases can also function as the subject. ƒ

Noun phrase: Noun clause: Gerund: Gerund phrase: Infinitive phrase:

The girl on the swing is my daughter. What they said isn’t true. Swimming is a major Olympic sport. Playing chess kept him occupied for hours. To see clearly is a manager’s greatest task.

Sentence construction Subject and Predicate-2 ‰The

predicate is what is said about the subject.

Forms of the Predicate The predicate always contains a verb. An action verb generally has an object as well as various verb modifiers. Predicate is composed of a verb, object or complement, and verb modifiers. Examples: Indiana Jones sent his partner (IO) the secret code (DO). I brought four sandwiches (DO) and one pizza (DO). Michael Phelps won six gold medals (DO) in the 2004 summer Olympics. She gave him (IO) the letter (DO).