Sarf 1[1].v.2

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

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INTRODUCTION

Glorified be the Lord Who has given us language so that we can communicate and understand each other. Hallowed be His name Who taught by the pen, taught mankind what he knew not. And may a thousand and one salutations be showered on our liegelord Muhammad, who is the most articulate in speech and most eloquent in expression. May his holy shrine be showered with the grace of Allah who was given the capacity to speak libraries in just a few sentences. May His blessings and salutations also be showered on his pure and blessed family, the purest of Arabs and the epitome of eloquence, and with them may He encompass us all also in His grace. Ameen. Arabic belongs to a group of languages known as the Semitic languages. Other languages belonging to this group are: Hebrew; Ugaratic; Ethopic; Akkadian and Aramaic. It is considered as the most widespread of the Semitic languages and is spoken by over three hundred million people in the Middle East and North Africa. The earliest written inscriptions of Arabic were found on a tombstone named Raqush in Madain Saleh and dates back to circa. 267 CE.1 The pristine desert of Arabia was such that the Arabs were not in need of any grammar. Arabic language ran in their veins and the slightest mistake immediately pricked their ears. However, this was not always the case. After the expansion of the Islamic empire from the straits of Gibraltar to the Bay of Bengal, non-Arabic languages and customs were affecting the pristine Arabic of the desert. Neologisms were being interjected in to the Arabic language to the extent that it became hard to distinguish between Arabic and foreign cultures. To minimise any further damages to Arabic, hard mathematics like rules needed to be put down which can then be applied scientifically to the Arabic language. This concern gave birth to Arabic grammar in mid 600 CE. Sayyiduna Ali (ra) commissioned his student Abu al-Aswad al-Duwali to look through the Qur’an and preIslamic poetry in order to extract rules of grammar from them. He guided him on the first rudimentary points of grammar by pointing out that Arabic language has three basic components: ‫ ﺣﺮﻑ‬، ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬، ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬and then advised him to carry on in this manner

1

The Raqush tombstone was deciphered by professor John Healey of University of Manchester and reads as:

.‫ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺌﺔ ﺳﺘﲔ‬، ‫ ﻫﻠﻜﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻭ‬، ‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻮ ﺍﻣﻪ ﻫﻲ‬، ‫ ﺣﺮﺛﺖ ﻟﺮ ﻗﻮﺵ ﺑﺮﺕ‬، ‫ﺫ ﻗﱪﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﻪ ﻛﻌﺒﻮ ﺑﺮ‬ 1|P a ge

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(‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬

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‫ )ﻓﺎﻧﺘﺤﻮﺍ‬thus from there we get the word ‫ ﳓﻮ‬, the name given to Arabic syntax.

There are many aspects to Arabic grammar: (lexicography),

‫ﺑﻼﻏﺔ‬

(rhetoric)

‫ﺃﺩﺏ‬

‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬

(literature) and

(morphology),

‫ﺇﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ‬

‫ﳓﻮ‬

(syntax),

‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬

(etymology and philology).

This book will only deal with the subject of morphology sometimes wrongly translated in English as etymology.

This short treatise has been written for the Alim class students of Compass Learning Centre. The reason behind writing this treatise is that the myriad of books found in English on Arabic grammar use metalanguage which in itself is very confusing added with the further complexity of the Arabic language. We find that this to a certain extent inhibits and diverts the students’ attention from Arabic to deciphering the English metalanguage thus proving to be counterproductive. Therefore rather than writing ‘the active perfect verb’ we used the original Arabic ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ passive imperfect verb’ we used the Arabic

‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬, rather than writing ‘the

‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬.

It will be left at the

discretion of the teacher to explain the Arabic terms to the students in simple English terms. We believe that this is more effective and will produce better results.

Below are some abbreviations used through out the book:

(m) = Masculine

(f) = Feminine

(s) = Singular

(d) = Dual

(p) = Plural

We hope that this book will benefit the students in the best possible way. CLC February 2009/ Safar 1430

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‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ The Science of Morphology

Definition ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬

is the science through which it is possible to recognise the Arabic

‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬

(conjugations) of words and how to change one word to another. It also teaches how to pronounce Arabic words properly.

Terminologies Terminologies ‫ﺇﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ‬ Vowels 1.

‫ ﺿﻤﺔ‬is another name for pesh and is indicated by the sign ‫ ـُـ‬it makes an ‘u’ sound.

2.

‫ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬is another name for zabar and is indicated by the sign ‫ـَـ‬

it makes an ‘a’

sound. 3.

‫ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ‬is another name for zer and is indicated by the sign ‫ــ‬ ِ it makes an ‘i’ sound.

4.

‫ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ‬is to show that a letter is vowel less and is indicated by the sign ‫ ـْـ‬it does not have a sound of its own.

5.

‫ﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ /‫ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬

is to show that a letter is doubled, the first one having a

‫ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ‬and the

second on a ‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬it is indicated by this sign ‫ـّـ‬

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Words ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ There are three types of words in Arabic: 1.

‫( ﻓﻌﻞ‬verb); 2. ‫( ﺇﺳﻢ‬noun) and 3. ‫ﺣﺮﻑ‬

(prepositions). 1.

‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬

is a doing word and denotes an action that has happened either in the past

(‫ ;)ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬present (‫ )ﺣﺎﻝ‬or future (‫ )ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬such as

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ I heard; ‫ﺗ ﹾﺄ ﹸﻛ ﹸﻞ‬ she is eating;

‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ‬both of you drink. As ‫ ﺻﺮﻑ‬mainly deals with ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬more will be said about it later. 2.

‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬is a noun and denotes a name of a thing or place, it has no tense such as ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﹸﻛ‬ chair and ‫ﻮ‬  ‫ﺳ ﹸﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ Moscow. There are few types of ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬that are particularly important to ‫ ﺻﺮﻑ‬it is helpful if you know them. a.

‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬is the doer of an action such as ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺍﹾﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻰ ﺍﻟﺮ‬‫ﺭﻋ‬ the shepherd looked after the goats. In this sentence the ‫ ﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬is the ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬because he is doing the action.

b.

‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬is the object of an action such as ‫ﻴ ﹶﺬ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺘ ﹾﻠ‬‫ﻢ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﱢﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺮ ﺍﹾﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ the teacher examined the student. In this sentence the

‫ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬ‬is the ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬as he is the object of the

teacher’s examination. You will learn more about the ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬and ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬in ‫ﳓﻮ‬. c.

‫( ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬verbal noun) is that ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬which is the name of a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬and should not be confused with a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬such as ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬  ‫ﻨ‬‫ ﺍﻟ‬which means to help. It is the name given to that ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬which denotes helping. ‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻜ‬means to write. It is the name given to that

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‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬which denotes writing. The ‫ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬is not derived from anything although many words are derived from it. Its similarity is to SayyidunÁ Àdam (as) who was not born from any parents although many children were born from him. d.

‫( ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻖ‬derived noun) is that noun which is derived from a ‫ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬such as ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﹺﺑ‬ which means worshiper and is derived from the ‫ﺓ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬‫ﺎﺩ‬‫ﻌﺒ‬ ‫ﻮ ﹲﻝ ;ﺍﹾﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻘ‬ which means accepted is derived from the ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬

‫ﻝ‬‫ﺒﻮ‬‫ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ‬.

The simile of this ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬is to any

ordinary human being who is born from parents. e.

‫( ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﺪ‬primitive

noun) is that

‫ﺇﺳﻢ‬

which is independent, neither is it

derived from any other ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬nor is any ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬derived from it such as ‫ ﺭﺟﻞ‬man; ‫ﴰﺲ‬ sun. The simile of this

‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬is to AllÁh who is neither born from anyone nor is

anyone born from him.

3.

‫ ﺣﺮﻑ‬are connectors that join words and sentences together. They function like the nuts and bolts in a machine such as ‘is’; ‘in’; ‘on’ and ‘from’. Some famous Arabic

‫ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ‬are: ‫( ﻣﻦ‬from); ‫( ﺇﱃ‬to); ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ‬on); ‫( ﻋﻦ‬towards); ‫( ﺏ‬with) and ‫( ﻭ‬and).

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ Tense As far as tenses (‫ )ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺔ‬are concerned there are four types of ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬in Arabic: (1) ‫( ; ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬2) ‫( ;ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬3) ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ‬and (4) ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬.

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1.

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‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes that an action has been carried out in the past; such as ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ she went out; ‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ ﹸﻗ ﹾﻠ‬we said; ‫ﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺤ‬  ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻓ‬all of them opened and ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ‬you (f) did.

2.

‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes that an action is being done or will be done; such as ‫ﺪ‬  ‫ ﹶﺃ ﹺﺟ‬I find; ‫ﺧ ﹸﺬ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﺄ‬ we take; ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺼﹺﺒ ﹺﺮ‬  ‫ﺗ‬ you are patient; ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺴ ﹺﺮ ﹾﻗ‬  ‫ﻳ‬ they (f/p) steal.

3.

‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes an order (which is carried out in the future) such as ‫ ﹸﻛ ﹾﻞ‬eat; ‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ ﹾﺫ‬go; ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺭ ﹺﺟ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ‬return (f); ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺼ‬  ‫ﻧ‬‫ ﹸﺃ‬all of you help (m).

4.

‫ﻲ‬ ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes a prohibition such as ‫ﺝ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺨ‬  ‫ﺗ‬‫ ﻻ‬don’t go out; ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺼ‬  ‫ﺗ‬‫ ﻻ‬both of you don’t fast. don’t enter (f); ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻮﻣ‬

Number As far as numbers are concerned there are three types of verbs in Arabic: (1)

‫( ;ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬2)

‫ ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬and (3) ‫ﲨﻊ‬. 1.

‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬represents a singular ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬such as ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ I measured; ‫ﺘ ﹶﻞ‬‫ ﹸﻗ‬he was killed; ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﹺﺇ‬ know.

2.

‫ ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬represents a dual ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬such as ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ ﹾﻓ‬both of you understand; ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﹶﻓﺘ‬‫ ﺧ‬both of them were scared; ‫ﻥ‬  ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒﺨ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻄ‬ both of them are being cooked.

3.

‫ﲨﻊ‬

represents a plural

‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬such as ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺳﺌﹶﺎﹸﻟﻮ‬ they asked; ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺮﹾﺃﻧ‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ‬we read; ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺴ‬  ‫ﺘﹺﺒ‬‫ ﹸﺃ ﹾﻗـ‬they

have been chosen.

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Gender As far as gender is concerned all Arabic verbs fall under two genders: (1)

‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ ﹶﺬ ﱠﻛ‬ and (2)

‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾ‬‫ﺆ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ . There is no neuter gender in Arabic unlike some other languages such as German 1.

‫ ﻣﺰ ﹼﻛﺮ‬represents a masculine verb such as ‫ﻕ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ‬it burnt; ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ‬swim; ‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻨـ‬‫ﻤـ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ they are stopped.

2.

‫ﻧﺚ‬‫ ﻣﺆ‬represents a feminine verb such as ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ ﹶﻛ‬she became noble; ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺭﹶﺃ‬ all of them saw; ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﺌﹶﻠ‬‫ﺳ‬ she was asked.

Persons In everyday speech we either speak about ourselves or we speak to someone directly or we speak about a third person. 1. The speaker is known as the ‫ﻢ‬  ‫ﺘ ﹶﻜﱢﻠ‬‫ﻣ‬ such as ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ ﹶﺃ ﹶﻛ ﹾﻠ‬I ate. 2. The one we speak directly to is known as the ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺿ‬  ‫ﺣﺎ‬ or ْ‫ﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺐ‬  ‫ﻣ‬ such as ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ ﹶﺃ ﹶﻛ ﹾﻠ‬you ate.

‫ ﹶ‬such as ‫ ﹶﺃ ﹶﻛ ﹶﻞ‬he ate. 3. The person we speak about is known as the ‫ﺋﺐ‬‫ﻏﺎ‬

Positive (‫ )ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬and negative (‫ )ﻧﻔﻲ‬verbs All ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬are either positive (‫ﺕ‬  ‫ﺎ‬‫ )ﹺﺇﹾﺛﺒ‬or negative (‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻧ‬). 1.

‫ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes carrying out an action such as ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻ‬  she screamed; ‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹺﺮﹸﺛ‬ all of you will inherit; ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺘـ ﹶﻔ‬‫ﻧـ‬‫ ﹺﺇ‬you benefitted.

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2.

‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬

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is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes not carrying out an action; it is represented by adding a

‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻣ‬in front of a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬and a ‫ ﻻ‬in front of a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬such as ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻ‬  ‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻣ‬she did not scream; ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹺﺮﹸﺛ‬‫ ﹶﻻ‬all of you will not inherit; ‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺘـ ﹶﻔ‬‫ﻧـ‬‫ ﻣﺎﺍ‬you did not benefit.

Active (‫ )ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬and passive (‫ )ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬verbs As far as the

‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬of a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is being known is concerned there are two types of ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬: (1)

‫( ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬active) and (2) ‫( ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬passive). 1.

‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

is that

‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬whose ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬is known such as ‫ﺪ ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ we worship Allah;

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﺸ‬  ‫ﻋ ﹶﻄ‬ I was thirsty; ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻮﹶﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ‬  ‫ﻨ‬‫ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟﹺﺒ‬  ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ ﹶﻄ‬the girl slapped the boy. 2.

‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬whose ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬is not known such as ‫ﺏ‬  ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻊ ﺍﹾﻟﹶﺜ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ ﹸﻗ‬the clothes was cut; ‫ﻚ‬  ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬  ‫ﺍﻟ‬

‫ﺆ ﹶﻛ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ the fish is eaten; ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺦ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄﻌ‬ ‫ ﹸﻃﹺﺒ‬the food was cooked.

Root letters (‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ All Arabic

‫)ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ‬

‫ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬are root based. The root letters are base letters from which many words

can be derived such as the following range of words are derived from the root letters

‫ﻛـ ـﺘـ ـﺐ‬: ‫ﺏ‬  ‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬ book; ‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻜ‬ desk; ‫ﺒ ﹾﺔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻜ‬ library; ‫ﺏ‬  ‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ ﹸﻛ‬nursery; ‫ﺑ ﹾﺔ‬‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬ writing; ‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﺗ‬‫ ﹶﻛﺎ‬writer; ‫ﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻜ‬ written; ‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ he writes; ‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬he wrote. The following words are derived from the root letters person;

‫ﻋـ ـﻠـ ـﻢ‬: ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﹾﻟ‬

knowledge;

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻋﺎ‬

a knowledgeable

‫ﻴﻢ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ omniscient; ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ he knew; ‫ﻣ ﹾﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻋ ﱠ‬ scholar; ‫ﻣ ﹾﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻋ ﹶ‬ sign; ‫ﻋﻼﹶﻡ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ‬to make aware;

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Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

‫ﻢ‬‫ﻠﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

to teach;

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻌﱡﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

to learn;

Compass Learning Centre

‫ﻌﻼﹶﻡ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ to seek information; ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻌﹸﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬

known;

‫ﻌﻠﱢﻢ‬ ‫ﻣ‬

teacher;

‫ﻌﻠﱢﻢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬ student. Most

‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬have three root letters (‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻓ‬he opened), some have four (‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺮﹶﻗ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ‬he cracked his

fingers) and very rarely some have five. The root letters are known as are represented by the ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬

‫ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﺻﻠﻲ‬and

‫ﻓـ ـﻌـ ـﻞ‬. Thus, the letter ‫ ﻛﺎﻑ‬in ‫ ﻛـ ـﺘـ ـﺐ‬is known as

‫ ﻓﺎﺀ‬the letter ‫ ﺗﺎﺀ‬is known as the ‫ ﻋﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬and the letter ‫ ﺑﺎﺀ‬is known as the ‫ﻻﻡ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬. Any other letters other than the ‫ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﺻﻠﻲ‬are known as ‫ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ‬such as in the word

‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﻨ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫( ﹺﺇ‬he refrained), the letter ‫ ﺃﻟﻒ‬is ‫ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ‬the letter ‫ ﺟﻴﻢ‬is the ‫ﻓﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬, the

letter ‫ ﺗﺎﺀ‬is ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ‬, the letter ‫ ﻧﻮﻥ‬is the ‫ ﻋﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬and the letter ‫ ﺑﺎﺀ‬is the ‫ﻻﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬.

Some generic examples Below are some examples to show how all the above fit in: 1.

‫ﺍ‬‫ﺤ ﹸﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﺿ‬  they laughed. This word is ‫ﲨﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

2.

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ both of you men/women are shaking. This word is ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

3.

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘـ ﹺﻬـ‬‫ﺷـ‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﺍ‬it was not liked. This word is ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬

4.

‫ﺏ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﹶﺄ ﹾﻗ‬ I should have got closer. This word is ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

9|P a ge

Copyright © CLC 2009

‫‪Arabic_Morphology_version: 2‬‬

‫‪Compass Learning Centre‬‬

‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬

‫‪He did‬‬

‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹶ‬

‫)‪They did (m/d‬‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌﹸﻠ ‪‬ﻮﺍ‬

‫)‪They did (m/p‬‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌﹶﻠ ‪‬‬

‫‪She did‬‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌﹶﻠ‪‬ﺘﺎ‬

‫)‪They did (f/d‬‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ ‪‬ﻦ‬

‫)‪They did (f/p‬‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬

‫‪You did‬‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻤﺎ‬

‫‪Both of you did‬‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻢ‬

‫‪All of you did‬‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬

‫)‪You did (f‬‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻤﺎ‬

‫)‪Both of you did (f/d‬‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻦ‬

‫)‪All of you did (f/p‬‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬

‫‪I did‬‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﻨﺎ‬

‫‪We did‬‬

‫‪Copyright © CLC 2009‬‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ‬

‫ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫‪10 | P a g e‬‬

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Compass Learning Centre

‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ He/it was done

‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

They were done (m/d)

‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They were done (m/p)

‫ﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

She/it was done

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

They were done (f/d)

‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They were done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

You were done

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you were done

‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you were done

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

You were done (f)

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you were done (f/d)

‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you were done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

I was done

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

We were done

‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

Rule 1:

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬

‫ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬is made by giving a ‫ ﺿﻤﺔ‬to the ‫ﻓﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬, a ‫ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ‬to the ‫ ﻋﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬and

leaving the ‫ ﻻﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬as it is such as from ‫ﺏ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ـ‬

11 | P a g e

‫ﺿـ‬  to ‫ﺏ‬  ‫ﺿـ ـ ﹺﺮ‬ .

Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Compass Learning Centre

‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ He did not do

‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

They did not do (m/d)

‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They did not do (m/p)

‫ﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

She did not do

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

They did not do (f/d)

‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They did not do (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

You did not do

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you did not do

‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﹶﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you did not do

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

You did not do (f)

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you did not do (f/d)

‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you did not do (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

I did not do

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

We did not do

‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬

Rule 2: ‫ ﻧﻔﻲ‬in ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬is made by adding a ‫ ﻣﺎ‬before the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬such as from ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ‬to

‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬

‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ‬.

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Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Compass Learning Centre

‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ He/it was not done

‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

They were not done (m/d)

‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They were not done (m/p)

‫ﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

She/it was not done

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

They were not done (f/d)

‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They were not done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

You were not done

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you were not done

‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﹸﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you were not done

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

You were not done (f)

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you were not done (f/d)

‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you were not done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

I was not done

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

We were not done

‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

13 | P a g e

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬

Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Compass Learning Centre

Exercise ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻤ ﹺﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬ 1. Please conjugate the following ‫ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬with all fourteen ‫ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬from

‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

a.

‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ (he forbid)

b.

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ (he knew)

c.

‫ﺏ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺿ‬  (he hit)

d.

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﱠﻠ‬ (he taught)

e.

‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﻨ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ (he refrained)

f.

‫ﺥ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻ‬  (he screamed)

2. Please give the ‫ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬and meaning for the following ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬: a.

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺿ‬  ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬

b.

‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬

c.

‫ﺖ‬  ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﱠﻠ‬

d.

‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬

e.

‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﻤ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ 

f.

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬

3. Please translate the following into Arabic the a. Both of you women went out b. She did not open c. Both of you were helped d. I was patient e. We were robbed f. All of you women did not go g. You (m) returned h. You (f) knew

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‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is given to make it easier: ‫ﺝ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻓ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬  ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺻ‬  ‫ﻕ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﹶﺫ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

i. All of them (f) were questioned j. Both of them (f) did not cook k. He read

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Compass Learning Centre

‫ﺳﹶﺄ ﹶﻝ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﹶﻃ‬ ‫ﺮﹶﺃ‬ ‫ﹶﻗ‬

Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Compass Learning Centre

‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

They are doing (m/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They are doing (m/p)

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

They are doing (f/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They are doing (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬

You are doing

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you are doing

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you are doing

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

You are doing (f)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you are doing (f/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you are doing (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

I am doing

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ‬

We are doing

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

Note:

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

She is doing

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬

He is doing

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬

‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬denotes both the present and present continuous hence; it can also be

translated as ‘he does’ ‘I do’ etc.

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Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Rule 3: ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬

Compass Learning Centre

‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is made by adding the letters ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‬, ‫ﺗﺎﺀ‬, ‫ ﻳﺎﺀ‬and ‫ ﻧﻮﻥ‬in the beginning of

‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬. 1.

‫ ﺃﻟﻒ‬comes only for ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬.

2.

‫ ﻧﻮﻥ‬comes only for ‫ﲨﻊ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬.

3.

‫ ﻳﺎﺀ‬comes for all the ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬

4.

‫ ﺗﺎﺀ‬comes for all the ‫ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬of ‫ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬and for ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬and ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬.

Rule 4: The ending of the

of ‫ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬and ‫ﲨﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬.

‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬

represents the number of people involved

therefore: 1. If there isn’t anything at the end (‫ﺷﻴﺊ‬ represents:

‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺂﺧﺮﻩ‬

it

‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬، ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬، ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬، Such as: ‫ﻌﻞﹸ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﻔ‬

، ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ‬، ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬

2.

‫ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻧﻮﻥ‬at the end represents the ‫ ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬such as ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬.

3.

‫ ﻭﺍﻭ ﻧﻮﻥ‬at the end represents ‫ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬such as ‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬.

4.

‫ ﻳﺎﺀ ﻧﻮﻥ‬at the end represents ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬such as ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬. Note: The

‫ ﻧﻮﻥ‬in the above three points is known as ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﹺﺑ‬‫ﻋﺮ‬ ‫ﻥ ﹺﺇ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ and gets

omitted in some cases as you shall learn later. 5.

‫ ﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬at the end represents ‫ﲨﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬

and ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬such

as ‫ﻦ‬  ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬ and ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬. This ‫ ﻧﻮﻥ‬is known as ‫ﻮ ﹾﺓ‬ ‫ﺴ‬  ‫ﻥ ﹺﻧ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ and does not change whatever the case is. 17 | P a g e

Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Compass Learning Centre

‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

They are being done (m/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They are being done (m/p)

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

They are being done (f/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They are being done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬

You are being done

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you are being done

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you are being done

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

You are being done (f)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you are being done (f/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you are being done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

I am being done

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﹸﺃ ﹾﻓ‬

We are being done

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﻔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

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‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬

She/it is being done

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬

He/it is being done

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬

Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Rule 5: ‫ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬

Compass Learning Centre

‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬is made from ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬. The process of making it is

to give a ‫ ﺿﻤﺔ‬on the ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ and leave the ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺮﻑ‬, leave the ‫ ﻓﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬as it is, make the ‫ﻋﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬

‫ ﻻﻡ‬as it is such as from

‫ﻌـ ـ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳـ ـ ﹾﻔـ ـ‬ to ‫ﻌـ ـ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳـ ـ ﹾﻔـ ـ‬

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Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Compass Learning Centre

‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

They are not doing (m/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They are not doing (m/p)

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

She is not doing

‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

They are not doing (f/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They are not doing (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

I am not doing

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you are not doing

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you are not doing

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

I am not doing (f)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you are not doing (f/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you are not doing (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

I am not doing

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ‬

We are not doing

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

He is not doing

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬

Rule 6: ‫ ﻧﻔﻲ‬in ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬is made by adding a ‫ ﻻ‬before‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬ hence it becomes ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬.

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Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Compass Learning Centre

‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

They are not being done (m/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They are not being done (m/p)

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

They are not being done (f/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

They are not being done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

You are not being done

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you are not being done

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you are not being done

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

You are not being done (f)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

Both of you are not being done (f/d)

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬

All of you are not being done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

I am not being

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﹸﺃ ﹾﻓ‬

We are not being done

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

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‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

She/it is not being done

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

He/it is not being done

‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2

Compass Learning Centre

Exercise ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬ 1. Please conjugate the following ‫ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬with all fourteen ‫ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬from

‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ a.

‫ﺡ‬  ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻳ‬

b.

(he praises)

d.

‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹸﻈ‬ ‫ﻳ‬

c.

(he becomes great)

‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬  ‫ﻨ‬‫ـ‬‫ـﺘ‬‫ﻳﺴ‬

e.

(he seeks help)

‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﺴ‬ ِ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬

(he earns)

‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻨ ﹶﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬

f.

(he bursts)

‫ﻉ‬  ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﻳ‬

(He cultivates)

4. Please give the ‫ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬and meaning for the following ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬: a.

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﻄ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻨ ﹶﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬

b.

‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬  ‫ﻨ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺴﺘ‬  ‫ﻧ‬

c.

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺪﺣ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻳ‬

d.

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ ﹸﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

e.

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬ ِ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬

f.

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﻳ‬

5. Please translate the following into Arabic the a. Both of you men are going out b. Both of them (f) are being opened c. You are not helping d. All of them (f) are patient e. All of you women are not being robbed f. We are going g. I am not returning

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‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is given to make it easier: ‫ﺝ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺨ‬  ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺝ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻓ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬  ‫ﻨ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬  ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼﹺﺒ‬  ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺻ‬  ‫ﻕ‬  ‫ﺴ ﹺﺮ‬  ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻕ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﺬ‬ ‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﹶﺫ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺮ ﹺﺟ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ Copyright © CLC 2009