Rrl-rrs-foreign-only.docx

Related Studies (Foreign)

In general terms, vouchers are tuition coupons parents can redeem to send their child to the public or private school of their choice. By giving the flexibility of choice to parents, all children are able to attend the school that may best serve their needs. The voucher idea has been around for over fifty years, but are presently only in a few U.S. states and on a limited basis (Jacobsen, 20011). Controversy about their legality abounds, and the reality is that there is no uniform voucher system in the country and there is no one state with a model program for others to follow.

At first glance, the rationale behind school vouchers seems simple enough. Under this system, the government will permit parents to send their children to any school they want — public or private — and provide grants in the form of coupons to make this possible. The establishment of a voucher system attempts to free public schools from holding a monopoly on education since with this system, parents who don't like a particular school can send their children elsewhere (Jencks, 2008). According to proponents, the voucher system could ultimately improve all schools and encourage innovation and high standards of excellence.

Those in agreement with the voucher system claim these grants could effectively overhaul the education system by generating needed competition for U.S public schools. Ideally, disadvantaged students would

benefit from getting out of some of the worst schools in the country and would enjoy higher academic achievement and enhanced social opportunities. Naysayers argue that public schools don't need the competition, they are already doing a fine job and need all the financial support they can get. By handing students vouchers to leave public schools, they say both resources and children would flow out (Moe, 2010).

Most will agree that parents with the financial means already have the right of school choice by virtue of where they live, or that they can send their children to a particular private school (Garnett & Pearsall, 2015). Vouchers are seen as a way to help those parents and children for whom school choice is desired but is not a financial option.

The Trump administration's education budget proposes eliminating funds for public school teacher professional development (−$2.1 billion) and after-school programs (−$1.1 billion), while adding $1.5 billion for private school vouchers. Trump calls the voucher line item a "down payment" toward his campaign promise to allocate $20 billion for "school choice." Such calls for privatizing the nation's education system aren't new. In 1955, economist Milton Friedman argued that taxpayer-funded vouchers should support parents in their choice of schools. Yet, over the next four decades, 26 states and the District of Columbia brought the voucher issue to voters, via referenda, to change their constitutions on the

separation clause. (See the map, "School Vouchers: Public Opposition, Legislator Support.") All failed (Doerr, 2012). Still, the voucher movement was gaining a foothold. The city of Milwaukee pioneered the current voucher movement in 1990, with a program restricted to 300 students whose families had incomes less than 175% of the poverty level, and a 2002 Supreme Court decision paved the way for statewide voucher programs. (See the sidebar, "Vouchers in the Courts.") Most recently, the Supreme Court delivered a decision regarding state-level prohibitions against the use of public funds for religious institutions—a decision that could, potentially, lift restrictions on school vouchers. This legal battle is being fought in a political climate—at both the federal and state levels—that appears especially receptive to vouchers. As support for public dollars for private schools grows, proponents have intentionally shifted their language from controversial "tax-funded vouchers" to the more positive "school choice" (Wolfgang, 2011). A voucher usually provides a set dollar amount, established at the state level and often based on the school district's per-pupil expenditure (PPE), though some vouchers cover the full cost of tuition. The state usually delivers the money—sometimes referred to as "scholarships"—to the private school of choice. The typical voucher amount ranges from $2,000 to $5,000 per year (Vevea, 2016), with a national average private

school tuition of approximately $10,000 per year (Private School Review, n.d.).

Sometimes referred to as "next-generation vouchers," ESAs cover more than just school tuition (Cunningham, 2016). States that offer ESAs place a set amount of taxpayer dollars into a government-authorized savings account; families can use these dedicated monies to pay for a whole host of approved educational expenses, such as tuition, transportation, online courses, or tutoring. The amount provided in each ESA varies from state to state, but tends to be based on a state's PPE. Such ESAs differ from Coverdell ESAs (otherwise known as education IRAs). Coverdell ESAs, created via federal legislation, offer parents tax advantages to set aside a specific amount of money to pay for qualifying education expenses (from kindergarten through college) for their children (EdChoice, 2017). In contrast, state-created and -run ESAs give the taxpayer-funded education allocation directly to parents.

A joint report by AASA, The School Superintendents Association, and the Institution on Taxation and Economic Policy blasts tuition tax credits for allowing nearly 20 states to "divert more than $1 billion per year toward private schools via school voucher credits" (2017). According to the report, donors can benefit financially from claiming both a state tax credit and a federal deduction on the same donation. Under these tax

loopholes, wealthy taxpayers can claim tuition tax credits for donations (up to $4,500 a year for individuals and $100,000 for corporations).

Geared toward students with disabilities, the Florida-based McKay scholarship program has been described as a public/private "hybrid" because families can use the state-funded vouchers at participating public or private schools. The state bases the scholarship amount on the allocation of public funds (according to the student's individual education plan or 504 plan, as well as district services provided) a student would have received at her assigned public school or the amount of the private school's tuition, whichever is less. Parents must pay any fees or tuition costs beyond that set scholarship dollar amount. The average McKay voucher is slightly more than $7,000 (Florida Department of Education, n.d.). Created in 1999 during Jeb Bush's governorship, the McKay program is one of the oldest and largest voucher programs for students with disabilities (Kamenetz, 2017). Approximately 20 similar programs now exist nationally for children with special needs (Samuels, 2017).

Literature Review (Foreign)

Julie Trivitt and Corey DeAngelis have conducted two other fiscal analyses of the Louisiana Scholarship Program (LSP). Trivitt and

DeAngelis (2016) estimated the fiscal impact of removing the LSP on total K–12 state expenditures. 15 Accounting for both expected costs from students who enroll in district schools per the state’s funding formula and savings from no longer funding vouchers, they estimated that if 13.52 percent of voucher students continued to enroll in private schools, then the state would break even. In a companion study, DeAngelis and Trivitt (2016) examined the fiscal impact of removing the LSP from individual school districts and estimated that between 62 and 67 Louisiana school districts would incur a negative fiscal impact if the state’s legislature were to remove the program.16 Thus, only two to seven school districts would incur a net fiscal benefit if the state’s legislature were to remove the LSP. Employing financial data from the Louisiana Department of Education, the analysis estimated variable costs for each district. The mean estimated variable cost was 65.2 percent of total costs, which is in line with what other economists estimated for Louisiana (Scafidi, 2012).17 Patrick Wolf and Michael McShane (2013) examined the fiscal effects of the District of Columbia Opportunity Scholarship Program and estimated that the program generated a benefitcost ratio of 2.62 (i.e., each dollar of expenditure generated $2.62 worth of social benefits).18 Their analysis differs from the present analysis. The current report estimates the fiscal effects of voucher programs on budgets for state governments, local governments, and school districts, while Wolf and McShane accounted for

the fiscal effects on social welfare by monetizing benefits associated with high school graduation.

Robert Costrell (2010) studied the fiscal effects of the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program and documented how those effects were unevenly distributed across different taxpayers. 19 Overall, the program generated a net fiscal benefit for taxpayers worth $46.7 million. Milwaukee taxpayers incurred a net cost while local taxpayers outside of Milwaukee incurred a net benefit. This arrangement is a unique feature with respect to how voucher programs are funded. Also known as the “funding flaw,” this feature will be phased out by 2024–25.20 No fiscal analysis of any voucher programs in the United States that accounts for both costs and savings has found that students exercising choice through voucher programs results in a net negative fiscal impact on taxpayers.

In 2014, just 33 percent of adults ages 25 and older had acquired a baccalaureate degree (Ryan & Bauman, 2016). The percentages are much lower for students from lower SES families and students from disadvantaged minorities (Park & Hossler, 2014). Many students who enroll in post secondary education immediately after high school completion take six years to earn their undergraduate degree. Forty percent of the 2008 freshman cohort entering college graduated within four years but 60 percent graduated within six years. The rates for black and Hispanic students are much lower. Only one-fifth of black college

students earn a degree within four years, and only 41 percent earn a degree within six years. The four- and six-year graduation rates for Hispanic students are slightly higher but still lower than average at 31 and 54 percent (U.S. Department of Education, 2018). In addition to taking longer

to

complete

a

bachelor’s

degree,

students

from

lower

socioeconomic background experience delays in degree attainment because they do not enroll in college immediately after high school. Only about 35 percent of children born in 1980-82 from families at the tenth income decile of the distribution were even enrolled in college by age 22, but nearly 50 percent of them had enrolled by age 28. In contrast, about 90 percent children who belong to this same birth cohort, but had families at the 90th percentile of the income distribution, were enrolled in college by age 22.

The many cultural and social threads connecting SES to disparities in academic preparation needed to obtain a college degree are tightly woven in home, school and community from the earliest days of childhood through elementary and secondary schooling to the very eve 6 of entry into college (Duncan and Murnane, 2011). Children exposed to lower socio economic environments are at greater risk of traumatic stress and other medical problems that can affect brain development (Nelson and Sheridan, 2011). Better educated mothers speak more frequently with their infants, use a larger vocabulary when communicating with their toddlers, and are more likely to use parenting practices that respect the

autonomy of a growing child (Leibowitz, 1977; Guryan, Hurst, and Kearney, 2008; Bianchi and Robinson, 1997; Hart and Risley 1995; Hoff, 2006; Hoff-Ginsberg, 1991; Philipps, 2011; Philipps, et al., 1996). Better educated and higher income families have access to more enriched schooling environments (Vigdor and Ludwig, 2008), and are less likely to live in extremely impoverished communities burdened with high violent crime rates. (Burdick-Will et al, 2013).

Literature Review (Local)

The K - 12 Basic Education Program is the flagship program of the Department of Education in its desires to offer a curriculum which is attuned to the 21st century. This is in the pursuance of the reform thrusts of the Basic Education Sector Reform Agenda, a package of policy reforms

that

seeks

to

systematically

improve

critical

regulatory,

institutional, structural, financial, physical, cultural and information conditions effecting basic education provision access and delivery on the ground. The department seeks to create basic education sector that’s capable of International Conference on Education (IECO) | 485 attainting the country’s Education for all Objectives and the Millennium Development Goals by the year 2015 and President Noynoy Aquino’s 10-point Basic Education Agenda by 2016. This policy reforms are expected to introduce critical changes necessary to further accelerate, broaden, deepen and sustain the department’s effort in improving the quality of basic education.

(Esther & Ethel, 2012) The K-12 education system is the public education system that most people are familiar with today. Comprised of 13 grades, kindergarten through 12th, it refers to the public school system in all of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and parts of Europe as well. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact history of education, as it has been occurring in some form for centuries in all parts of the world. The K12 Program has been initiated by the Aquino administration where students will have to undergo a new system of education. The Enhanced K-12 Basic Education Program is a DepEd program that will improve the standard of education and give more opportunities for graduating students.

Last

school

year

2012,

Philippine

education

officially

implemented the K12 curriculum. Everyone knows the country (in public schools preferably) is drastically left behind in terms of curriculum adjustments. Grade 1 entrants in SY 2012–2013 are the first batch to fully undergo the program, and current 1st year Junior High School students (or Grade 7) are the first to undergo the enhanced secondary education program. (Kynemarie, 2013) Nolledo (1992) Article XIV of the constitution which focused on education in which section I states that “the state shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all”. The K – 12 Program “We are the last country in Asia and one of only three countries in the world with a 10- year pre-university program” (SEAMEO,

2011) The Department of Education has formally launched its K - 12 Program, which adds 2 years to basic education in the country. This means that aside from kindergarten, 6 years of elementary, and 4 years of high school, students will have to undergo an additional 2 years of study in senior high school. The Department of Education (DepEd) is currently implementing mothertongue based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) as part of our K-12 reform. This is not a purely pedagogical strategy for language but a learner-centered approach. International Conference on Education (IECO) | 486 By using the language students are comfortable with, the MTB-MLE in the enhanced curriculum helps them develop the language skills they need to learn the fundamentals of various subjects from kindergarten to third grade, and to move seamlessly from home to school. Children clearly learn best when we use the language they understand, especially in elementary education. Additionally, prior to the launch of MTBMLE, studies had shown that language skills mastered with the mother tongue can enable students to learn a second and subsequent language faster. The program has the following twin objectives: To give every student as opportunity to receive quality education based on an enhanced and decongested curriculum that is internationally recognized and comparable; Develop a curriculum that is rational and focus on excellence; Produce a pool of highly qualified and adequately trained teachers; Achieve high academic standards, especially in Mathematics, Science and English at all levels; Produce graduates who are globally

competitive and whose credential are recognized internationally; To change public perception that high school education is just a preparation for college; rather, it should allow one to take advantage of opportunities for gainful career or employment and/or self-employment in a rapidly changing and increasingly globalized environment; produce graduates who possess skills and competencies that will allow them to be productive members of the society or pursue higher education; through coordination between the academic and business sectors, to change industry hiring practices into account the enhance skills and competencies of K - 12 graduates (DepEd, 2010). The goal of implementing the K - 12 Basic Education Program is to create a functional basic system that will produce productive and responsible citizens equipped with the essential learning and employment. This is in line with the agenda of the President Aquino of having quality education as a long term solution to poverty. The K - 12 Education vision from the Department of Education (DepEd, 2010) every graduate of the Enhanced K - 12 Basic Education Program is an empowered individual who has learned through a program that is rooted on sound principles and geared towards excellence. International Conference on Education (IECO) | 487 Truly, the implementation of K - 12 program of the Department of Education is a great help to every students. But, some which has a noble purpose for every Pilipino pupil or student. From their own point of view or perspective this is another burden on the part of the students and parents. It will add to

the financial problem of the individual family, and the advantage of implementing this program are for the people who wants to continue studying or work abroad because the curriculum is almost parallel to another country. This is some of the problems that this study is going to focus on and to hear the sentiments of the parents regarding the implementation of K - 12 program (Jennilyn, 2013). One of the aims of the Department of Education is to prepare the students to be globally competitive. To achieve this, educational reforms of the government must also focus into the mastery of English as the second language. Such attempt will greatly help to harness the productive capacity of the country’s human resource base towards international competitiveness. Competitiveness may be gauged from sociolinguistic competence of a person. Sociolinguistic competence is the ability to use language appropriate to a given communicative context taking into account the roles of the participants, the setting and the purpose of interaction. It is the ability to use and respond to language appropriately, given the setting, the topic, and the relationships among the people communicating, particularly the lingua franca of the educational society and community, in its various contexts and dimensions relatively guarantees the teachers competitive advantage in the complex society like the Philippines (Alatis, 2009). Education Secretary Armin A. Luistro (2011) says the additional 2 years will help students decide what course they will take in college. It will

also help high school students to be given a chance to specialize in science and technology, music and arts, agriculture, fisheries, sports, business entrepreneurship, and others. K - 12 Program aims to make basic education sufficient enough so that anyone who graduates can be gainfully employed and have a productive life. K –12 Program will look at the possibility of specialized education such as a high school or community, which will focus on the arts or agriculture. Bro. Armin said that the proposal will make high school graduates employable, making tertiary education

International

Conference

on

Education

(IECO)

|

488

unnecessary to get a job. That proposal of Department of Education to add two more years to basic education drew mixed reactions in the Senate. Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile (2011) expressed support to the DepEd’s K - 12 Program as he agrees with the proposal because the country needs to increase its competitiveness at the international level, he said: We are underrated by other countries, our educational system. It is painful for others. But for the country we have to do it. To implement the program, the DepEd has to work with Congress to amend the existing law, Batas Pambansa 232 or the “Education Act of 1982,” which states that the basic formal education is a 10-year program. Nartates (2011) conducted a study about the Effects of Broken Homes among Early Teenagers to their Academic Performance this studies cited by the researchers have also shown that the country’s

education program is equivalent to the 12-year education cycle followed abroad except that it is being completed in only 10 years. These researches analyze and study what will be the effects of the K - 12 Educational Systems to the country, parents, and students. This study becomes related to my study in the sense that it is concerned on the effects of K - 12 Program to the parents. The only difference is that this study is focused on the effects of K - 12 Program to the students whose parents are working abroad, and how it affects to their academic performance. Marston (2011) Conducted a related study about the perception of students and parents involved in primary to secondary school transition programs of different formats and complexities, based on both Australian and international research, have been introduced in some schools to facilitate transition. The aims of this research were to investigate and compare the perceptions of students, parents and teachers involved in several of these programs and to examine the extent to which transition programs can alleviate issues associated with transition between primary and secondary schools. Zellman (2012) conducted a study about the implementation of the K - 12 Education Reform in Qatar’s Schools, this study is a reform of education for a new era, because it views education as the key to the nation's economic and social progress. This study, one of a number of RAND studies that trace and document the reform process in Qatar, was

designed to assess progress made in the first years International Conference on Education (IECO) | 489 of the K - 12 Reform's Implementation in Qatar's schools and the perception of the parents on the Implementation of the K - 12 Program. This study has a relation to the researchers study because it also gets the perception of the parents on the K - 12 Implementation. Senate Majority Floor Leader Vicente "Tito" Sotto (2011) explained why he opposed the proposal of the Department of Education (DepEd) to amend the law on the country’s basic education to increase the number of school years to 12 from the present 10-year program. "I oppose the addition of two years to basic education. There is no clear benefit to adding two years to basic education," Sotto said in a privilege speech at the Senate. He added that the national budget can't even provide sufficient funds to maintain the present number of years of basic education, but now the DepEd wants to add more to it. According to him, adding two years to basic education will further increase our budget deficit. We need quality education, not quantity of years in education. We need more schools, not more years in school. The Philippines is the only country in the world that still follows a 10–year basic education cycle. And so Last October 2010, President Noynoy Aquino proposed the Kindergarten plus 12 on the K - 12 Program to catch up with the rest of world having a 12–year basic education cycle. However, with all the issues on education the country is still has, parents

expressed their opinions on the President Aquino’s plan of strengthening the Philippine education system through the K -12 Program. It is a must to hear the parents’ opinions regarding the K - 12 Program as they are one of the stakeholders of schools and respected parents of the students who are involved on loving and caring for the future of their children. “The reality on the ground is that schools even have to divide their classes to morning and afternoon sessions to accommodate more students… We need to modernize our public school system management priority to expanding the cycle of our basic education program”

Related Studies (Local)