Sanganak Jagat

November 2019
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h∞H$s®JMr [nagr_m : H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$ ......... 9

EH$ `w’ gßJUH$mer ....................... 28

A∞_{Pm∞ZMr Jm{Ô>............................ 42

"obZ∑g'Mß am_m`U ....................... 49

"]r.E.Ama.gr.' _Yrb AmUr]mUr. ......... 58

"`mhˇ"Mr Jm{Ô> .............................. 69

amI{Vbm o\$oZ∑g AmoU Vr B© _{b .......... 75

EH$m oM_ `mMß gßJUH$s KaQ>ß .............. 81

gm`]a Jw›h{JmarM{ ododY [°by .............. 87

gm`]a Jw›h{Jmar ........................... 92

AZwH´$_oUH$m

`m{Jm`m{Jm¿`m Jm{Ô>r ........................ 96

]Q>mQ>ÁmMm H$sg .......................... 101

H$m±ﬂ`wQ>aMß J_^Z ......................... 106

Am`.Q>r. AmoU _amR>r .................... 110

gmh{]mMr ^mfm AmoU BßQ>aZ{Q> ............. 115

e„Xmß¿`m ZßXZdZmV ...................... 119

Aer hr ^ßH$g]mOr ...................... 126

BoVhmg AmoU ^odÓ` .................... 130

EH$odgmÏ`m eVH$m¿`m gwÈdmVrg.. ...... 137

dmMH$hm{, OmZ{dmar 2001 V{ oS>g|]a 2001 ¯m H$mimV "gßJUH$ OJV' ZmdmZ{ EH$ gXa _r X°oZH$ "bm{H$gŒmm'VyZ obhrb{. Xa ewH´$dmar h{ gXa ‡og’ hm{B© AmoU dmMH$mß¿`m ‡oVoH´$`m gH$mir 9 dmOÎ`m[mgyZM _m¬`m B© _{b ]m∞∑g_‹`{ `{D$Z [S>V. df©^amV Aem gw_ma{ 3000 B© _{b _bm o_imÎ`m. gß[yU© _hmamÔ≠>mVyZM ZÏh{ Va [aX{emVhr O{W{ O{W{ "bm{H$gŒmm' OmV hm{Vm V{WyZhr gd© WamVÎ`m, gd© d`m¿`m Ûr-[wÍ$f dmMH$mßMr EHy$UM gßJUH$ OJVm]‘bMß Hw$Vyhb AmoU _Vß _bm ¯m_wi{ Iy[ OdiyZ OmUVm Ambr. À`m —Ô>rZ{ [mhVm "gßJUH$ OJV" ¿`m dmMH$mßZr À`mß¿`m B© _{b_YyZ _mPß EH$ ‡oejUM A‡À`j[U{ KS>dyZ AmUbß. _m¬`m ¯m dmMH$mßM{ _r IaM _Zm[mgyZ Am^ma _mZVm{. "gßJUH$ OJV' ¯m gXamVb{ _mP{ EHy$U 52 b{I h{ Xm{Z ‡H$mamV _m{S>Uma{ hm{V{. EH$ ÂhUO{, EHy$UM gßJUH$m¿`m OJmVÎ`m V{Ïhm¿`m Vm¡`m KS>m_m{S>tdaM{ obImU À`mV Amb{ hm{V{. CXmhaUmW©, Q>{oZg[Qy> A∞Zm Hw$oZ©H$m{dm¿`m ZmdmZ{ À`m dfu EH$ Ïhm`ag Ambm hm{Vm. dV©_mZ[ÃmVyZ À`m¿`m ]mVÂ`m R>iH$[U{ ‡og’ PmÎ`m hm{À`m. ¯m ]mV_rMm d{Y K{Umam ‡mgßoJH$ b{I _r À`md{ir "gßJUH$ OJV' gmR>r obhrbm. ‡mgßoJH$ b{I h{ H$mhr H$mimZßVa Iam{IarM oZ_m©Î`mgmaI{ hm{D$Z OmVmV. Ag{ oei{ dmQ>Uma{ VmÀH$mobH$ b{I gm{S>Vm gw_ma{ 30 b{I Ag{ hm{V{ H$s ¡`mV oZdS>H$oQ>[H$ AmoU H$m`_ gßJ´m¯ Aer C[`w∫$ gm_wJ´r hm{Vr. "bm{H$gŒmm'VÎ`m _m¬`m ¯m gXambm OmJ{Mr _m{R>rM _`m©Xm hm{Vr. I{arO Aem ÒVß^mß]am{]a oMÃ{ dm N>m`moMÃ{ X{ `mMr [’V À`md{ir "bm{H$gŒmm'V ZÏhVr. À`m_wi{ gXamVrb gd© b{I h{ H{$di _OHw$amM{M AgV. H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$ ¯m OJ‡og’ h∞H$aMr gÀ`H$Wm _r ¯m gXamVyZ gmßoJVbr V{Ïhm AZ{H$ dmMH$mß¿`m B© _{b AmÎ`m H$s hm "H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$ oXgVm{ H$gm h{ AmÂhmbm [hm`M`. VwÂhr À`mMm \$m{Q>m{ N>m[m.' [U dmMH$mßMr Vr _mJUr V{Ïhm \$m{Q>m{ C[b„Y AgyZhr [yU© H$aVm Ambr ZÏhVr. ¯m [wÒVH$mV _mÃ V{ O_b{ Amh{. OdiOdi ‡À`{H$ b{Imgm{]V À`mM{er gß]ßoYV oMÃ d N>m`moMÃ{ AmdOy©Z X{ `mMr H$miOr ¯m [wÒVH$m¿`m ‡H$meZmM{ d{ir OmUrd[yd©H$ K{Vbr Amh{. ¡`m H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$Z{ h∞H$s®J¿`m Amam{[m_wi{ gVV [mM df} VwÍß$JmMr H$miH$m{R>S>r [mohbr Vm{ o_Q>ZrH$ AmO 2003 _‹`{ H$m` H$arV Amh{, AmoU 2004 d 2005 _‹`{ À`mMr OJ `mMr arV H$m` amhUma Amh{ hm ^mJ ¯m [wÒVH$mV V[erbdma Ambm Amh{. H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$ VwÍß$JmVyZ gwQ>Î`mZßVa H$mhr H$mimZ{ À`mZ{ ÒdVïMr EH$ Ï`mdgmo`H$ gßÒWm H$mT>br. ¯m gßÒW{¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ AmO Vm{ OJmbm h∞H$s®J[mgyZ Am[Î`m gßJUH$mßM{ gßajU H$g{ H$amd{ h{ oeH$dV AgVm{. À`mZ{ Am[Î`m ¯m gßÒW{Mr

(Hß$[ZrMr) d{] gmB©Q>hr BßQ>aZ{Q>da AmUbr Amh{. hr d{]gmB©Q> H$mhr h∞H$g©Zr h∞H$ H{$br AmoU À`mda "d{bH$_ ]∞H$ H{$odZ' Agm ÒdmJV[a gßX{e Q>mH$bm. H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$¿`m ]m]VrV Aem ‡H$ma{ oZ`VrZ{ Am[br Hw$er H$er ]Xbbr `mMr hH$sJV ¯m [wÒVH$mV Ambr Amh{. ¯m [wÒVH$mVb{ AZ{H$ b{I h{ gßJUH$ OJVmMm _Zm{aßOH$ BoVhmg oQ>[Uma{ Amh{V. H$mhr H$mZ_ßÃ X{Uma{ Amh{V. `mV Hw$R>{hr H$mÎ[oZH$ Ag{ H$mhrhr Zmhr. ¡`m Amh{V À`m gÀ`H$Wm Amh{V. oZ`Vr H$Î[Z{Vhr `{Uma ZmhrV Aem Jm{Ô>r gÀ`mV H$em AmUV AgV{ h{ OmU `mgmR>r gßJUH$m¿`m j{ÃmgmaI{ Xwga{ j{Ã Zmhr. À`mVyZM '`mhˇ"Mr Jm{Ô>, "A∞_{Pm∞Z'Mr Jm{Ô>, "H{$odZ'Mr Jm{Ô> dJ°a{ Jm{Ô>r ¯m [wÒVH$mV AmÎ`m Amh{V. [wÒVH$mVrb b{Imß]am{]aMr N>m`moMÃ{ o_iodU{ d [wÒVH$mMr _mßS>Ur H$a `mgmR>r _mP{ ghH$mar A_m{b OmYd d odÌdZmW ImßXma{ `mßZr A[ma _{hZV K{Vbr Amh{. À`mMm CÑ{I AmdOy©Z H$am`bmM hdm. [wÒVH$mVrb _OHy$a V[mgU{ d AmdÌ`H$ À`m gwYmaUm gwMod `mM{ _hŒdmM{ H$m_ ‡gmX [mR>H$, oOV|– MÏhmU, eßH$a [a] d [´emßV oS>Mm{bH$a `mßZr H{$b{. _mPm _wbJm AmoXV `mZ{ [wÒVH$mM{ _wI[•> H$Í$Z oXb{. [wÒVH$m¿`m odVaUmgmR>r _{hZV K{UmË`m odbmg [Í$i{H$a `mßMm CÑ{Ihr H$am`bmM hdm. Aem ‡H$ma{ gdm™M{ EH$oÃV ‡`ÀZ ZgV{ Va H$XmoMV h{ [wÒVH$ Z KS>V{. ¡`mß¿`m ‡{aU{Z{ h{ gma{ b{I obhrb{ J{b{ V{ 'bm{H$gŒmm" M{ V{ÏhmM{ gß[mXH$ AÍ$U oQ>H{$H$a `mßMm CÑ{I A[nahm`© Amh{. À`md{ir 'bm{H$gŒmm"V Agb{b{ ¡`{> [ÃH$ma dgßV qeX{ d XŒmm [ßMdmK h{ _m¬`m b{Imß¿`m hÒVoboIVmM{ [ohb{ dmMH$ AgV. hÒVoboIV dmMyZ À`mßZr d{im{d{ir Iy[ _m{bm¿`m gyMZm H{$Î`m `mMr Zm|Xhr BW{ H$am`bm hdr. dmMH$hm{, gßJUH$ ¯m odf`mdaM{ _mP{ h{ [mMd{ [wÒVH$ Am[Î`mg_m{a R>{dVmZm _ZmV AmZßX Amh{. _amR>rV ¯m odf`mda OmÒVrV OmÒV obhrb{ Omd{, AJXr VmbwH$m d J´m_rU [mVirda V{ [m{hm{Mmd{ AmoU gßJUH$mMr XwoZ`m Am[Î`m gd© _amR>r Am]mbd•’mßZm [wÒVH$m¿`m _m‹`_mßVyZ Var OdiyZ oXgmdr Ag{ Co‘Ô> "gßJUH$ ‡H$meZ' Z{ R>{db{{ Amh{. gßJUH$modf`rM{ EHy$U AkmZ EH$m O›_mV Xya hm{Uma{ Zmhr. kmZ K{V Im{b Im{b OmV amohbm{ H$s AkmZmMr Im{br [mVmim¿`mhr [brH$S>{ [gaÎ`mMr OmUrd hm{V{. _bm gm[S>b{b{ ¯m [wÒVH$mVb{ kmZmM{ H$U d{MÎ`mZßVa EIm⁄m dmMH$mbm Oar gßJUH$m¿`m kmZmMr Jm{S>r bmJbr Va ¯m [wÒVH$mM{ MrO Pmb{ Ag{ _r ÂhU{Z..

Email : [email protected]

h∞H$s®JMr [nagr_m: H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$

1994 ¿`m 25 oS>g|]aMr Jm{Ô>. oºg_gMm oXdg. A_{naH{$Vrb g∞Z oS>EJm{_Yrb gwQ>m{_w er_m{_wamM{ gßJUH$ emßV hm{V{. Vg{ V{ H$YrM emßV ZgV. [U gwQ>m{_w er_m{_wam hm _yi O[mZr dßemVbm [U A_{naH{$V ÒWmo`H$ Pmb{bm AÀ`ßV ]wo’_mZ Agm H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a ‡m{J´m_a J{b{ Xm{Z oXdg o[H$oZH$bm J{bm hm{Vm. ]mamhr _ohZ{ gVV gßJUH$mda ‡`m{J, ZdZd{ H$m{S>g≤ em{YU{ `mV er_m{_wam JwßJ Pmb{bm Ag{. ¯m C⁄m{JmVyZ Xm{Z oXdg ]mOyg hm{D$Z ]mh{aJmdr Omdß AmoU odlmßVr ø`mdr Agm odMma H$Í$ZM er_m{_wamZ{ g∞Z oS>EJm{ gm{S>bß hm{Vß. Am[b{ gßJUH$ Am[Î`m ghH$mË`mda gm{[dyZ Vm{ À`m oXder M∑H$ ]m{Q>tJ H$arV hm{Vm. Am[Î`m Jmdm[mgyZ oH$À`{H$ _°b AßVamda ]m{Q>rM{ dÎh{ _maUmË`m er_m{_wam¿`m g_m{a [mUr AmoU da oZa^´ AmH$me oXgV hm{Vß. ]m{Q>tJ H$Í$Z Vm{ X_bm hm{Vm. oH$ZmË`mda `{ `mMr d{i Pmbr hm{Vr, V{dT>ÁmV g_m{Í$Z er_m{_wamMm o_Ã _m{R>_m{R>ÁmZ{ Am{aS>V À`mbm hmH$m _maVmZm À`mZ{ [mohbm. hm o_Ãhr odlmßVrgmR>r er_m{_wam]am{]a oVW{ Ambm hm{Vm. er_m{_wamZ{ ]m{Q> KmB©KmB©Z{ oH$ZmË`mda AmUbr. o_Ã AOyZhr Am{aS>VM hm{Vm ""H$_ \$mÒQ>, H$_ \$mÒQ>@@ `wda H$m±ﬂ`wQ>g© Ama h∞∑S>...'' er_m{ _ w a m¿`m M{ h { Ë `mda Jß ^ raVm AmoU amJ Xm{ › hr EH$X_ AdVab{ . er_m{_wam¿`m ghH$mË`mZ{ g∞Z oS>EJm{dÈZ \$m{Z H{$bm hm{Vm, AmoU h∞H$s®J PmÎ`mMr ]mV_r À`mZ{ Ym[m Q>mH$sV oXbr hm{Vr. H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a AmoU Z{Q>dH©$ H$›gÎQ>›gr hm er_m{_wamMm Ï`dgm` hm{Vm. Am[Î`m odf`mV Vm{ AÀ`ßV oZÓUmV hm{Vm. À`mM{ A⁄`mdV H$m±ﬂ`wQ>g© [mgdS>© AmoU gßajH$ q^VtZr `w∫$ Ag{ AgV. EIm⁄m ]•hÒ[Vrbmhr À`m¿`m H$m±ﬂ`wQ>g©_‹`{ oeaU{ e∑` ZÏhV{, AmoU AMmZH$ hm

gßJUH$ OJV 9

gßJUH$V¡k oe_m{_wam amÃßoXdg Am[Î`m gßJUH$mßda ]marH$ bj R>{dyZ Ag{. Varhr EImXr gamB©V Ka\$m{S>r Ïhmdr Vg{ À`mM{ gßJUH$ Hw$UrEH$ AkmV Ï`∫$s dmaßdma h∞H$ H$arV hm{Vr...

h∞H$s®JMm Kmbm [S>bm hm{Vm. er_m{_wam¿`m O[mZr M{h{Ë`mdaMm amJ À`m¿`m AY©dQ> o_Q>∑`m S>m{˘`mßVyZhr Ò[Ô> oXgV hm{Vm. ""h{ À`mM{M H$m_ Amh{'' er_m{_wam _ZmVÎ`m _ZmV [wQ>[wQ>bm.""Mbm, gw≈>r gß[br. H$mhr VmgmV Am[Î`mbm g∞Z oS>EJm{bm [m{hm{Mm`M`'' er_m{_wamZ{ VamVam \$_m©Z gm{S>b{ AmoU ^am^am Am[Î`m ]∞Jmhr ^aÎ`m. odlmßVr odgÍ$Z er_m{_wamMm [aVrMm [´dmg gwÍ$ Pmbm hm{Vm. g∞Z oS>EJm{bm [m{hm{MVm{` H$Yr, AmoU Am[b{ gßJUH$ [mhVm{` H$Yr Agß À`mbm Pmbß hm{Vß. AI{arg er_m{_wamMm gße` Iam R>abm hm{Vm. "Vm{' ]h˛Ym "Vm{M' hm{Vm. ¡`m [’VrZ{ À`m¿`m gßJUH$mda AmH´$_U Pmb{ hm{V{ Vr [’V er_m{_wam¿`m Am{iIrMr hm{Vr. À`m [’Vrer o_iVm-OwiVm gmam ‡H$ma hm{Vm. da "_yI©' ]ZodÎ`m]‘b er_m{_wamMr oIÎbr CS>db{br hm{Vr AmoU ""]¿M{, Vw_ ∑`m hm{? Vw_ h_ VH$ H$^r Zhr [h˛±M [mAm{J{. b{oH$Z h_ VwÂh{ gVmV{ ah|J{'' Aem ‡H$maMr Y_H$shr À`mZ{ _mJ{ R>{dyZ oXbr hm{Vr. oH$VrVar Vmg er_m{_wam Am[bm gßJUH$ V[mgV hm{Vm. ododY Qy>Îg dm[Í$Z d{Jd{J˘`m MmßM `m H$arV hm{Vm. ""Vw_ h_ VH$ H$^r Zhr [h˛±M [mAm{J{'' hr X[m}∫$s AmoU Y_H$s er_m{_wambm gVmdy bmJbr hm{Vr. À`mZ{ VÀjUr oZ¸` H{$bm ''_r bdH$aM H{$odZbm [H$S>{Z.''

gßJUH$ OJV 10

[U er_m{_wam H{$odZbm H$gm [H$S>Uma hm{Vm? H{$odZbm A_{naH{$Mr OJ‡og’ Jw·h{a gßKQ>Zm E\$.]r.Am`.hr [H$Sy> eH$br ZÏhVr. H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$ oH$À`{H$ _ohZ{ \$amar hm{Vm AmoU \{$S>ab B›Ïh{ÒQ>rJ{eZ „`wam{ H{$odZbm [H$Sy> eH$br ZÏhVr. e{dQ>r H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$Mr _mohVr X{UmË`mbm 50 bmI È[`mßM{ [´MßS> ]jrg Omhra H$a `mßV Amb{ hm{V{. hr a∑H$_ \$ma _m{R>r hm{Vr. EH$sH$S>{ H{$odZ \$amar hm{Vm [U XwgarH$S>{ À`mM{ C⁄m{J Mmbb{b{M hm{V{. _m{]mB©b \$m{Z Q>m∞dadaM{ H$m{S>g≤ Vm{Sy>Z À`mMm C[`m{J À`mZ{ odoMÃ naVrZ{ H{$b{bm hm{Vm. AZ{H$mßZm ]{H$m`X{era[U{ _m{]mB©b \$m{Z H$Z{∑e›g À`mZ{ Mm{aQ>{[UmZ{ oXbr hm{Vr. H$am{S>m{ È[`mßMm AmoU bmIm{ S>m∞bg©Mm A[hma AmoU V{dT>{M O]aXÒV ZwH$gmZ _m{]mB©b \$m{Z¿`m Hß$[›`mßZm gm{gmd{ bmJb{ hm{V{. _m{]mB©b Q>m∞daM{ H$m{S>g≤ Vm{S> `mgmR>r AoVoXÏ` ]wo’_Œmm AgU{ JaO{M{ hm{V{. Aer AoVoXÏ` ]wo’_Œmm _wimVM _mZdmV ZgV{. [U H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$Z{ hm g_O Im{Q>m [mS>bm hm{Vm. _m{]mB©b Q>m∞daM{ H$m{S>g≤ VwQ>b{ hm{V{. hr H{$g E\$.]r.Am`.bm S>m{H{$XwIrMr Pmbr hm{Vr. A_{naH$Z gaH$maMm \$ma _m{R>m X]md À`mß¿`mda hm{Vm. ¯m ‡H$aUmV H{$odZM Amh{ h{ XmIdUma{ AZ{H$ [wamd{ À`mßZm gm[S>b{ hm{V{, \$∫$ H{$odZ gm[S>V ZÏhVm. Vgm 1988 gmbr H{$odZ [H$S>bm J{bm hm{Vm. Amam{[ H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a \´$m∞S>MmM hm{Vm. ›`m`mYre _mna`Zm \{$ÎPa `mß¿`mg_m{a H{$odZMm IQ>bm Mmbbm. ›`m. \{$ÎPa Am[Î`m oZH$mb[ÃmV ÂhUmÎ`m "" EIm⁄mbm S≠>ΩO qH$dm _mXH$ –Ï`mßM{ Ï`gZ Ag `m[{jm h{ gßJUH$mM{ Ï`gZ VwbZ{Z{ _r MmßJb{ ÂhU{Z.'' Ag{ _V Ï`∫$ H$Í$Z ›`m`_yVuZr H{$odZbm H°$X{Mr odoMÃ oejm oXbr. H°$X{V AgVmZm gßJUH$ AmoU Q>{ob\$m{Z À`mZ{ dm[am`Mm Zmhr EdT>rM AQ> ›`m`mYremßZr KmVbr hm{Vr. ¯m[{jm _m{R>r oejm H{$odZgmR>r Xwgar H$m{UVrhr Agy eH$V ZÏhVr. ¡`mbm gßJUH$mM{ Ï`gZ, À`mZ{ À`m[mgyZM Xya ahm`M{ ? \$maM H$R>m{a oejm! [U H{$odZbm Vr EH$ df© ^m{Jmdr bmJbr. hr oejm ^m{JVmZm À`mM{ d` hm{V{ AdK{ [ßMdrg dfm™M{. Vg{ ›`m`mYremg_m{a C^{ amhU{ À`mhr d`mV H{$odZbm Zd{ ZÏhV{. d`m¿`m Adø`m 17 Ï`m dfu À`mbm ›`m`mYremg_m{a C^{ ahmd{ bmJb{ hm{V{. Amam{[ V{Ïhmhr gßJUH$odf`H$ Jw›¯mMmM hm{Vm. "[∞ogo\$H$ ]{b'hr _m{R>r Q>{ob\$m{Z Hß$[Zr. EH$m [{ \$m{ZdÈZ ÂhUO{ gmd©OoZH$ Xya‹dZrMm dm[a H$Í$Z H{$odZZ{ 17 Ï`m dfu [∞ogo\$H$ ]{b Hß$[ZrM{ H$m{S>g≤ H∞´$H$ H{$b{. À`mß¿`m H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a_‹`{ oeÍ$Z À`mZ{ ÒdV:M{ Q>{ob\$m{Z o]b H$_r H$ÈZ K{Vb{. ZßVa BVamßMr o]b{ H$_r H$Í$Z X{ `mMm C⁄m{J

gßJUH$ OJV 11

gwÍ$ H{$bm. _J Xya‹dZr H|$–mV oeÍ$Z g∞Z \´$mßogÒH$m{¿`m XwgË`m EH$m Hß$[ZrMm gw_ma{ 1 H$m{Q>r È[`mßMm S>{Q>m Mm{abm. ¯m Amam{[mgmR>r 17 dfm™Mm AÎ[d`rZ Jw›h{Jma ÂhUyZ H{$odZMm IQ>bm ¡`wd{ZmB©b H$m{Q>©[wT>{ ÂhUO{ ]mbH$mß¿`m ›`m`mb`mV Mmbbm. ›`m`mYremßZr À`mbm oejm R>m{R>mdbr H$s À`mZ{ _m{R>Ám _mUgm‡_mU{ ghm _ohZ{ H$m_ H$amd{. hr gOm g∫$ _Owar ZÏhVr. [U À`mV OmM hm{Vm. EH$m AoYH$mË`mM{ H$aS>{ bj H{$odZda gVV Ag{. hr oejm gß[dyZ H{$odZ ]mh{a [S>bm. XwgË`m oXder À`m H$aS>Ám AoYH$mË`mMm Q>{ob\$m{Z ]ßX [S>bm hm{Vm. À`mM{ Xya‹dZr H$Z{∑eZ Hß$[ZrZ{ H$m[b{ Amh{ Agm gßX{e À`mbm E{Hy$ `{V hm{Vm. À`mZ{ Q>{ob\$m{Z Hß$[ZrH$S>{ VH´$ma H{$br V{Ïhm Hß$[ZrH$S>{ À`mMm Q>{ob\$m{Z H$m[Î`mMr H$gbrhr Zm|X ZÏhVr. Hw$UrVar Q>{ob\$m{Z H$m[yZ ZßVa Zm|Xrhr o\$adÎ`m hm{À`m. gßJUH$mVrb ¯m Zm|Xr o\$ad `mMr A∑H$b H{$odZoedm` Hw$Umbm AgUma hm{Vr? H$aS>Ám AoYH$mË`mbm 17 dfm™¿`m H{$odZZ{ R>m{R>mdb{br Vr ]mobe gOm hm{Vr. er_m{_wamMm gßJUH$ h∞H$ Pmbm V{Ïhm df© hm{V{ 1994. ÂhUO{ H{$odZ V{Ïhm 32 dfm™Mm hm{Vm. oH$À`{H$ _ohZ{ Vm{ \$amar hm{Vm. Jw·h{a gßKQ>Zm À`m¿`m _mJmda hm{Vr AmoU AmVm À`mZ{ er_m{_wambm AmÏhmZ oXb{ hm{V{. er_m{_wamMr ]wo’_Œmm odÈ’ H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$Mr ]wo’_Œmm Agm O]aXÒV gm_Zm AmVm gwÍ$ Pmbm hm{Vm. H{$odZbm [H$S> `mMr ‡oVkm er_m{_wamZ{ H{$br hm{Vr AmoU 50 bmImM{ ]jrg AmVm qOH$m`M{M h{ À`mZ{ _Zm{_Z R>adb{ hm{V{. gßJUH$ OJVmVbm hm O]aXÒV gm_Zm [wT>{ AZ{H$ diU{ K{V K{V aßJV J{bm. "H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a og∑`warQ>r' hm er_m{_wamMm Img AmdS>rMm odf` hm{Vm AmoU À`m odf`mV ª`mVr o_idy Z Vm{ EH$ gw ‡ og’ gÎbmJma R>abm hm{ V m. Aem gÎbmJmambmM H{$odZZ{ "Jma' H{$Î`mZ{ AmVm h{ [´H$aU ‡oV>{M{ ]Zb{ hm{V{. H{$odZ o_Q>ZrH$ ¯m \$amar h∞H$aMr ]wo’_Œmm _m{R>r H$s er_m{_wam ¯m gÎbmJmamM{ Z°[w ` _m{R>{ Aer MMm© AmVm gwÍ$ hm{Uma hm{Vr. er_m{_wam AmVm H{$odZbm em{YUmam Jw·h{a ]Zbm hm{Vm. bT>mB© gwÍ$ Pmbr hm{Vr. gVV Xm{Z oXdg er_m{_wam h{ em{YV hm{Vm H$s H{$odZ OmVm OmVm H$mhr [wamd{ _mJ{ R>{dyZ J{bm Amh{ H$m` ? er_m{_wamMm gßVm[ AmUIr dmT>dUmar EH$ KQ>Zm 27 oS>g|]a am{Or KS>br. H{$odZ [w›hm À`m¿`m gßJUH$mV oeabm EdT>{M ZÏh{ Va OmVm OmVm À`mZ{ EH$ dm∞B©g _{b ÂhUO{ AmdmO _mJ{ R>{dbm. `mV er_m{_wamMr M{Ô>m>

gßJUH$ OJV 12

hm{ V r. dm∞ B © g _{ b _‹`{ oMÃodoMÃ AmdmO H$mTy>Z "" h{ h{ h{@@@ `wda Q>{∑ZrH$ BO Zm{ JwS>, `wda Q>{∑ZrH$ BO Zm{ JwS> '' Aer oIÎbr CS>db{br hm{Vr. ¯m ‡H$mamZ{ er_m{_wam amJmZ{ bmb]wßX Pmbm. 30 oS>g|]a am{Or [w›hm EH$Xm hm ‡H$ma Pmbm. [w›hm AmUIr EH$ dm∞ B © g _{ b . [w › hm oIÎbr CS>db{br. 25 oS>g| ] abm er_m{ _ w a m¿`m gß J UH$mVy Z H$mhr B© _{ b , H$mhr gm∞‚Q>d{Ag© Jm`] Pmbr hm{Vr. EdT>ß am_m`U KSy>Z J{Î`mZßVa H$mhr oXdg _mJ{ [S>b{ . À`m XaÂ`mZ h∞ H $aZ{ h∞H$abm [H$S> `mgmR>r Am[U H$gbmhr C[X≤Ï`m[ H{$bm ZÏhVm. H$m` H$m` H{$b{ `mMr hH$sJV À`m_wi{ À`mMm em{Y K{ `mV er_m{_wam oe_m{_wamZ{ Am[Î`m "Q>{H$ S>mD$Z' ¯m [wÒVH$mV obohbr Amh{. H$gbrhr [´JVr H$Í$ eH$bm ZÏhVm. OmZ{dmar¿`m oVgË`m AmR>dS>ÁmV er_m{_wamM{ Zer] À`m¿`mda Iwf Pmb{. H∞$ob\$m{oZ©`mVrb "d{b' ¯m Hß$[ZrMm \$m{Z er_m{_wambm Ambm. d{b hr Am∞ZbmB©Z g{dm [wadUmar AÀ`ßV ‡og’ Hß$[Zr. À`mßZm À`mß¿`m gßJUH$modf`r gße` `{D$ bmJbm hm{Vm. Hw$UrVar h∞H$a Am[Î`m ogÒQ>Âg_‹`{ oeaVm{`, [U À`mMm ZrQ> _mJ_yg bmJV Zmhr Ag{ À`mßM{ ÂhUU{ hm{V{. ¯m gßX^m©V d{b Hß$[ZrZ{ er_m{_wambm gÎbm-_gbVrgmR>r [mMmaU H{$b{ hm{V{. er_m{_wamZ{ "d{b'M{ gßJUH$ V[mgb{ V{Ïhm 25 oS>g|]abm Mm{arg J{b{br À`mMr gm∞‚Q>d{Ag© V{Wrb EH$m AH$mDß$Q>_‹`{ À`mbm AMmZH$ gm[S>br. er_m{_wam¿`m gßJUH$mMm h∞H$a AmoU d{b Hß$[ZrMm h∞H$a hr EH$M Ï`∫$s Amh{ h{ À`m_wi{ Ò[Ô> Pmbß hm{Vß. _mÃ "d{b' Hß$[Zr¿`m gßJUH$mVrb "V{' AH$mDß$Q> ]m{Jg ZmdmZ{M hm{V{. "d{b' Hß$[ZrMm C[`m{J EIm⁄m Ï`mg[rR>mgmaIm H$Í$Z Vm{ h∞H$a "_m{Q>m{am{bm', "A∞[b', "∑dmbH$m∞_' Aem S>PZ^a ª`mVZm_ Hß$[›`mß¿`m gßJUH$mV _wemo\$ar H$aVm{` h{ er_m{_wam¿`m bjmV Amb{. AmVm À`mbm V[mgmMr

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oe_m{_wam d pÒ‡®Q> Hß$[ZrMm VßÃk Or_ _\$s© `m Xm{KmßZrhr h∞H$abm [H$S> `mgmR>r gm[im aMbm ...

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@@ AmdmO H$arV bmJVm{ Amh{, AmoU H$m∞b bmJ `m[ydu q‡Q>aMm "H$a›MH$ @ H$a›MH$ @@' Agm AmdmO `{Vm{ Amh{. er_m{_wamM{ O[mZr S>m{i{ odÒ\$mab{. Vm{ oXdg hm{Vm JwÈdma, 9 \{$]´wdmar 1994. ""C⁄m ewH´$dmar Vy bj R>{d, AmoU 35 o_oZQ>mß[{jm AoYH$ d{i "pÒ‡®Q>',"d{b' AmoU "Z{Q>H$m∞_' H$S>{ OmUma{ H´$_mßH$ Zm|XdyZ R>{d'' er_m{_wamZ{ _\$s©bm gmßoJVb{. Xwga{ oXder Xm{KmßMr [w›hm ^{Q> Pmbr. ewH´$dmar Xw[mar gmS>{VrZ dmOVm Z{Q>H$m∞_bm (404) 5557332 ¯m H´$_mßH$mdÈZ gß[H©$ Pmbm hm{Vm AmoU Vm{ 44 o_oZQ>{ Mmbbm hm{Vm. amÃr 8.22 dmOVm (612) 5556400 ¯m H´$_mßH$mdÈZ Pmb{bm gß[H©$ 49 o_oZQ>{ Mmbbm hm{Vm. h{ gma{ gß[H©$ Zm∞W© H∞$am{obZm_Yrb amb{ ¯m oR>H$mUmhˇZ PmÎ`mMß _\$s© `mZ{ ZH$mem [mhˇZ gmßoJVbß. er_m{_wamZ{ Z{_Hß$ odMmaÎ`mda _\$s© ÂhUmbm H$s ""od_mZVimOdi g{b Zß]a 19 Amh{. V{WyZM h{ H$m∞Îg J{b{b{ hm{V{.'' ""Vw¬`mH$S>{ g{∑Q>a B›\$_}eZ Amh{ H$m ?'' er_m{_wamZ{ [wT>bm ‡˝ odMmabm. H$maU H$mhr g{Î`wba \$m{Z Hß$[›`m H$m∞qbJ \$m{ZMr oXem Q≠>m›go_Q>a¤ma{ OmUy eH$VmV hr _mohVr er_m{_wamZ{ o_idbr hm{Vr. "" _m¬`mH$S>{ Vr _mohVr Zmhr, [U Am_¿`m \$m{Z¿`m g{b gmB©Q>¿`m [yd}bm "A_ÒQ>{S> ÒQ>{Q> [mH©$' hr B_maV Amh{, AmoU dm`Ï`{bm od_mZVi Amh{. BVa g{b gmB©Q>¿`m bm{H{$e›g [mhVm ]h˛Ym amb{ od^mJmVÎ`m XojU dm [o¸_{H$S>¿`m ^mJmVyZ h{ \$m{›g `{V Amh{V Agß dmQ>Vß'' Or_ _\$s©Z{ _mohVr [waodbr. ]amM d{i _\$s© AmoU er_m{_wam MM}Mm Ib H$arV ]gb{. [U À`mVyZ h{ \$m{Z O{WyZ hm{V hm{V{ Vm{ Z{_H$m od^mJ er_m{_wamZ{ OmUbm hm{Vm. MMm© H$aVm H$aVm [hmQ> Pmbr hm{Vr. ""C⁄m _r ^Î`m gH$mir od_mZmV ]gUma, AmoU amb{bm OmUma'' er_m{_wam _\$s©bm ÂhUmbm. aoddmar 13 \{$]´wdmar 1994 am{Or er_m{_wam amb{bm [m{hm{Mbm V{Ïhm Xw[ma Pmbr hm{Vr. Vm{ CVab{Î`m hm∞Q>{b_‹`{ Xwga{ oXder gH$mir 7.30 dmOVm er_m{_wamMm ghH$mar _mH©$ g{S>Z `mMm \$m{Z Ambm. _mH©$ g{S>ZZ{ [S>b{Î`m AmdmOmV er_m{_wambm gmßoJVb{ H$s ""H∞$ob\$m{oZ©`mVrb "BßQ>aZ{∑g' Hß$[ZrM{ gßJUH$ H{$odZZ{ h∞H$ H{$b{ Amh{V.'' er_m{_wam "BßQ>aZ{∑g' Mmhr gÎbmJma hm{Vm.

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H$Í$ eH$Uma Zmhr Agß ¯m Q>rH$mH$mamßMß ÂhUUß hm{Vß. [wT>{ 1978 gmbr AmUIr EH$ gm_Zm aßJbm. Vm{[`™V gßJUH$ ]wo’]i I{i `mV MmßJbmM Va]{O Pmbm hm{Vm. _yIm©gmaª`m "_wÏh' H$aUß À`mZß ]ßX H{$bß hm{Vß. Va]{O _mUgmß¿`m CÀH•$Ô> I{imZ{ Vm{ ]YV Zg{. À`m_wi{ gßem{YH$mßZm M{d Amb{bm hm{Vm. Chess 4.7 hm ‡m{J´m_ 1978 gmbr gwÒWmo[V Pmb{bm hm{Vm. V{Ïhm S>{ÏhrS> b{Ïhr h{ o]´Q>Z BßQ>aZ∞eZb M{g _mÒQ>a CŒm_ ]wo’]i[Qy> ÂhUyZ AmßVaamÔ≠>r` ÒVamda Am{iIb{ OmV hm{V{. ¯m b{Ïhter EH$m gßJUH$V¡kmZ{ [°O bmdbr. ¯m V¡kmM{ Zmd Om∞Z _∞H$mWu . hr [°O 1000 [m¢S>mßMr hm{Vr. a∏$_ À`md{ir Ver KgKerV hm{Vr. Om∞Z _∞H$mWu h{ 'Artificial Intelligence' ¯m gßJUH$emÛm¿`m emI{M{ A‰`mgH$ AmoU emÛk hm{V{. S>{ÏhrS> b{Ïhr AmoU Chess 4.7 gßJUH$ ‡m{J´m_ `mß¿`mV Q>m{am|Q>m{ `{W{ [mM gm_Z{ I{ib{ J{b{. À`mVbm EH$ AoZoU©V amohbm, EH$ gßJUH$mZ{ oOHß$bm AmoU VrZ gm_Z{ S>{ÏhrS> b{ÏhtZr qOH$b{. EH$ hOma [m¢S>mMr [°O qOH$Î`m_wi{ b{Ïhr Òdm^modH$M Iwf Pmb{, [U hab{Î`m H$m±ﬂ`wQ>abm H$gbM ^mZ AmoU ^mdZm ZÏhÀ`m. _mZdr _|Xy[wT>{ CŒm_mVbm CŒm_ gßJUH$hr qOHy$ eH$V Zmhr h{ 1978 gmbr og’ Pmbß, [U bT>mB© oVW{ gß[br Zmhr. Am`.]r.E_. Hß$[ZrZ{ 1980 gmbr [ohbm [g©Zb H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a ]mOmamV AmUbm AmoU gßJUH$ Am[Î`m ‡`m{Jemi{¿`m _`m©Xm Am{bmßSy>Z Am_ AmX_r¿`m Q>{]bmda

gßJUH$ OJV 30

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odamO_mZ Pmbm. "gßJUH$ odÈ’ _mUyg' ¯m bT>mB©Vb{ ‡{jH$ hOmam{ [Q>tZr OJ^a dmT>V J{b{. bT>mB©Mr Iw_Iw_r _mUgmVhr hm{Vr AmoU gßJUH$mVhr hm{Vr. À`m_wi{ bT>mB© bdH$a gß[ `mMr oM›h{ oXgV ZÏhVr. gmYmaUV: ¯mM 1975 V{ 1978 ¿`m gw_mamg EH$ emiH$ar _wbJm ¯m bT>mB©V AS>H$bm. À`mMß Zmd _a{ H∞$Â]{b. _a{ hm`ÒHy$b_‹`{ AgVmZmM CŒm_ ]wo’]i[Qy> ÂhUyZ ‡og’ hm{Vm. H∞$ZS>mVrb AÎ]Q>m© od^mJmV Vm{ ahmV Ag{. Hw$R>{hr ]wo’]imMm odf` oZKmbm H$s _a{M{ H$mZ Am[m{Am[ Q>dH$mab{ OmV. EH$Xm À`mbm H$ib{ H$s AÎ]Q>m© od⁄m[rR>mV ]wo’]imM{ Iwb{ gm_Z{ Amh{V. h{ gm_Z{ [mh `mMr gßYr _a{Zß gm{S>Uß e∑`M ZÏhVß. h{M AÎ]Q>m© od⁄m[rR> Am[Î`m Am`wÓ`mbm EH$ H$bmQ>Ur X{Uma Amh{ `mMr H$Î[Zm _mÃ À`md{ir oH$em{ad`rZ _a{bm ZÏhVr. _a{ O{Ïhm AÎ]Q>m© od⁄m[rR>mV ]wo’]imM{ Iwb{ gm_Z{ [hm`bm J{bm V{Ïhm V{Wrb EH$m —Ì`mZ{ Vm{ W∑H$ Pmbm. EH$m I{imSy>er M∑H$ gßJUH$M I{iV hm{Vm AmoU gm_›`mV aßJ ^abm hm{Vm. h{ [mhˇZ _a{ BVH$m [´^modV Pmbm H$s À`mZ{ oVWÎ`m oVW{M R>adyZ Q>mH$b{ H$s Am[U gßJUH$ emÛmM{ oejU ø`m`M{. Am`wÓ`mV ]wo’]imMrhr [mR> gm{S>m`Mr Zmhr. _a{Z{ Am[bm hm oZYm©a AJXr e{dQ>[`™V ÂhUO{ AmOhr oQ>H$db{bm Amh{, AmoU "gßJUH$ odÈ’ _mUyg' ¯m `w’mVrb JmOb{Î`m À`m 1997 gmbmV "_a{ H∞$Â]{b' h{ Zmd OJmV gd©Ã JmOb{. _a{Z{ hr bT>mB© H$er JmOdbr V{ [mh `m[ydu Am[U _a{Mr Jm{Ô> gwÈdmVr[mgyZ [mhˇ. _a{Z{ AÎ]Q>m© od⁄m[rR>mVM "H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a gm`›g' hm odf` K{D$Z 1981 gmbr

gßJUH$ OJV 31

À`mVrb [Xdrhr o_iodbr. AmVm ]wo’]i AmoU gßJUH$ ¯m Xm{›hr Jm{Ô>r À`m¿`mV ZmßXy bmJÎ`m hm{À`m. [U ¯m j{ÃmV [rEM.S>r. o_idmdr Aer À`mMr B¿N>m hm{Vr. OJmV H$mZ}Or _{bZ od⁄m[rR>mM{ Zmd gßem{YZmgmR>r Z{h_r K{Vb{ OmV{ h{ _a{bm _mhrV hm{V{. _a{Z{ Am[bm X{e H∞$ZS>m gm{S>bm AmoU Vm{ A_{naH{$V H$mZ}Or _{bZ od⁄m[rR>mV `{D$Z hOa Pmbm. 1987 gmbr _a{Z{ Am[br S>m∞∑Q>a{Q> o_iodbr. [U _YÎ`m dfm©V À`mMr _° Ã r Pmbr Vr \| $ J Ò`w ß J gy e r. "gy ' Mm S>m∞ ∑ Q>a{ Q >Mm odf` hm{ V m "]wo’]imgmR>r¿`m gßJUH$mVrb VmßoÃH$ aMZm'. \|$J Ò`wßJ gy AmoU _a{ H∞$Â]{b ¯m Xm{KmßZm Om{S>Uma{ Xm{Z [∑H{$ Xwd{ hm{V{. EH$ gßJUH$ AmoU Xwgam ]wo’]i. gyZ{ hr 1997 ¿`m bT>mB©V _a{¿`m Imß⁄mbm ImßXm o^S>dyZ H$m_oJar H{$br. _a{ZßVa 1989 gmbr gy Z{hr Am[br S>m∞∑Q>a{Q> o_idbr. H$mZ}Or _{bZ od⁄m[rR>mV _a{ AmoU gy `mßMm oVgam o_Ã hm{Vm Wm∞_g AZßVam_Z. À`mZ{ EH$ N>m{Q>m ]wo’]i ‡m{J´m_ V`ma H{$bm hm{Vm. ¯m Q>m∞` ‡m{J´m_da oVKmßM{ H$m_ Mmbb{ hm{V{. ]wo’]i OJ¡O{Vm aoe`mMm J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{d `m¿`merM Am[br ^{Q> bT>mB©gmR>r hm{Uma Amh{ `mMr gwVam_ H$Î[Zm V{Ïhm ¯m oVKmßZm ZÏhVr. 1985 gmbr _a{ AmoU gy O{Ïhm H$mZ}Or _{bZ od⁄m[rR>mV gßJUH$ AmoU ]wo’]i `mM{ gßem{YZ H$a `mßV JwßVb{ hm{V{ V{Ïhm aoe`mVrb APa]°OmZMm EH$ 22 dfm™Mm `wdH$ _m∞ÒH$m{_‹`{ EH$ ]wo’]imMm gm_Zm I{iV hm{Vm. H$mhr d{imVM Vm{ OJmVbm gdm™V bhmZd`rZ "dÎS>© M∞pÂ[`Z' hm{Uma hm{Vm AmoU [wT>{ gVV 11 df} h{ OJ¡O{V{[X Vm{ gm{S>Uma ZÏhVm. hm VÈU AWm©VM J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{doedm` Xwgam H$m{U AgUma ? ¡`md{ir J∞arZ{ Am[Î`m OJ¡O{V{[XmMm _wHw$Q> S>m{∑`mda KmVbm À`mM d{ir _a{ AmoU gy `mßMm ]wo’_mZ gßJUH$ O›_mbm Ambm hm{Vm. _a{ AmoU gy `mßZr À`mM{ Zmd R>{db{ "oM[Q>{ÒQ>'. Am[br JmR> ¯m A_{naH{$VÎ`m "oM[Q>{ÒQ>'er H$Yr [S>{b h{ J∞ar¿`m ÒdﬂZmVhr ZÏhV{ AmoU "oM[Q>{ÒQ>' ¿`m O›_XmÀ`mßZm Am[Î`m A[À`mMr bT>mB© C⁄m W{Q> OJ¡O{Vm J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{der hm{Uma Amh{, h{ ‹`mZr_Zrhr Amb{ ZÏhV{. [wT>{ H$mhr dfm™ZrM ¯m bT>mB©Mr gwÈdmV 1989 gmbr Pmbr AmoU J∞arZ{ AJXr _m{O∑`m Mmbt_‹`{M "_a{ AmoU gy'¿`m gßJUH$mMm Ajae: H$Mam H$Í$Z Q>mH$bm. "_a{ AmoU gy' `mß¿`m gßJUH$mMm Km{a [am^d Pmbm hm{Vm. [U _a{ AmoU gy hma _mZUma ZÏhV{. bT>mB© Omar amhUma hm{Vr.

\|$J gy, _a{ H∞$Â]{b AmoU Wm∞_g AZßVam_Z ¯m oVKmßZr "oM[Q>{ÒQ>' hm gßJUH$s ]wo’]i[Qy> O›_mbm KmVbm hm{Vm. [U ¯m od⁄mœ`m™Zm V{Ïhm H$gb{hr AmoW©H$

gßJUH$ OJV 32

[mR>]i ZÏhV{. À`mß¿`m A‰`mgmMmhr Vm{ ^mJ ZÏhVm. Vm{ H$m{UmMmhr AoYH•$V Agm ‡H$Î[ ZÏhVm. À`m_wi{ Mmbb{bß h{ H$m_ ÂhUO{ A‰`mg H$aVm H$aVm O[b{br EH$ ‡MßS> hm°g hm{Vr. Iy[ IQ>[Q>r, bQ>[Q>r AmoU H$mQ>H$garV gm‹`m "gZ 3/160 dH©$ÒQ>{eZ' gßJUH$mda "oM[Q>{ÒQ>' O›_mbm Amb{. ]wo’]im¿`m [Q>mdarb e∑` AmoU gß^mÏ` Aem 50,000 Mmbr Xa g{Hß$Xmbm OmU `mMr VmH$X "oM[Q>{ÒQ>' _‹`{ hm{Vr. ÂhUO{ I{imSy> H$mQ>H$garV AmoU od⁄m[rR>m¿`m gßJUH$mda O›_bm Agbm Var MmßJbm VJS>m hm{Vm. 1986 gmb AZ{H$ gwYmaUm H$a `mßV J{b{ AmoU dfm©¿`m AI{ar AI{arg Zm{Ïh|]a _oh›`mV S>Îbmg ehamV CŒma A_{naH$Z Iwbr ]wo’]i Ò[Ym© Omhra Pmbr. ¯m IwÎ`m Ò[Y}V "oM[Q>{ÒQ>'bm I{id `mMm oZU©` gy, H∞$Â]{b AmoU AZßVam_Z `mßZr K{Vbm. hr Ò[Ym© JmObr. "oM[Q>{ÒQ>'Z{ Xm{Z J{Âg qOH$b{, Xm{Z Vm{ habm, EH$mV S>md AoZoU©V amohbm. Am[Î`m I{imSy>bm AmUIr KS>dbm [mohO{ h{ oVKmß¿`m bjmV Ambß. À`m —Ô>rZ{ H$m_ Mmby amohbß. Am∞∑Q>m{]a 1987 ÂhUO{ gmYmaUV: 11 _ohZ{ CbQ>b{ hm{V{. "oM[Q>{ÒQ>' _m{R>m Pmbm hm{Vm. AmVm EH$m g{Hß$Xmbm Vm{ 5,00,000 ([mM bmI) gß^mÏ` Mmbr Am{iIm`bm bmJbm hm{Vm. 1985 gmbr 50,000 Mm d{J Va 1987 gmbr [mM bmImMm d{J Aer ‡MßS> ‡JVr Pmb{br hm{Vr. Xg[Q> dmT>b{Î`m "oM[Q>{ÒQ>' M{ Zd{ Zmd "oM[Q>{ÒQ>-E_' Ag{ H$a `mßV Amb{. EIm⁄m N>m{Q>Ám _wbmbm Zmdm_mJ{ "XmXm" bmdm`bm gwÈdmV H$amdr VgmM hm ‡H$ma hm{Vm. _{ 1988, [yduMm "gZ-3 dH©$ÒQ>{eZ' gßJUH$ OmD$Z À`mOmJr "gZ-4' gßJUH$ ÂhUO{ [wT>Î`m o[T>rMm gßJUH$ Ambm hm{Vm. À`m_wi{ H$mhr gwYmaUm AmoU d{J dmT>dU{ e∑` Pmb{. AmVm "oM[Q>{ÒQ>-E_' h{ Zmdhr _mJ{ [S>b{ AmoU "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' h{ Zmd K{ `mßV Amb{. Zm{Ïh|]a 1988 _‹`{ "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' Xa g{Hß$Xmbm 7,20,000 ( gmV bmI drg hOma) MmbtMm odMma H$È bmJbm hm{Vm. _{ 1989 _‹`{ gy, H∞$Â]{b AmoU AZßVam_Z `mßZr "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' bm "dÎS>© H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a M{g M∞pÂ[`Zer[' Ò[Y}V CVadb{. "gßJUH$ ndÈ’ gßJUH$' Ag{ h{ OmJoVH$ ]wo’]i gm_Z{ hm{V{. "S>r[ Wm∞Q>'Z{ "dÎS>© H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a M{g M∞pÂ[`Z' hm oH$Vm] o_iodbm. AmVm "oS>[ Wm∞Q>'H$S>{ OJmM{ bj J{b{. "Am`.]r.E_.' Hß$[ZrZ{ gy AmoU H∞$Â]{b `mßZm Zm{H$ar X{D$ H{$br. H$m_ À`mß¿`m AmdS>rM{M hm{V{. ]wo’]i

gßJUH$ OJV 33

"S>r[ „Î`y'bm gßJUH$m¿`m `w∑À`m oeH$odUmam AmßVaamÔ≠>r` ª`mVrMm A_{naH$Z M{g_mÒQ>a Om{Eb ]|Omo_Z

I{iUmam _hmeo∫$embr gßJUH$ V`ma H$a `mM{. 1989¿`m AI{arg gy AmoU H∞$Â]{b "Am`.]r.E_.'_‹`{ ÈOy Pmb{. H$mhr oXdgmßZrM \{$]´wdmar 1990 _‹`{ AZßVam_Zhr "Am`.]r.E_.' _‹`{ Ambm. AmVm H$mQ>H$ga gß[br hm{Vr. "Am`.]r.E_.'Mr ‡MßS> AmoW©H$ VmH$X _mJ{ C^r hm{Vr. "Am`.]r.E_.' Hß$[ZrM{ ›`y`m∞H©$_Yrb "Wm∞_g d∞Q>gZ nagM© g|Q>a' A⁄`mdV hm{V{. H$emMrhr H$_VaVm ZÏhVr, AmVm "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' MmßJb{ ]mig{ YÍ$ bmJbm hm{Vm. Xa g{Hß$Xmbm 20,00,000 (drg bmI) ]wo’]im¿`m MmbtMm odMma Vm{ H$Í$ bmJbm hm{Vm. À`m_wi{ ‡MßS> AmÀ_odúmg Amb{bm hm{Vm. Aem ‡\w$oÑV dmVmdaUmV OJ¡O{Vm J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{dbm "S>r[ Wm∞Q>'er gm_Zm H$a `mgmR>r Am`.]r.E_. Hß$[ZrZ{ ]m{bmdb{. H∞$Ò[am{d "Sr[ Wm∞Q>'¿`m odÈ’ Xm{Z J{Âg I{i `mgmR>r ›`y`m∞H©$bm Ambm. "_mUyg AmoU gßJUH$' hm gm_Zm ¯md{ir _mUgmMm _|XyM qOH$bm. H∞$Ò[am{dZ{ \$∫$ 41 Mmbt_‹`{ "S>r[ Wm∞Q>'bm MrV H{$b{. H∞$Ò[am{d[wT>{ "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' AJXrM qb]y qQ>]y R>abm. AmVm "Am`.]r.E_.' Z{hr _Zmda K{Vb{ hm{V{. gVV gßem{YZ MmbV amohb{. ‡JVr MmbV amohbr. "gZ' dH©$ÒQ>{eZdÍ$Z "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' "Am`.]r.E_./6000' da Ambm. AmVm Vm{ Xa g{Hß$Xmbm 60 bmI V{ 70 bmI MmbtMm odMma H$arV hm{Vm. Zm{Ïh|]a 1991 _‹`{ "S>r[> Wm∞[-Qy>' Ag{ À`mM{ È[mßVa Pmb{. "Am`.]r.E_.' Hß$[Zrbm C⁄m{Jj{ÃmV "]rJ „Î`y" ÂhßQ>b{ OmV{. ¯m "]rJ „Î`y" AmoU "S>r[>

gßJUH$ OJV 34

Wm∞Q>'_YyZ Zd{ Zmd Amb{. \{$]´wdmar 1993 _‹`{ "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' M{ Zd{ Zmd "S>r[ „Î`y' Ag{ H{$b{ J{b{. AmVm "S>r[ „Î`y' bm H$gbmhr Ym{H$m [ÀH$am`Mm ZÏhVm. A_{naH{$Vrb ]wo’]imMm BßQ>aZ∞eZb J´±S>_mÒQ>a Om{Eb ]|Omo_Z `mbm "S>r[ „Î`y' gmR>r H$›gÎQ>ßQ> ÂhUyZ Z{_ `mßV Amb{. Vm{ _ohZm hm{Vm oS>g|]a 1995. ]|Omo_Z "S>r[ „Î`y" bm _mUgm¿`m ∑b•ﬂÀ`m oeH$dy bmJbm. \{$]´wdmar 1996. _hmeo∫$embr gßJUH$ "Am`.]r.E_. Ama.Eg./6000' da "S>r[ „Î`y' Òdma Pmbm. AmVm Vm{ Xa g{Hß$Xmbm 10 H$m{Q>r MmbtMm odMma H$Í$ bmJb{bm hm{Vm. hm d{J _hm^`ßH$aM hm{Vm. 1985 gmb¿`m "oM[Q>{ÒQ>' Mm 50,000 MmbtMm d{J Hw$R>{ AmoU 1996 Mm 1,00,000,000 hm AmH$S>m Hw$R>{. [wbmImbyZ ‡MßS> [mUr dmhˇZ J{b{b{ hm{V{. AmVm J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{der [w›hm EH$Xm I{imd{ Aer Iw_Iw_r `{D$ bmJbr hm{Vr. Vm{ I{i PmÎ`mI{arO "S>r[ „Î`y' Mr h˛emar H$iy eH$Uma ZÏhVr. I{arO 1989 gmbr 41 MmbrV "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' bm

1997 gmbr gßJUH$mer ]wo’]imMm gm_Zm I{iVmZm J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{d

MrV[Q> H{$Î`mMm S>mJhr YwdyZ H$mT>m`Mm hm{Vm. \{$]´wdmar 1996 Mm hm gm_Zm ghm S>mdmßMm hm{Vm. "S>r[ „Î`y' ‡W_M J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{der I{iUma hm{Vm. À`m AJm{XaMm "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' Mm AdVmaM H{$di H∞$Ò[am{d¿`m bjmV hm{Vm. [U [napÒWVrV ‡MßS> \$aH$ [S>bb { m Amh{ h{ H∞$Ò[am{dbm _mhrV ZÏhV{. "S>r[ „Î`y' AmoU H∞$Ò[am{d `mßM{ h{ ghm S>md I{ib{ J{b{. [ohbm

gßJUH$ OJV 35

S>md "S>r[ „Î`y' Z{ qOH$bm V{Ïhm H∞$Ò[am{d¿`m M{h{Ë`mdaMr ÃmogH$Vm Vm{ b[dy eH$bm Zmhr. Xwgam S>md H∞$Ò[am{d Ajae: MdVmiyZ I{ibm AmoU qOH$bm. AmVm 1-1 Aer ]am{]ar Pmbr hm{Vr. bm{H$mßZr úmg am{Ib{ hm{V{. oVgam S>md gwÍ$ Pmbm. MmßJbm aßJbm. [U Vm{ AoZoU©V amohbm. Mm°Wm S>mdhr VgmM ]am{]arV qH$dm AoZoU©VM gwQ>bm. 1-1 hr ]am{]ar Mma S>mdmßZßVahr H$m`_ hm{Vr. AmVm Xm{ZM S>md oeÎbH$ hm{V{. [mMdm AmoU ghmdm. h{ Xm{›hr S>md qOHy$Z H∞$Ò[am{{dZ{ "S>r[ „Î`y'bm Y∑H$m oXbm. [U Var Pmb{br X_N>mH$ Vm{ b[dy eH$bm Zmhr. [wT>Î`m dfu [w›hm EH$Xm I{i `mM{ AmÏhmZ `md{ir H∞$Ò[am{dZ{ ÒdV: oXb{ AmoU "S>r[ „Î`y' ¿`m dVrZ{ "Am`.]r.E_.' Z{ V{ ÒdrH$mab{. ¯m AmÏhmZmbm 3 _{ 1997 am{Or gwÈdmV Pmbr. hr _∞M BVH$s MM}V Ambr hm{ V r H$s "Am`.]r.E_.'Z{ Vr Am[Î`m d{ ] gmB© Q >da OJmbm XmIdbr. "Am`.]r.E_.'M{ gÏh©a À`m_wi{ ‡MßS> JXuZ{ Am{Ïhabm{S> hm{D$Z J{b{. ¯m AmÏhmZ _∞M_‹`{ "S>r[ „Î`y'Mm d{J [ydu[{jm Xwﬂ[Q>rZ{ dmT>bm hm{Vm. AmVm Vm{ Xa g{Hß$Xmbm drg H$m{Q>r MmbtMm odMma H$Í$ eH$V hm{Vm. df©^amV À`m¿`mV hm \$aH$ [S>b{bm hm{Vm. EHy$U 256 gßJUH$ EH$Ã H$ÈZ À`mßMr EHy$U e∫$s EH$X_ dm[abr Va O{dT>r hm{B©b V{ÏhT>r "S>r[ „Î`y'Mr VmH$X hm{Vr. Om{Eb ]|Omo_ZZ{ AmUIr Zd{ S>md[{M À`mbm df©^amV oeH$db{ hm{V{. ¯m _∞M_Yrb odO{À`mbm gw_ma{ 3 H$m{Q>r È[`mßM{ Va C[odO{À`mbm 2 H$m{Q>r È[`mßM{ ]jrg "Am`.]r.E_.' Z{ R>{db{ hm{V{. ¯m _∞MgmR>r Am`wÓ`mV ‡W_M J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{dZ{ gßJUH$mer I{i `mMm gamd H$am`bm gwÈdmV H{$br hm{Vr. H∞$Ò[am{d À`md{ir "[|Q>r`_ ‡m{ 200" gßJUH$mda EH$ CŒm_ M{g ‡m{J´m_ dm[a{. H∞$Ò[am{d [ÃH$mamßZm ÂhUmbm H$s ""¯m [|Q>r`_ gßJUH$mda _m¬`modÈ’ EH$ Mmb H$am`bm H$Yr H$Yr ghm ghm Vmg gßJUH$ K{Vm{. VrM Mmb "S>r[ „Î`y' Xm{Z V{ VrZ o_oZQ>mV I{iVm{'' "S>r[ „Î`y' odÈ’ "H∞$Ò[am{d' ¯m AmÏhmZ gm_›`mVbm [ohbm S>md H∞$Ò[am{dZ{ qOH$bm. gma{ OJ ¯m I{imZ{ WamÍ$Z J{b{. g{Hß$Xmbm drg H$m{Q>r MmbtMm odMma H$aUmam "S>r[ „Î`y' AmoU À`m¿`mg_m{a g{Hß$Xmbm \$ma \$ma Va VrZ qH$dm Mma MmbtMm odMma H$aUmam H∞$Ò[am{d qOH$Vm{ ! AmVm gdm™M{ bj XwgË`m S>mdmH$S>{ bmJb{. hm S>md "S>r[ „Î`y' qOH$bm. ]am{]ar Pmbr. AmVm oVgam S>md. Vm{ AoZoU©V amohbm. AmVm [wT>Mm Mm°Wm S>md. Vm{hr AoZoU©V. [mMdmhr AoZoU©V. AmoU ghmdm? e{dQ>Mm. Vm{ "S>r[ „Î`y' Z{ qOHy$Z J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{dM{ AmÏhmZ gß[db{. "S>r[

gßJUH$ OJV 36

OmJoVH$ oH$VuM{ Xm{Z ]wo’]i I{imSy>. S>mdrH$S>{ J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{d AmoU COdrH$S>{ H∞$Ò[am{dbm haodUmË`m "S>r[ „Î`y' `m gßJUH$s` _|XyMr Mr[

„Î`y'Z{ J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{dbm hadb{. _mUyg habm AmoU gßJUH$ qOH$bm... "gr' ¯m ‡m{J´mq_J ^mf{V obohbm J{b{bm "S>r[ „Î`y'Mm ‡m{J´m_ _mZdr ]wo’_Œm{da _mV H$aVm{ `mMm AW© H$m` ? "AmoQ>©o\$oe`b BßQ>{obO›g' _mUgm¿`m _|Xy¿`m daVmU H$Í$ eH$Vm{? AmoU Vm{ "AmoQ>©o\$oe`b BßQ>{obO›g Ambm Hw$Ry>Z? _mUgm¿`mM _|XyVyZ Zm? _mZdr "‡`ÀZ' hr EH$ AO] MrO Amh{. EImXm _mUyg EImX{ H$m_ AWH$[U{ ‡XrK© H$mi H$arV amohbm H$s BVamßH$Sy>Z EH$ Q>rH{$Mm gya Am[m{Am[ C_Q>m`bm bmJVm{. "" Vm{ `ßÃmgmaIß H$m_ H$aVm{, AmOy]mOybm H$m` Mmbb` h{ ]KV gw’m Zmhr'' Ag{ e{a{ C_Qy> bmJVmV. ¯mV _mUgmZß "`ßÃ' hm{D$ Z`{ Aer A[{jm AgV{. [U 1956 gmbr 'Artificial Intelligence' Mr H$Î[Zm O{Ïhm ‡W_M OJmZ{ E{H$br V{Ïhm `ßÃmZß _mUgmgmaIß _ZH$dS>ß hm{V H$m_ H$amdß Aer A[{jm À`m_mJ{ hm{Vr. `ßÃ H$mhrhr H$Í$ eH{$b, oH$Vrhr H$mi H$Í$ eH{$b, \$∫$ À`mV "_Z AmoU AmÀ_m' ¯m Xm{Z Jm{Ô>r AgUma ZmhrV. ¯m CbQ> H$mhrhr H$aVmZm _mUyg _Z AmoU AmÀ_m ]mOyg R>{dy eH$V Zmhr. "H∞$Ò[am{d odÈ’ S>r[ „Î`y'hr _∞M 1997 gmbr "S>r[ „Î`y' O{Ïhm qOH$bm V{Ïhm hr gmar MMm© aßJmV Ambr. "S>r[ „Î`y' AmoU "H∞$Ò[am{d' EH$_{H$modÈ’ I{imSy> ÂhUyZ I{ib{ Agb{ Var ¯m Xm{Kmß_Ybm \$aH$ R>iH$[UmZß Zm|Xbm J{bm. R>iH$ \$aH$ hm H$s H∞$Ò[am{dbm _Z AmoU AmÀ_m Amh{, "S>r[ „Î`y'bm Vm{ Zmhr.

gßJUH$ OJV 37

AI (Artificial Intelligence)

oMÃ[Q>mMm oXΩXe©H$ ÒQ>rÏhZ pÒ[b]J© AmoU À`m oMÃ[Q>mM{ EH$ [m{ÒQ>a

¯mV Xm{KmßM{hr \$m`X{ Vm{Q>{ Amh{V. H∞$Ò[am{d Am[Î`m "_Z AmoU AmÀÂ`m" ¿`m Om{amda "AßV:‡{aUm' ¯m ‡MßS> VmH$XrMm dm[a "S>r[ „Î`y' ¿`m odam{YmV H$arV hm{Vm. Vr gwodYm "S>r[ „Î`y'bm ZÏhVr. XwgarH$S>{, l_mßZr X_N>mH$ PmÎ`mZ{, Hß$Q>mim AmÎ`mZ{, EH$mJ´Vm T>iÎ`mZ{ H∞$Ò[am{d¿`m hmVyZ MyH$ hm{ `mMr e∑`Vm hm{Vr. "S>r[ „Î`y' M{ eara X_N>mH$, Hß$Q>mim AmoU EH$mJ´V{¿`m [brH$S>M{ hm{V{. _mZ, A[_mZ, ^`, Xw:I AmoU AemM _mZdr ^mdZmß¿`m [brH$S>{ "S>r[ „Î`y' hm{Vm. Va, ¯m gmË`m ^mdZm ]am{]a K{D$Z H∞$Ò[am{d Am[Î`m hmVmZ{ Am[Î`m gm|JQ>Ám hbdrV hm{Vm. Am[Î`m KS>Ámim¿`m H$mQ>Ámda bj R>{drV hm{Vm. "S>r[ „Î`y' qOH$bm. [U qOH$ `mMm AmZßX À`mbm _mhrV ZÏhVm. O{Ïhm [ydu Vm{ Xm{Z d{im habm V{Ïhm ha `m_mJM{ Xw:Ihr À`mbm H$ib{ ZÏhV{. h{ Xw:I AmoU hm AmZßX H∞$Ò[am{d Q>miy eH$V ZÏhVm. Artificial Intelligence h{ AmO¿`m emÛkmßM{ EH$ ÒdﬂZ Amh{. EH$ Zm EH$ oXdg gßJUH$ _mUgmbm ]wo’]imV had{b h{ ^mH$sV emÛkmßZr 1956 ¿`m Amg[mg dV©db{ hm{V{. À`md{ir emÛkmßMm AßXmO hm{Vm H$s h{ ÒdﬂZ 10 dfm©V gÀ`mV CVa{b. [U hm AßXmO V„]b Mma [Q>tZr MwH$bm. gßJUH$mg gm‹`m ]wo’]imV _mUgmda _mV H$am`bm 40 df} bmJbr. AmOhr Artificial Intelligence h{ EH$ ÒdﬂZM Amh{. ÒQ>rÏhZ pÒ[b]J©¿`m A I ¯m oMÃ[Q>mV 2056-2057 gmbMr H$mÎ[oZH$ —Ì`{ XmIodbr

gßJUH$ OJV 38

Amh{V. À`m oMÃ[Q>mVbm 11 dfm™Mm _wbJm hm ‡À`jmV EH$ am{]m{ hm{Vm. gßJUH$mMm EH$ AdVma. AmV ‡m{J´mÂg R>mgyZ ^ab{bm. À`mMß _Z hmhr EH$ ‡m{J´m_M. _wbmMß d{S> Agb{Î`m EH$m _ohb{g odaßJwim ÂhUyZ hm am{]m{ Kar AmUbm OmVm{. À`m 11 dfm©¿`m _wbm¿`m Í$[mV Agb{Î`m am{]m{_‹`{ ‡m{J´mq_J Amh{. [U À`m _ohb{Mm [m{Q>Mm _wbJm O{Ïhm H$m{_mVyZ ]mh{a `{D$Z ]am hm{Vm{ V{Ïhm À`m _ohb{bm À`m am{]m{Mr JaO Cab{br ZgV{. BVH{$ oXdg _Z naPdUmam, _wbmMr CUrd ^ÈZ H$mT>Umam, AmB©M{ _Z qOHy$ [mhUmam am{]m{ ZH$m{gm Pmb{bm AgVm{. [U À`m_wi{ am{]m{M{ _Z H$g{ ]XbUma? À`mM{ ‡m{J´mq_J Om{[`™V ]Xbb{ OmV Zmhr Vm{[`™V Vm{ VgmM dmJV amhUma. ¯m am{]m{Mr H$Q>H$Q> ZH$m{ ÂhUyZ À`m¿`mVbr ]∞Q>arM H$mTy>Z R>{dbr H$s À`mMß ‡{VM ]ZUma. AmB©Zß oH$Vrhr bmWm KmVÎ`m Var AmVÎ`m ‡m{J´mq_J_wi{ Vm{ [w›hm [w›hm oZaW©H$[U{ oVMß _Z qOH$ `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aUma. `mV Vm{ haUma Zmhr. Vm{ aS>Uma Zmhr. Vm{ ^mßS>Uma Zmhr. _Z Zgb{br H$m`©j_Vm hr Aer AgV{. "S>r[ „Î`y' \$∫$ ]wo’]iM I{iy eH{$b. gm[oeS>r I{iy eH$Uma Zmhr. H$maU À`mbm Vr _mZogH$Vm Zmhr. À`mbm \$∫$ ‡m{J´mq_JM{ H$m{S> AmoU AmkmM V{dT>Ám H$iVmV. Aem [napÒWVrV emÛkmßZm A I ‡À`jmV AmUm`M{ Amh{. À`m —Ô>rZ{ ‡`ÀZ Mmbb{b{ Amh{V. [U J{Î`m 50 dfm©V _wßJr¿`m EH$m [mdbmEdT>rhr ‡JVr ¯mV Pmb{br Zmhr hr dÒVwpÒWVr Amh{. `mßoÃH$[UmVbr H$m`©j_Vm AmoU H$m`©j_V{_mJM{ _Z ¯m gßX^m©Vbm A_{naH$Z g°›`mgß]ßYrMm EH$ oH$Ògm `{W{ gmßJ `mgmaIm Amh{. pÏhEQ>Zm_ d A_{naH$m `mß¿`m `w’m¿`m d{iMm hm ‡gßJ Amh{. ‡À`j `w’^y_rda ]ßXwH$mßVyZ Jm{˘`m WS>WS>V Amh{V. Vm{\$Jm{i{ AmJ Am{H$V Amh{V. g°oZH$ Oo_ZrdÍ$Z ga[Q>V Jm{˘`m MwH$drV Amh{V Ag{ —Ì` EH$m M∞Z{bMm `w’dmVm©ha Am[Î`m H∞$_{Ë`mV oQ>[V Amh{. hm `w’dmVm©ha Am[Î`m H$m_mV EdT>m g_o[©V Amh{ H$s oOdmMrhr ^rVr À`mbm Cab{br Zmhr. Am[Î`m dmohZrbm CŒm_mVb{ CŒm_ oMÃU X{D$Z Am[br H$m`©j_Vm og’ H$a `mMr EH$ qPJM À`mbm MT>b{br Amh{. EdT>ÁmV À`mbm g_m{aM{ —Ì` ÂhUO{ Am[Î`m H∞$_{Ë`mbm EH$ _{OdmZr AgÎ`mMr OmUrd hm{V{. Am[Î`m [mR>rdaMr h∞dag∞H$ gmdaV Vm{ H∞$_{am À`m X•Ì`mda am{IVm{. EH$m pÏhEQ>Zm_r g°oZH$mbm Car Jm{ir bmJb{br AgV{. a∫$mV Vm{ VS>\$S>V AgVm{. Vm|S>mZ{ gmaIm ''[mUr@@ [mUr@@'' Mm AmH$mßV H$arV AgVm{. ‡À`j `w’^y_rda pÏhEQ>Zm_r g°›`mMr H$m` AdÒWm Amh{ `mda EH$ CŒm_ ÒQ>m{ar Am[U H$Í$ eHy$,

gßJUH$ OJV 39

AmoU H$XmoMV C⁄m À`mgmR>r Am[Î`mbm "[wbrÀPa'gmaIm EImXm [ÃH$mnaVm [waÒH$mahr o_iy eH{$b Aer ÒdﬂZ{ À`m `w’ dmVm©ham¿`m ˆX`mV AmVm ZmMy bmJb{br Amh{V. Vm{ VS>\$S>Umam pÏhEQ>Zm_r g°oZH$ ""[mUr@@ [mUr@@'' H$arV ‡mU gm{S>Vm{. `w’ dmVm©hamMm H∞$_{am hr gmar VS>\$S> AmoU _aUm[yduMm e{dQ>Mm úmghr oQ>[Vm{. Am[b{ H$m_ Pmb{ ¯m Om{emV Vm{ AmVm hr ]mV_r X{ `mgmR>r gagmdV Mmbb{bm AgVmZm EH$m XJS>mer R>{MH$miVm{. [mR>rdaMr h∞dag∞H$Mr o[edr h{bH$mßS>V{ AmoU À`mVbr [m `mMr ]mQ>br KaßJiyZ Imbr [S>V{. À`m `w’ dmVm©ham¿`m [m`mVbr e∫$sM J{Î`mgmaIr hm{V{. Vm{ _mJ{ diyZ [mhVm{. ""[mUr@@ [mUr@@'' H$arV _{b{bm Vm{ g°oZH$ À`mbm oXgVm{. Vr Oo_Zrda [S>b{br [m `mMr ]mQ>br À`mbm AßV]m©¯ A[amYr _ZmZ{ S>mMy bmJV{. "[mUr' _mJUmË`m g°oZH$mbm Am[Î`mH$S>b{ [mUr Z X{Vm Am[U À`m VS>\$S>rM{ oMÃU H$arV ]gbm{ `mMr OmUrd À`mbm hm{V{ AmoU Vm{ AmVÎ`m AmV H$m{b_S>Vm{. _Z Zgb{br H$m`©j_Vm H{$di `ßÃm_‹`{M Ag{b Ag{ H$mhr Zmhr. H$Yr H$Yr Vr _mUgmVhr oXgV{, AmoU _J _mUyg AmoU `ßÃ{ hr Iy[ gmaª`m M{h{Ë`mMr oXgy bmJVmV. "S>r[ „Î`y'_‹`{ O{ ‡m{J´mn_ßJ Amh{ À`mV ﬂ`mX{ EH$ qH$_VrM{, hŒmr [mM qH$_VrMm, dOra ZD$ qH$_VrMm dJ°a{ o\$S>tJ Amh{. amOmbm qH$_V oXb{br Zmhr, À`mbm dmMdm`M{ EdT>rM H$_mßS> À`m_mJ{ Amh{. Aem ‡H$ma{ g{Hß$Xmbm drg H$m{Q>r gß^mÏ` Mmbr bjmV K{D$Z O{Ïhm "S>r[ „Î`y' I{ibm V{Ïhm À`m_mJ{ _Z Zgb{br H$m`©j_Vm hm{Vr. ]wo’]i AmoU `ßÃ `mß¿`m ZmÀ`mMm EH$ _Zm{aßOH$ YmJm Am[Î`mbm 1760 gmbmV Z{Vm{. hm H$mi Z{[m{ob`Z ]m{Zm[mQ>©Mm. Z{[m{ob`Zbm ]wo’]imM{ d{S>. À`m H$mimV "Q>H©$' Zmdm¿`m EH$m `ßÃmZ{ Z{[m{ob`Zbm H{$di 19 Mmbt_‹`{ ]wo’]imV MrV[Q> H{$b{. "Q>H©$' h{ `ßÃ Jß_VrXma hm{V{. À`mbm \{$Q>m hm{Vm. o_em hm{À`m. hmVhr hm{V{. ¯m `ßÃmMm H$Vm© hm{Vm ]∞aZ dwÎ\$J±J H|$[brZ hm Bg_. 1760 hm H$mi H$mhr gßJUH$mMm ZÏhVm. H|$[brZMr b]mS>r hr hm{Vr H$s ¯m `ßÃm¿`m AmV EH$ oOdßV _mUyg ]gb{bm Ag{. Vm{ AWm©VM CŒm_ ]wo’]i[Qy> Ag{. [U h{ ahÒ` Z{[m{ob`Zgh H$m{Umbmhr H$ib{{b{ ZÏhV{. H$mhr d{im h{ `ßÃ haVhr Ag{. ¯m `ßÃmMr hmaOrV [mhˇZ AZ{H$mßZm À`mMm gße` `{D$ bmJbm hm{Vm. `ßÃ Ag{b Va À`m¿`m hma OrVr_‹`{ H$mhrVar `mßoÃH$[Um Agm`bm hdm Agß ÂhUUmË`mß_‹`{ À`md{ir ES>Ja A∞bZ [m{ X{Irb hm{Vm. e{dQ>r h{ ahÒ` \w$Q>b{ À`md{ir Z{[m{ob`Z X{Irb

gßJUH$ OJV 40

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gßJUH$ OJV 41

"A∞_{Pm∞Z'Mr Jm{Ô>

hr H$mhr \$ma dfm™[yduMr Jm{Ô> Zmhr. hr Amh{ AJXr AbrH$S>Mr Jm{Ô>. ÂhUO{ AJXr J{Î`m 8-9 dfm™VbrM. 1994 gmbr Vm{ \$∫$ 29 dfm™Mm hm{Vm. [U ›`w`m∞H©$¿`m em∞ A∞›S> Hß$[ZrMm Vm{ ogoZ`a ÏhmB©g ‡{ogS>|Q> hm{Vm. oejUmZ{ Vm{ o‡›ÒQ>Z od⁄m[rR>mMm Bb{∑Q≠>rH$b AmoU H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a BßoOZrAatJMm [XdrYa hm{Vm. em∞ A∞›S> Hß$[Zr A_{naH{$VÎ`m AmoW©H$ j{ÃmVrb EH$ Zm_mßoH$V Hß$[Zr hm{Vr. ¯m Hß$[ZrV 1990 gmbr Vm{ ÈOy Pmbm hm{Vm AmoU P[mQ>ÁmZ{ EH$ EH$ [X K{V Vm{ À`mßMm `eÒdr ogZr`a ÏhmB©g ‡{ogS>|Q> Pmbm hm{Vm. Wm{S>∑`mV, Vm{ AÀ`ßV `eÒdr, MmßJÎ`m [Xmda, MmßJÎ`m Hß$[ZrV ^Ja¿M [Jmamda AmoU [yU©[U{ pÒWa hm{Vm. Vm{ oddmohVhr hm{Vm AmoU À`mMr [ÀZr EH$ H$mXß]arH$ma hm{Vr. hm{Vr ÂhUO{ AmOhr Amh{. 1994 gmbr À`m¿`m OrdZmbm EH$ ^br _m{R>r H$bmQ>Ur o_imbr. Vm{ _{ _oh›`mVÎ`m EH$m gH$mir VmOm [{[a dmMV hm{Vm. EH$m ]mV_rZ{ À`mM{ bj d{YyZ K{Vb{ AmoU À`mM ]mV_rZ{ À`mM{ gma{ Am`wÓ`M ]XbyZ J{b{. BVH{$ ]XbyZ J{b{ H$s 1999 gmbMm OJmVrb gdm™V bjd{Yr _mUyZ ÂhUyZ "Q>mB_'gmaª`m oZ`VH$mobH$mZ{ À`mMr oZdS> H{$br. hr oZdS> Pmbr V{Ïhm Vm{ \$∫$ 34 dfm™Mm hm{Vm, ÂhUO{ Amh{. 1994 ¿`m _{ _oh›`mVÎ`m À`m gH$mir Vr Aer H$m{UVr ]mV_r hm{Vr H$s À`mM{ Am`wÓ` EdT>{ ]Xbb{ AmoU Vm{ OJmVbm gdm™V bjd{Yr _mUyg ]Zbm? Ag{ H$m` KS>b{ À`m¿`m Am`wÓ`mV? H$gbr ]mV_r hm{Vr Vr? AmoU _wª` ÂhUO{ hm _mUyg H$m{U? Vr ]mV_r hm{Vr "BßQ>aZ{Q>Mm ‡gma Xadfu 2300 Q>∑H{$ d{JmZ{ hm{Vm{ Amh{' hr.

gßJUH$ OJV 42

hr ]mV_r dmMyZ À`mM{ S>m{H{$ JaJab{. Vm{ ÒdV:er ÂhUmbm, ""_r BW{ H$m` H$aVm{ Amh{ ¯m gwIdÒVy Zm{H$arV MmaMm°KmßgmaIm! _bm H$mhrVar d{Ji{ H{$b{ [mohO{ !'' À`mZ{ EH$mEH$s AmoU VS>H$m\$S>H$s Zm{H$ar gm{S>br. [wT>{ H$m` H$am`Mß h{ H$mhrhr Z R>adVm. hm Iaß Va AÏ`dhma hm{Vm. [U ]h˛Ym AÏ`dhmamVyZ `e, h{M À`mMß `emMß g_rH$aU Agmdß. H$maU J{br AmR> df} ¯mM AemM AÏ`dhmamVyZ Vm{ Mmbbm Amh{ AmoU Varhr OJmVbm gdm™V bjd{Yr _mUyg R>aVm{ Amh{. hß, Va À`m¿`m Jm{Ô>rH$S>{ [w›hm diVm{. À`mZ{ Zm{H$ar gm{S>br AmoU M∑H$ ›`w`m∞H©$ gm{S> `mMmhr oZU©` K{Vbm. Hw$R>{ Om`Mß h{hr R>ab{bß ZÏhVß. Zm{H$arVyZ AmoU ]MVrVyZ gmR>b{br Wm{S>rer [wßOr À`m¿`mH$S>{ hm{Vr, [U A_{naH{$VÎ`m Ò[Ym©erb OJmV Ï`dgm` H$am`bm Vr AoO]mV [wa{er ZÏhVr. Vm{ AmoU À`mMr H$mXß]arH$ma [ÀZr À`m¿`m H$ma_‹`{ ]gb{. À`mMr [ÀZr H$ma MmbdV hm{Vr AmoU e{Omar hm Am[bm _m{]mB©b \$m{Z H$mZmer YÍ$Z AmoU _mßS>rda b∞[Q>m∞[ H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a K{D$Z H$mhrVar H$a `mV JwßVbm hm{Vm. ›`w`m∞H©$ gm{S>Î`mZßVa Z{_Hß$ Ka Hw$R>{ ø`m`Mß h{ R>ab{bß ZgÎ`mZ{ À`m¿`m KamVbß \$oZ©Mahr M∑H$ Kam]mh{a ZÏ`m KamMr dmQ> [hmV hm{Vß. H$ma d{JmZ{ oXemhrZ OmV hm{Vr. ""Am[Î`mbm grA∞Q>b¿`m oXe{Z{ Om`M`'', Vm{ Am[Î`m [ÀZrbm ÂhUmbm. ""]m[ a{ @@ EdT>m ‡MßS> ‡dmg H$Í$Z Om`Mß Hw$R>{ AmoU H$am`Mß H$m`'' À`m¿`m [ÀZrbm ‡˝ [S>bm. oVbm h{ Hw$R>{ _mhrV hm{Vß H$s Vm{ EH$ Xm{Z dfm™VM gw_ma{ 1500 H$m{Q>r È[`mßMm _mbH$ AmoU OJmVbm EH$ ‡MßS> _hŒdmMm _mUyg ]ZUma Amh{. JmS>r grA∞Q>b_‹`{ [m{hm{Mbr. _mJyZ À`mM{ Kagm_mZ AmnU \$oZ©Mahr hiyhiy `{V hm{V{. dmhVyH$ Hß$[Zrbm h{ gm_mZ Hw$R>{ [m{hm{Mdm`M{ h{ ZwH$V{M H$ib{ hm{V{. grA∞Q>b_‹`{ À`mZ{ eham¿`m Iy[ ]mh{a Qy> ]{S>Í$_ ‚b∞Q> ^mS>ÁmZ{ K{Vbm. eham[mgyZ Iy[ bmß]da À`mZ{ h{ Ka K{Vb{ H$maU Odi Agb{b{ S>m∞bg© AJXrM VwQ>[wßO{ hm{V{. Zm{H$ar gm{S>Î`mZ{ AmdH$ ]ßX hm{Uma hm{Vr AmoU Zdr AmdH$ H{$Ïhm gwÍ$ hm{B©b h{ _mhrV ZÏhVß. gJirM AoZo¸VVm hm{Vr. ""_r ÒdVßÃ Ï`dgm`mV [S>m`Mß R>adb`'', À`mZ{ grA∞Q>bbm [m{hm{MVm [m{hm{MVm [ÀZrbm gmßoJVbß hm{Vß. ""_r BßQ>aZ{Q>¿`m Ï`dgm`mV [S>Uma Amh{. ÒdV:Mr EH$ d{]gmB©Q> V`ma H$Í$Z À`mdÍ$Z [wÒVHß$ odH$Uma Amh{.'' À`mZ{ À`mMm odMma gmßoJVbm. [ÀZrMm À`m¿`m H$V•©Àdmda odúmg hm{Vm. [U Z{_H$m ]{V oVbm H$iV ZÏhVm. oVMr O]m]Xmar Iy[M dmT>br hm{Vr. Am[Î`m Qy> ]{S>Í$_ ‚b∞Q>¿`m ]mh{a¿`m J∞a{O¿`m OmJ{V À`mZ{ Am[b{ Am∞o\$g

gßJUH$ OJV 43

WmQ>m`M{ R>adb{. Am∞o\$ggmR>r Q>{]b{ qH$dm \$oZ©Ma AmUm`M{ Va Iy[M [°gm IM© hm{Uma hm{Vm. Zdm Ï`dgm` oZXmZ EH$ df© Var AmdH$ X{Uma ZÏhVm. V{ 1994 gmb hm{V{, A_{naH{$Vhr BßQ>aZ{Q>Mm ‡gma `Wm`WmM hm{Vm. hmVm¿`m ]m{Q>mda _m{O `mEdT>ÁmM d{]gmB©Q>g≤ V{Ïhm hm{À`m. [napÒWVr AoO]mVM AZwHy$b ZÏhVr. À`mZ{ Am∞o\$g¿`m emZem°H$s[{jm H$m_mbm AoYH$ _hŒd ⁄m`M{ R>adb{. Vm{ ]mh{a [S>bm. bmHy$S> ]mOmamV O{W{ Ow›`m dÒVy o_iVmV V{W{ J{bm. V{W{hr OwZr Q>{]b{ À`mbm _hmJ dmQ>br. À`mbm AoYH$ ÒdÒVmVb{ \$oZ©Ma hd{ hm{V{. À`mZ{ S>m{H{$ Mmbdb{. À`mZ{ KamM{ VrZ OwZ{ XadmO{ odH$V K{Vb{. V{ Kar AmUb{. J∞a{O¿`m OmJ{V Imbr Mma [m{b R>m{Hy$Z À`mda V{ XadmO{ AmS>d{ _mßS>b{ AmoU dÈZ oIi{ R>m{Hy$Z À`mßMr Q>{]b{ H{$br. ÒdÒVmV H$m_ Pmb{. ¯m XadmOmßda VrZ gZ dH©$ ÒQ>{e›g (gßJUH$) AmoU Vm{ AmoU À`mMr [ÀZr Ag{ o_iyZ H$m_mbm bmJb{. À`m¿`mH$S>{ gw_ma{ VrZ bmI S>m∞bg© hm{V{. Ver À`mbm OJ `mMr qMVm ZÏhVr, [U... 1994 gmb Vg{M J{b{. À`mZ{ Iy[ H$m_ H{$b{. À`mM{ ohem{] [∏{$ hm{V{. Vm{ ÂhUV hm{Vm H$s _m¬`m gmB©Q>dÈZ _r bm{H$mßZm Or [wÒVHß$ odH{$Z À`mda _r ^a[ya gyQ> X{B©Z. A_{naH{$VÎ`m ]h˛V{H$ ‡H$meH$mßH$S>{ Vm{[`™V C[b„Y [wÒVH$m¿`m gßJUH$sH•$V `m⁄m V`ma hm{À`m. À`mMm C[`m{J À`mbm hm{Uma hm{Vm. Am[Î`m _XVrgmR>r 1994 AI{arg À`mZ{ [ohbm ‡m{J´m_a Zm{H$arda R>{dbm. Owb° 1995 gmbr À`mMr Hß$[Zr gwÍ$ Pmbr. Hß$[Zr AmoU d{] gmB©Q> `mßZm H$m` Zmd ⁄md{ ? Vm{ H$Î[H$ AmoU ]wo’_mZ hm{Vm, À`mMr [ÀZr H$mXß]arH$ma hm{Vr [U À`mßZm gw`m{Ω` Zmd gwMV ZÏhV{. e{dQ>r À`mZ{ EH$m EO›grbm Zmd gwMod `mM{ Hß$ÃmQ> oXb{. oVZ{ Xm{Z VrZ Zmd{ gwModbr. À`mV EH$ Zmd hm{Vß "OwZm{' AmoU Xwga{ hm{V{ "A∞_{Pm∞Z'. À`mZ{ "A∞_{Pm∞Z' h{ Zmd oZdS>b{. H$maU "A∞_{Pm∞Z'M{ Aja "E'hm{V{, AmoU BßQ>aZ{Q>¿`m gM© BßoOZda "E' Am⁄mjam¿`m gmB©Q>g≤ gdm©V da `{VmV h{ À`mbm _mhrV hm{V{. oedm` "A∞_{Pm∞Z' h{ ZXrM{ Zmd hm{V{, Aer ZXr H$s oO¿`m emIm gd©Ã [gab{Î`m Amh{V. À`mZ{ "A∞_{Pm∞Z S>m∞Q> H$m∞_' AmoU À`mdÍ$Z [wÒVH{$ odH$ `mMm Ï`dgm` AoYH•$V[U{ gwÍ$ H{$bm. V{Ïhm Owb° 1995 _‹`{ "]mZ}g A±S> Zm∞]b' hr _m{R>r gßÒWmhr Am∞ZbmB©Z [wÒVH{$ odH$ `m¿`m Ï`dgm`mV hm{VrM. [U Ò[Y}Mm odMma Z H$aVm À`mZ{ [wÒVH$mßda 20 Q>∑H{$ V{ 50 Q>∑H{$ gyQ> ⁄m`bm AmoU 24 VmgmßV [wÒVH$mßMr oS>brÏhar ⁄m`bm gwÈdmV H{$br. À`m¿`mH$S>{ gd©M

gßJUH$ OJV 44

O{\$ ]{Pm∞g d À`mMr H$mXß]arH$ma [ÀZr _{H±$Pr

‡H$meH$mßMr gJirM [wÒVH{$ EH$Ã AmoU Vrhr H$mhr jUmV Ka]gÎ`m o_iV hm{Vr. [wÒVH$mß¿`m XwH$mZmV Om`M{ Va V{W{ [wÒVH$ em{Ymd{ bmJV Ag{, qH$dm Mma XwH$mZ{ em{Ymdr bmJV. "A∞_{Pm∞Z S>m∞Q> H$m∞_'da hm Ãmg dmMV hm{Vm. MmßJbr gyQ> o_iV hm{Vr. Ka[m{M _mb [m{hm{MV hm{Vm. hiyhiy bm{H$o‡`Vm dmT>V hm{Vr. J´mhH$mßMr gßª`m dmT>V hm{Vr. odH´$sM{ AmH$S>{ dmT>V hm{V{. [U Z\$m? Vm{ _mÃ hm{V ZÏhVm, H$maU Vm{ ^a[ya gyQ> J´mhH$mßZm X{V hm{Vm. hm Iaß Va AÏ`dhma hm{Vm. [U À`mMm ‡Vrj{ d a odúmg Agmdm. 1997 ¿`m Ow b ° _oh›`mV À`mMr Hß $ [Zr ^mßS>db]mOmamV Ambr. EH$m e{AaMm ^md \$∫$ 18 S>m∞baZ{ gwÍ$ Pmb{bm AgVmZm EH$m oXdgmV À`mMm ^md 84 S>m∞ba[`™V [m{hm{Mbm. hm Iaß Va M_ÀH$maM hm{Vm. H$maU Hß$[Zr Zdr hm{Vr. Vr \$m`⁄mV ZÏhVr. CbQ> Vm{Q>ÁmVM hm{Vr. \$∫$ odH´$sM{ AmH$S>{ _m{R>{ hm{V{. _mbH$mMm odúmg XwX©Â` hm{Vm AmoU ¯m XwX©Â` odúmgmda JwßVdUwH$XmamßMm odúmg hm{Vm. 1997, 1998 AmoU 1999 hr oV›hr df} À`m¿`m Hß$[ZrZ{ EH$ Zdm [°gmhr oS>pÏhS>ßS> oXb{bm Zmhr. hr oV›hr df} gbJ À`mMr Hß$[Zr Vm{Q>ÁmV hm{Vr. hm Vm{Q>m dmT>Vm{M Amh{. [U Varhr ^mßS>db]mOmamV À`m¿`m Hß$[ZrdaMm bm{H$mßMm odúmg CS>mb{bm Zmhr. ZdZd{ JwßVdUwH$Xma [wT>{ `{V Amh{V. À`mßZm "A∞_{Pm∞Z'M{ e{Ag© hd{ Amh{V. OJmVbß gdm™V _m{R>ß [wÒVH$mßMß XwH$mZ

gßJUH$ OJV 45

A∞_{Pm∞Z Hß$[ZrMm [gmam gmß^miUmar B_maV. N>m`moMÃmdÍ$Z A∞_{Pm∞Z¿`m H$m_mMm Y]S>Jm Am[Î`m bjmV `{Vm{.

ZÏh{ gdm™V _m{R>ß dÒVy ^mßS>ma H$a `mMß À`mMß ÒdﬂZ Amh{. À`mZ{ Am[Î`m ^mJYmaH$mßZm gmßoJVb{ Amh{ H$s, VwÂhr g‹`m Var Z‚`mMr A[{jm YÍ$ ZH$m. \$∫$ ^odÓ`mda odúmg R>{dm. EH$ X_S>rhr oS>pÏhS>ßS> o_iUma Zmhr. [U Varhr À`mM{ e{Ag© bm{H$ odHy$Z Q>mH$V ZmhrV. À`m¿`m e{Ag©Mm ^md H$m{giV Zmhr. CbQ> "Q>mB©_'gmaIß OJ‡og’ oZ`VH$mbrH$ À`mbm 1999Mm gdm™V bjd{Yr _mUyg ÂhUyZ Jm°adV{, h{ gma{M AVmoH©$H$ Amh{. [U V{ gma{ gÀ` Amh{. AmVm EÏhmZm O{ BßQ>aZ{Q>er gß]ßoYV Amh{V À`mßZm ¯m OJmd{J˘`m _mUgmMß Zmd H$ibM Amh{, [U O{ AmO BßQ>aZ{Q>[mgyZ Xya Amh{V, [U C⁄m A[nahm`©[U{ Odi `{Uma Amh{V À`mßZm ¯m _mUgmM{ Zmd gmßJm`bm hd{. "O{\$ar ‡{ÒQ>Z ]{Pm∞g' AmoU À`m¿`m [ÀZrM{ Zmd Amh{ "_{H±$Pr'. O{\$ar[{jm ZwgVm "O{\$' AgmM À`mMm CÎb{I AoYH$ hm{Vm{. A∞_{Pm∞Z ÂhUO{ AmO B© H$m∞_g© j{ÃmVb{ _m{R>{ gm_´m¡` ]Zb{ Amh{. O{\$ ]{Pm∞gbm B© H$m∞_g© `wJmVbm EH$ AZo^of∫$ g_´mQ>M _mZb{ OmV{. À`m¿`mda AmVm [wÒVH{$ obohbr OmD$ bmJbr Amh{V. À`m¿`m C[H´$_mßda bm{H$ S>m∞∑Q>a{Q> H$arV Amh{V. Agm hm O{\$ ]{Pm∞g AoVe` gmYm Amh{. A∞_{Pm∞Z BZH$m∞a[m{a{Q>{S>

gßJUH$ OJV 46

¯m ]bmT>Á Hß$[ZrMm Vm{ Mr\$ E∑P{∑`wQ>rÏh Am∞o\$ga Agbm Var Vm{ H$Yrhr Q>m` bmdV Zmhr. À`mM{ H$[S>{ gmY{ AgVmV. J˘`mV EH$ H∞$_{am AgVm{. ]{Pm∞g¿`m Ï`ßJoMÃmV À`mM{ Q>∑H$b AmoU J˘`mVbm H∞$_{am hm A[nahm`©[U{ `{UmaM. ¯m H∞$_{Ë`m_mJM{ À`mM{ VŒdkmZhr Jß_VrXma Amh{. Vm{ ÂhUVm{ H$s ""_m¬`m Am`wÓ`mV EdT>Ám P[mQ>ÁmZ{ KQ>Zm KS>Vmh{V H$s À`m gd©M bjmV R>{dU{ _bm e∑` Zmhr. À`m_wi{ V{ jU _r H∞$_{Ë`mV [H$Sy>Z R>{dVm{. O{Ïhm _r E|er dfm™Mm hm{B©Z V{Ïhm _bm V{ [mhVm `{Vrb.'' O{\$ ]{Pm∞gM{ hgU{ hmhr A_{naH{$V EH$ odf` Amh{. Iaß Va ¡`mMr Hß$[Zr J{br Mma df} hOmam{ H$m{Q>r È[`mßMm Vm{Q>m ghZ H$arV Amh{, ¡`m¿`m Hß$[ZrV 1600 [{jm AoYH$ H$_©Mmar H$m_ H$aVmV, ¡`m Hß$[ZrMm H$ma^ma AmVm H$mhr X{emß_‹`{ [gab{bm Amh{ Agm _mUyg oXbIwbmg[U{ gmaIm hgV amhVm{ `mM{ bm{H$mßZm Am¸`© dmQ>V{. ]{Pm∞gM{ hgU{ JS>JS>mQ>r Amh{. Vm{ H$gb{hr H$m_ H$aVm{. À`m¿`m Hß$[ZrM{ Jm{S>mD$Z 8,50,000 Mm°ag \y$Q> Ag{ ‡MßS> Amh{. V{W{ bmIm{ [wÒVH{$, grS>rO, Q>rÏhr g{Q>g≤ AmXr dÒVyßMm T>rJ¿`m T>rJ AgVm{. Jm{S>mD$Z¿`m Mhˇ]mOyg JmB© MaV AgmÏ`mV Vg{ Q≠>∑g, _mbdmhˇ dmhZ{ [gab{br AgVmV. AÔ>m°‡ha bmIm{ oS>brÏharO OmV `{V AgVmV AmoU jUmjUmbm ZÏ`m Am∞S>©g© `{V AgVmV. O{\$ Am[Î`m H$_©MmË`mß]am{]a W{Q> gßdmX gmYVm{. ""‡MßS> _{hZV H$am, Y_mb H$am, AmoU ^a^amQ> H$Í$Z ø`m'' hm O{\$Mm gßX{e AgVm{. oºg_g, Zd{ df© dJ°a{ d{ir O{Ïhm H$m_ ‡MßS> AgV{ V{Ïhm O{\$ Am[Î`m H$_©MmË`mß]am{]a ÒdV: H$m_ H$arV AgVm{. Vm{ bm∞arV MTy>Z _mb M{H$ H$arV AgVm{ qH$dm EImX{ [mg©b ÒdV:¿`m hmVmZ{ _mbdmhˇ Q≠>{ba_‹`{ R>{dVmZm oXgVm{. ¯mV Hw$R>{hr ]gÎ`mZ{, Q>{H$Î`mZ{ À`mM{ H$[S>{ _ib{b{ AgVmV. hm hOmam{ H$m{Q>r È[`mß¿`m Hß$[ZrMm _mbH$ Amh{ `mda H$m{Ur odúmghr R>{dUma Zmhr. H$_©MmË`mßZm ]m{Zg ÂhUyZ Hß$[ZrM{ e{Ag© X{ `mMr ‡Wm "A∞_{Pm∞Z'_‹`{ Amh{. Xadfu Ag{ e{Ag© o_imÎ`mZ{ d [wT>{ e{Ag©Mm ^mJ dmT>V J{Î`mZ{ oH$À`{H$ H$_©Mmar H$am{S>[Vr Pmb{b{ Amh{V. ÒdV: O{\$ ]{Pm∞gH$S>{ Hß$[ZrM{ 50 Q>∑H{$ e{Ag© Amh{V. Vgm Vm{ AmŒmmM 1500 H$m{Q>r È[`mßMm _mbH$ Amh{. "A∞_{Pm∞Z'Mm X]X]m BVH$m Amh{ H$s EIm⁄m [wÒVH$m¿`m XwH$mZmV XwH$mZXma Oa ÂhUmbm H$s A_wH$ [wÒVH$ C[b„Y Zmhr Va J´mhH$ ÂhUVm{ H$s, ""gm{Sy>Z ⁄m, V{ _r "A∞_{Pm∞Z'dÍ$Z K{Vm{.'' O{\$ ]{Pm∞gM{ EH$ ]´rXdm∑` Amh{. Ia{ Va dm∑` Zmhr EH$ e„X‡`m{J Amh{. "]r.E_.Ïhr.[r. 2000' `mMm AW© ]w∑g, Â`woPH$, pÏhS>rAm{, AmoU [wT>{ 2000

gßJUH$ OJV 47

gmbmZßVa ‡m∞o\$Q>∞]rbrQ>r. ]{Pm∞gMr Hß$[Zr H$Yr Z\$m o_iodb H$m` `mda A_{naH{$V Iy[ o^ﬁ _V‡dmh Amh{V. H$mht¿`m _V{ "A∞_{Pm∞Z'Mm ‡`m{J \$gUma Amh{. Va H$mht¿`m _V{ Vm{ ‡MßS> `eÒdr hm{Uma Amh{. H$m{Ur H$mhrhr ÂhUm{, [U AmO Var JwßVdUwH$XmamßMm À`m¿`mda odúmg Amh{. O{\$ ‡MßS> _{hZV H$aVm{. À`mZ{ ÒdV:¿`m Amam{Ω`mMr h{igmßS> H$Í$ Z`{ AmoU pÏhQ>∞o_Z¿`m Jm{˘`m Z MwH$Vm d{i{da ø`mÏ`m `mgmR>r À`mMr [ÀZr À`m¿`m [m`_m{¡`mß¿`m AmV À`m Jm{˘`m R>{dV{. ÂhUO{ ]yQ> Kmb `m[ydu À`mbm Vr Am°fYr ø`mdrM bmJVrb. "A∞_{Pm∞Z' AmVm obbmdm¿`m Ï`dgm`mVhr CVabr Amh{. V{W{ À`mßMr B©]{ ¯m Hß$[Zrer dm "B©]{ S>m∞Q> H$m∞_'er Ò[Ym© Amh{. O{\$da Ò[Y©H$ Hß$[›`mßZr ¯m Zm À`m H$maUmßZr IQ>b{hr KmVb{. [U O{\$ H$Yr Am[Î`m Ò[Y©H$mßodf`r dmB©Q> ]m{bbm Zmhr. ]h˛V{H$ IQ>b{ À`mZ{ o_Q>dyZ Q>mH$b{. J´mhH$mbm Vm{ _hŒdmMm _mZVm{. AÎ[mdYrV Z\$m o_id `m[{jm J´mhH$ Om{Sy>Z R>{dUß AmoU À`mbm Am[Î`mer Ï`dhma H$a `mMr gd` bmdUß h{ AoYH$ AmdÌ`H$ AgÎ`mMß O{\$ gJirH$S>{ gmßJV AgVm{. AmOhr hr "A∞_{Pm∞ZMr Jm{Ô>' MmbyM Amh{. Vw_¿`mH$S>{ BßQ>aZ{Q> Ag{b Va "A∞_{Pm∞Z S>m∞Q> H$m∞_'da VwÂhr EÏhmZm J{b{bmM AgUma. Zgmb Va AdÌ` Om. B© H$m∞_g©¿`m amOmMß gm_´m¡` VwÂhmbm oVW{ oXg{b. Agm amOm H$s "Q>mB©_' _∞JPrZZ{ À`mbm \´$m›g¿`m A‹`jmß¿`m VwbZ{V AoYH$ JwU oXb{ AmoU "AmD$Q>ÒQ>±S>tJ [g©Z Am∞\$ oX B`a 1999' Agm À`mMm AmßVaamÔ≠>r` Jm°ad H{$bm. ]{Pm∞g AmO \$∫$ 37 dfm™Mm Amh{. EdT>Ám bhmZ d`mV hm g›_mZ o_imb{br \$∫$ MmaM _mUg{ Amh{V. À`mV _mQ>r©Z Î`wWa qH$J (37), amUr EobPm]{W g{Hß$S> (29), Mmb©g≤ qbS>]J© (28) AmoU Mm°Wm O{\$ ]{Pm∞g (37). Am[Î`mH$S>{ [wÒVH$mßMr AdÒWm o]H$Q> hm{V AgVmZm AmoU XwgarH$S>{ Am[U A_{naH{$M{ o_iVrb V{ AmXe© AmßYi{[UmZ{ ÒdrH$maV Mmbb{bm{ AgVmZm "A∞_{Pm∞ZMr Jm{Ô>' BßQ>aZ{Q>da [wÒVH$mß¿`m OJmVyZ oZ_m©U Ïhmdr h{ AO]M Zmhr H$m?

gßJUH$ OJV 48

"obZ∑g'Mß am_m`U

"qdS>m{O'Mm OZH$ o]b J{Q>g≤Mm [ohbm H´$_mßH$ ZwH$VmM h˛H$bm. AmVm o]b OJmVbm gdm™V qH$dm [ohÎ`m H´$_mßH$mMm lr_ßV Zmhr. À`mMm AmVm Xwgam H´$_mßH$ Ambm Amh{. [U h{ dJm©VÎ`m [ohÎ`m-XwgË`m H´$_mßH$mgmaIß Amh{. Hw$Ur gmßJmdß o]b [w›hm [wT>Î`m dfu [ohbm H´$_mßH$ [Q>H$md{b gw’m. AmO o]b¿`m _m`H´$m{gm∞‚Q> Hß$[ZrV oH$À`{H$ hOma bm{H$ Zm{H$arg Amh{V. hm o]J ]m∞g g_m{Í$Z Ambm Va ¯m hOmam{ bm{H$mß¿`m ˆX`mV EH$ ^rVr`w∫$ AmXamMr YS>H$Z gmhoOH$M C_Q>V{. hOmam|Zm YS>H$mdUmam hm o]b J{Q>g≤ ZmdmMm _mUyg EH$m _mUgmbm AmoU À`m¿`m H$V•©Àdmbm _mÃ Km]aVm{. À`m _mUgmMß Zmd Amh{ "bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤'. "qdS>m{O'bm [`m©` ÂhUyZ C^r amohb{br "obZ∑g' hr Or bm{H$o‡` "Am∞[a{Q>tJ

gßJUH$ OJV 49

bm`Zg¿`m M{h{Ë`mMm CÎb{I Z{h_rM "\$Zr' Agm H{$bm J{bm.

ogÒQ>_' Amh{ oVMm OZH$ ÂhUO{ bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤. Vm{ AmO \$∫$ 36 dfm™Mm Amh{. À`m¿`m "bm`Zg' ¯m ZmdmdÍ$Z ¯m Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_bm "obZ∑g' h{ Zmd o_imbß Amh{. "qdS>m{O'M{ ˆX` ^rVrZ{ YS>H$mdUmË`m "obZ∑g'Mm oZ_m©Vm AmO H$m` H$aVm{? Vm{ A_{naH{$Vrb "Q≠>m›g_{Q>m' h`m Hß$[ZrV Zm{H$ar H$aVm{. Vm{ o]b J{Q>g≤gmaIm A„Om{[Vr ]Zy eH$bm ZgVm H$m? ghO ]Zy eH$bm AgVm. _J Vm{ H$m ]Zy eH$bm Zmhr A„Om{[Vr? AmnU o]b _mÃ H$gm ]Zbm oZId©[Vr? Xm{K{hr EH{$H$m "Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_'M{ OZH$M Amh{V. Xm{›hr Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>Âg AmOhr OJmVb{ bmIm{ bm{H$ dm[aVmh{V. _J hm \$aH$ H$m [S>bm? hm \$aH$ [S>bm H$maU o]b J{Q>g≤Z{ Am[br "qdS>m{O' hr ogÒQ>_ ÒdV:Mr _mbH$s amIyZ O[br. oV¿`m ‡À`{H$ ‡VrMr qH$_V OJmH$Sy>Z _m{OyZ K{Vbr. "qdS>m{O' ‡m{J´m_M{ gm{g© H$m{S> \$∫$ _m`H´$m{gm∞‚Q>H$S>{M JwbXÒÀ`mV R>{db{. V{ OJm[wT>{ CKS> H{$b{ Zmhr. bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤Z{ V{ H{$b{ Zmhr. Am[Î`m Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_M{ gm{g© H$m{S> À`mZ{ BßQ>aZ{Q>da OJmgmR>r Iwb{ H$Í$Z Q>mH$b{. gß[yU© "MH$Q>\y$. ¯m gm{g© H$m{S> _mJ{ bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤Mr ‡MßS> _{hZV hm{Vr, ]w’r hm{Vr AmoU ‡m{J´mq_J_Yb{ Agm_m›` H$m°eÎ`hr hm{V{. 1991 gmbr Am[br hr _{hZV Q>m{admÎS>g≤Z{ OJm[wT>{ CYiyZ Q>mH$br V{Ïhm Vm{ \$∫$ 21 dfm™Mm hm{Vm. Ï`mdgmo`H$ —Ô>rH$m{Z AmoU Jmß^r`© "ey›`' hm{V{. OJm[wT>{ hm ‡m{J´m_ R>{dVmZm À`mMm gßX{e hm{Vm'... just a hobby. Won't be big and professional....' ""gm{g© H$m{S> Iwbm Amh{ ¡`mZ{ À`mZ{ À`mbm hdr Ver gwYmaUm H$Í$Z ø`mdr. hm ‡m{J´m_ gVV odH$ogV H$arV Omd{'' hm Q>m{admÎS>g≤Mm gßX{e OJmZ{ _mÃ Jmß^r`m©Z{ K{Vbm. À`mVyZ

gßJUH$ OJV 50

"obZ∑g' O›_mbm Amb{ . "obZ∑g'gmR>r OJmVÎ`m bmIm{ ‡m{J´m_g© AmoU S>{Ïhb[g©Zr Am[m[br ImarMr ^yo_H$m ]Omdbr Amh{. À`mVyZM "obZ∑g'Mm g{Vy ]mßYbm J{bm Amh{. À`m_w i { bm`Zg Q>m{ a dmÎS>g≤ hm "obZ∑g'Mm OZH$ Agbm Var "obZ∑g'Mm _mbH$ _mÃ Zmhr. "obZ∑g'Mr _mbH$s Hw$Um EH$mMr Zmhr. "obZ∑g' AmoU "qdS>m{O'_‹`{ _hŒdmMm \$aH$ hm Amh{. ¯m \$aH$m_wi{M o]b AmoU bm`Zg ¯m Xm{Z _mUgmß¿`m AmoW©H$ pÒWVrV O_rZ-AÒ_mZmM{ AßVa Amh{. AmO AZ{H$mßZm "qdS>m{O' [{jm "obZ∑g' obZ∑g¿`m `em_wi{ bm`Zg Q> m { a dmÎS>Z{ d`m¿`m oVerVM Am[b{ ogÒQ>_ AmdS>V{ h{ gÀ` Amh{. "H$mhr "OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' h{ AmÀ_MnaÃ ]m]VrV "obZ∑g' qdS>m{O[{jmhr gag obohb{. À`m [wÒVH$mM{ _wI[•> Amh{' Aer MMm© ]mam _ohZ{ Mmbb{br AgV{. "obZ∑g'gmR>r qH$_V _m{Omdr bmJV Zmhr AmoU "qdS>m{O'gmR>r N>m[rb qH$_V _m{Omdr bmJV{ `m_wi{hr "obZ∑g' bm{H$o‡` Amh{. bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤M{ 288 [mZmßM{ h{ AmÀ_MnaÃ À`mZ{ ÒdV: AmoU "dm`S>©' gm`]a _mogH$mMm [ÃH$ma S>{pÏhS> S>m`_ßS> ¯m Xm{KmßZr o_iyZ obohb{ Amh{. [wÒVH$mMr qH$_V 26 S>m∞bg© (AX_mg{ 1300 È[`{) Amh{. È[Q>© _aS>m∞H$ `mß¿`m "hm[©a H$m∞ob›g' ¯m OJ‡og’ ‡H$meZmZ{ V{ ‡H$moeV H{$b{ AgyZ "A∞_{Pm∞Z', "]mZ}g A±S> Zm∞]b' dJ°a{ Hß$[›`mßZr À`mMr odH´$s ‡H$meZm[yduM Yw_YS>m∑`mZ{ gwÍ$ H{$br. d`m¿`m 30 Ï`m dfu obohb{ J{b{b{ AmÀ_MnaÃ em{YyZ gm[S>U{ H$R>rU. gm[S>b{M Va bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤bm AmO ¯m AmÀ_MnaÃm_wi{ Or hr Xwgar [wadUr ‡og’r OJ^a o_iV{ Amh{ Vg{ CXmhaU Ae∑` H$m{Q>rVb{M. Aa{, VwÂhmbm À`m AmÀ_MnaÃmM{ Zmd gmßJm`M{M amohb{. 'Just for fun, The story of an Accidental Revolutionary' Ag{ À`mM{ bmß ] bMH$ Zmd Amh{ . hr

gßJUH$ OJV 51

AmÀ_MnaÃmMr H$Î[Zm Q>m{admÎS>g≤Mr Zmhr. Vr Amh{ S>{pÏhS> S>m`_ßS> ¯m [ÃH$mamMr. S>{pÏhS> S>m`_ßS> agmi AmoU ^wai [mS>UmË`m e°brV obohUmam ÂhUyZ ‡og’ Amh{. À`mZ{M ‡W_ Q>m{admÎS>g≤bm \$m{Z H{$bm. AmÀ_MnaÃmMr H$Î[Zm gmßoJVbr. Q>m{admÎS>g≤ ÂhUmbm "Am{h ewAa. gm{ bm±J A∞O BQ> BO \$Z.' À`mVyZM _J "OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' h{ Zmd o_imb{. ¯m [wÒVH$mV VmßoÃH$ AdS>ß]a AoO]mV Zmhr. [U "obZ∑g'Mr Jm{Ô> AmoU bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤M{ ]mb[U _mÃ odÒVmamZ{ Amh{. 1991 gmbr gwÍ$ Pmb{br "obZ∑g'Mr Jm{ÓQ> Iaß Va V{am df} CbQy>Z AmOhr MmbyM Amh{. bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤¿`m ]mb[UmV bm{H$mßZm \$magm ag Zmhr, [U 1991 V{ 2001 ¯m H$mimV Z{_H{$ H$m` H$m` Pmb{, H$g{ H$g{ hm{V J{b{, MT>-CVma Amb{ H$m, bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤bm Hw$Ur eÃy V`ma Pmb{ H$m? dJ°a{ ‡˝mßMr CŒma{ OmUyZ K{ `mMr ‡MßS> CÀgwH$Vm bm{H$mßZm AmO Amh{. "bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤Mm MmßJbm \$m{Q>m{ XmIdm, AmoU bmI È[`{ o_idm' Aer Ò[Ym© Oa Hw$Ur bmdbr Va Hw$Urhr bmI È[`{ qOH$Uma Zmhr. H$maU "bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤'Mm M{h{am "ogbr ogbr' Amh{. À`m¿`m M{h{Ë`m]‘b O{ BßJ´OrV obohbß J{bß Amh{ À`mMß _amR>r ^mfmßVa H$am`Mß Va "EH$ ]mdiQ> ‹`mZ' h{ e„X obhmd{M bmJUma. À`m_wi{M H$s H$m` [U Just for fun [wÒVH$m¿`m _wI[•>mda bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤Mm \$m{Q>m{ Zmhr. AmÀ_MnaÃ AmnU _wI[•>mda AmÀ_MnaÃH$mamMm \$m{Q>m{ Zmhr hm ‡H$mahr AÀ`ßV Xwo_©i ... Q>m{admÎS>g≤¿`m [wÒVH$mMß V{hr EH$ d°oeÓQ>Á ]Zb`. 1971 gmb h{ Am[Î`mH$S>{ ]mßJbm X{em¿`m O›_m¿`m `w’mMß df© Am[U _mZVm{. BßoXam JmßYt¿`m _wÀg‘{oJarMm AÀ`w¿M jU ¯m dfm©V BoVhmgmZ{ Zm|Xdbm. [U, Hw$UmMß H$m` AmoU Hw$UmMß H$m` AgVß ]Km. gßJUH$m¿`m BoVhmgmV 1971 gmbr "`woZ∑g'Mr [ohbr gÏh©a Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_ Amd•Œmr "]{b b∞„g' Hß$[ZrZ{ odVnaV H{ $ br. "`w o Z∑g'M{ H$m{ S > ododY od⁄m[rR>mß Z m AmoU Hß $ [›`mß Z m dm[a `mgmR>r _m{\$V dmQ> `mV Amb{. bm{H$mßZm "`woZ∑g' dm[a `mMr gd` hm{D$ bmJbr. [wT>{ [wT>{ "`woZ∑g' _hmJ hm{V J{b{. "`woZ∑g' ‡m{J´m_ odH$UmË`m odH´{$À`mßM{ CIi [mßT>a{ hm{D$ bmJb{. H$_mB© H$a `mMr Ò[Ym© dmTy> bmJbr. Am[Î`m Jm{ÓQ>rMm Zm`H$ bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤ 1971 gmbr Xw[Q>Ámda [Sy>Z Q>m{[S>ÁmV S>m{Hß$ hbdV hm{Vm. À`mMr O›_VmarI 29 oS>g|]a 1969. ÂhUO{ Vm{

gßJUH$ OJV 52

A±S≠>`y V∞Z{Z]m∞_

naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z

bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>da Ima ImUma{ o_oZ∑g `m ^mf{M{ O›_XmV{ A±S≤´`y V{Z{Z]m∞_ AmoU OJ^a _m{\$V gm∞‚Q>d{Aa¿`m H$Î[Z{Mm ‡gma H$aUmam naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z.

EH$-XrS> dfm™Mm AgVmZm A_{naH{$Vrb ododY od⁄m[rR>mß_‹`{ "`woZ∑g' ogÒQ>Âg ZmßXV hm{À`m. ¯m "`woZ∑g' H$m{S>Mß gmaU ^Í$ZM [wT>{ gZ _m`H´$m{ogÒQ>ÂgMr "gm{barg', "]H©$b{'Mr \´$s ]rEgS>r, ogbrH$m∞Z J´m\$s∑gMr "Am`ar∑g' ¯m ‡m{J´mÂg¿`m H$aß¡`m V`ma PmÎ`m. OgOgm gßJUH$mMm ‡Mma dmT>V J{bm AmoU XwgarH$S>{ "`woZ∑g' odH´$sVyZ Z\{$]mOr dmTy> bmJbr VgVer EH$ Zdr JaO oZ_m©U Pmbr. _hmJS>Ám `woZ∑gbm ÒdÒV qH$dm _m{\$V [`m©` Agm`bm hdm hr JaOhr EH$sH$S>{ dmTy> bmJbr. 1983 gmbr naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z ¯m gXJ•hÒWmßZr Am[Î`m G N U Zmdm¿`m [`m©`r Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_da H$m_ gwÍ$ H{$b{. 'G N U is not Unix' Agm G N U Mm H$mZm_mJyZ Kmg K{VÎ`mgmaIm bm±J \$m∞_© Amh{. `woZ∑ggmaImM [U Om{ `woZ∑g Zmhr Agm ÂhUO{ GNU. ¯m ‡`ÀZmV Am[bm ‡m{J´m_ Iwbm H$Í$Z ÂhUO{ Am{[Z gm{g© X{D$Z C[b„Y H$a `mMm ^mJ _hŒdmMm hm{Vm. `mVyZM _J _m{\$V gm∞‚Q>d{Aa bm{H$mßZm X{ `mMr H$Î[Zm oZKmbr. 1985 gmbr ÒQ>m∞b_Z `mßZr GNU Mm OmhraZm_m ‡H$moeV H{$bm. \´$s gm∞‚Q>d{Aa \$mDß$S>{eZMr ÒWm[Zm H{$br AmoU "OZab [„brH$ bm`g›g' hr H$Î[Zm _mßS>br. ¯mM H$Î[Z{da AmOM{ "brZ∑g' g_W©[U{ C^{ Amh{. 1985 gmbr bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS> hm`ÒHw$bmV oeH$V hm{Vm. Q>m{admÎS>Mm O›_

gßJUH$ OJV 53

o\$ZbßS>Mm, h{bqgH$s ehamVbm. h{bqgH$s od⁄m[rR> À`mbm [wT>¿`m oejUmgmR>r IwUmdV hm{Vß. 1987 gmbr ‡m. A±S≠>`y V∞Z{Z]m∞_ `mßZr "o_oZ∑g' Mm em{Y bmdbm. V∞Z{Z]m∞_ hmS>mM{ ‡m‹`m[H$ hm{V{. gßJUH$ MmbdUmË`m Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_Mm ‡m{J´m_ H$gm MmbVm{, À`mM{ H$m`© H$m`? h{ od⁄mœ`m™Zm ‡mÀ`ojH$mgh oeH$od `mgmR>r _wª`Àd{ "n_oZ∑g'Mm O›_ Pmbm. "o_oZ∑g' h{ "`woZ∑g'M{M EH$ Í$[ hm{V{, \$∫$ À`mM{ H$m{S>g≤ "`woZ∑g'gmaI{ b[b{b{ ZÏhV{. Iwb{ hm{V{. H$maU "o_oZ∑g' _m{\$V hm{V{. _m{\$V AgÎ`mZ{ H$m{S> b[od `mMr JaO ZÏhVr. 1991 hm AmImVr `w’mMm H$mi. `w’ gß[yZ OJmV emßVVm ZmßXy bmJVmM ZdZdr hmS>©d{Aa, gwYmarV gßJUH$mM{ ZdZd{ AdVma ]mOmamV ]hÍ$Z Amb{. Aem dmVmdaUmV h{bqgH$s od⁄m[rR>mV bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤ gßJUH$mda "o_oZ∑g'M{ H$m{S> [hmV hm{Vm. Wm{S>ÁmWm{S>∑`m ZÏh{V, H$m{S>g≤¿`m 12,000 bmB©›gZr o_oZ∑g ]Zb{ hm{V{. "gr' AmoU "A∞g{Â„br' ¯m Xm{Z ‡m{J´mq_J b±Ωd{OMm dm[a H$Í$Z V∞Z{Z]m∞_ ¯m S>M ‡m‹`m[H$mZ{ od⁄mœ`m™gmR>r H{$b{br Vr _{hZV hm{Vr. V∞Z{Z]m∞_ `mßZr "Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_' ¯m ZmdmM{ [wÒVH$M ‡H$moeV H{$b{, À`mV ¯m 12,000 Am{ir N>m[Î`m. OJ^aM{ od⁄mWu ¯m [wÒVH$mdÍ$Z Am[bm H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a H$gm MmbVm{ h{ oeHy$ bmJb{ hm{V{. À`m Km{i∑`mVM Hw$R>{Var bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤ X{Irb hm{Vm. d` df} 21. h{bqgH$s od⁄m[rR>mV g{Hß$S> B`a H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a gm`›gMm od⁄mWu. A⁄mo[ gß[yU© _m{\$V Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_ Amb{br ZÏhVr. Q>m{admÎS>bm "o_oZ∑g' AmdS>V ZÏhV{. "oejH$mßZm oeH$od `mgmR>rM{ gmYZ ÂhUyZ R>rH$ [U dm[a `mgmR>r A`m{Ω`' Ag{ o_oZ∑g]‘b À`mM{ _V hm{V{. Zdr Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_ H$am`Mr Va À`mVbm gdm™V _hŒdmMm ^mJ ÂhUO{ H$Z}b BßoOZ. (gdm™V AdKS>, d{iImD$ AmoU oOoH$arM{ ‡m{J´mq_J À`mV hm{V{.) bm`ZgZ{ o_oZ∑gMr MMm© H$aUmË`m ›`yOJ´w[Mm AmYma K{Vbm. hm J´w[ BßQ>aZ{Q>da ]mam _ohZ{ Am[m[b{ _V ‡Xe©Z H$arV o_oZ∑gMr MMm© H$arV Ag{. "Hellow everybody out there using Minix, I am doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like GNU) for 386 (486)". hm bm`Zg

Q>m{admÎS>Mm [ohbm gßX{e 25 Am∞JÒQ> 1991 am{Or BßQ>aZ{Q>da PiH$bm. EH$sH$S>{ OJ^amVb{ ‡m{J´m_a bm`Zgbm ‡oVgmX X{D$ bmJb{, B© _{b [mR>dy bmJb{,

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›`yOJ´wﬂggmaI{ _V ‡Xe©Z H$Í$ bmJb{, XwgarH$S>{ bm`Zg H$Z}b BßoOZM{ ‡m{J´mq_J H$m{S> obhˇ bmJbm. hm Iam{IarM \$∫$ N>ßXmMmM ^mJ hm{Vm. C⁄m À`m¿`mVyZ "_m`H´$m{gm∞‚Q> qdS>m{O'bm [`m©` dJ°a{ C^m amhrb Ag{ Q>m{admÎS>¿`m ÒdﬂZmVhr ZÏhV{. gﬂQ>|]a 1991 _‹`{ obZ∑g 0.01 hr Amd•Œmr Q>m{admÎS>Z{ BßQ>aZ{Q>da C[b„Y H{$br. 5 Am∞∑Q>m{]a 1991 am{Or gwYmarV Amd•Œmr 0.02 bm{H$mßgmR>r BßQ>aZ{Q>da ]hmb H{$br. Aem naVrZ{ oS>g|]a 1991 _‹`{ obZ∑g 0.10, 0.11, 0.12 H$arV H$arV obZ∑g 0.96, 0.97 bm{H$mßg_m{a Amb{. 1992 gmb gwÍ$ Pmb{ hm{V{. bm{H$ obZ∑g S>mD$Zbm{S> H$Í$Z K{V hm{V{. À`mda odMma H$arV hm{V{. bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>bm goH´$` gyMZm [mR>odV hm{V{. "VwÂhr gyMZm [mR>dm. _r K{B©ZM Agß Zmhr' hm bm`ZgMm W{Q> \$Q>H$i[Um hm{Vm. [U EH$ Midi BßQ>aZ{Q>da C^r amohbr hm{Vr. am{O Ajae: e{H$S>m{ B© _{b `{D$Z YS>H$V hm{À`m. À`m dmMm`¿`m, À`mßZm CŒma{ obhm`Mr, qH$dm À`m JmiyZ Q>mHy$Z ZÏ`m B© _{bgmR>r OmJm H$Í$Z R>{dm`Mr ¯m H$m_mV 24 VmgmVb{ 20 Vmg OmD$ bmJb{. AmVm bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>M{ H$V•©Àd BßQ>aZ{Q>¿`m ojVrOmda M_Hy$ bmJb{ hm{V{ AmoU XwgarH$S>{ eÃwÀdmM{ H$mi{ T>J O_m hm{D$ bmJb{ hm{V{. A±S≠>`y V∞Z{Z]m∞_Zr bm`Zgbm gßX{e YmS>bm- "I still maintain the point that designing a monolithic kernel in 1991 is a fundamental error. Be thankful you are not my student..."

bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS> H$¿Mm o^Sy> ZÏhVm. À`mZ{ CŒma oXb{ - "Your job is being a professor and researcher. That's one hell of a good excuse for some of the brain-damages of minix." hm M∑H$ ]m∞∑gtJ

[ßMM hm{Vm. H$V©•Àd odÍ$’ eÃwÀd Aer bT>mB© gwÍ$ Pmb{br hm{Vr. _mJ© AdKS> hm{Vm. Vem ¯m bÓH$am¿`m ^mH$Ë`mM hm{À`m. [U bm`ZggmR>r V{ EH$ _erZ ]Zbß hm{Vß. d`m¿`m EH$odgmÏ`m dfu Iaß Va oeQ≤Q>Ám _maV o\$am`Mß. [U bm`Zg ^bVrH$S>{M [{Qy>Z CR>bm hm{Vm. oeQ≤Q>Ám _maUma{ bmIm{ hm{V{, OJmV bm`Zg Agm EImXmM oZ[OV AgVm{. oS>g|]a 1993 _‹`{ OJmV 1 bmI bm{H$ obZ∑g dm[Í$ bmJb{ hm{V{. _mM© 1994 _‹`{ "obZ∑g'Mr 1.0 hr [yUm™H$mVbr [ohbr Amd•Œmr ‡gmnaV Pmbr. 1994 _‹`{ obZ∑g dm[aUmË`mßMr gßª`m 5,00,000 Pmbr. 1995 _‹`{ 15 bmI Pmbr. OyZ 1996 _‹`{ obZ∑g 2.0 Amd•Œmr bm{H$mßg_m{a Ambr. dm[aUmË`mßMr gßª`m 35 bmI Pmbr. gmaß \w$H$Q>. ‡m{J´m__‹`{

gßJUH$ OJV 55

Am[br H$›`m [∞Q≠>roe`m]am{]a I{iVmZm bm`Zg

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obZ∑gM{ H$m_ MmbyM Amh{. OmZ{dmar 2001 _‹`{ obZ∑gMr 2.4 hr Amd•Œmr ‡gmnaV Pmbr. [wT>{ 3.0 Amd•ŒmrM{ H$m_ Mmbb{. "obZ∑g' Mr [wT>br Amd•Œmr H$Yr EH$Xm `{V{ Aer AYra[U{ ‡oVjm H$aUmam bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>Mm bmIm|Mm MmhVm dJ© Amh{. Am[br VrZ dfm©Mr _wbJr [∞Q≠>roe`m oh¿`mer I{i `mV Q>m{admÎS> Iy[ d{i KmbdVm{. EH$m _wbmIVrV À`mbm odMma `mV Amb{ H$s ""[∞Q≠>roe`m_wi{ obZ∑g Ym{∑`mV `{Uma H$m`?'' bm`Zg ÂhUmbm ""Zm{ Zm{ er BO BZ \∞$∑Q> h{pÎ[®J obZ∑g J´m{ ]{Q>a.'' Q>m{admÎS>Z{ ¡`m Q≠>m›g_{Q>m Hß$[ZrV Zm{H$ar [ÀH$abr Vr H$mhr "obZ∑g' _mH©{$Q> H$aUmar Hß$[Zr ZÏh{. "OZab [„brH$ bm`g›g'Mm ‡m{J´m_ Hw$Urhr _m{\$V dm[Í$ eH$Vm{, Vm{ gwYma eH$Vm{, Vm{ BVamßZm odHy$hr eH$Vm{, _mÃ À`mZ{ gma{ H$m{S>g≤ Am{[Z R>{dUß AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. Aem ‡H$ma{ gwYmÍ$Z d "obZ∑g' Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>__‹`{ MmbUma{ A›` ‡m{J´mÂg X{D$Z "obZ∑g'¿`m grS>r am{_ odVnaV H$aUmË`m AZ{H$ Hß$[›`m AmO Amh{V. obZ∑g H$m∞[r H$Í$Z dm[a `mda AmO H$gbrhr ]ßYZ{ ZmhrV. "a{S> h∞Q>', "S>{]r`Z' dJ°a{ AZ{H$ "obZ∑g'M{ odVaU d odH´$s Zm__mÃ AmH$ma K{D$Z H$aVmV AmoU bmIm{ È[`{ o_idVmV, À`m Hß$[›`mß_‹`{ Zm{H$ar H$aUß Q>m{admÎS>Z{ Q>mibß. H$maU, Vm{ ÂhUVm{, ""Va _J _m¬`m Am`wÓ`mV \$∫$ "obZ∑g'M Cabß AgVß. "obZ∑g' h{ _bm H$m_ ÂhUyZ ZH$m{ Amh{. BQ>g≤ A \$Z. Am` EßOm∞` BQ>.'' OJ‡og’ H$m{ab H$m∞[m}a{eZZ{ AmVm "obZ∑g' odVnaV H$am`bm gwÈdmV H{$br Amh{. Am`.]r.E_. hr [wT>{ Amb{ Amh{. bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>bm AZ{H$ [waÒH$ma, oH$Vm] AmoU _mZ-g›_mZ o_imb{ Amh{V, AmoU o_iVmh{V. bm`ZgMß Zmd hr X{Irb EH$ Jß_VrXma Jm{Ô> Amh{. À`mMr _mV•^mfm Amh{ ÒdrS>re. o\$ZbßS>_‹`{ o\$Zre AmoU ÒdrS>re ¯m Xm{Z AoYH•$V ^mfm Amh{V. ÒdrS>re ^mfm AmoU C¿Mmam‡_mU{ LINUS Mm C¿Mma "obZg' Agm hm{Vm{. [U BßJ´OrV _mÃ bm`@Zg Agm bmß] C¿Mma H{$bm OmVm{. AmS>Zmd "Q>m{admÎS>g≤' _Ybm "Eg' C¿Mmam`Mm H$s Zmhr h{ AZ{H$mßZm H$iV Zmhr. À`m_wi{ V{ \$∫$ "Q>m{admÎS>' EdT>M ÂhUVmV. À`m_wi{ Q>m{admÎS>g≤¿`m "\$m{Q>m{O{oZH$' M{h{Ë`m]am{]a À`mM{ Zmd AmoU AmS>Zmd h{hr odZm{XmM{ odf` AgVmV. À`mV Vm{ ÒdV:M "OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' Agm o]ZYmÒV ÈI R>{dV AgÎ`mZ{ gmamM AmZßXr AmZßX Mmbb{bm AgVm{.

gßJUH$ OJV 57

"]r.E.Ama.gr.' _Yrb AmUr]mUr

^maVmZ{ amOÒWmZ¿`m dmidßQ>mV [m{IaU `{W{ Xm{Z AUwMmM `m H{$Î`m hm{À`m Vm{ H$mi VwÂhmbm Ò[Ô> AmR>dV AgUma. 11 AmoU 13 _{ 1998 am{Or ¯m MmM `m PmÎ`m AmoU À`mßZm "Z ^yVm{' Aer ‡og’r o_imbr. H|$–mVbß ^mO[m gaH$ma ¯m MmM `mß_wi{ EH$X_ "oham{' ]ZyZ J{bß. OJmV ‡MßS> Ii]i CSy>Z J{br. Vm{ "_{' _ohZm O{_V{_ [ma [S>bm AmoU 5 OyZ 1998 ¯m oXder "gßJUH$ OJVm'Z{ EH$ _hm‡MßS> Ò\$m{Q>H$ Aer ]mV_r oXbr. ^m^m A∞Q>m{o_H$ nagM© g|Q>a (]r.E.Ama.gr.)Mr http://www.barc.ernet.in hr d{]gmB©Q> h∞H$g©Zr h∞H$ H{$br hm{Vr. "]r.E.Ama.gr.'¿`m gmB©Q>daMß [ohbß Xe©Zr hm{_ [{O h∞H$g©Zr H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bß hm{Vß, AmoU À`m OmJr AUw]m±]¿`m odam{YmVbß "STOP THE SHIT' Agm X_ X{Umaß [mZ Q>mH$bß hm{Vß. "d{] gmB©Q>'Mß h∞H$ hm{Uß hr gßJUH$ OJVmVbr \$ma _m{R>r Jm{Ô> ZÏh{, H$maU AmVm OJ^a h{ Ajae: am{O¿`m am{OM Mmbb{bß Amh{. [U "]r.E.Ama.gr.'Mm gÏh©a h∞H$ hm{Vm{ hr ]m]M OJm¿`m —Ô>rZ{ Y∑H$mXm`H$ hm{Vr. ^maVmZ{ H{$b{Î`m AUwMmM `mßZm AOyZ _ohZmhr Pmb{bm ZÏhVm, AmoU H$mhr X{emßZr ¯m ‡H$mam]m]V Zm[gßVrhr Xe©odbr hm{Vr. À`mda¿`m MMm© AmoU dmXßJ OJ^a¿`m Q>rÏhr dmoh›`mßdÍ$Z Mmbyhr hm{V{. gmB©Q> h∞H$ PmÎ`mMr ]mV_r AOyZ gd©Ã [m{hm{Mbrhr ZÏhVr. EdT>ÁmV Xwgar Y∑H$mXm`H$ ]mV_r Km|KmdV Ambr. "h∞H$g©Zr H{$di "d{] gmB©Q>'M h∞H$ H{$br Agß Zmhr Va "]r.E.Ama.gr.'¿`m H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a Z{Q>dH©$_‹`{ _w∫$ gßMma H$Í$Z ^maVr` AUwemÛkmß¿`m hOmam{ "B© _{b' AmoU A›` S>{Q>mhr Mm{abm Amh{'. hr ]mV_r ÂhUO{ EH$ AUwÒ\$m{Q>M hm{Vm.

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^m^m AUwe∫$s H|$–mMr AoYH•$V d{]gmB©Q>.

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¯m JmB©S>M{ ÒdÈ[ hm{V{. OgOer hr S>m`a{∑Q>ar \w$JV J{br Vg{ Zd{ Zm_H$aU Xm{KmßZr H{$b{ V{ Zmd ÂhUO{ Yet Another Hierchical Officious Oracle ÂhUO{ YAHOO! Iaß Va `mhˇ hm O{ar AmoU S>{pÏhS> ¯m Xm{KmßMmhr A⁄mo[ EH$ N>ßX hm{Vm. À`mVyZ Am[U A„Om{[Vr hm{D$, hr EH$ ‡MßS> _m{R>r AmoU gm`]a OJ Ï`m[V OmUmar Hß$[Zr ]Z{b Aer À`mßZm gwVam_ H$Î[Zm ZÏhVr. [U [wT>{ H$mhr dfm©VM V{ KS>b{. H$mhr df} gw’m ÂhUVm `{Uma Zmhr H$maU Ajae: Xm{Z-VrZ dfm©VM O{ar AmoU S>{pÏhS> `mßMr "`mhˇ' Hß$[Zr OJ[´og’ Pmbr. À`m "`mhˇ'Mr hr Jm{Ô> Amh{. Vr AÀ`ßV _Zm{aßOH$ AmoU ‡MßS> Ò\y$VuXm`H$ Amh{. O{ar AmoU S>{pÏhS> ¡`md{ir ÒQ>∞Z\$m{S>© od⁄m[rR>mV [rEM.S>r. Mm A‰`mg H$arV hm{V{ À`md{ir Xm{KmßH$S>{hr od⁄m[rR>mMm EH$ EH$ gßJUH$ hm{Vm. 1994 gmbM{ gßJUH$ h{ AmO¿`mgmaI{ d{JdmZ AmoU V`marM{ ZÏhV{. A_{naH{$V od⁄mœ`m©¿`m gßJUH$mbm "ÒQw>S>ßQ> dH©$ ÒQ>{eZ' Ag{ ÂhU `mMr [’V Amh{. O{ar AmoU S>{pÏhS> `mßM{ ‡]ßY oboh `m¿`m H$m_mH$S>{ Xwb©j hm{V Amh{, AmoU d{] gmB©Q>g≤M{ dJuH$aU H$a `m¿`m C⁄m{JmZ{ À`m Xm{KmßZm P[mQy>Z Q>mH$b{ Amh{ `mM{ od⁄m[rR>mVrb bm{H$mßZm AoVe` Am¸`© dmQ>{. À`m Xm{KmßZm Ajae: _yIm©VM JUb{ OmB©. O{ar¿`m AmB©bmhr ¯m C⁄m{JmV EdT>{ P[mQ> `mgmaI{ H$m` Amh{ AmoU À`m [m`r S>m∞∑Q>a{Q>¿`m ‡]ßYmH$S>{ AmoU [`m©`mZ{ H$ar`aH$S>{ Xwb©j H$amd{ h{ [gßVM ZÏhV{. [U O{ar E{H$V ZÏhVm, AmoU S>{pÏhS>Mrhr À`mbm V{dT>rM gmW hm{Vr. ¯m N>ßXmV [S> `m[ydu O{ar AmoU S>{pÏhS> `mßZm O[mZr gw_m{ Hw$ÒVrJramß¿`m Hw$ÒVrMr AmdS> hm{Vr. H$mhr

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VÈU hm{Vm. À`mM{ Zmd _mH©$ A±S≠>rgZ. ¯m _mH©$ A±S≠>rgZbm"`mhˇ' M{ _hŒd gd©‡W_ bjmV Amb{. A±S≠>rgZ¿`m _m{PmB©H$_YyZM ZßVa "Z{Q>ÒH{$[ Z{pÏhJ{Q>a' hm AmOMm OJ‡og’ ‡m{J´m_ O›_mbm Ambm. d Z{Q>ÒH{$[ H$Â`woZH{$e›g hr _m`H´$m{gm∞‚Q>er Ò[Ym© H$aUmar Hß$[Zr oZ_m©U Pmbr. ÒdV: _mH©$ A±S≠>rgZ hm BbrZm∞`g od⁄m[rR>m¿`m "Z∞eZb g|Q>a \$m∞a gw[aH$m±ﬂ`wQ>tJ A∞ﬂbrH{$e›g'Mm [XdrYa od⁄mWu hm{Vm. À`mZ{ O{ar AmoU S>{pÏhS>bm Am[Î`mH$S>rb OmJm d gßJUH$ dm[a `mMr _w^m X{D$ H{$br. À`m_wi{ "`mhˇ'Mm [wT>bm odH$mg gwH$a hm{Uma hm{Vm. gmYmaUV: À`mM gw_mamg BßQ>aZ{Q> em∞q[J Z{Q>dH©$ ¯m Hß$[ZrMm A‹`j a±S>r A∞S>Âg≤ `mZ{ O{ar d S>{pÏhS>bm ]m{bmdyZ K{Vb{ d Xm{KmßMr Am{iI "ogH$m{`m H∞$o[Q>b' ¯m AW©ghmÊ` X{UmË`m _m{R>Ám Hß$[Zrer H$ÈZ oXbr. ogH$m{`m H∞$o[Q>b ¯m Hß$[ZrZ{ AJXr gwÈdmVr[mgyZM gßJUH$odf`H$ C⁄m{JmßZm AW©gm¯ X{ `mM{ Ym{aU R>{db{b{ hm{V{. À`mß¿`m[wT>{ O{Ïhm "`mhˇ' M{ ‡H$aU J{b{ V{Ïhm À`mßZm À`mV ag oZ_m©U Pmbm. "`mhˇ'bm _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmda bm{H$ml` AgÎ`mZ{ OmohamVr d A›` _mJm™Zr "`mhˇ' ‡MßS> CÀ[ﬁ o_idy eH{$b `mMr ImÃr À`mßZm [Q>br d "`mhˇ' Mm IamIwam Ï`mdgmo`H$ ‡dmg gwÈ Pmbm. À`mVyZM H∞$ob\$m{oZ©`mVrb BßS>ÒQ≠>r`b [mH©$_Yrb "_mDß$Q>Z Ï`y'¯m AmobemZ B_maVrV "`mhˇ! BZH$m∞[m}a{Q>{S'> ¯m Hß$[ZrM{ H$m`m©b` C^{ amohb{. gwÈdmVrg O{ar AmoU S>{pÏhS> `mßZr E{Z [ßModerVrb gmYmaUV: 25 VÈU VÈUtZm H$m_mda Z{_b{. h{ VÈU-VÈUr AÀ`ßV CÀgmhr AmoU AWH$ [nal_ H$aUma{ hm{V{. À`m_wi{ "`mhˇ' ¿`m odH$mgmV ^aM [S>br. hr `mhˇMr Jm{Ô> AmOhr MmbyM Amh{. [U AmO "`mhˇ' [wT>{ AZ{H$ AmÏhmZ{ Amh{V. "JwJb' gmaª`m gM© BßoOZZ{ AmKmS>r K{Vbr Amh{. XwgarH$S>{ _ßXrM{ MQ>H{$ OmUdVmh{V. EH{$ H$mir Pmb{br OmohamVtMr JXu Za_-Ja_ hm{V{ Amh{. À`mMm [naUm_ Òdm^modH$M CÀ[ﬁmdahr hm{Vm{ Amh{. 1996 [mgyZ "`mhˇ' Hß$[ZrMm M{Aa_Z AmoU grB©Am{ ÂhUyZ H$m_ H$aUma{ d À`m[ydu "_m{Q>m{am{bm' Hß$[ZrMm ‡XrK© d `eÒdr AZw^d AgUma{ Q>r_ Hw$Jb h{ Am[Î`m [XmdÈZ EH$ [m`ar CVÈZ AmVm gßMmbH$ _ßS>imM{ gXÒ` ÂhUyZ amohb{ Amh{V. Eo‡b 2001 _‹`{ Q>{ar g{_{b `mßZr "`mhˇ'M{ M{Aa_Z d grB©Am{ ÂhUyZ gyÃ{ ÒdrH$mabr. Q>{ar g{_{b `mß¿`mH$S>{ "dm∞Z©g© ]´Xg©' ¯m OJ‡og’ oMÃ[Q> oZ_m©U d odVaH$ gßÒW{Mm Xm{Z V[mßMm ‡XrK© AZw^d Amh{. AmVm "`mhˇ' Mm S>m{bmam V{ gmß^miV Amh{V. "`mhˇ' Mm odÒVma d `e h{ $W∑H$ H$aUma{ Agb{ Var ]w’r d l_ `mß¿`m

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gß[V Zmhr. lr_ßV X{emßZm odH$m, [U Jar]mßZm \w$H$Q> ⁄m H$s. [U V{ X{V ZmhrV. X{Uma ZmhrV. e{dQ>r AmÂhr H´∞$H$a. Jar]mßZm Vr g{dm X{Vm{. AmÂhmbmhr H∞´$qH$JgmR>r ]m°o’H$ H$Ô> [S>VmV. [U À`mgmR>r AmÂhr [°g{ _mJV Zmhr. AmÂhmbm OJmVbm gdm™V lr_ßV ]Z `mMm hÏ`mg Zmhr."" ÒQ>ÁwPm{M{ VŒdkmZ odoMÃ Amh{. gm∞‚Q>d{Aa Hß$[›`m gm{S>mM [U BVa AZ{H$ gm_m›`mßZmhr V{ Z [Q>Uma{ Amh{. [U Vm{ R>m_ hm{Vm. MM}V AmoU "M∞Q>'_‹`{ ]YV ZÏhVm. e{dQ>r _r À`mbm EH$ ‡˝ odMmabm ""Vy A_{naH{$Vbm Zmhrg, h{ _r Am{iIb{ Amh{. Iaß gmßJ, Vy Hw$R>bm Amh{g?'' H$mhr d{i ÒQ>`wPm{ Wmß]bm. _r ÂhUmbm{ "" B\$ `y h∞d JQ>g≤, `w dm{›Q> bm` Q>{b _r'' "" Am` A∞_ \´$m∞_ aoe`m'' ÒQ>`wPm{ ÂhUmbm, AmoU "]m`" H$Í$Z oZKyZ J{bm. OmVm OmVm Vm{ _bm EH$ odf` X{D$Z J{bm hm{Vm. _r [wT>¿`m V[mgmbm bmJbm{. "]rPZ{g gm∞‚Q>d{Aa Abm`›g' ZmdmMr gßÒWm OJmVÎ`m "A∞S>m{]', "_m`H´$m{gm∞‚Q>' AmoU VemM AZ{H$ Hß$[›`mßZr EH$Ã `{D$Z 1994 gmbr ÒWm[Z H{$br. ¯m gßÒW{Z{ 2000 gmbM{ gd}jU H$Í$Z Ahdmb ‡og’ H{$bm Amh{ H$s OJmVrb 37% gm∞‚Q>d{Aa dm[a hm [m`a{Q>{S> ‡VtMm dm ]{H$m`X{era ‡VtMm Amh{. Xadfu gw_ma{ 5500 H$m{Q>r È[`mßM{ ZwH$gmZ `m_wi{ gm∞‚Q>d{Aa Hß$[›`m gm{gVmV Agm À`mßMm Xmdm Amh{. Amoe`m [∞ogo\$H$ X{emß_‹`{ (`mV ^maVhr Ambm) dm[aÎ`m OmUmË`m EHy$U gm∞‚Q>d{Ag©[°H$s A‹`m©[{jm OmÒV dm[a hm Aem [m`a{Q>{S> ‡VtMm Amh{ Agmhr À`mßMm oZÓH$f© Amh{. gß[yU© pÏhEQ>Zm__‹`{ H{$di 3 Q>∏{$ gm∞‚Q>d{Ag© hr H$m`X{era Amh{V, 97 Q>∏{$ [m`a{Q>{S> AgVmV. OJmVbm hm EH$ CÉmßH$ Amh{. ¯m gd© ‡H$mamßM{ [S>gmX AmVm hiyhiy C_Qy> bmJb{ Amh{V. "_m`H´$m{gm∞‚Q>' Z{ Am[Î`m ZÏ`m Windows XP d Office XP gmR>r AmVm Zdm AZw^d X{D$ H{$bm Amh{. AmVm h{ ‡m{J´mÂg "Am∞ZbmB©Z A∞∑Q>rÏh{eZ' M{ VßÃ dm[aUma Amh{V. `mV ‡m{J´m_Mm ogar`b H$m{S> Va Ag{bM [U Vw_¿`m gßJUH$mM{ Am∞ZbmB©Z hmS>©d{Aa ÒH∞$oZßJ Hß$[Zr¤mam hm{B©b d EH$ H´$_mßH$ VwÂhmbm À`mZßVa oXbm OmB©b. AWm©VM ZÏ`m H´$_mßH$mMr qH$_V VwÂhmbm _m{Omdr bmJ{b. A›`Wm H$mhr oXdgmßVM ‡m{J´m_ ]ßX [S>{b. gdm©oYH$ [m`a{Q>{S> ‡m{J´mÂg dm[aUma{ O{ X{e Amh{V À`mV [ohÎ`m

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[mMmV MrZ AmoU aoe`m Amh{V. ¯m gd© X{emßZr À`mßM{ BßQ>{b{∑MwAb ‡m∞[Q>u H$m`X{ gwYmÍ$Z ]iH$Q> H$amd{V Agm AmJ´h AmVm gm∞‚Q>d{Aa Hß$[›`mßZr Yabm Amh{. AmOhr AZ{H$ X{emßV "[m`agr" hm Jw›hm Omhra Pmb{bm Zmhr, H$maU Am∞∑Q>m{]a 2000 [`™V H{$di 12 X{e Ag{ hm{V{ H$s O{W{ "gm`]a H$m`Xm' [yUm©dÒW{bm J{b{bm hm{Vm. ¯mV ^maV hm ]mamdm X{e hm{Vm. Am[Î`m gßgX{Z{ _mohVr-VßÃkmZ H$m`Xm [mg H$ÈZ Vm{ Aß_bmV AmU{[`™V Am∞∑Q>m{]a 2000 COmS>b{. ¯m H$m`⁄mImbr [ohbr AQ>H$ oXÑrV Pmbr Vr \{$]´wdmar 2001 _‹`{. OmVm OmVm BVH$M gmßJVm{ H$s "S>r.Eg.[r." AWdm À`m[{jm da¿`m XOm©Mm AoYH$mar H$m{Umbmhr dm∞a›Q>odZm ¯m H$m`⁄mImbr AQ>H$ H$È eH$Vm{. dm∞a›Q>odZmhr PS>Vr K{D$ eH$Vm{. ¯mM H$m`⁄mZ{ EH$ Zdr ghr ApÒVÀdmV Ambr Amh{. oVbm ÂhUVmV "oS>oOQ>b græ{Ma' Am[Î`m X{em¿`m _mohVr VßÃkmZ H$m`⁄mMm (2000) AYm© ^mJ ¯m oS>oOQ>b græ{Ma¿`m VaVwXtZr ^abm Amh{. h{ gma{ Am[Î`mbm AmO Zm C⁄m ZrQ> g_OmdyZ ø`md{ bmJUma Amh{. H$maU C⁄m¿`m H$amamßda Am[U [{ZZ{ dm b{IUrZ{ g¯m H$aUma Zmhr. "oS>oOQ>b græ{Ma' X{D$. À`mgmR>r b{IUr bmJUma Zmhr. "gßJUH$" bmJ{b. `{À`m H$mhr dfm™VM h{ KS>Uma Amh{.

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ZgVm. ""À`mVbß _bm H$mhr `{V Zmhr, [U Am_Mr _wbJr E∑Ò[Q>© Amh{'' h{ dm∑` IßS>{amd ¡`mbm À`mbm H$m°VwH$mZ{ E{H$odV. hm Om{ Vm{ ]h˛Ym IßS>{amdmß¿`m d`mMmM Ag{. Vm{hr h{M ÂhU{. ""_bm H$mhr H$iV Zmhr, Kar _wbM dm[aVmV. Am[Î`mbm H$m` H$am`M` ¯m d`mV?'' IßS>{amdmßMr _wbJr oXdg^a H$m∞b{Obm OmV{. oXdg^a H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a [mßKÈUmImbr oZ[oMV AgVm{. Kar Zdam-]m`H$m{ AgVmV. Q>rÏhr Mmby AgVm{. Q>rÏhr AmoU Hß$Q>mim Amir[mirZ{ MmbV amhVmV. [mßKÈUmImbMm gßJUH$hr Iaß Va Iy[ Hß$Q>mib{bm AgVm{. [U H$aVm{ H$m`? _wbJr H$m∞b{O_YyZ `{V{ V{Ïhm X_b{br AgV{. H$Yr H$Yr Vr gßJUH$ CKS>V{. [U V{Ïhm IßS>{amdmßMr [ÀZr Am[Î`m H$m_mV AmoU IßS>{amd [m` _m{H$i{ H$am`bm ]mh{a [S>b{b{ AgVmV. AmVm _wbrMß gßJUH$mMß A‡w[ gß[b{bß Amh{. oVbm AmVm BßQ>aZ{Q> hdß Amh{. q‡Q>a AmoU ÒH∞$Zahr hdm Amh{. ÂhUO{ drg EH$ hOmamßMm IM©. ""Amh{ Vm{ Var Hw$R>{ dm[aV{g am{O? ZwgVm [Sy>Z AgVm{. AmUIr IM© H$embm?'' Agm IßS>{amdmß¿`m [ÀZrMm `wo∫$dmX AgVm{. Vm{ "dmXm'H$S>{ OmÒV PwH$b{bm AgVm{. _wbrbm AmVm AmUIr EImXm H$m{g© H$am`Mm AgVm{. ""]mh{a \$s ^Í$Z oeH$m`Mß hm{Vß Va Kar H$m±ﬂ`wQ>a H$embm AmUbm EdT>m IM© H$Í$Z?'' hm AmUIr EH$ dmXmMm _w‘m gm°. IßS>{amdmßZr C[pÒWV H{$b{bm AgVm{. Iaß Va _ZmVyZ IßS>{amdmßZmhr Wm{S>ßgß VgßM dmQ>V AgVß, [U ""Vr ]m{bV{` Zß'' Am[U _wbr¿`m ]mOybm ahmdß h{ À`mßZm gm{`rMß dmQ>V AgVß. IßS>{amdmßMm hm [mnadmnaH$ ‡˝ [wT>{hr VgmM MmbV amhVm{. "gßJUH$ K{Vbm Iam' À`mMm hdm V{dT>m C[`m{J hm{V Zmhr hr ^mdZm Hw$Qw>ß]mV [gab{br AgV{. "CJmM [°g{ AS>Hy$Z [S>b{' Aerhr Ï`Wm AYyZ_YyZ S>m{H$mdy bmJb{br AgV{. hiyhiy gßJUH$ H$mb]m¯hr hm{V Mmbb{bm AgVm{. 64 E_.]r. _{_ar AgV{, Vr AmVm oH$_mZ 128 E_.]r. Var hdr Agß _wbrbm dmQy> bmJb{bß AgVß. hmS>© oS>ÒH$ oH$_mZ 40 Or.]r.Mr Var hdr Agßhr _ZmV `{D$ bmJb{bß AgVß. hm gmam H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ oVT>m gwQ>Uma AgVm{ V{Ïhm, O{Ïhm Iw‘ IßS>{amd gßJUH$mg_m{a ]gUß gwÍ$ H$aVrb. À`mda IßS>{amdmßMm AmUIr EH$ _w‘m AgVm{ H$s ""S>m{˘`mbm Ãmg hm{Vm{. \$ma d{i ÒH´$sZH$S>{ ]KdV Zmhr.'' Iaß Va ÒH´$sZda O{ oXgVß À`mV [wa{gm ag oZ_m©U Pmb{bm ZgÎ`mZ{M IßS>{amdmßZm V{ ZH$m{ dmQ>V AgVß. [U "S>m{˘`mßZm Ãmg' h{ H$maU gmßJUß À`mßZm gm{ﬂ[ß dmQ>V AgVß. Am[Î`mbm ¯m d`mV ZrQ> g_Obß Zmhr Va _wbr[wT>{ Am[bß hgß hm{B©b Aerhr À`mßZm YmÒVr ZH$iV dmQ>V AgV{.

gßJUH$ OJV 108

BßJ´OrMmhr ]mJwb]m{dm EH$sH$S>{ _ZmV AgVm{. AmVm oeHy$Z Am[Î`mbm Hw$R>{ Zm{H$ar o_idm`bm Om`M` hm oZd•ŒmrMm odMma À`mß¿`m _ZmV Km{iV AgVm{M. I{arO ""Am[bß H$mhr MwH$bß AmoU gßJUH$ o]KS>bm Va hd` H$embm, Am[U Am[bß bmß] amohb{bß ]aß'' Agm odMmahr À`mßZm gm{`rMmM dmQ>V AgVm{. H$YrVar AmJ´h PmÎ`mZßVa AoZ¿N>{Z{ IßS>{amdmßZr _mD$g hmVmV Ya `mMm ‡`ÀZ H{$b{bm AgVm{. _J _wbJr hiyhiy ZÏ`m Jm{Ô>r, H$mhr VmßoÃH$ gßkm gmßJy bmJb{br AgV{. À`md{ir IßS>{amdmßZm Omß^B© XmQy>Z Amb{br AgV{. Iaß Va IßS>{amdmßZr Wm{S>m Yra YÍ$Z EH$ EH$ [mD$b Q>mH$bß Va gmam [mnadmnaH$ oVT>mM gwQ>Uma AgVm{. IßS>{amdmßZm dmQ>V AgVß, V{ÏhT>ß H$mhr V{ AdKS> ZgVß. ZwgVr ]Q>Uß Xm]br AmoU H$mhr MwH$bß ÂhUyZ gßJUH$ o]KS>Umahr ZgVm{. CbQ> gVV Z dm[aÎ`mZ{M Vm{ o]KS>m`Mr e∑`Vm AoYH$ AgV{. IßS>{amdmßZm dmQ>V AgVß V{ÏhT>ß BßJ´OrMß AdS>ß]ahr À`mßZr _mOod `mMr JaO ZgV{. gmYr gmYr Ò[{qbJ V[mg `mMß H$m_ ÒdV: gßJUH$M H$am`bm V`ma AgVm{. Iaß Va IßS>{amdmßZm ]wo’]i I{im`bm Iy[ AmdS>Vß. gßJUH$ ÒdV: IßS>{amdmßer ]wo’]imMm S>md _mßSy> eH$Vm{. À`mgmR>r H$gbmhr d{Jim IM© `{V Zmhr. Iy[ MmßJbm d{i OmVm{. [U IßS>{amd À`m —Ô>rZ{ [mD$bM Q>mH$V ZgVmV. Oa IßS>{amd Wm{S>ß oeH$ `mMr qh_V qH$dm V`mar XmIdVrb Va gm°. IßS>{amd gw’m ÒdV:hˇZ [wT>{ `{Vrb. À`mV S>m{Hß$ KmbVrb. d{i [S>br Va Amb{Î`m BßoOZrAabm gßJUH$mbm H$m` Pmb` h{hr ÒdV: [wT>{ `{D$Z gmßJy eH$Vrb. Wm{S>m d{i oXbm Va Q>m`q[J gw’m _ohZm^amV oeHy$ eH$Vrb. ]mh{aMr Q>m`q[JMr Mma H$m_{ o_idy eH$Vrb. Mma [°g{ o_im{V dm Zm o_im{V [U H$mhrVar Zdß H{$Î`mMß g_mYmZ Va Z∑H$sM o_idy eH$Vrb. lr AmoU gm°. IßS>{amd gßJUH$mMm _w‘m Ambm H$s [yU©[U{ hV]b hm{D$Z Am[Î`m _wbr¿`m kmZmda H$m Adbß]yZ amhVmV?. C⁄m _wbJr bæ hm{D$Z J{br H$s oV¿`m]am{]a gßJUH$mbmhr V{ gmgar [mR>dUma H$m? Vm{[`™V À`mßMr [mnadmnaH$ g_Ò`m H$YrM gwQ>Uma Zmhr H$m? IßS>{amdmßMß Z{_Hß$ MwH$V` Hw$R>{ ?

gßJUH$ OJV 109

Am`.Q>r. AmoU _amR>r

"Am`.Q>r.' H$s "_amR>r' hm dmX AmVm BV∑`m Wambm J{bm` H$s H$mhrOU Jß_VrZ{ À`mbm "Am`-_m`]m{br' Agß ÂhUm`bm bmJb{V. XyaXe©Z¿`m gßX^m©V _mJ{ EH$Xm Agm CÎb{I Pmbm hm{Vm H$s ""_amR>r Cß]Ë`mV C^r Amh{.'' AmVm H$mi ]Xbbm Amh{. "_amR>r"bm dmohb{Î`m ÒdVßÃ dmoh›`m (M∞ZÎg) AmO BVa ÒQ>mg© ]am{]a M_H$Vmh{V. [U "Am`.Q>r.'¿`m Xa]mamV AmO [w›hm EH$Xm "_amR>r' Cß]aR>ÁmV C^r Amh{, AmoU oVZß C^ß amhˇZ ]amM H$mi _mJ{ [S>bm Amh{. AH$amdr¿`m dJm©V _hmod⁄mb`mV "Am`.Q>r.' odf` odÈ’ "_amR>r odf`' ¯m dmXm[waVM h{ oV>V C^ß amhUß Amh{ Agß Zmhr. _hmod⁄mb`mVrb odf` hm "Am`.Q>r.'¿`m AdmT>Ï` hd{brVbm H{$di "EH$ Cß]aR>m' Amh{. "Am`.Q>r.' ¿`m hd{brV Ag{ Cß]aR>{ e{H$S>ÁmßZr Amh{V. _hmod⁄mb`rZ oejUmgß]ßYrMm hm Cß]aR>m ""dmX Iy[ Pmbm'' Agß ÂhUV jU^amgmR>r ]mOyg R>{dbm Var BVa Cß]aR>ÁmßVrb [napÒWVr \$maer d{Jir Zmhr. EH$ _hmamÔ≠> gaH$ma gm{S>bß Va BVamßMß oVW{ \$magß bjhr Zmhr. gaH$mar go_À`mßMß ¯m gßX^m©Vrb H$m_ Hw$R>da Amb` `mMr _mohVr ZrQ>er ‡g•V hm{V ZgÎ`mZ{ AmUIr oH$Vr H$mi oV>V ahmdß bmJUma Amh{, `mMm AßXmO _m`_amR>rbm AmO Zmhr. gw_ma{ Mm°Xm dfm™[yduMr Jm{Ô> gmßJVm{. gßJUH$mdarb _amR>r ob[rg_m{a _amR>r X°oZH$m¿`m gß[mXH$s` od^mJmbm H$em ‡H$ma{ hV]b Ïhmdß bmJV Amh{, `m gßX^m©Vrb b{I Iw‘ À`m X°oZH$m¿`m gß[mXH$mßZrM obohbm hm{Vm. h{ obohUß ‡moVoZoYH$ hm{V.ß À`md{ir ""Q>{∑ZrH$b' hm e„X "Q>{›H$sH$b' AgmM N>m[mdm bmJVm{, À`mbm Am_Mm BbmO Zmhr. H$maU gßJUH$mdarb _amR>r ob[rVM Vr

gßJUH$ OJV 110

_`m©Xm Amh{'' Agß ‡oV[mXZ _mZZr` gß[mXH$mßZr H{$bß hm{Vß AmoU EH$m _hŒdm¿`m _w⁄mbm Vm|S> \$m{S>bß hm{Vß. AmO Mm°Xm df} CbQy>Z J{Î`mZßVa gßJUH$mdarb "_amR>r' ob[rV H´$mßVrH$maH$ ]Xb dm gwYmaUm PmÎ`m Amh{V Agß AoO]mV Zmhr. ZÏ`m diUmM{ Q>mB©[ (\$m∞›Q>g≤) e{H$S>ÁmßZr Amb{. \$m∞›Q>g≤ odH$UmË`m H$mhr ZÏ`m Hß$[›`mhr AmÎ`m. [U ¯m gdm™_‹`{ EH$gyÃr[U AmOhr Amb{bm Zmhr hr dÒVwpÒWVr Amh{. BßJ´Or Q>m`q[J H$am`Mß Va gß[yU© OJmV H{$di EH$M [’V Amh{. À`m [’Vr]a h˛Hy$_ Q>mB©[am`Q>g©M{ AmoU gßJUH$mM{ H$s]m{S>©g≤ ]ZVmV. [U _amR>rMß Vgß Zmhr. \$m∞›Q>g≤ odH$UmË`m Hß$[›`m O{dT>Ám gßª`{Z{ V{dT>ÁmM gßª`{Z{ _amR>r Q>mB©[ H$a `m¿`m [’Vr gw’m d{Jd{J˘`m. Hw$Um¿`m [’VrV d{bmßQ>r [´W_ Q>mH$m`Mr, Va Hw$R>{ d{bmßQ>r ZßVa Q>mH$m`Mr. CXmhaUmW© "od_mZ' hm e„X ø`m. EH$m [’VrV ‡W_ "d' Aja Q>mB©[ H$am`M{, AmoU ZßVa [ohbr d{bmßQ>r Q>mH$m`Mr. Va XwgË`m [’VrV ‡W_ ZwgVr d{bmßQ>r Q>mB©[ H$am`Mr AmoU ZßVa "d' Q>mB©[ H$am`Mm. "‡', "H´$' dJ°a{ Q>mB©[ H$a `m¿`m [’Vrhr d{Jd{J˘`m. ¯m I{arO [w›hm Jm{Xa{O Q>mB©[am`Q>aMm "_VOb' H$s ]m{S>©, a{q_ΩQ>ZMm "_VOb'M [U [w›hm d{Jim H$s]m{S>© `m_wi{ gßJUH$mdarb _amR>r Q>m`q[J¿`m odúmV J{bß EH$ gß[yU© V[ ‡MßS> Jm|Yi Amh{. _amR>r \$m∞›Q>g≤ gßJUH$mgmR>r odH$UmË`m Hß$[›`m _m{R>Ám Ao^_mZmZ{ OmohamV H$aVmV H$s AmÂhr ZD$ H$s]m{S>©g≤Mr gm{` X{Vm{, Xhm H$s]m{S>©g≤Mr gm{` X{Vm{. À`mV a{q_ΩQ>Zhr Amh{, Jm{Xa{Ohr Amh{, AmH•$Vrhr Amh{, lrob[rhr Amh{, X{d`mZrhr Amh{, dJ°a{ dJ°a{ `mXr AgV{. H|$– gaH$ma¿`m Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZ∑g ImÀ`mZ{ ‡_moUV H{$b{Î`m H$s]m{S>© b{AmD$Q>bm "S>rAm{B©' H$s]m{S>© ÂhUVmV. [U AOyZ Var Vm{ [yU©[U{ Èib{bm Zmhr. "AOyZ Var' ÂhUO{ Xhm df} CbQy>Z J{br Var. Xwgar Jm{Ô> ÂhUO{ H|$– gaH$maZ{ hm H$s]m{S>©-b{AmD$Q> _wª`Àd{ X{dZmJargmR>r, ÂhUO{ À`mV qhXrhr Ambr AmoU _amR>rgh gßÒH•$Vhr Amb{, Aem [’VrZ{ ‡_moUV H{$bm Amh{. h{ ‡_moUH$aU ‡_mU _mZyZ Oa "_amR>r'bm bmJy H{$b{ J{b{ AgV{ AmoU \$m∞›Q>g≤ ‡m{J´mÂg X{UmË`m Hß$[›`mßZm V{ emgZmH$Sy>Z ]ßYZH$maH$ H{$b{ J{b{ AgV{ Va AmOMr gß[yU© o[T>r hr "_amR>r'Mm EH$M odoeÔ> H$s]m{S>© b{AmD$Q> dm[aV AgVr. AmO gßJUH$mgmR>r Q>m`o[ÒQ> ø`m`Mm Va À`mbm [ohbm ‡˝ odMmamdm bmJVm{ H$s "VwPm oH$]m{S>© Hß$Mm? Q>m`q[J Ò[rS> AmoU Ï`mH$aUmM{ kmZ dJ°a{ ZßVa¿`m Jm{Ô>r. gßJUH$mdaM{ _amR>r \$m∞›Q>g≤ hr AmOhr EH$ _m{R>r AS>W˘`mMr e`©V Amh{.

gßJUH$ OJV 111

ÒdÒVmV ÒdÒV ÂhUO{ 300 È[`{ MmßJÎ`mV MmßJbm \$m∞›Q> ‡m{J´m_ 10,000/V{ 12,000/- È[`{, ¯mV [w›hm AZ{H$ AQ>r. _amR>r Q>m`q[JgmR>r gßJUH$mbm EH$ hmS>©d{Aa bm∞H$ ( À`mbm "S>m|Jb' Agm BßJ´Or e„X Amh{. _amR>r Q>m`o[ÒQ> ¯m"S>m|Jb' ¿`m Ãmgm_wi{ "_mPß S>m|]b' Agm gam©g CÎb{I H$aVmV) bmdm`M{, qH$dm "oH$ oS>ÒH{$Q>' (‚bm∞[r) AgÎ`moedm` _amR>r Q>m`q[J H$aVm `{Uma Zmhr, qH$dm Om{[`™V grS>r S≠>mB©Ïh_‹`{ _amR>r ‡m{J´m_Mr grS>r Amh{ Vm{[`™VM Q>m`q[J hm{B©b Ag{ AZ{H$ AS>Wi{ AgVmV. _amR>r Q>m`q[J AmoU VÀg_ AjaaMZmßer gß]ßoYV H$bmÀ_H$ H$m_mßgmR>r AmO dm[abr OmUmar ‡_wI gm∞‚Q>d{Ag© ÂhUO{ [{O_{H$a (A∞S>m{]), H$m{ab S≠>m∞, \$m{Q>m{em∞[, _m`H´$m{gm∞‚Q> dS>©, ∑dmH©$ E∑Ò‡{g, A∞S>m{] Bb{ÒQ≠>{Q>a dJ°a{. ¯m gd©¿`m gd© bm{H$o[´` gm∞‚Q>d{Ag©er gmaª`mM ghO[UmZ{ d gß[yU©V: oZXm}f [’VrZ{ MmbUma{ _amR>r ^mf{M{ gm∞‚Q>d{Aa AmOhr em{Ymd{ bmJV{. em{YyZ o_imb{M Va À`mMr qH$_V 10,000/- ¿`m AmV-]mh{a AgV{. ¯m ‡H$mam_wi{ _J H$m{S> Vm{S>b{br [m`a{Q>{S> _amR>r gm∞‚Q>d{Ag© dm[aUmË`mßMr gßª`m dmT>V{. Mm{ÈZ odH$UmË`mßM{ CIi [mßT>a{ hm{V{, H$mhr hOma _m{OyZ oaVga ‡m{J´mÂg odH$V K{Uma{ _yI© R>aVmV AmoU "C⁄m Oa Mm{Í$Z H$m∞[r H{$brM OmUma Amh{ Va Ag{ ‡m{J´m_ V`ma H$am`M{M H$embm?' hm _{hZVr ‡m{J´m_g©Zm [S>Umam ‡˝ Aem AZ{H$ g_Ò`m C‰`m amhVmV. dÒVwV: EÏhmZm _hmamÔ≠> gaH$maZ{ "_amR>r' \$m∞›Q>g≤Mr OZVm grS>r [ßMdrg È[`mßV gd©Ã C[b„Y H$am`bm hdr hm{Vr. gw_ma{ 50 ‡_wI \$m∞›Q>g≤, dgßVamd ZmB©H$mß[mgyZ V{ `edßVamd MÏhmUmß[`™V AmoU eaXamd [dmamß[mgyZ V{ Jm{o[ZmWOr _wßS>{ AmoU odbmgamdmß[`™V VgßM ]mimgmh{] R>mH$Ë`mß[mgyZ V{ am_ JU{e JS>H$ar[`™V gdm™M{ \$m{Q>m{/a{ImoMÃ{ (∑br[mQ>©), ÒdpÒVH$, H$_i dJ°a{ ‡VrH$oM›h{ AmqXZr `w∫$ d EH$m odoeÔ> H$s]m{S>© b{AmD$Q>Mm g[m{Q>© Agb{br gaH$mar grS>r gd© emim, H$m∞b{O{g, gaH$mar H$M{Ë`m dJ°a|_‹`{ Oa odVnaV Pmbr Va \$ma _m{R>r gwgyÃVm ¯m odf`mgß]ßYr gm‹` hm{B©b. ¡`mßZm "B© _{b' Z{ _amR>r \$mB©Îg A∞Q>∞M H$Í$Z [mR>dm`¿`m Amh{V, AmoU ¡`mßZm À`m o_imd`m¿`m Amh{V À`m Xm{KmßH$S>{hr O{Ïhm gmaI{M \$m∞›Q>g≤ AgVmV V{Ïhm Vr Iy[ _m{R>r gm{` AgV{. AmO AmÂhr ÂhUVm{ H$s "" _m¬`mH$S>{ _amR>r Q>mB©[ hm{D$Z V`ma Amh{, [U Vwbm H$gß [mR>dy? Vw¬`mH$S>{ V{ \$m∞›Q>g≤ ZmhrV Va C[`m{J H$m` ?'' gdm™H$S>{ gmaI{ _amR>r \$m∞›Q>g≤ ZmhrV `mM{ H$maU gdm™Zm V{ gmaª`m [’VrZ{ [adS>Uma{ ZmhrV.

gßJUH$ OJV 112

¯m odf_V{_wi{ "_amR>r'VyZ gß[H©$ hr EH$ \$ma _m{R>r g_Ò`m AmO Amh{. am¡` gaH$maZ{ ¯mda A‰`mg go_À`m Z{_b{Î`m Amh{V. À`mßM{ H$m_ H$Yr gß[Uma h{ _mhrV Zmhr. [U Vm{[`™V hm Jm|Yi Wmß] `mMr gwVam_ e∑`Vm Zmhr. O{Ïhm BßQ>aZ{Q>da ^mofH$ d{] gmB©Q>g≤ PiHy$ bmJÎ`m V{Ïhm Va "_amR>r'Mr Hw$Mß]Um AoYH$M OmUdy bmJbr. AmOhr oH$VrVar _amR>r X°oZH{$ Aer Amh{V H$s ¡`mß¿`m d{]gmB©Q>g≤ _amR>r \$m∞›Q>g≤ S>mD$Zbm{S> H{$Î`moedm` oXgV ZmhrV. gd©gm_m›`mßZm h{ \$m∞›Q>g≤ S>mD$Zbm{S> H$aU{, qdS>m{V H$m∞[r H$aU{ O_V{M Ag{ Zmhr. _J _amR>r dmMVm `{V AgyZhr, AmoU gmB©Q> _amR>r AgyZhr dmMy eH$V Zmhr Aer pÒWVr Amh{. `mV Oem BßJ´Or gmB©Q>g≤ odZmgm`mg oXgVmV, Vem _amR>rhr oXgVmV. ¯mV \$m∞›Q> S>mD$Zbm{S> dJ°a{ H$Q>H$Q>r ZgVmV. oMZr, O[mZr, H$m{na`Z, aoe`Z dJ°a{ ^mfmß¿`m obﬂ`m H$_r JwßVmJwßVr¿`m ZmhrV. [U S>m`Z∞o_H$ \$m∞›Q>g≤_wi{ À`m BßQ>aZ{Q>da dmMÎ`m OmVmV. [ohÎ`m OmVmV, AmoU ÂhUyZM bm{H$o‡`hr hm{VmV. Am[Î`mH$S>{ AmOhr AJXr hmVm¿`m ]m{Q>mda _m{OÎ`m OmUmË`m d{] gmB©Q>g≤ Aem Amh{V H$s ¡`mßV _amR>r S>m`Z∞o_H$ \$m∞›Q>g≤Mm dm[a Amh{. h{ \$m∞›Q>g≤ dm[Í$Z Iaß Va [ß. b˙_UemÛr Om{etM{ odúH$m{e EÏhmZm _hmamÔ≠> gaH$ma¿`m ÒdVßÃ d{]gmB©Q>da `m`bm hd{ hm{V{. [U Iw‘ _hmamÔ≠> gaH$ma¿`m AoYH•$V d{]gmB©Q>da S>m`Z∞o_H$ \$m∞›Q>g≤Mm dm[a AOyZ gwÍ$ Pmb{bm Zmhr hr dÒVwpÒWVr Amh{. AZ{H$ _amR>r J´ßW, Xwo_©i H$mJX[Ã{, hÒVoboIV{ AmO _hmamÔ≠>mVrb ododY J´ßWmb`mß_‹`{ Amh{V. H$mhr dfm™Zr Vm{ XÒVmd{O Zm_e{f hm{B©b. À`mßMr N>m`moMÃ{, ÒH∞$›S> B_{O{g dJ°a{ gmR>dyZ A‰`mgH$mßgmR>r À`m "d{]' da C[b„Y H$aU{ JaO{M{ Amh{. EH{$ H$mir h{ gma{ VßÃkmZ IoM©H$ hm{V{. N>m{Q>Ám N>m{Q>Ám gßÒWmß¿`m VmH$Xr¿`m [brH$S>M{ hm{V{. À`m_wi{ À`mßMr Aß_b]OmdUr AdKS> hm{Vr. [U AmO [ßMdrg hOmamß_‹`{ gßJUH$ `{Vm{ AmoU [mM hOmamßZm ÒH∞$Za o_iVm{. À`mßMm dm[a _amR>r J´ßWmb`mßZr H$em ‡H$ma{ H$amdm `mM{ _mJ©Xe©Z J´ßWmb`mßZm, V{Wrb g{dH$mßZm d [XmoYH$mË`mßZm emgZmH$Sy>Z H{$Ïhm oXb{ OmUma ? BßJ´Or-_amR>rMm e„XH$m{e C¿Mmam¿`m ‹dZrgh V`ma H{$bm OmU{ AmO _ÎQ>ro_oS>`m VßÃm_wi{ e∑` Amh{. A_amR>r ^mofH$, [aX{er Ï`∫$s MwH$sM{ _amR>r C¿Mma H$aVmV. Am[U À`mßZm hgVm{. [U À`mßZm hm e„XH$m{e Am[UM, "d{]' dm

gßJUH$ OJV 113

"grS>r' da C[b„Y H$Í$Z X{U{ ÂhUO{ Am[UM "_amR>r'Mr g{dm d ‡Mma H$a `mgmaI{ Amh{. BßJ´OrV AmO g_J´ e{∑go[`a, g_J´ _mH©$ Q≤>d{Z, g_J´ dwS>hmD$g dJ°a{ d{]da C[b„Y Amh{V. [U _amR>rV Agm EH$hr b{IH$ Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ ‡H$meZmda (d{]/grS>r) AmO C[b„Y Zmhr. _amR>r Zdb{IH$mßgmR>r AmO AZwXmZ `m{OZm Amh{. [U S>m`Z∞o_H$ \$m∞›Q>g≤ dm[ÈZ gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$, gmohpÀ`H$ dm VÀg_ odYm`H$ d{] gmB©Q>g≤ ]ZodUmË`mßH$S>{ gaH$maM{ gmY{ bjhr J{b{b{ Zmhr. À`mß¿`mgmR>r AmO Aer `m{OZm AgU{ AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. IË`m AWm©Z{ Vr H$mimMr JaO Amh{. H{$di dmX, dmXmV amOH$maU, [m` Am{T> `mMr Ò[Ym© AmoU EH$_{H$mßda h{Àdmam{[ `mVyZ [napÒWVr ]XbUma Zmhr. "_amR>r' AmoU "_mohVr-VßÃkmZ' h{ Xm{›hr odf` gmaI{M AmdÌ`H$ Amh{V. [U bjmV H$m{U K{Vm{ ?

gßJUH$ OJV 114

gmh{]mMr ^mfm AmoU BßQ>aZ{Q>

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gßJUH$ OJV 115

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gßJUH$ OJV 116

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gßJUH$mMrhr _wbmIV K{V{. `mZmV ]gÎ`m ]gÎ`m Q>mB©_[mg ÂhUyZ HAL gßJUH$ BVa AßVamidramßer ]wo’]i I{iVm{. `m[wT>Mm gmam oMÃ[Q> gßJUH$ odÍ$’ _mZd, ^md-^mdZm, À`mß¿`mVbm Ia{[Um AmoU H•$oÃ_[Um, À`mVyZ dmT>UmË`m gßKfm©Z{ ^ab{bm Amh{. XIb K{ `mOm{Jr Jm{Ô> hr H$s 1968 gmbr H$Î[Zm H{$br J{br hm{Vr H$s 2001 gmbr gßJUH$ _mUgmer ]m{b{b. À`m¿`m ^md-^mdZm g_O{b. AOyZ gßJUH$mZß _mUgmbm Am{iIb{bß Zmhr`{. [wT>{ H{$ÏhmVar Vm{ _mUgmbm Am{iIy bmJ{b. À`mVyZ H$m` hm{B©b? _mUyg gwYma{b H$s gßJUH$ o]KS>{b? IaßM, hmhr EH$ oMÃ[Q>mMmM odf` Amh{ H$s ...

gßJUH$ OJV 144

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