Robbing The Future (burmese)

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ytkd0f;vli,ftpnf;t&Hk; rS 2009 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif xkwaf 0onf? qufo, G &f ef? [email protected]

ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&Hk; (PYO) ytd0k ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k (PYO) onf 1998 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv 4 &ufae@wiG f jrefrmEdik if /H ytd0k ;f a'o toD;oD;&Sd &[ef; oHCmrsm;/ trsK;d orD;rsm;/ vli,frsm;ESihf zG@J pnf;cJyh gonf? ytd0k ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k (PYO)onf jrefrmEdik if H ausmif;om;vli,frsm; uGe*f &uf (SYCB) ESihf wdik ;f &if;om; vli,frsm;qH&k yftzG@J (NY Forum) wd@k . tzG@J 0if tzGJ@tpnf; wckvnf; jzpfygonf? ‚if;onf t=urf;rzufa&;vrf;pOfudk udkifpGJonfh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom vli,ftzGJ@tpnf;wck jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;/ w&m;r#wa&;/ 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaeyg onf? ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&Hk; (PYO) . OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSm(1) +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf w&m;r#wa&;rlrsm;udk tajccHonfh vlabmifopfw&yf ay:xGe;f vmap&ef? (2) ytdk0f;vli,frsm;udk t&nftaoG;pGrf;tm;jr‡ifhwifay;&ef/ ytdk0f;jynfolrsm;t=um; ydkI pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ &Sv d map&efEiS hf vli,frsK;d qufrsm;udk tem*wfacgi;f aqmifrsm; jzpfvmapa&;twGuf ysK;d axmifay;&ef? ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&Hk; (PYO) . t"du &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm(1) ytd0k ;f vlrsK;d rsm;. pmayESihf ,Ofaus;r_ukd jr‡iw hf if&ef? (2) ytdk0f;a'o&Sd vli,fxkrsm;onf udk,fydkift&nftaoG;jzifh zefwD;Edkifr_pGrf;tm; ydkrdkjr‡ifhrm;vmap&ef? (3) ytd0k ;f a'o&Sd jynforl sm;onf vl@tcGit hf a&;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufa&; ynm&yfrsm;udk ydkrdkod&Sdvmap&ef? (4) wef;wlnDr#I udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkudk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wnfaqmufEdkif&ef wdk@jzpfygonf? ,ck tpD&ifcpH mtwGuf &efyakH iGyyhH ;kd =uolrsm; • ',fe&D ,f uvmhcf trSww f & &efyakH iGtzG@J (Daniel Clark Memorial Fund-- DCMF) • jrefrmEdik if H ulnaD xmufyahH &;tzG@J (Burma Relief Center --BRC) • rJacgif oifwef;qif;rsm;. tpDtpOf (ERI- Mekong Alumni Program) a&S@rsuEf mS zH;k ?

? (txuf) yif;yufawmifEiS hf ywf0ef;usiaf 'o&_cif; (2007 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv) (atmuf) aqmufvyk q f J yif;yufo&H nfóudpuf&kH (2009 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D )

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3

ed'gef; 2004 ckEpS w f iG f ytd0k ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k (PYO) u rdrw d @kd a'ocHjynforl sm;xHrS oHowWK&dik ;f wl;azmfrnfh vkyfief;rsm;/ yif;yufawmifY puf&Hkrsm; wnfaqmufrnfhta&;ESifh ywfoufI pdk;&drfylyef azmfjyoHrsm;udk =um;vmcJh&ygonf? Tawmifonf ytdk0f;vlrsKd;rsm; txGÉftjrwf xm;&m awmifjzpf+yD;/ &Sr;f jynfe,f. òrd@awmf awmif}uD;ESihf 7 rdik rf #om a0;uGmaomae&mwGif wnf&ydS gonf? aemufyikd ;f ESprf sm;wGif &Gmom;rsm;u ydI k xl;jcm;csurf sm;udk jrifawG@vm&ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;rS tvkyform;rsm; 0ifa&muftajccsvmjcif;/ xdyfydkif; ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh twl &k&mS ;vlrsK;d rsm; a&muf&v dS mjcif;/ ,ckawmifwiG f ,la&eD,o H u kd f &Sad eonf[al om aumvm [vrsm;/ ponfwdk@udk =um;od awG@&SdcJh&ygonf? ppfwyfu tkyfcsKyfxm;aom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tjcm;aom udprP sm;enf;wl ,ckprD u H ed ;f ESihf ywfoufI vlo&d iS =f um; owif;rsm;rSmvnf; &&S&d ef vGefpGmcufcJygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&Hk; (PYO) u ,ckpDrHudef;ESifh eD;pyfonfha'orsm;wGif 3-ESpf=um okawoevkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufcJhygonf? ytkd0f;vli,f f nfh tpnf;t&H;k (PYO) rS awG@&&dS onfh ywf0ef;usi&f dS tusK;d qufjy\emrsm;/ jzpfay:vmEdik o tE &W m,frsm;udk pkaqmif;cJo h nf? ,cktpD&ifcpH monf Tod@k okawoeðy aqmif&u G x f m;csurf S ay:xGufvmonfh &v'fyif jzpfygonf? kH ck puf&kH 2-ck wnfaqmufv#uf &S+d yD;/ wckrmS oH&ikd ;f udk oef@pifrnfh puf&jkH zpfonf? tjcm; puf&w rSm bdvyfajr xkwv f yk rf nfh puf&jkH zpfygonf? puf&rkH sm;+yD;oGm;ygu wl;azmfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;vnf; f mG ;onftxd wl;azmfxw k v f yk =f urnf jzpfonf? awmif pwifvrd rhf nfjzpf+yD;/ awmifwckv;kH ukeo ajcwGif aexdik =f uol jynfol 7˜000 ausmrf mS Ta'orS xm0&xGucf mG ajymif;a&$@omG ;=u&rnfh ta&; &Sdae+yD;/ usefa&xGufa'orsm;wGif aexdkifol 35˜000 rSm obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;r_ qd;k usK;d rsm;ESihf &ifqikd óf uHawG@=u&zG,f &Syd gonf? pwifaqmif&u G af e+yDjzpfaom vkyif ef;rsm;a=umifh a&$@ajymif;ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;/ ajr,modr;f ydu k rf r_ sm;/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif; vkyif ef;rsm; qH;k &_;H &jcif;/ obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; qH;k &_;H &jcif;wd@k ukd &mESichf saD om rdom;pkrsm; pwifóuHawG@ae&+yD jzpfygonf? tu,fI pDru H ed ;f udo k m a&S@qufaqmif&u G yf gu ydI k qd;k &Gm;aom jy\emrsm;jzpfonfh ywf0ef; usin f pfnrf;r_rsm;/ tpm;taomuf rzlvjkH zpf&r_rsm;/ ajr,mrsm; wd;k I qH;k &_;H ysupf ;D &jcif;/ tdrrf sm; qH;k &_;H &jcif;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESprf sm; qH;k &_;H &jcif;rsm; óuHawG@cHpm;=u&rnf jzpfonf? odk@aomf vnf; ,ckwdkif a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk wav;wpm; today;ta=umif;=um;jcif; r&Sdao;ovdk/ pDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufI qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGifvnf; jynfolrsm;udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0if

4 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

aqmif&GufcGifh r&Sdao;yg? aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u oifhavsmfonfh avsmfa=u;rsm; jyefvnf&&Sd&ef/ wef;wlnDr#aom tcGifhta&;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;u vspfvsL&_ xm;=uygonf? Tjzpf&yfrsm;rSm 1962 ckESpfrSpI ppftpdk;&tqufquf tkyfcsKyfvmcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiH1wGif xl;qef;onfh jzpf&yfrsm; r[kwfyg? jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; qif;&JrGJawcJh&+yD; tpOfojzifh urBmh tqif;&Jq;kH Edik if w H cktjzpf owfrw S x f nfo h iG ;f cHc&hJ ygonf? 2 jrefrmEdik if o H nf tm%m&Sipf epfEiS hf tkycf sKyfonfh '%f/ q,fpEk pS rf sm;pGm jzpfymG ;aeonfh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D '%fukd cHpm;cJ&h onf? wdik ;f &if; om; vufeufudkiftzGJ@tcsKd@u ppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcJh=uaomfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;trsm;pk aexdik &f m jrefrmEdik if H e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif vufeufuikd f wdu k yf rJG sm; quf vuf&adS eqJ jzpfygonf? vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfaeom EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;aumifpD (etz) tpdk;&onf 1988 ckESpfu tm%modrf;wufvmaom ppftpdk;& jzpfygonf? xdktcsdefrSpI ppftpdk;&onf 'D r d k u a&pD t a&; awmif ; qk d q EN j yonf h o l r sm;ud k t+rJ w rf ; aoG ; xG u f o H , d k acsr_ e f ; cJ h r _ / a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;ESihf tjcm;aom 'Dru kd a&pDta&; v_y&f mS ;olrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om; acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcsaer_rsm;a=umifh Edik if w H um. apmif=h unfah 0zefr/_ jypfwifa0zefr_ 3 cHae&ygonf? 1990 ckESpfrsm; tqef;ydkif;rSaeI EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; ðyvkyfvmap&ef ppftpdk;&u wHcg; zGifhay;cJh+yD;/ aqmif&Gufvm=uaom obm0t&if;tjrpfxkwfvkyfa&; t}uD;pm;pDrHudef;rsm;/ zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;a=umifh jrefrmppfwyf. vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udkyg wdk;I cHpm;cJh =u&ygonf? txl;ojzifh t"rRvkyftm; cdkif;apjcif;/ rk'drf;usifhjcif;/ t"rRajymif;a&$@ae&mcs hf a&; csK;d azmuf xm;jcif;/ ajr,modr;f ydu k jf cif;/ owfjzwfjcif;/ ESyd pf ufnO‡ ;f yrf;jcif; ponfh vl@tcGit r_rsm;omru obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;r_rsm;udkvnf; óuHawG@cHpm;cJh=u&ygonf? Tjzpf&yf trsm;pkrSm wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;aexdkif&m a'orsm;wGif ydkI epfemcHpm;cJh=u&ygonf? 4 2007 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif &[ef;oHCmrsm; OD;aqmifonfh vlxktHkºuG qENjyyGJrsm;wGif ppftpd;k &u t=urf;zuf òzdccJG jhJ yef&m ukvor*~/ ta&S@awmiftm&S Edik if rH sm;toif; (tmqD,)H ESifh rsm;pGmaom EdkifiHwumtpdk;&rsm;u jypfwifa0zefr_rsm; ðycJh=uygonf?5 2008 ckESpf/ arv em*pfqdkufuvkef; rkefwdkif;wdkufcdkuf+yD;aemuf ppftpdk;&. pDrHcef@cGJr_ vGJacsmfr_rsm;/ xdkESpfwGifyif rkew f ikd ;f pJ+yD;r=umrD usi;f yaom zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' qENc, H yl YJG ppftpd;k &u zdEydS o f nfeh nf;emrsm; 6 toHk;ðyr_a=umifh xdkuJhodk@ jypfwifa0zefr_rsm;vnf; xyfI=um;cJh&ygonf?

5

ytd0k ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k (PYO) u ar#mv f ifo h nfrmS jrefrmEdik if . H owif;rsm;wGif a&S@wef;u azmfjycH&jcif; enf;yg;onfh a'owckrS ,ckuo hJ @kd tpD&ifcpH m xGu&f w dS ifjyEdik jf cif;tm;jzif/h aemufq;kH yif;yufawmif a'ow0dkufrS pDrHudef;rsm;a=umifh jzpfay:&aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ pDrHudef;rsm;. qdk;usKd;rsm;udk vlod&Sif=um; xkwfazmfwifjyEdkifrnf[k ,lqygonf? yxrOD;qHk; taeESihf rdrw d @kd onf &yf&mG jynforl sm;ESit hf wl olw@kd . oufarG;0rf;a=umif; udprP sm;udk umuG,f ay;&ef/ ajr,mydik q f ikd rf /_ ,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESprf sm; umuG,af y;Edik &f ef &yfwnf+yD;/ a'oqdik &f mESihf EdkifiHwum tiftm;pkrsm;odk@ yif;yufpDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufI apmifh=unfhppfaq;r_rsm; teD;uyf ðyvkyfay;yg&ef awmif;qdkygonf? txl;ojzifh ,la&eD,H owWKwl;azmfxkwfvkyfaeonf[laom owif ; ES i f h y wf o uf I apmif h = unf h ppf a q;ay;apvd k y gonf ? aemuf q H k ; taeES i f h rd r d w d k @ awmif;qdkvdkonfrSm yg0ifywfoufae=uonfh ukr`%Drsm;tm;vHk;/ tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;tm;vHk; ‚if;wd@k . vkyif ef;rsm; &yfqikd ;f +yD;/ TpDru H ed ;f . obm0ywf0ef;usiq f ikd &f m xdcu kd ef pfem ysupf ;D zG,f ta=umif;rsm;/ vlr_a&; qdk;usKd;oufa&mufEdkifr_rsm;udk pepfwusESifh yGifhvif;jrifomr_&SdpGm tuJjzwf ppfaq;csufrsm; yxrOD;qHk; ðyvkyfoifhygonf? tdk;tdrf/ ajr,mrsm; qHk;&_H;cJh=u&onfh rdom;pkrsm; twGuv f nf; vHak vmufonfh avsmaf =u;rsm; jyefvnfay;aqmif&ef vdt k yfyga=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ygonf? aqmif&Gufaom enf;pepf ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&Hk; (PYO) u aus;&Gmae vlOD;a&/ pDrHudef;qdkif&m tao;pdwf tcsuf tvufrsm;/ &kyfyHkum;csyfrsm;/ "gwfyHkrsm;/ aus;&Gmvlxkrsm; ajymjyonfh jzpf&yfrsm;udk yif;yuf awmif a'ow0dkufY 2006 ckESpfrS 2009 ckESpf twGif; aumuf,lpkaqmif;cJhygonf? y%mr okawoevkyif ef;twGuf tcsut f vufrsm;udk [dyk ek ;f ESihf awmif}uD;òrd@ a'ow0du k &f dS vlxrk sm; xHrS &,lygonf? pDru H ed ;f wGif vkyu f ikd cf o hJ /l vuf&v dS yk u f ikd af eqJ tvkyo f rm;rsm;xHrv S nf; &,l pkaqmif;ygonf? tao;pdwf awG@qakH r;jref;r_rsm;udk yif;yufawmifajc&Sd aus;&Gm 10-ckrS &Gmom; 36-OD;ESihf ðyvkycf +hJ yD; olw@kd u pDru H ed ;f ESihf ywfoufI xdcu kd ef pfemcJ&h olrsm; jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk tkypf t k vdu k af qG;aEG;yGrJ sm;/ tkypf v k u dk f awG@qakH r;jref;r_rsm;/ a'ocH jynfolrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufonfh tvkyf&Hk aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rSvnf; &&SdcJhygonf? 'kwd,tqifh okawoevkyif ef;udk tifwmeuf tGev f ikd ;f t&if;tjrpfrsm; jzpfonfh owif;rsm;/ owif;a0zef csufrsm;rS pkaqmif;cJhygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_tm;vHk;udk ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&Hk; (PYO) u rSwfwrf;wif odrf;qnf;xm;ygonf?

6 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

tydik ;f (1) pDrHudef;rsm;ta-umif; taxGaxGaemufcHordkif; yif;yufawmifonf jrefrmEdik if . H t}uD;qH;k jynfe,fwck jzpfonfh &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f wnf&o dS nf? f & vlO;D a& &Sr;f jynfe,fonf {&d,mpwk&ef;rdik f 60˜155 &S+d yD;/ ppftpd;k &. w&m;0ifcef@reS ;f csut 5 oef;ausmf aexdik yf gonf?7 xd@k tjyif wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d tpHk pkpnf;aexdik af om jynfe,fvnf; jzpfonf? &Srf;jynfe,fwGif &Srf;/ ytdk0f;/ tif;om;/ "Ek/ yavmif/ 0/ vm;[l/ awmif&dk;ESifh u,ef;tygt0if tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd; w'gZifausmf tajccsaexdkifv#uf &Sdygonf? yif;yufawmifajc a'ow0du k w f iG f aexdik =f uonfh vlO;D a& 7˜000 rSm ytd0k ;f wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d trsm;pkjzpfygonf? ytd0k ;f trsKd ;om; vlO;D a&rSm woef;ausm&f rdS nf[k cef@reS ;f &+yD;/ &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f 'kwd,trsm;qHk; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk wpkjzpfygonf?8 ytdk0f;vlrsKd; trsm;pkrSm &Srf;jynfe,f awmifyikd ;f a'owGif aexdik =f u+yD;/ tjcm;aom ytd0k ;f trsm;pkrmS u&ifejD ynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ rGejf ynfe,fEiS hf yJc;l wdik ;f wd@k wiG v f nf; aexdik =f uygonf? ytd0k ;f vlrsK;d trsm;pkrmS v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d I toufarG;=u+yD;/ qefpyg;/ oeyfzuf/ =uufoeG jf zL/ vufzuf/ ajymif;ESihf ajryJrsm; pdu k yf sK;d =uygonf? ytdk0f;vlrsKd;trsm;pkrSm Ak'
vuf&Sd 2009 ckESpfwdkif qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifaeqJjzpfaom ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@rSm ytdk0f; trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (PNLO) jzpf+yD;/ &Sr;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f ESihf u&ifejD ynfe,f e,fpyf wGif wnf&adS eygonf?9 &Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf (awmifyikd ;f ) (SSA-South) onfvnf; qufvufI vufeufudkif wdkufcdkufaeqJ jzpfygonf? 2009 ckESpf/ arvY owWKwl;az:rnfhpDrHudef;a'o. awmifbufwiG f wku d yf jJG zpfymG ;cJrh a_ =umifh jrefrmppfwyfrS rsm;pGmaom &Gmom;rsm;udk zrf;qD;ESyd pf uf 10 owfjzwfcJhonf? owWKwGif; wl;azmfjcif;qdkif&m ordkif; &Sr;f jynfe,f. òrd@awmf/ awmif}uD;òrd@. ta&S@awmifzuf 7-rdik f tuGmwGif wnf&o dS nfh yif;yuf awmifonf ysr;f r#{&d,m 8-pwk&ef;rdik rf #ukd v$r;f òcHwnf&adS e+yD;/ yifv,fa&rsuEf mS jyifxuf tjrifh 1˜400 rDwmwGif &Sdygonf? Tawmifwef;rS obm0o,HZmwrsm; xkwf,lEdkif&ef óud;yrf;r_ t}udrf}udrf &SdcJhzl;ygonf? od&Sd&oavmuf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'kwd,t}uD;qHk; oH&dkif;odkuf wnf&Sd aeaom ae&mvnf ; jzpf o nf ? yxrtrsm;qH k ; ae&mrS m ucsif j ynf e ,f / zm;uef @ a'o[k qdkygonf?11 yif;yufawmifonf tjcm;obm0wGif;xGufrsm; jzpfonfh a=u;eD/ xHk;ausmuf/ 0lz&efEiS hf oGyjf zL rsm;vnf; xGu&f +dS yD;/ ,la&eD,H xGu&f adS eonf[v k nf; umv=um&Snpf mG uyif oHo, &Sdae=uygonf? odk@aomfvlod&Sif=um; xkwfjyefa=unmr_rsm; r&SdcJhyg?12 jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;cgp umvwGiyf if owWKwl;azmf xkwv f yk rf r_ sm; &Scd yhJ gonf? oH&ikd ;f odu k f 13 wnf&adS eonfukd 1951 ckEpS w f iG f &SmazGawG@&cdS yhJ gonf? taxGaxGtºkH uGrr_ sm;/ rwnf+idrrf r_ sm; a=umifh q,fpw k ckpmr# rnfo@kd r# owWKwl;azmfxw k v f yk jf cif; raqmif&u G Ef ikd b f J &Sad ecJ&h mrS 1961 ckEpS w f iG f wl;azmfxw k v f yk af &; vkyif ef;rsm; jyefvnfpwifcyhJ g onf? a'ocH jynfow l OD;. tqdt k & “tJ't D csed u f *smr%D/ &k&mS ;/ tDwvD Edik if aH wGu blrad A'ynm&Siaf wG/ tjcm; u|r;f usio f al wG awmif}uD;a'orSm wESpaf vmuf vmtajccs+yD; aecJ=h uw,f? tJ't D csed w f ek ;f u *syefu ynm&Sif awGvnf; yif;yufawmifa'oudv k m+yD; avhvmcJ=h uw,f” [k ajymjyonf?14 awmif. taemuf zufEiS hf ta&S@ajrmufzuftjcrf;wGif ajratmufOrifrsm; wl;cJ=h uonf? od@k aomfvnf; wnfaqmuf a&;vkyif ef;rsm; +yD;qH;k atmif qufvufvyk u f ikd Ef ikd jf cif; r&Scd ahJ y? 15 1962 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEdik if w H iG f ppftm%modrf;+yD;aemufydkif; ‚if;avhvma&; vkyfief;rsm;vnf; &yfqdkif;cJh=u&onf? yif;yufawmif&Sd oH&dkif;odkufudk wl;azmf&ef 'kwd,t}udrf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk 1991 ckESpf/ ytd0k ;f wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t f zG@J (PNO) u typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwln+D yD;aemufyikd ;f jyefvnfpwifvm=uonf? 1992 ckEpS w f iG f Ta'ovHòk cHa&;twGuf jrefrmppfwyf wyf&if;rsm;udk apv$wt f ajccsapcJo h nf? qufo, G af &; wyf&if;trSwf (212) u yif;yufawmifEiS hf awmif}uD;òrd@ t=um;&Sd rJkif;awmifaus;&GmwGif ajr,mrsm;odrf;ydkufI tajccsvmcJhonf? yif;yufawmif. ta&S@ajrmufzufa'o [dyk ek ;f teD;wGif wdik ;f A[dt k rSw(f 3) avhusiahf &;wyfu ajr{u 25˜ 402 8 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

udk odrf;ydkufI XmecsKyfwnfaxmifcJhonf?16 ppfom;rsm;ESifh a'oudk vHkòcHa&;&,lI wl;azmf xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; pwifcJhaomfvnf; r=umrDyif tpDtpOfrsm; &yfqdkif;cJh&onf? ,ck wcgwGif &yfqdkif;&jcif;rSmrl &efyHkaiGr&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf? 2003 ckESpfrS pwifI yif;yufawmifrS wwd,t}udrf owWKwl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;rsm; pwifvm+yD; a&S@wdk;vkyfaqmifvmjyefonf? (pDrHudef;. u¾rsm; tcef;udk =unfhyg?) tpdk;& w&m;0iftqdt k & ,ckprD u H ed ;f onf oH&ikd ;f wl;azmfxw k v f yk &f ef[k qdak omfvnf;/ a'ocH&mG om; rsm;t=um;wGif yif;yufawmifrS ,la&eD,Hvnf; wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrnf[k oHo,&Sdae=uonf? ta=umif;rSm jrefrmppftpdk;&u r=umao;rDu &k&Sm;EdkifiHESifh yl;wGJI t%kjrLtpDtpOfrsm; pwifrnf[k a=unmcJhcsdefESifh wdkufqdkifaeaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfygonf? a'ocH jynfolrsm; tajctaeESifh toufarG;0rf;a-umif;vkyfief;rsm; yif;yufawmif teD;w0dkufa'oudk [dkykef;vGifjyifa'o[k vlodrsm;ygonf? Ta'oonf awmif}uD;. ta&S@EiS hf ta&S@awmifzufrS qDqikd /f [dyk ek ;f / awmif}uD;òrd@e,frsm;ESihf yif;yufawmif ajrmufzuf&dS [dyk ek ;f òrd@e,ftxd yg0ifygonf? wzufacsmif; (ytd0k ;f bmomjzifh “prf;zufca&mif” (Jamphak Kroung) [k ac:onf) onf [dy k ek ;f vGijf yifa'oudk tv,frS jzwfI pD;qif;ae+yD;/ aus;&Gmaygi;f 100 ausmEf iS hf vlO;D a& 35˜000 cef@ tajccsaexdik &f m a'ovnf; jzpfygonf? wzufacsmif;onf yif;yufawmifuu kd yfI awmifzufo@kd pD;qif;+yD;/ yGeaf csmif;twGi;f od@k rpD;0ifrD rdik f 100 cef@ &Snv f sm;ygonf? yGeaf csmif;onf &Sr;f jynfe,fEiS hf u&ifejD ynfe,f awmifzufa'oY oHvGifjrpfodk@ pD;0ifygonf? yif;yufawmifajca'owGif t"duaexdik o f rl sm;rSm ytd0k ;f wdik ;f &if;om; trsm;pkjzpf+yD;/ &Sr;f vlrsK;d ESihf tdENd,EG,fzGm; vlrsKd;tcsKd@vnf; aexdkif=uygonf? yif;yufawmifajcwGif aus;&Gm 25 &Gm&Sd+yD;/ cef@reS ;f vlO;D a& 7˜000 cef@ aexdik yf gonf? ‚if;aus;&Gmrsm;wGif aexdik =f uaom vlxo k nf oD;ESH trsKd;rsKd;ESifh [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm; pdkufysKd;I toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;r_ ðy=uonf? qefpyg;/ =uufoeG jf zL/ ESr;f / *sKH / yJtrsK;d rsK;d / ajymif;/ tmvl;/ pawmfb,f&/D ajryJ/ }uH ponfw@kd ukd pdu k yf sK;d =uovdk u|JEGm;ESifh =uufrsm;vnf; arG;jrL=uonf? a'oxGufukefrsm;udk awmif}uD;ESifh [dkykef;òrd@rsm;wGif a&mif;cs=uonf? aus;&Gmvlxkonf yif;yufawmawmifrsm;rSaeI r#pf/ rd_ESifh tjcm;opfawmxGuf ypPn;f rsm;vnf; rScD &kd mS azG pm;aomuf=uovd/k wzufacsmif;wGif ig;zrf;I &SmazGpm;aomuf=uygonf?

9

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10 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

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11

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yif;yuf owWKwGif; yif;yufoH&dkif;odkufwGif cef@rSef;ajctm;jzifh oH&dkif; 56² 4 µ yg0ifaom a[rwdkuf (hematite) owWK&dik ;f wef 10 oef; cef@EiS hf (oH&ikd ;f 42² 6 µ yg0ifaom) xH;k ausmuf (limonite) wefcsed f oef; 70 cef@ &Sad eygonf? (urBmay:&Sd oH&ikd ;f yg0ifr_ tjrifq h ;kH pHcsed rf mS 60 µ jzpfygonf?) xd@k tjyif Tyif;yufawmifwiG f xH;k ausmufoufouf wefcsed f oef; 30 cef@ &Sad eao;+yD;/ bdvyfajrzkw&f ef twGuf toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? tpdk;&owif;Xmersm; azmfjycsuft& ToH&dkif;rsm;udk tyGifhwGif; wl;enf; (open-pit mine) jzifh xkwaf zmfrnf[k qdyk gonf? awmifay: taemufzufwGif vrf;rsm;azmufvkyfjcif;udk 2006 ckESpfwGif pwifcJh+yD;/ ,cktcg +yD;pD;oGm;+yD jzpfonf? Tvrf;rsm;u 1960 ckESpfrsm;u wl;azmfr_ óud;yrf;+yD; pGef@ypfxm;cJhaom ajratmufOrif 2-ckqDodk@ qufoG,fxm;ygonf? bl'dkZmpufrsm;jzifh owWKwGif;a[mif;ESpfckrS opfyifrsm;/ òcHE, G rf sm;udk &Si;f vif;cJ=h u+yD;/ TowWKwGi;f a[mif; ae&mrsm;onfyif tyGio hf wWKwGi;f rsm;tjzpf wl;azmfrnf[k ,lq&ygonf? TwGif;0rsm;teD; awmifay:wGifvnf; ppfom;rsm;u vHòk cHa&;twGuf wJrsm;xd;k I ae&m,lc=hJ uygonf? TowW KwGi;f a[mif;rsm;teD;wGif a&S;a[mif; apwDwqlvnf; &Sad eygonf? (ajryHu k kd =unfyh g?) ppfom;rsm;u awmif.ajrmufzufEiS hf ta&S@zuf jcrf;wGif wdik rf sm; pdu k x f =l u+yD;/ Tae&mudk “wyfyikd af jr” tjzpf owfrw S cf =hJ uygonf? od@k twGuf a=umifhvnf; ,cifuawmifay:wGif xif;&Sm/ tpm;taomuf&SmazG aexdkifcJh=uonfh aus;&Gm vlxkrsm; trsufa'go jzpfcJh=u&ygonf? awmifay:wGif xif;ESifh tjcm;tpm;taomufrsm; &SmazGavh&Sd=uonfh &Gmom;rsm;onf awmifay:wGif tajccspcef; csaeonfh ppfom;rsm;ESifh 2006 ckESpfrSpI jy\emrsm; wufcJh& ygonf? olw@kd u [if;oD;[if;&Gu/f xif;rsm; awmifay:wGif oGm;a&muf&mS vdyk gu vmbfx;kd &jcif;/ t"rR aiGa=u;awmif;cHjcif;rsm; &SdvmcJhonf? tcsdef&vmonfESifhtr# &Gmom;rsm;uvnf; rnfonfo h wWKrsK;d wl;azmfrnfukd ar;cGe;f xkwv f mcJ=h uonf? ta=umif;rSm ppfom;trsm;tjym;ESihf vHkòcHa&;wif;wif;usyfusyf csxm;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Todk@ trsKd;rsKd;xifjrifcsufrsm; jzpfay:aepOf 2007 ckESpfwGif awmifay:wGif apmifh=uyfaeaom ppfom;rsm;ESifh puf&Hkvkyfom; rsm;u olwdk@ppf,leDazmifrsm;udk ajymif;I t&yf0wfom 0wfqif=uonfudk awG@&Sd&onf? dS m;&oavmuf oH&ikd ;f puf&w kH nfaqmufr_ r+yD;rcsi;f / oH&ikd ;f wl;azmfxw k v f yk af &; vkyif ef; ,ck od&x rsm;rSmvnf; pwifEdkifzG,fr&Sd[k cef@rSef;&ygonf? 12 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

oH&dkif;udk oef hpifóudcsufjcif; kd f xH;k ausmuf (limonite) wd@k rmS oH&ikd ;f xkwv f yk Ef ikd af om a[rwdu k f (hematite) ESihf vdik rf Ekd u owWK 2- rsK;d jzpfygonf? ‚if;wd@k ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh tyGio hf wWKwGi;f jzifh wl;azmfxw k , f +l yD; aemuf ausmufw;kH rsm;udk acsI cGjJ cm;ygonf? t&nftaoG;edrahf om trsK;d tpm;rsm;onf G o f nfh ae&mod@k tnpfta=u;rsm; oef@pif&ef (benificiation) [laom vkyif ef;aqmif&u oGm;ygonf? TonfrmS oef@pifjcif;vkyif ef; wrsK;d jzpf+yD; aq;a=umjcif;/ oHvu kd "f gwt f oH;k ðyI pkaqmif;jcif;/ tjcm;aomenf;rsm;jzifh oef@pifjcif; jzpfonf? xd@k aemuf owWK&dik ;f rsm;udk f yk yf gonf? xd@k aemufToH owWKpif avSmaf om ',ft;kd ay:wifI oH owWKpif tjzpf xkwv udkyif oHr%d&&Sdap&ef qufvufpDrH=u&onf? oef@pifjcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif a&tajrmuftrsm; vdktyf+yD;/ ta&mrsm; od@k r[kwf ajrausmufom; twH;k tcJrsm;rSm te,ftESpt f jzpf use&f pfygonf? Tt&nf yspfudk yHkrSeftm;jzifh te,fppfuefrSwqifh jzpfEdkifygu jyefI oef@pif,lygonf? &Hzef&Hcg Tte,fppfuefrSt&nfrsm;udk eD;pyf&macsmif;rsm;/ a&vrf;a=umif;rsm;odk@ pGef@xkwf onfvnf;&Sd&m ajray:a&udk a≈rsm;/ (heavy metal contaminants) tnpfta=u; rsm;ESifh npfnrf;apygonf? jrpfta=uzufwGifvnf; oGm;a&mufpkyHkapygonf? 17 (Benificiation)

yif;yufoH&dkif;puf&Hk yxrydik ;f wGif vGaJ csmrf _ trsK;d rsK;d jzpf+yD;aemuf yif;yufo&H ikd ;f puf&u kH kd yif;yufawmif. ta&S@zufjcrf; hJ nf? wGif wnfaqmuf&ef a&G;cs,af e&mcscyhJ gonf? 2004 ckEpS w f iG f wnfaqmufrr_ sm; pwifco tcsKd@aom owif;rsm;t& 2009 ckESpfwGif t+yD;wnfaqmuf&ef vsmxm;onf[k qdk+yD;/ twdtus azmfjyEdkif=ujcif; r&Sdyg?18 xGuf&Sdvmaom oH&dkif;rsm;udk Tpuf&HkwGif "gwfcGJoef@pif rnfjzpf+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif oHr%dtjzpf qufvufóudcsuf=urnf jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; a'ocHrsm;u ,ckpuf&Hkae&mwGifyif oHr%dtxd t+yD;óudcsufrnf[k ,lqae=uygonf? ta=umif ; rS m ,ck a qmuf v k y f a &;vk y f i ef ; twG i f ; oG m ;vmae=uonf h x&yf u m;rsm;wG i f “yif;yufoEH iS hf oHr%dpuf&”kH (Pinpet Iron and Steel) [k a&;om;xm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@owif;rsm;tqdkt& qufvufI oHr%dcsufvkyf&ef rE Wav;wdkif;twGif;&Sd oHr%dpuf&o kH @kd yd@k aqmifrnf jzpfonf[k qdyk gonf? ToHr%dpuf&u kH v kd nf; wnfaqmufv#uf &S+d yD;/ Tpuf&rkH aS eI cef@reS ;f wESpv f #if (cast iron) oHºuGyw f efcsed f 2 ode;f ausmf xkwv f yk Ef ikd rf nf[k 19 od&onf?

13

yif;yuf oHowWKwGif;pDrHudef;ESifh puf&Hk{&d,mrsm; ajryHk

14 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

jrefrmEdik if &H dS owif;pmrsm;azmfjycsut f & 2009 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif Tpuf&t kH wGuf bdKG ifvmtd;k 20 wvH;k &&Scd o hJ nf[k qdo k nf? 2009 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif ytd0k ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k rS &du k u f ;l Edik cf ahJ om "gwyf t kH & a&xde;f uef 2 ck/ ajratmuf befumrsm;/ ppfwyf0efxrf;rsm; rdom;pkrsm; aexdik &f m wef;vsm;rsm;/ &k&mS ;vlrsK;d 0efxrf;rsm;twGuf tdrrf sm;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;twGuf wef;vsm;rsm;rSm wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;ae+yD jzpfonf? ar#mfpifuJhodk@ taqmuftODrSm aqmufvkyfaeqJ jzpfygonf? ("gwfyHkrsm;ESifh ajryHkudk =unfhyg?) wzufacsmif;udk qnfzdk@I qnfa&udk puf&Hk0if;twGif;&Sd uef 2-ckodk@ v$Jajymif;odkavSmif aeonf?21 puf&u kH kd 10-aytjrifh eH&H 2-xyfjzifh txl;vHòk cHpmG um&Hxm;ygonf? eH&H wckEiS w hf ckrmS udu k f 50 uGmjcm;ygonf? ("gwyf akH zmfjyxm;onf?) eH&H 2-ckt=um;wGif aemufxyf+cHpnf;&d;k wxyfum&H k f ppfajrjyif tif*sief , D mwyf&if; trSwf (903)/ awmif}uD; tajcpdu k f xm;ygonf? [dyk ek ;f tajcpdu ta&S@ydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyf (&yc)/ [dkykef; tajcpdkuf wdkif;A[dktrSwf (3) avhusifha&;wyf&if; l m;=uygonf? tajctaeay: rlwnfI apmif=h uyf wd@k u puf&. kH vHòk cHa&;udpt P 00udk wm0ef,x onfh ppfom;tiftm; ta&twGuf twdk;tav#mh&Sdonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- ppfAdkvfcsKyfwOD;u vma&muf ppfaq;=unfh&_rnf/ odk@r[kwf wdkufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfqdkygu ppfom;rsm; ydkI csxm;apmifh=uyfapygonf? 2009 ckESpf/ arvu tvm;wl wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfaepOf ppfom;rsm; wdk;I csxm;cJhonf? puf&Hk0if;. eH&H 2-ck twGif;wGif vHkòcHa&;wJrsm; &Sd+yD;/ puf&Hkab;wGif ppfwyfro d m;pkrsm; tajccsaexdik &f m +cH0if;&Sad eygonf? (ajryHu k kd =unfyh g?) 2007 ckEpS rf pS wifI puf&HkvHkòcHa&; apmifh=uyf=uol ppfom;rsm;u t&yf0wfudkom 0wfqif=uygawmhonf? “yxrOD;qHk; olwdk@puf&Hkvm tajccscgpuawmh olwdk@u puf&Hkywf0ef;usifrSm eH&HwxyfyJ um=uw,f? aemufydkif;awmh puf&Hkae&mudk wdk;csJ@vmw,f? aemifumu,faus;&GmrSm tdrf 11 vH k ; / aemuf oeyf z uf e J @ ajymif ; pd k u f c if ; awG v nf ; +cH p nf ; &d k ; xyf c sJ @ umzd k @ zsuf q D ; cH vdkuf&w,f?” [k &Gmom;wOD;u ajymjyonf?22 tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t& puf&HktwGuf avmifpmudk ae&mrsKd;pHkrS &,lrnf[k od&onf? jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;/ rauG;wdkif;rS obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;udk yif;yufawmiftxd oG,fwef;+yD;pD;+yD[k qdkonf? odk@jzpf&m obm0"gwfaiG@ 8 oef; ukAwefudk ydk@v$wfEdkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ v#yfppf"gwftm; 20 r*~g0yfukd xkwv f w $ Ef ikd rf nf[k qdo k nf?23 od@k aomfvnf; tpd;k &xkwf jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm t& yif;yufowWKwGif;udk usKdif;awmif;a&wHcGef a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;rS xkwfvkyfrnfh 54 r*~g0yf a&tm;v#ypf pfpuf&rkH S axmufyrhH nf[v k nf; qdo k nf? Ta&tm;v#ypf pf puf&rkH mS 2009 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvu w&m;0ifzGifhvSpfcJh+yD; jzpfonf?24 awmif}uD;rS yif;yufodk@ v#yfppf"gwftm; o,fy@kd óud;vdik ;f rsm;udk 2009 ckEpS /f arvwGif wyfqif+yD; jzpfonf? xdrk #ru wDuspaf usmufr;D aoG; "gwt f m;puf&rkH S "gwt f m; 65- r*~g0yf udv k nf; toH;k ðyrnf[k qdo k nf? wDuspaf usmufr;D aoG; 15

"gwftm;ay;puf&Hkonf &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;/ uavmòrd@teD; 22-rdkif tuGm&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH. t}uD;qHk;ausmufrD;aoG;"gwftm;ay;puf&Hk jzpfonf?25 2006 ckESpfwGif/ &k&Sm;tpdk;&ydkif (Tyazhpromexport) ukr`%Du xkwfjyefa=unmcJh&mwGif tar&duefa':vm 150 oef;wef pDru H ed ;f qdik &f m ypPn;f rsm; axmufyahH y;rnf[k oabmwlncD hJ onf[k qdo k nf?26 aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;. tajymt& 2006 ckEpS rf S pwifI &k&mS ;vlrsK;d 0efxrf;rsm; udk puf&Hkwnfaqmufonfhae&mwGif pwifawG@&Sd=u&onf[k qdkonf?27 ,cktcg &k&Sm;vlrsKd; 4-OD;rSm puf&v kH al e0if;twGi;f aexdik v f #uf &So d nf? (tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;rSm 0ifvu kd -f xGuv f u kd f oGm;vmv#uf &Sdygonf?) &k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm; aexdkif&m+cH0if;rS wzufjcrf;wGifrl &Gmom;rsm;u “tDwvD&;kH ” [k ac:qdak e=uonfh ae&m&So d nf? tDwvDvrl sK;d rsm;u ,ckumvwdik f puf&w kH iG f tajccsaexdkifvmjcif; r&Sdao;aomfvnf; ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&Hk;url ‚if;tDwvDukr`%DrSm tD w vD E d k i f i H r S ',f e D & ,f v D u k r ` % D (Danieli Company) jzpf r nf [ k ,H k = unf a eygonf ? (yg0ifywfoufaeonfhukr`%Drsm;wGif =unfhyg?)

yif;yufawmifajc&Sd &k&mS ;ESihf jrefrmppft&m&Sd rsm;. aetdrfrsm;? ("gwyf -kH 2007 'DZifbmv)

oHpuf&HktwGif; wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;cGif wck? ‚if;vkyif ef;cGiu f kd um&Hxm;aomeH&Honf (aemufwiG f jrifae&onf) pwif wnfaqmufv#uyf if &Sdao;onf? ("gwyf -kH 2007 'DZifbmv)

16 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

oHowWKpuf&HkteD;&SD apwD/ ,if;apwDonf puf&HkeH&H ESpfxyf. jyifbufwGif wnf&Sdonf? ("mwfyHk azaz:0g&Dv 2009)

2009 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvwGif jrifawG@&aom wnfaqmufqJ yif;yuf oHpuf&H

usKid ;f awmif;a&tm; v#yfppfpDrHudef;rS yif;yufawmifodk@ vmaom "gwftm; óud;vdkif;rsm;? ("gwfyHk-2009 arv)

17

Tpuf & H k o nf jref r mEd k i f i H w G i f oH u d k oef @ pif o nf h 'k w d , puf & H k jzpf y gvd r f h r nf ? ,ck t cg wckwnf;aom oHóudpuf&rkH mS jyifO;D vGiòf rd@/ teD;pcef;&Sd tpd;k &ydik f trSw-f 1 oHEiS hf oHr%dpuf&kH jzpfygonf? teD;pcef;wGif óudcsufaeonfh oH&dkif;rsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,f e,fpyfuyfv#uf&Sdaom teD;pcef;. ta&S@awmifzuf 40 uDvdkrDwm tuGm&Sd usyf0if;a&; oHrdkif;rSwqifh &&Sdygonf? teD;pcef; oHpuf&u kH kd tDwvDurk % ` D ',fe&D ,fvu D rk % ` D (Daieli) u 1980 ckEpS rf sm; tapmydik ;f wGif wnfaqmufay;cJ+h yD;/ ,cktcg a'oynm&Sirf sm;ESiyhf if jyefvnfrrG ;f rH jyifqifrr_ sm; ðyvkyaf e ygonf? owif;rsm;t& wESpfv#if oHºuGyfwefcsdef 50˜000 txd/ ESpfqwdk;I xkwfvkyfEdkif&ef vsmxm;onf[k od&ygonf?28 yif;yuf bdvyfajrpuf&Hk 2007 ckEpS w f iG f yif;yufbv d yfajrpuf&kH wnfaqmuf&ef wdik ;f xGmprf;oyfa&;&Hk ud k pwif x m;&S d c J h y gonf ? T&H k ; ud k yif ; yuf a wmif . ta&S @ awmif z uf / aemifcsKdESifh azmifawmfqdGKufaus;&Gm t=um;wGi/f oHpuf&EkH iS hf 3 rdik f tuGmY T&H k ; ud k xm;&S d p rf ; oyf a pcJ h o nf ? 2009 ckESpfwGif uGif;qif;avhvmcsuf bdvyfajrpuf&akH e&m&Sd uarBmZpDru H ed ;f &H;k rsm;t& puf & H k w nf a qmuf a &;ES i f h ywfoufI wdk;wufr_ tenf;i,fom&Sda=umif; od&ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; qdkif;bkwfwckESifh tvHrsm;om puf&w kH nfaqmufrnfah e&m[k owfrw S af =unmxm;onfukd awG@&onf? Tpuf&kH l rk sm;. tqdt k & wnfaqmufrnfh ajrtus,t f 0ef;onf {u 4˜000 cef@ &SEd ikd o f nf?29 a'ocHvx ‚if;ukr`%Donf b¾ma&;t& tusyftwnf;awG@v#uf &Sd+yD;/ aqmufvkyfa&; vkyfief;rsm; &yfqikd ;f aeonf[k qdyk gonf? tu,fI aqmufvyk +f yD;pD;ygu cef@reS ;f wae@v#if bdvyf ajr 56˜000 tdwfudk xkwfvkyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k od&onf? yif;yuf bdvyfajrpuf&Hkonf uarBmZaqmufvkyfa&;ukr`%D vDrdwuf. pDrHudef; jzpfygonf? ‚if;u tar&duefa':vm oef; 60 cef@ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;onf[k od&ygonf?30 puf&Hkudk 2010 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwGif t+yD;wnfaqmuf&ef vsmxm;+yD;/ a'ocHjynfolrsm;u owfrSwfvsmxm; onfh umvtwGi;f +yD;pD;Edik rf nfr[kw[ f k oHo, &Sad e=uygonf?31

18 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

yif;yuf bdvyfajrpuf&Hk ajryHk

,la&eD,H xkwf,lrnf[k oHo,&SdzG,f tajctaersm; jrefrmEdkifiH pGrf;tif0ef}uD;Xmeu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ,la&eD,HawG@&SdEdkifonfh odkuf 5- ck &Sdonf[k w&m;0ifa=unmxm; ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; TowWKodkufrsm;rS wl;azmfxkwfvkyfaejcif; &Sdr&Sdudkrl w&m;0if vlod&Sif=um; xkwfjyefa=unmjcif; r&Sdyg? TowWKodkuf ae&m 5- ckwGif yif;yufa'o ryg0ifaomfvnf;/ tjcm;owif;Xmersm; tqdkt& awmif}uD;òrd@ teD;w0dkufY ,la&eD,H wnf&adS eonf[k qd=k u+yD;/ yif;yufawmif pDru H ed ;f onf ,la&eD,H wl;azmfrnf[k cef@reS ;f 32 wGucf suf ajymqdak e=uygonf? a'ocHvx l rk sm; tqdt k & vdik ;f aigu&f mG . taemufawmifzuf awmifay:wGif ,la&eD,x H u G o f nf[k qd=k uonf? Tae&mudk a'ocHrsm;u “aumifusL” wenf; “awmifc|e”f [k ac:=u+yD;/ cef@reS ;f ajryH! k e$ ;f 20°42’13.33"N 97° 6’12.13"E ESihf 20°42’43. 27" N 97° 7’40.24"E. wGif wnf&Sdygonf?33 awmifay:wGif ppfpcef; aqmufvkyfxm;+yD;/ aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;udk xdak e&mod@k r0if&eftwGuf wm;jrpfxm;ygonf? xif;aumuf&eftwGuyf if vma&mufcGifh ray;yg? tcsKd@aom &Gmom;rsm; tqdkt& yif;yufowWKwGif; pDrHudef;rS 0efxrf;rsm;u Tae&mwGif ,la&eD,H &Sdaeonf[k olwdk@udk ajymjy=ua=umif;/ ,ckpuf&Hkrsm;rSm oH&dkif;a&m/ ,la&eD,Hudkyg &SmazGxw k v f yk =f urnfjzpfa=umif; ajymjyonf[k qdo k nf?34 &Gmom;wOD;u ajym&mwGif “usaemf odoavmufawmh yif;yufpDrHudef;rSm ,la&eD,Hxkwfzdk@udpPyg yg0ifaew,f? usaemfu pDrHudef; 0efxrf;awGqu D ud, k w f ikd =f um;cJw h m” [k qdo k nf?35 ‚if;&Gmom;uyif ,ckprD u H ed ;f wGif vkyu f ikd f 36 aeol &k&Sm;vlrsKd;wOD;rSm ,la&eD,Hj'AfpifESifh ywfoufI txl;u|rf;usifol[k qdkygonf? 19

2007 ckEpS /f arv 15 &ufae@/ &k&mS ;Edik if aH wmfyikd f (Tyazhpromexport) ukr% ` u D yif;yufowWKwGi;f udk ulnaD xmufyahH y;rnf[k a=unmcJ+h yD; wESpt f =umwGif &k&mS ;Edik if . H t%kjrLpGr;f tif at*sipf D H iG f t%kjrL"gwaf ygi;f zdk wcktygt0if t%kjrLokawoe (&dq k mwGr)f (Rosatom) u jrefrmEdik if w vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G &f efEiS hf wnfaqmufay;&ef oabmwlncD su&f +yD[k xkwjf yef 37 a=unmcJhonf? Ty%mr a=unmcsuf ðycJhaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif t%kjrL"gwfaygif;zdk wnfaqmufrnhfae&m/ wdk;wufr_tajctaersm;udk vlod&Sif=um; qufvufxkwfjyefay;cJhjcif; r&Sdyg? ,la&eD,H owWKrdik ;f wlazmfrnf[k vlo&d iS =f um; xkwjf yefa=unmr_ r&So d vd/k ,la&eD,u H kd jynfyrS wifoiG ;f rnf/ t%kjrL"gwaf ygi;f zdk rnfonft h ajctae qdu k af eonfukd vlo&d iS =f um; w&m;0if rod&aoma=umifh yif;yufprD u H ed ;f rsm;tay: vltrsm;u ydI k oHo,wd;k vmae=uygonf? oHpuf &HkESifh bdvyfajrpuf&Hkom r[kwf/ tjcm;udpPvnf; jzpfrnf[k xifae=uygonf? &Gmom;rsm;u txl;pdk;&drf a=umuf&GH@ae=uygonf? “usrxifwmuawmh puf&rkH mS usr tvkyv f yk cf iG &hf rSm r[kwyf gb;l ? ta=umif;u usr=um;wm olw@kd u t%kjrLpuf&kH wnfaqmufr,f ajymaewmud;k ? usr=um;wm tpd;k &u wjcm;Edik if aH wGrmS ausmif;om;awGudk t%kjrLynm avhvmzdk@ apv$wfxm;w,f ajymw,f? usrpuf&HkrSm bmrS vk y f v d k @ &r,f rxif y gbl ; ? usru v,f y J vk y f w wf w m? ol w d k @ u ,l a &eD , H x k w f z d k @ vkyaf ew,fq&kd ifawmh usrwd@k awmh jy\emyJ? usrwd@k &Gmvnf; vHòk cH&mudk ajymif;a&$@&vdrrhf ,f?” [k ajymonf?38 ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&Hk;u yif;yufawmifwGif ,la&eD,H wl;azmfaeonf[k twnfðyEdkifjcif; r&Syd g? tjcm; aemufxyf avhvmr_rsm; vdt k yfrnf jzpfygonf? pDrHudef;a'oY jrefrmppfwyfwdk;csJ hcsxm;r+rsm; 1991 ckESpfrS pwifI yif;yufawmifteD;w0dkuf&Sd awmif}uD;ESifh [dkykef;òrd@rsm;wGif ppfwyfrsm; wdk;csJ@csxm;cJhygonf? ,cifu ppfwyfrsm; r&Sdaomae&mwGif ppftajcpdkufpcef; 5-ckudk wnfaqmufcJhonf? awmif}uD;òrd@onf jrefrmppfwyf. ta&S@ydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf tajcpdkuf&m ae&m jzpfygonf? 1992 ckEpS w f iG f awmif}uD;ESihf yif;yufawmift=um;wGif rJik ;f awmifaus;&GmY qufo, G af &;wyf&if; trSwf (212) udk tajccsco hJ nf? xdEk pS w f iG yf if wdik ;f A[dt k rSwf (3) avhusiahf &;wyfukd [dyk ek ;f òrd@ ta&S@ajrmufzufwiG f wnfaqmufco hJ nf? 2004 ckEpS w f iG f ppfajrjyiftif*sief , D mwyf&if; trSwf (903) udk ‚if;a'oYyif wnfaqmufcJhonf?

20 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

[dyk ek ;f teD;&Sd wyfrawmf uGejf yLwmESihf odyeH` nf; ynmaumvdyf

ppfwyfqdkif&m wuUodkvf 2-ckjzpfonfh uGefjyLwmESifh enf;ynmodyH`wuUodkvfudk rJkif;awmif aus;&GmYvnf;aumif;/ wyfrawmf uGejf yLwmESihf enf;ynmodyaH` umvdyu f kd [dyk ek ;f òrd@ teD;wGif vnf;aumif; 2004 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJh=uygonf? xdkaumvdyfrS tcsKd@aomt&m&Sdrsm;u yif;yufprD u H ed ;f wGif tvkyv f yk af e=uygonf? wyfrawmf uGejf yL wmESihf enf;ynmodyaH` umvdyrf S ppfwyft&m&Sd tcsK@d onf &k&mS ;Edik if w H iG f ynmavhvmcJ=h uolrsm;jzpf+yD;/ &Hzef&cH g puf&w kH iG v f nf; tvkyv f yk af ea=umif; od&ygonf? aus;&Gmom;wOD;u ajymjy&mwGif “tcsK@d &k&mS ;rSm ausmif;+yD; f yk w f ,f? ajym&r,fq&kd if Adv k af tmifxeG ;f vmcJw h o hJ al wGu enf;ynmaumvdyrf mS vnf; tvkyv av; wd@k / Adv k Zf menfrif;ydik f wd@k qd&k if ycH;k rSm 3- yGiw hf ifxm;wJh Adv k af wGy?J ” [k ajymjyonf?39 Tppfpcef;rsm; tm;vH;k onf 1991 ckEpS u f ytd0k ;f trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (PNO) ESihf typftcwf&yfpJ pOfu olw@kd tyk cf sKyfap&ef tyfEiS ;f xm;aom a'orsm;jzpf=uonf? wdik ;f &if;om; typf&yftzG@J rsm; udk typf&yfoabmwlnDcsuft& tyfESif;xm;aom tkyfcsKyfcGifhudk oa&mfapmfum;onfhozG,f jzpfaeouJhodk@/ 2007 ckESpf trsKd;om;nDvmcH oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifhvnf; vGJacsmfqef@usif aeygonf? yg0ifywfoufaom ukr`%Drsm; (etz) ppftpdk;&. v#Kd@0SufodkodyfvGef;r_ESifh owif;rsm; uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;r_/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ rsm;ESihf ywfoufI tm;ud;k &onfh tcsut f vuf owif;rsm;&&S&d ef cufcaJ oma=umifh yif;yuf pDrHudef;rsm;ta=umif; azmfjy&mwGif vGefpGmtcuftcJ &Sdygonf? jrefrmowif;pmrsm;ESifh Edik if w H um owif;rsm;t&/ a'ocHjynforl sm;. owif;rsm;t& ytd0k ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k (PYO) u ,ckpDrHudef;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonfh ukr`%Drsm;udk &Edkifor# azmfxkwfEdkifcJhygonf? 21

&k&Sm;EdkifiHrS (Tyazhpromexport) ukr`%D/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS ausmfomukr`%DESifh uarBmZ wnfaqmufa&; ukr% ` v D rD w d uf/ 0if;em; plyg 'dik ;f rGe;f (Winner Super Diamond Co. Ltd.) ukr% ` D vDrw d ufEiS hf jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; aumfyakd &;&Si;f (MEC) rsm; yg0ifywfoufae=uonf[k qdkonf? tDwvDEdkifiHrS ',feD&,fvDukr`%D (Danieli) onfvnf; ,ckpDrHudef;rsm;wGif yg0if y wf o uf a eonf [ k ytd k 0 f ; vl i ,f t pnf ; t&H k ; u ,l q ygonf ? Tuk r ` % D r sm;. &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS E_ iS hf olw@kd . tcef;u¾ twdtus/ olw@kd . vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm; ta=umif; odEikd af &;rSm tuef@towf&Sdygonf? (atmufwGif =unfhyg?)

yif;yufoHrdkif;pDrHudef; {&d,mrsm; (ukr`%Du a&;qGJazmfjyaomajryHk) 22 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

(Tyazhpromexport) ukr% ` D

&k&mS ; tpd;k &ydik f ukr% ` jD zpfonf? yif;yuf oHpuf&t kH wGuf yHyh ;kd r_rsm;ay;ae+yD;/ tar&duefa':vm 40 f iG f ‚if;ukr% ` u D kd wnfaxmifc+hJ y;D / oef; 150 ESihf nDr#aom &if;ES;D jrK‡ yEf rHS _ ðyxm;ygonf? 1957 ckEpS w armfpudkòrd@wGif &Hk;csKyftajcpdkuf ygonf? (Tyazhpromexport) ukr`%Donf EdkifiH&yfjcm;txd vkyfudkifaom zuf'&,f-jynfe,f wOD;wnf;ydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiH 20 ausmfwGif k rf sm; wl;azmf &H;k zGiI hf vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G af eygonf? Tukr% ` u D oH r[kwaf om owWKodu xkwv f yk af &;ESihf ywfoufI txl;u|r;f usirf _ &S+d yD;/ oHEiS hf oH r[kwaf om owWKrsm; xkwv f yk f jcif;twGuf pufypPn;f rsm; wifoiG ;f jcif;/ wify@kd a&mif;csjcif; ðyaeygonf? (Tyazhpromexport) ukr% ` u D tdE, dN / ygupPwef/ tD*sp/f w&kwf Edik if EH iS hf usL;bm;Edik if rH sm;wGif oHEiS hf oHr%dpuf&rkH sm; wnfxm; ygonf?41 jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; aumfyakd &;&Si;f (Myanmar Economic Corporation--MEC) H wWKwGi;f rS yd@k vw $ x f w k v f yk af prnfh oHr%d jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; aumfyakd &;&Si;f (MEC) onf yif;yufoo 42 puf&w kH iG f yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k od&&dS onf? ppfwyfrS t+idr;f pm,lxm;aom Adv k rf LS ; (+idr;f ) oef;xGe;f u oHr%dpuf&t kH wGuf wm0ef&o dS nfh t&m&S}d uD;wOD; jzpfonf? ‚if;u jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; aumfyakd &;&Si;f (MEC) wGiv f nf; tvkyv f yk u f ikd cf o hJ nf? ,ck pDru H ed ;f wGif yg0ifywfoufae=uonfh ukr`%Drsm;ESifh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; aumfydka&;&Sif; (MEC) u zufpyfpmcsKyfrsm; csKyfqdkcJhjcif; &Sd-r&Sd udrk l aocsm rod&ydS g? jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; aumfyakd &;&Si;f (MEC) onf umuG,af &;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmuf&dS pD;yGm;a&; ukr% ` D 2-ck teufrS wck jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdik if . H t"dupD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf cs,v f , S v f r$ ;f rd;k xm;ygonf? pD;yGm;-ukeo f , G f vkyif ef;tm;vH;k wGif jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; aumfyakd &;&Si;f (MEC) u vkyy f ikd cf iG hf &Sad e+yD;/ jrefrmEdik if &H dS tjcm;aom pD;yGm;a&; Oya'rsm;/ xde;f csKyfrr_ sm;ESihf uif;vGwI f aqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG hf &aeygonf? jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; aumfyakd &;&Si;f (MEC) u yk*~vdu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS &&Sdvmonfh 0ifaiGrsm;udk ppftoHk;p&dwfrsm;twGuf v$Jajymif;toHk;ðy ae+yD;/ ppfwyftwGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm; &SmazGEikd af tmif wnfaqmufxm;onfh ukr% ` w D ck jzpfyg onf? ppfwyft&m&Sd }uD;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. rdom;pk0ifrsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;tjrwf tcGifhxl;cH &&Sdavatmif aqmif&Gufxm;onfhukr`%D jzpfygonf?43 2008 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tpd;k &/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; aumfyakd &;&Si;f (MEC) udk ppftpd;k &udk axmufcyH yhH ;kd aeaoma=umifh '%fcwfta&;,l&rnfh ukr% ` pD m&if;wGif xnfo h iG ;f azmfjycJhygonf? ppftpdk;&u “jrefrmjynfolrsm;udk pepfwus zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaeaoma=umifh” [k ta=umif;jy azmfjyxm;ygonf?44

23

ausmfom ukr`%D vDrdwuf ausmfom ukr`%DvDrdwufonf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd yk*~vduukr`%Dwckjzpf+yD;/ yif;yufoHpuf&Hk wnfaqmufr_wGif yg0ifvkyfudkifaeygonf? Tukr`%Dudk 1992 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ &efukefwGif vuf&Sd &Hk;pdkufygonf? Tukr`%Donf tif*sifeD,mvkyfief;rsm;ESifh aqmufvkyfa&; vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifae+yD;/ aq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;/ qyfjymESifh tpGef;c|wfaq;rsm;udkvnf; trSwf (1) pufr0_ ef}uD;XmeESihf yl;wGI J xkwv f yk yf gonf? Tukr% ` u D pdu k yf sK;d a&;xGuu f ek rf sm;/ u|e;f opf udk EdkifiHjcm;odk@ wifydk@onfhvkyfief;rsm;vnf; vkyfudkif+yD;/ aq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh "gwkypPnf;rsm; jyefI wifoGif;ygonf?45 uarBmZ aqmufvkyfa&;ukr`%D vDrdwuf ~ u d ukr% ` w D ckjzpf+yD;/ uarBmZ aqmufvyk af &;ukr% ` D vDrw d uf (KDC) onf jrefrmEdik if &H dS yk*v yif;yufbv d yfajrpuf&w kH nfaqmufrw _ iG f tar&duefa':vmoef; 60 cef@ &if;ES;D jr‡KyfEx HS m;ygonf?46 Tukr`%Donf uarBmZb%f. &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ pDrHudef;wckvnf; jzpfygonf? uarBmZb%fudk q&mausmif;[k vlord sm;onfh OD;atmifu0kd if;u awmif}uD;wGif 1994 ckEpS u f pwifwnfaxmif 47 cJjh cif; jzpfonf? olu =oZm}uD;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Siw f OD; jzpf+yD; (etz) tzG@J . 'k-OuÏ U 'kw, d - Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;armifat;ESiv hf nf; eD;pyfo[ l k tqd&k =dS uonf?48 uarBmZb%fu vkyif ef; u¾trsm;wGif &if;ES;D jr‡KyfEx HS m;+yD;/ ausmufjruf&wemvkyif ef;rsm;/ owWKwGi;f wl;azmfa&;vkyif ef; rsm;/ ukeo f , G af &;ESihf jzef@a0a&;/ pdu k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef; zG@H òzd;wd;k wufr_ pDru H ed ;f rsm; pojzifh wGiv f nf; 49 yg0ifvkyfudkif aeygonf? ',fe&D ,fvD ESihf pD/ pyg ukr% ` D (Danieli & C. Spa) ',fe&D ,fvD ukr% ` o D nf yif;yuf oH&nfóupd uf&kH vkyif ef;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k ,lqyg onf? &k&SmvlrsKd;rsm; aexdkif&m wzufjcrf;&Sd taqmuftOD;}uD;onf a'ocHjynfolrsm;. tqdkt& “tDwvDvrl sK;d rsm;. &yfuu G ”f [k qdyk gonf? tDwvDvrl sK;d rsm;u Tae&mod@k vma&muf=unf&h _ cJzh ;l ygonf? Tukr% ` o D nf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f oHEiS hf oHr%dvyk if ef;u¾wGif umv=um&Snpf mG uyif ` D wckjzpfygonf? 1979 ckEpS w f iG f ',fe&D ,fvD ukr% ` u D vma&mufvyk u f ikd af ecJah om tDwvDurk % aròr@d &dS oHEiS hf oHr%dpuf&kH trSwf (3) oabmwlpmcsKyt f wGuf aomhay;tyf vufrw S af &;xd;k onfph mcsKyf csKyq f v kd yk u f ikd cf o hJ nfukd awG@&ygonf? v#yu f ;l tylay; oH&nfóurd ;D zdEk iS hf oHr%dcsuo f nfh pufypPn;f rsm; 50 tygt0if yHyh ;kd vkyu f ikd cf yhJ gonf? 2007 ckEpS w f iG f Tukr% ` u D jrefrmEdik if w H iG f oHr%dóucd suo f nfh vkyif ef;Y yg0ifvyk u f ikd af ea=umif; a=unmcsux f w k jf yef twnfðycJah omfvnf;/ ppfvufeufypPn;f xkwv f yk o f nfh vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufr_ r&Sad ea=umif;/ vufeufxw k o f nfh vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf axmufyahH y;jcif; r&Sad =umif;vnf; jiif;qdck o hJ nf? ',fe&D ,fvD ukr% ` rD mS urBmay:&Sd owWKóucd suf vkyfief;rsm;twGuf puf,E W,m;rsm;ESifh puf&Hkrsm; yHhydk;ay;aeonfh t}uD;qHk;ukr`%D (3) ckwGif wcktygt0ifjzpf+y;D / Edik if t H rsm;tjym;wGif &H;k cGrJ sm;zGiv hf pS x f m;ygonf? ta&S@zsm; ',fe&D ,fvD ukr% ` D (Danieli Far East)onf befaumufwiG f tajcpdu k yf gonf? 24 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

tydik ;f (2)? a'ocHjynfolrsm;tay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr+rsm; yif;yufawmif teD;w0du k &f dS a'ocHjynforl sm;udk ,ckowWKpDru H ed ;f / oHpuf&EkH iS hf bdvyfajrpuf&kH wnfaqmufr_ESifhywfoufI today; ta=umif;=um;jcif; r&Sdovdk/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&m wGiv f nf; yg0ifciG hf rðycJyh g? ,ae@umvwdik f pDru H ed ;f rsm;ESihf ywfoufonfh tpDtpOfrsm;/ xdcu kd f qdk;usKd;oufa&mufEdkifr_rsm; owif;udk teD;tem;wGif aexdkif=uonfh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;xHodk@ aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;xHodk@ aomfvnf;aumif; xkwfjyefay;jcif; r&Sdao;yg? qd;k usK;d rsm; jzpfay:vmEdik rf E_ iS hf ywfoufI aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;. wifjycsurf sm;udv k nf; vspv f sL&_ xm;cJhygonf? a'ocHjynfolrsm;xHrS oufa&mufcHpm;ae&onfh qdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI wifjycsufrsm;udkvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;u vspfvsL&_xm;cJhygonf? yif;yuf oH&nfóudpuf&Hk pwifwnfaqmufonfhtcsdef 2004 ckESpfrSpI yif;yufawmifajca'o w0du k w f iG f aexdik =f uol jynforl sm;onf t"rRa&$@ajymif;ae&mcsxm;jcif;/ ajr,mrsm; odr;f qnf; cH&jcif;/ ydkifqdkifr_ypPnf;OpPmrsm; zsufqD;cH&jcif;/ oufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_ vkyfief;rsm; qHk;&_H;&jcif;/ c&D;oGm;vmcGifh uef@owfcH&jcif;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESpfrsm; zsufqD;cH&jcif;/ tpm;tpmESifh avmifpmrsm; rzlvHkjzpf&jcif; ponfh'kuQtzHkzHkudk óuHawG@cJh&ygonf? tu,fI ,ckpDrHudef;rsm; onf a&S@qufvnfywfrnfqdkygu tjcm;aemufxyfjy\emrsm;vnf; qufvuf óuHawG@&&ef &Sad eygonf? a&ESihf avxknpfnrf;r_rsm;vnf; óuHawG@cpH m;=u&rnf jzpfygonf? a'ocHjynforl sm; onf ,ckpDrHudef;rsm;rSaeI rnfonfhtusKd;tjrwfr# cHpm;cGifhr&Sdao;yg? tem*wfwGifvnf; cHpm;cGifh&&ef rar#mfrSef;Edkif=uaom tajctaeyif jzpfygonf? t"rRajymif;a&$ hae&mcsxm;jcif;ESifh tdk;tdrfrJh&r+rsm; awmifESifh eD;pyfonfh aus;&Gm 14 &Gm (pkpkaygif; vlOD;a& 3˜000) onf olwdk@. tdrfrsm;ESifh v,f,mrsm;udk xm0&pGef@cGmI ajymif;a&$@&rnfh tE W&m,fESifh óuHawG@ae=u&ygonf? vlOD;a& (50) rSm ajymif;a&$@ap&ef twif;tusyf ESix f w k cf cH =hJ u&+yD;/ olw@kd ukd vHak vmufonfh avsmaf =u; rsm;vnf; ay;aqmifjcif; r&Syd g? (atmufwiG f azmfjyxm;onf?) awmif0ef;usi&f dS use&f adS eonf&h mG (11)&Gm/ (cef@rSef; vlOD;a& 4˜000) rSmvnf; wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;pwifonfESifh wòydief uf ajymif;a&$@ay;=u&zG,f &Sad eygonf? cef@reS ;f aus;&Gm (100) (cef@reS ;f vlO;D a& 35˜000) 25

rSmvnf; olwdk@. &Sifoef&yfwnfa&;ESifh v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;twGuf wbufacsmif;a&udk rSDcdk tm;xm;ae=u&&m/ ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rnfhtE W&m,fa=umifh txl;ab;'kuQ a&muf&zG,f &Sdaeygonf? wbufacsmif;a&onf olwdk@twGuf yifra&& &S&d m ae&mjzpfaoma=umifh wcsK@d u ajymif;a&$@aexdik =f u&rnfh “v,f o rm;awG t aeeJ @ tajctae &Sad eygonf? ajr0,fz@kd ydu k q f rH &Sw d t hJ cg usaemf w d k @ bmoG m ;vk y f 2006 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D rS 2008 ckEpS /f rwfvtwGi;f aus;&Gm pm;=urvJ ? b,f a e&m 3 &GmrS rdom;pk 16 pkonf yif;yufawmifajcrS twif;tusyf rSmyJjzpfjzpf/ b,fa'orSm ajymif;a&$@ ay;cJ&h onf? pkpak ygi;f vl (50) rSm vHak vmufaom yJjzpfjzpf usaemfw@kd ajr}uD; avsmfa=u;rsm; r&&SdbJ tdrf,mrsm; qHk;&_H;cJh=u&ygonf? a&$@ vdkcsifw,fqdk&if 0,f=u& ajymif;cH&aom rdom;pkrsm;rSm aemifumu,faus;&Gm (2006 wmyJ? b,folurS tv ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D )/ urfaumfaus;&Gm (2006 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D )/ um; r&bl;? olw@ku d usaemf yH;k pifaus;&Gm (2008 ckEpS /f rwfv) wd@k rS jzpfonf? yH;k pifaus;&Gm wdk@udk avsmfa=u; ray;bJ rS vlxrk sm;rSm avsmaf =u;vH;k 0 r&&Sad omfvnf;/ aemifumu,f f w k v f u kd w f h J tcgusawmh ESihf urfaumfaus;&Gmrsm;rSm tdraf xmifpw k ckv#if ysr;f r# usyf ESix 2 ode;f cef@ (tar&duef a':vm 200 cef@) ESihf usyw f ode;f cGcJ ef@ bmoGm; vky=f urSmvJ?” (tar&duefa':vm 150 cef@) toD;oD; avsmaf =u; &&Scd =hJ uyg onf? Tyrm%onf rdom;pkrsm;twGuf tdk;tdrfjyefvnf aqmufvyk &f ef vHak vmufonfah iGa=u;r[kwb f J tdr, f mopf.

v,f,majrrsm;wGif tvHerD sm;axmifxm;jcif;onf odr;f qnfrnf[k azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf? v,fyikd &f iS rf mS Tv,fuu G w f iG f qufvufvyk yf ikd f cGihf r&Sad wmhay?(2008 azazmf0g7)d

26 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

wefz;kd onf ,ckavsmaf =u;aiG yrm%. 10 qr# (ysr;f r#tm;jzifh usyf 2-3 oef;r#) ukeu f sro S m jyefvnf&&SdEdkifygonf? “v,f o rm;awG t aeeJ @ ajr0,f z d k @ yd k u f q H r &S d w J h t cg usaemf w d k @ bmoG m ;vk y f p m;=urvJ ? b,fae&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf/ b,fa'orSmyJjzpfjzpf usaemfwdk@ajr}uD;vdkcsifw,fqdk&if 0,f=u&wmyJ? b,folurS tvum;r&bl;? olwdk@u usaemfwdk@udk avsmfa=u;ray;bJ ESifxkwfvdkufwJh tcgusawmh bmoGm;pm;=urSmvJ?” &Gmom;wOD;u ajymonf?51 yH;k pifaus;&Gmae vltrsm;pkrmS rJik ;f awmifaus;&Gma[mif;rS vGecf o hJ nfh 15-ESpu f twif;tusyf ajymif;a&$@c=H u&olrsm;jzpf+yD;/ qufo, G af &;wyf&if; (212) aqmufvyk pf Ofu ESix f w k cf cH =hJ u&jcif; jzpfygonf? ,cktcg ESpfxyfuGrf; ESifxkwfajymif;a&$@cdkif;onfESifh óuHóuduf&jyefonf? aus;&Gm vlxkrsm;rSm ,ckjzpf&yfa=umifh vGefpGma'go jzpf=u&ygonf? tcsKd@aomolrsm;u aus;&Gm wckvHk;yif ajymif;a&$@=u&vdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfae=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;u wcgv#if vltenf;i,fpo D m ajymif;a&$@apjcif;jzifh aus;&Gmvlx. k a'gor}uD;xGm;ap&ef AsL[m cs vkyfaqmifae=uygonf? Taus;&Gmonf puf&Hkodk@oGm;aom yifrvrf;/ obm0"gwfaiG@ ydu k v f ikd ;f wd@k tay:wGif wnf&adS eaoma=umifh ajymif;a&$@cikd ;f jcif; jzpf[efwo l nf? (ajryHu k kd =unfyh g?) ajr,mrsm; odrf;qnf;jcif;ESifh ydkifqdkifr+ ypPnf;rsm; zsufqD;cH&jcif; “tckawmh &Gmab;u ,mcif;wdik ;f rSm tpd;k &u tvHawGvmxlxm;w,f? usaemfxifwmuawmh ol w d k @ tJ ' D a jrawG tm;vH k ; od r f ; ,l v d r f h r ,f ? usaemf v nf ; bmvk y f & rS e f ; rod b l ; ? b,fomG ;&rSe;f vnf; rodb;l ? usaemfrh mS vnf; 'DajruGuyf J &Sw d ,f?” 52

yif;yufawmifajc&Sd ,mcif;wcif;udk bl'Zkd mjzifh &Si;f vif;cHae&yH?k (2007 'DZifbm)

27

rdom;pk wpf&mausmfonf olwdk@twGuf ta&;ygvSonfh ajr{u 11˜000 ausmf oH&nfóud puf&HkESifh bdvyfajrpuf&Hk wnfaqmufr_a=umifh qHk;&_H;cJh=u&+yD; jzpfonf? oH&nfóudpuf&HkteD; awmifajcteD;&Sd ajrrsm;tm;vH;k . tus,t f 0ef; rSm {u 7˜000 r# &Syd gonf?53 2004 ckEpS Ef iS hf 2008 ckEpS t f =um;wGif aus;&Gm 11 &GmESihf òrd@e,frsm;rS ajrydik &f iS f 124 OD;onf ,ckazmfjyonfh pDrHudef; 2 ckteuf wckcktwGuf olwdk@. ajrrsm;odrf;qnf;cHcJh=u&ygonf? (aemufqufwGJ 3 udk =unfyh g?) tcsK@d aom ajrydik &f iS rf sm;onf vGecf o hJ nfh 15 ESp/f rJik ;f awmifaus;&GmwGif v,f,mrsm; odrf;qnf;cH&+yD;jzpfI ajymif;a&$@tajccs aevm=uolrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf? vltrsm;pkrSm rnfonfhavsmfa=u;aiGr# &&Sdjcif; r&Sd=uyg? puf&Hk (2) ckt=um;&Sd ajrrsm;udkvnf; ppfwyfpcef; aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf odrf;,lcJhygonf? &Gmom; trsm;pkrmS rlvu w{uv#if usyf (2˜000) (tar&duef 2 a':vmr#) avsmaf =u;ay; rnf[k =um;odcJh&aomfvnf; rnfonfh avsmfa=u;aiGr# &&SdcJhjcif; r&Sdyg?54 “t&l;pum;yJ? usaemfw@kd u ajrw{uudk 2˜000 usyef @J 0,fv@kd &r,fq&kd if jrefrm wEdik if v H ;kH u ajrawGuakd wmif 55 0,fypfvdkufOD;r,f” &Gmom;wOD;u rausreyfajymjyonf? ajr,mrsm;tjyif yHkpifaus;&Gm okomefajrudkvnf; awmif}uD;òrd@e,f at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;aumifpD (r,u) OuÏ OD;ausmfpGmESifh yif;yufowWKwGif;t&m&Sd OD;atmifatmifwdk@u odrf;,lcJh=uygonf? “olwdk@uvm+yD; usaemfwdk@aus;&Gm okomefudk ydwfypfzdk@ trdef@ay;w,f? aemufxyf quf+yD; vlaorjrKyfawmhz@kd wm;jrpfw,f? usaemfw@kd u wjcm;ae&m oGm;jrKyf&r,fv@kd vnf; ajymw,f? 'Dae@ (2008 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv 15) u aemufqHk;vdk@ ajymxm;wJh ae@yJ?” &Gmom;wOD;u &Sif;jyonf? 56 od r f ; qnf ; xm;aom ajrrsm;ud k trS w f t om;ðy&ef t wG u f tm%myd k i f r sm;u tvH r sm; xlxm;ygonf? tu,fI ajruGufay:wGif t0ga&mif tvHxlxm;onfqdkygu Tajrudk odrf;qnf;rnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ ajrydkif&SiftaeESifh Tajray:wGif qufvufvkyfydkifcGifh &Sdaeao; a=umif; azmfjyygonf? tu,fI ajray:wGif teDa&miftvHxx l m;ygu ajrudo k rd ;f ydu k +f yD;jzpf+yD;/ qufvuf pdkufysKd;vkyfydkifcGifh r&Sdawmh[k qdkygonf? ajrydkif&Sifrsm;udk ,ckajrodrf;onfh qHk;jzwf csuEf iS hf ywfoufI vlu, kd w f ikd f rnfonft h cgr# vma&mufta=umif;=um;jcif; r&Sad oma=umif/h rnfonft h csed w f iG f ajrodr;f qnf;cH&rnfukd cef@reS ;f wGucf su&f efvnf; cufcv J yS gonf? v,form; wOD;u atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyygonf?

28 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

uarBmZ yif;yufbv d yfajr pDru H ed ;f &H;k &[wf,mOfqif;wuf&ef uGi;f ESpu f iG ;f

yif;yuf bdvyfajrpuf&kH pDru H ed ;f u ajr{u 4000 ausmu f kd yif;yufawmifajc&Sd aemifcsK&d mG ESihf azmifawmfqKGd ufaus;&Gm t=um;Y odr;f ,lco hJ nf? yif;yufawmifrS awmif}uD;òrd@odk@oGm;&m ,ckum; vrf;udk azmufvkyfaoma=umifh v,f,majrrsm; odrf;qnf;cHcJh=u&onf? teDa&mif obm0 "gwaf iG@ ydu k v f ikd ;f onf vrf;. nmzuf wGif wnf&Sdonf?

owWKwiG ;f wl;azmf&eftwGuf ajrudk jyifqif&iS ;f vif;pOf atmufajc&Sd aus;&Gmonf ausmuf rsm; vdru hf srnfh tE W&m,f/ ajròydrnfh tE W&m,frsm; udkyg &ifqdkifae=u&onf? (2009- arv)

29

“ajrod r f ; zd k @ trS w f t om;vk y f x m;wJ h a e&mawG u rS w f w rf ; rS w f & m r&S d b J / ajryd k i f & S i f u d k vmta=umif;=um;wm r&Sb d J ydv k @kd us,u f s,cf s@J vmw,f? olw@kd u tvH 2-rsK;d vmxlvu kd w f myJ? kd m wcku t0ga&mif/ wcku teDa&miftvH? tJ'D tcgusryS J usaemfw@kd vnf; ajrodr;f r,fqw 57 od&awmhwmyJ?” [k qdo k nf? &Gmrsm;taeESifh olwdk@. ajr,mrsm;ESifh oD;ESHrsm;udk puf&Hkwnfaqmufa&;a=umifh zsufqD;cH& onfudkvnf; awG@&SdcJh&ygonf? 2004 ckESpfwGif aemifvHaus;&GmESifh yif;yufawmift=um;&Sd v,f c if ; tuG u f 20 rS m zsuf q D ; cH c J h & ygonf ? Tv,f u G i f ; rsm;ud k vrf ; azmuf v k y f & ef / tvkyo f rm;rsm;twGuf tdrw f ef;vsm;rsm; aqmufvyk &f ef/ &H;k taqmuftODrsm; aqmufvyk &f ef 58 zsufqD;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? 2006 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvwGif xDtkef;pdrf;ESifh aemifumu,faus;&Gm t=um;&S d oD ; ES H c if ; rsm;ES i f h ,mcif ; rsm;ud k v nf ; r&d y f o d r f ; &rD w G i f y if bl ' d k Z mjzif h xd k ; I &Sif;vif;cHcJh&ygonf? &Gmom;rsm;rSm rnfodk@aom avsmfa=u;r# r&&SdcJhyg? “usru ausmif;q&mrvky+f yD; aiGp+k yD;awmh tJ', D mcif;awG 0,fxm;wm? usr 'D,mcif;ay:rSm tvkyfvkyf&wm 3- ESpfyJ &Sdao;w,f? tckrS ajru aumif;vm&Hk/ tyifpvdk@ pdkufEdkifiH&HkyJ &Sad o;w,f? olw@kd u vm+yD; odr;f oGm;ygava&m?” [k &GmolwOD;u qdo k nf?59 vkyfom;rsm;u azmifawmfqdGKufaus;&GmteD;&Sd awmifay:rS awmifapmif;rsm;udk vrf;azmuf vkyf&eftwGuf rdkif;azmufcJG &Sif;vif;=uonf? &Gmom;rsm;u olwdk@ydkifqdkif&m ypPnf;rsm; odrf;qnf;I r+yD;cifyif awmifay:rS ausmufwHk;rsm;/ cJrsm;u ,mcif;/ oD;ESHcif;twGif; vdrq hf if;vm=uonf? tyifrsm;udv k nf; ydI ysupf ;D aponf? v,form;wOD;u ajymjy&mwGi-f “awmifapmif;eJ@e;D wJh ,cif;awGu vH;k 0ysupf ;D ukew f ,f? ausmufw;kH awG/ cJawGu oD;EScH if;awGay: usvmw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ rdkif;cGJwJhvkyfom;awGuvnf; v,fuGufawGxJ tyifawGay:udk eif;=uw,f? bmrS ruseaf wmhb;l ” [k qdo k nf? 60 yk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vHk;0vspfvsL&_jcif;udk awmif}uD;òrd@ òrd@e,fat;csrf;om,m a&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpD (r,u) OuUÏ u 2008 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif usi;f yonfh tpnf;ta0;wGif xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jyocJo h nf? olu &Gmom;awGukd ajymqd&k mY “tpd;k &u ajrawGtm;vH;k / a&xk/ avxkudk ydkifw,f? cifAsm;wdk@ &Gmom;awGu 6-ay ywfvnf ajr}uD; yJydkifcGifh &Sdw,f” [k ajym=um;cJhonf? 61 &Gmom;rsm;u ajymjy=u&mwGif &yfa0;rS puf&HkESifh vrf;azmufvkyfa&;wGif vma&muf=uol vkyo f m;rsm;uvnf; nydik ;f wGif olw@kd o;D ESrH sm;udk cd;k ,l=ua=umif;/ Tudpt P wGuv f nf; rnfo@kd r# ta&;,lraqmif&GufEdkifa=umif; qdkonf? 30 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

yif;yufawmifajcY tpm;tpm pdkufysKd;=uI? wzufacsmif;ab;&Sd opfawmuav;uvnf; [dkykef;&Sd ,ckaps;uJhodk@yif eD;pyf&maps;uGufrsm;udk axmufyHhay;aeonf?

yif;yufawmifteD;&Sd awmwGi;f rS aus;&Gm om;rsm;u rd_rsm;vnf; &SmazGpm; aomufEikd o f nf?

yif;yufawmifteD; aus;&Gm&Sd trsKd;orD; }uD;wOD;ESihf ol.ajr; rsm;u olwdk@ajryJESifh ajymif;cif;udk ðypkae=uyH?k

31

toufarG;0rf;a-umif; vkyfief;rsm; qHk;&H+;&jcif; “olwdk@u vm+yD; ajrodrf;+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm usrb0u vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ajymif;vJoGm;w,f? t&ifu usrrSm taºuG;qdv k @kd r&Sb d ;l ? taºuG;twGuv f nf; ylyefaep&mrvdb k ;l ? t&ifu usrrSm 62 udk,fhuH=urRm udk,fzefwD;EdkifcJhw,f?” yif;yufawmif teD;w0dkufY aexdkif=uol a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;onf olwdk@&Sifoef &yfwnfa&; twGuf v,f,mvkyif ef;wGif rScD akd exdik =f u&ygonf? olw@kd . t"du0ifaiGrmS vnf; v,f,mxGuf oD;ESrH sm;udk a&mif;csjcif;tm;jzifh &&Sjd cif; jzpfygonf? ajrodr;f ydu k cf &H +yD;aemuf olw@dk . v,f,m ajrrsm; qHk;&_H;&+yD;aemufwGif &mESifhcsDaom v,form;rsm;wGif pdkufysKd;&ef ajrr&Sdawmhyg? 0ifaiG vnf; r&Sb d J jzpfuek =f u&onf? wcsed w f nf;rSmyif pm;aomufuek yf pPn;f rsm;uvnf; aps;E_e;f jrifh wuf v m=uonf ? ol w k d @ b0wav#muf v H k ; wG i f v,f , mpd k u f y sKd ; a&; vk y f i ef ; wG i f o m wpdkufrwfrwf vkyfudkif&yfwnfcJhaoma=umifhvnf; tjcm;vkyfief;topfrsm;ESifh aeom;rus &Sdaeonf? tvkyf&Sm&ef cufcJaoma=umifh tcuftcJ }uD;rm;pGm óuHawG@=u&onf? jy\em 'kuQrsm; óuH&ol v,form;rsm;u “v,f,mawG qHk;&_H;ukefwJhtcgusawmh rJkif;awmifaus;&Gmu tcsKd@&Gmom;awGu xif;&_;qD &S m wm/ xif ; &l ; om; a&mif ; wmvk y f + yD ; 0if a iG &S m =uw,f ? tck a wmh 'D v l a wG v nf ; awmifav;vH;k axmifrmS xif;&l;yif/ xif;&l;qD a&mif; vd@k q+kd yD; axmifusae=uw,f? &Gmom;awGu k m/ xif;&l;om;aumufwm vkyzf @kd v,f,majr r&Sad wmhb;l ? tJonfawmh olw@kd u xif;&l;qDpw 63 vkyw f mayg?h tJ'gvnf; tzrf;cH&jyefw,f?” [k qdo k nf? tu,fI pDru H ed ;f rsm; a&S@qufaqmif&u G v f mrnf qdyk gu vltrsm; ydI k a&$@ajymif;/ xGucf mG &zG,f &Sdae+yD;/ tvkyftopf&SmazGjcif;/ v,f,majrtopf&&Sd&ef jyefvnf&SmazGjcif; udpPrsm;wGif ydkI cufcJ tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh óuH=u&rnfrSm rvGJay?

a'ocHrsm;twGuf tvkyrf &Sjd zpf&jcif;? a&$ ah jymif;tajccs tvkyo f rm;rsm;twGuf tEW&m,frsm; jcif;? “olwdk@u a'ocH&Gmu vl 2-a,mufyJ tvkyfac:w,f? wa,mufu &k&Sm;t&m&SdtdrfrSm xrif;csuv f yk &f w,f? wa,mufu tJonfrmS yJ tdro f ef@&iS ;f a&; vky&f w,f? tJ'D ESpaf ,muf pvHk;uvnf; wuUodkvfu bGJ@&+yD;om; awGcsnf;yJ? olwdk@u &Gmom;awGudk tvkyf&r,f ajymwmyJ? 'gayr,fh cifAsm;tjrify?J olw@kd vdrn f mwmyJav?” 64

32 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvESifh 'DZifbmvwGif oH&nfóudpuf&Hk0if;rS tajcpdkufonfh ppfwyf t&m&Sdrsm;onf tvkyfav#mufxm;&ef yHkpHrsm;udk jzef@a0cJhygonf? [dkykef;ESifh qDqdkifòrd@ae vlxrk sm;udk tvkycf ef@xm;&mwGif OD;pm;ay;rnf[k qdyk gonf? tvkyaf v#mufxm;&ef pdw0f ifpm; olrsm;u tvkyaf v#mufvm$ yHpk t H wGuf vlu, kd w f ikd f oGm;a&mufygu 500 usyf ay;=u&ygonf? tu,fI vlu, kd w f ikd rf oGm;a&mufEikd yf gu av#mufvm$ &,lEikd &f ef 1˜000 usyf ay;=u&ygonf? vltrsm;u tvkyfav#mufxm;=u&m/ tm%mydkifrsm;u yHkpHa&mif;&aiGjzifhyif aiGusyfaxmif aygif;rsm;pGm &&SdcJh=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; aemufqHk;wGif qDqdkifòrd@e,frS trsKd;orD;wOD;om tvkyv f ufccH yhJ gonf? ta=umif;rSm ol ru wuUov kd w f iG f &k&mS ;bmompum; txl;ðyavhvmI bGJ@&vmaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚if;trsKd;orD;u tvkyfvufcH&ef jiif;y,fcJhyg onf?65 ,ae@umvtxd &Gmom; 2-OD;udo k m wOD;udk xrif;csut f jzpf/ tjcm;wOD;udk tdraf zmf tultjzpf tvkyv f ufcrH _ &Syd gonf? xdt k csed w f iG yf if jrefrmEdik if H tjcm;a'orsm;rS tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk puf&w kH nfaqmufa&;twGuf ac:,lwifoGif; vm=uygonf? a'ocHjynfolrsm;. ajymjycsuft& aqmufvkyfa&; vkyfief;cGif rsm;wGif xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_ tcsKd@&SdcJhygonf? puf&Hkwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;cGifrsm;rS aomfvnf; aumif;/ vrf;azmufvkyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif; xdcdkuf'%f&m &&SdcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? “2007 ckESpfrSm ausmuf}udwfwJh pufwvHk;a=umifh vl 7 OD; wòydifwnf; aoqHk;oGm;&w,f? ol w d k @ u puf a y:rS m ae=uwm/ aemuf a wmh puf x J u d k vd r f h u s+yD ; / puf } ud w f c H = u&+yD ; tukeaf o=uw,f? pufatmufrmS aewJo h al wGu rod=ubl;? aemufawmh teH@raumif;wm &ygw,fqdk+yD;/ oGm;=unfhawmhrS od&w,f? ” &Gmom;wOD;u ajymjyonf?66 “rdkif;vkyfom;awGeJ@ aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfom;awG trsm;tjym; jrefrmjynfatmufydkif;uae vm=uw,f? olwdk@u wcgwav ausmufpGef;rSm cg;udkóud;eJ@csdwf+yD;awmh ausmufwl;=uw,f? 'Dvekd @J rawmfwqvdr=hf u+yD; vlawmfawmf ao=uw,f? olw@kd ausmufwek ;f awGe@J aqmifrh =d uw,f? 'Dvyk o f m;awGukd aemufxyfvo l pf tokwaf wGe@J r=umc% qdo k vdk vJv, S af vh&w dS ,f? olw@kd tvkyform;awGao&if 'DrSm jrKyfavhr&Sdbl;? jrefrmjynfatmufydkif;u olwdk@tdrf,mtxd jyefo,foGm;=uw,f? yif;yuf puf&Hkae&mrSmawmh tvkyform;awG trsm;}uD;ao=u+yD;awmh ol w d k @ urR Ï mef ; &G w f o H a wG v nf ; avmf p yD u muae =um;=u&w,f ? wcgwavrS m vnf ; bke;f }uD;awG yifzh w d +f yD; w&m;emwmawG vky=f uw,f” [k ajymjyonf?67

33

[dyk ek ;f ESihf awmif}uD;udk qufo, G x f m;onfh aus;vufvx l o k ;kH vrf;udk puf&Hk. eH&HtkwfwHwdkif;u ydwfypfvdkufonf? (2008-rwfv)

c&D;oGm;vmcGifh uef howfr+rsm; yif;yufawmifteD;&Sd aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;onf c&D;oGm;vmcGihf uef@owfrr_ sm;a=umifh xdcu kd ef pfemr_ f uef@owfrr_ sm; ðyvmcJh jzpf&ygonf? r=umao;rDu oH&nfóudpuf&kH t0if0wGif *dww f ckziG v hf pS I onf? T*dwfonf yifrvrf;r}uD;udk ydwfI ðyvkyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf? tjcm;wzuf&Sd aus;&Gm 6-&GmrS aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;rSm jzwfomG ;jzwfvmvky&f ef tcuftcJawG@=u&+yD;/ vHòk cHa&;tapmifrh sm; xHrS cGifhðycsuf&,l&ef vdktyfygonf? T*dwfrsm;udk eHeuf 6 em&DrS nae 6 em&D txdom zGi&hf m/ nydik ;f wGif vkyif ef;cGio f mG ;&ef jzwfoef;oGm;vmae=uonfh vlxrk sm;twGuf tcuftcJjzpf &ygonf? aps;wGif oD;ESrH sm;oGm;a&mif;&ef/ q&m0efxH ta&;ay: aq;ukor_c&H ef oGm;vm=u&m wGif tcuftcJ jzpf=u&onf[k &Gmom;wOD;u ajymjyygonf? “tckawmh awmif}uD;udk oGm;zd@k tcuftcJawG@ae=u&w,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh yif;yufpuf&u kH vrf;udk ydwx f m;w,f? nydik ;f awGrmS jzwfomG ;jzwfvmvkyzf @kd vH;k 0rjzpfEikd af wmhb;l ” [kqo kd nf?68 TvHkòcHa&;*dwfrsm;udk ydwfxm;aomtcsdefY jzwfoef;&ef óud;pm;=uol &Gmom;rsm;/ cGifhðycsuf r&&SdbJ jzwfoef;=uolrsm;rSm vHkòcHa&;tapmifhrsm;xHrS ajymqdk[def;a[mufr_rsm;/ zdESdyfr_rsm; cH=u&ygonf? 2008 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh jzpf&yfwckwiG f yGiahf eaom*dwu f kd cGiðhf ycsurf &Sb d J um;jzwfarmif;rdonft h wGuf &du k Ef u S cf &H ygonf? aemufw}udrw f iG f tjcm;vli,fwOD;udk *dwo f @kd 69 nydkif;csnf;uyfvmonf[kqdkum wnvHk; *dwfwdkifwGif óud;ESifh csnfaESmifxm;cJhygonf?

34 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

“ppfwyfu t&m&Sd}uD;wcsKd@vmwJhtwGufa=umifh vHkòcHa&;*dwfu yGifhaew,f? vli,fuvnf; *dwfuyGifhaeawmh armif;0ifoGm;w,f? aemufawmh tapmifhu ol@udkwm;+yD;/ um;ay:u qG J c sw,f ? *d w f u d k jzwf o G m ;vd k @ qd k + yD ; xd k ; }ud w f a wmh w myJ ? tJ ' D v l u wc%awmif owdvpfoGm;w,f? aemufawmh ol@udk[dkykef;&Jpcef;udk ydk@vdkufw,f? 'Dvli,fu aemufawmh rdkif;puf&Hku tm%mydkifawGudk apm'uwufw,f? wdkifw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk@u bmrSta&; w,l vkyaf y;wm r&Syd gb;l ?” [k &Gmom;wOD;u ajymjyygonf?70 xdrk #ru aemifumu,fEiS hf yifiakd us;&Gmt=um; qufo, G x f m;aomvrf;rSmvnf; puf&jkH yifywGif a&uefwnfaqmufonft h cg zsuq f ;D cHvu kd &f ygonf? a'ocHjynforl sm;rSm xdv k rf;udk qufvuf toH;k ðyEdik jf cif; r&Sad wmhb/J ,cktcg ta0;vrf;r}uD;rS auG@ywfI ydrk akd 0;vHpmG oGm;vmae=u& ygonf? xd@k tjyif u|EJ mG ;vSn;f rsm;jzifh c&D;oGm;vm=u&mwGiv f nf; ydI k tE &W m,fruif; jzpfvm &onf? trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf rvHkòcHonfhtajctae/ tEW&m,fwdk;I jzpfvm&jcif; a,mufsm;om; a&$@ajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf ppfom;rsm; pDru H ed ;f ae&mwGif rsm;jym;pGm 0ifa&muf vmaoma=umifh yif;yufa'o&Sd trsK;d orD;rsm;rSm olw@kd u, kd o f w l @kd pd;k &draf =umuf&@HG vm=uygonf? “pDrHudef;vkyfom;awGu trsm;}uD;a&mufvmw,f? a'ocH trsKd;orD;awGudkvnf; xduyg; &duyg; vkyw f mawG &Sv d mw,f? usaemfw h rl u rdik ;f em;u&Sw d hJ &GmrSm qdik if ,fuav;zGix hf m;w,f? aumifrav; oGm;wJah e&maemufukd a,mufsm;awGu vdu k af e=uw,f? tckawmh usaemfw@kd vnf; &ifwrreJ@ aeae=u&w,f? olw@kd u usaemfw@kd ukd bmvkyrf ,f rSe;f vnf; rodb;l ? usaemfw@kd u awmh wcsed v f ;kH a=umuf&@HG p;kd &dr+f yD; ae&wmyJ? txl;ojzifah wmh rde;f rysKad wGq&kd if wcsed v f ;kH pd;k &drf 71 ae=u&w,f? ” &Gmom;wOD;u ajymonf? ucsifjynfe,f a&$rdkif;wl;aomae&mrsm;wGif avhvmcJhaom tpD&ifcHpm awG@&Sdcsufwckt& owWKwGif;a'orsm;wGif ,m,D tajccsvm=uonfh a,mufsm;om; vkyfom;rsm;jym;vmr_ESifh twl/ a'owGif;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tvkyf&Sm;yg;r_a=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm; vdifvkyfief; twGi;f 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd =f uonfh tajctae jzpfvmaponfukd awG@&ygonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh tE &W m,fruif;aom vdiaf &mif;0,fonfh vkyif ef;wGif yg0ifywfouf=u&ygawmhonf?72 yif;yuf awmifa'owGif v,fajrrsm;qHk;&_H;&jcif;/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_ enf;vrf;rsm; qHk;&_H;=u&jcif; wd@k twGuaf =umifh trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf &wufrat;zG,f tE &W m,fukd óudwifjrifae&ygawmh onf?

35

pm;eyf&duQm rvHkòcHr+ESifh avmifpm rvHkavmufr+rsm; yif;yufawmifajc&Sd aus;&Gmaygi;f 25 &GmrS vlxrk sm;onf ‚if;awmifay:&Sd opfawmrsm;udk olw@kd . jznfhpGuf&duQm &SmazGpm;aomuf&ef rSDcdkae=u&ygonf? TawmawmifrSaeI olwdk@twGuf tpm;tpm/ wdkif;&if;aq; opfOopfzkrsm;/ tdrftrdk;tumESifh xif;wdk@ &&Sd=uygonf? r#pf/ rd_/ wdik ;f &if;aq;rsm; awmwGi;f rS &moDtvdu k f &SmazGEikd +f yD;/ a'ocHjynforl sm;. ^m%f&o dS avmuf &dk;&mtpOftvmrsm;twdkif; toHk;cs=uygonf? xdk@tjyif awmawmifrsm;twGif;Y trJvdkufI [if;pm &Smavhvnf; &S=d uygonf? opf/ 0g;/ zufw@kd ukd awmifay:rS &SmazG+yD; tdrjf yifaqmufonfh tcgY oHk;Edkif=uonfhtjyif csufðywf&eftwGufvnf; xif;zlvHkpGm &&SdcJh=uygonf? oH&nfóudpuf&kH wnfaqmuf&ef jyifqifrr_ sm; 2004 ckEpS w f iG f pwifI ðyvm=uonft h cg/ ppfom; rsm;u &Gmom;rsm;udk yif;yufawmif opfawmtcsKd@twGif; xif;&SmcGifhudk ydwfyifcJh=uygonf? awmifay:rS tdrfodk@ xif;o,fvmolrsm;xHrSvnf; aiGa=u;awmif;cHr_rsm; &Sdvmygonf?73 aqmufvyk af &; vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf omtcg tcsK@d ae&mrsm; ysupf ;D oGm;&onft h wGuaf =umifv h nf; awmxJwGif [if;oD;[if;&Guf&Sm&ef ydkI cufcJvmcJhygonf? 2007 ckESpfwGif/ yif;yufawmif teD;w0dkufwGif aexdkif=uonfh aus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmvl}uD;rsmudk &Gmom;rsm; yif;yufawmifay:wGif xif;&SmEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfa=umif;/ [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm; &SmazGcGifh r&Sdawmha=umif; trdef@xkwfjyefcJhygonf? Todk@ wm;jrpfrdef@ xkwfjyefcJhaoma=umifh opfawmESifh eD;pyf&Sifoefae&onfh &Gmom;rsm;. b0udk opfawmESifh jzwfawmufvdkufonfh ES,f &Syd gonf? &Gmom;trsm;udk xif;&Sm/ [if;&Gu&f mS &ef ae&mi,fwckuo kd m cGiðhf yxm;ygawmh onf? od@k jzpf&m &dumQ tpm;taomufEiS hf xif;&Sm;yg;r_EiS hf óuHawG@vm&ygonf? awmifwckv;kH udk jyefjyifI r&atmif qufvufzsuq f ;D aer_rsm;a=umifh yif;yufawmifEiS hf jynfow l @kd a0;uGm&um/ olwkd@&&SdcJhonfh opfawm t&if;tjrpfrsm;onfvnf; qHk;&_H;=u&awmhrnf jzpfygonf? “[d k y k e f ; u avh u sif h a &;wyf & if ; trS w f - 3 u &G m om;awG u d k xif ; aumuf c G i f h ray;bl ; ? olwdk@udk,fwdkif xif;aumuf=uw,f? tu,fI &Gmom;awGu xif;vdkcsifw,fqdk&if olwdk@udk 3˜000 usyf ay;=u&w,f? tu,fI &Gmom;awGu aiG 3 axmifusyf ray;bl;qdk&if olwdk@ (ppfom;rsm;) u &Gmom;awG pkxm;+yD;om; xif;awGudk odrf;,l a&mif;pm;=uw,f?” 74 olwdk@. awmwGif; “aps;}uD;” aysmufqHk;oGm;=u&onfhtjyif/ puf&Hkvkyfom;rsm;ESifh ppfom; rsm;u aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;xHrS oD;ESHrsm;udkvnf; cdk;,l=uao;onf? =uufrsm;/ =uufOrsm;/ [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;/ aemufqHk; zdeyfrsm;txdyif cdk;,lcH=u&onf?75 2008 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; armif a t;u puf & H k o d k @ vma&muf v nf y wf r nf h wntvd k w G i f ppf o m;rsm;u azmifawmfqdGKufaus;&GmteD;odk@ a&mufvm=uonf?

36 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

puf&HktwGuf a&uef wnfaqmufr_u wzufacsmif;udk ydwq f @kd I acsmif;a&udk oHpuf&o kH @kd ajymif;vJo,fydk@rnf jzpfonf? (2008 - rwfv)

yif;yufawmifteD;&Sd wzufacsmif;wGi;f aus;&Gm om;rsm; a&csK;d ae=upOf (2007 ckEpS /f rwfv)

wzufacsmif;rS zrf;qD;&rdaom ig;rsm;udk aus;&Gmom;rsm;u a&mif;csaepOf? a&xk/ avxk npfnrf;r_ rsm;a=umifh acsmif;wGif;wGif ig;rsm;ESifh trsKd;uGJjym; wnf&Sdr_udkvnf; qdk;usKd;oufa&muf apvdrfhrnf?

37

“{+yDv 24 &ufae@rmS awmif}uD;rSm&Sw d hJ (ta&S@yikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf) (&yc) u ppfom; 30 udk Adv k cf sKyfarmifat; rvmcif vHòk cHa&;taeeJ@ yd@k vm=uw,f? tJ'rD mS olw@kd u &Gmudv k m+yD; [if;oD; [if;&Guaf wmif;w,f? usaemfw@kd &Gmom;awGuvnf; wcsK@d awmh ay;pm;wmayg?h aemufwae@rmS awmh olw@kd u cGirhf awmif;aeawmhb;l ? olw@kd bmom cd;k ,l=uawmhwmyJ? usaemft h rd af tmufu =uufoGefjzL 15 uDvdk*&rfavmufvnf; aysmufoGm;w,f? tjcm;&Gmom;awG&J@ =uufoGefjzL awGvnf; aysmufwmyJ? olw@kd u =uuf 10 aumifuv kd nf; cd;k ,l=uao;w,f? olw@kd u &Gmu 76 vli,fawG&J@ zdeyfawmif csrf;omray;bl;?” aemufydkif;wGif &Gmom;rsm;u cdk;,lcH=u&onfh ypPnf;rsm;udk p&if;ðypkI avsmfa=u;awmif;cHcJh aomfvnf;/ wjym; wcsyfrS jyefvnf&&SdcJhjcif; r&Sdyg? tu,fI puf&EkH iS hf owWKwGi;f om vnfywfEikd o f nfh tajctae&Syd gu puf&rkH t S npfta=u;rsm; f ifrh nf/ oD;ESrH sm;vnf; ysupf ;D &rnfukd pd;k &drf a=umifh wbufacsmif;a& npfnrf;+yD;/ ig;rsm;tqdyo ae=uygonf? oD;ESrH sm;rSmvnf; acsmif;a&udk tm;xm;pdu k yf sK;d ae=u&onfjzpf&m a&npfnrf;ygu 'kuaQ wG@&Edik o f nf? od@k jzpfvmygu &Gmom;rsm;taeESihf tpm;taomuf&mS ;yg;r_ ydI k óuHawG@&zG,f &Sdaeygonf? ,Ofaus;r+rsm; zsufqD;cH&jcif; aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;rSm a&$@ajymif;aexdkif=u&jcif;a=umifh &yf&Gmttkyftoif;uGJ&jcif;/ &dk;&mtpm; taomufrsm;/ wdik ;f &if;aq;rsm; &&S&d ef uef@owfrr_ sm; óuHvmjcif;/ v,f,majrrsm; qH;k &_;H =u& jcif;a=umifh yif;yufawmifa'oae ytd0k ;f jynforl sm;. “&Sio f efaexdik =f uonfh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;”/ ordik ;f 0if,Ofaus;r_t& wefz;kd xm;&rnfah e&mrsm; ysupf ;D aysmufu, G =f u&rnfukd pd;k &draf eygonf? xdk@tjyif ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m &kyf0wˆKrsm;onfvnf; zsufqD;cH&zG,f &Sdaeygonf? 2008 ckESpf/ rwfvESihf {+yDvrsm;wGif azmifawmfqKGd ufaus;&GmrS Ak'b < mom bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;ESihf yif;yuf awmifajc awmifay:&Sd a&S;a[mif;apwDrmS rdik ;f rsm;cGo J nft h &Sed f &du k cf wfra_ =umifh uGt J ufc&hJ ygonf? puf&HktwGuf ausmufpGef;udk òzdcsjcif;ESifh vrf;azmufvkyf&eftwGuf rdkif;rsm;cGJ&mrS jzpfvmonfh t&Sed jf zpfonf? rdik ;f cG&J mrS vGiphf ifvmonfh ausmufprsm;onf bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;ESihf apwDukd xdrSef=u+yD;/ teD;w0dkuf&Sd ,mcif;rsm;txJ odk@vnf; vGifhpifusa&muf=uygonf? puf & H k 0 if ; twG i f ; wG i f usa&muf a eaoma=umif h 0g;awmif c rf t rnf & S d a&S ; a[mif ; apwD ysupf ;D oGm;rnfukd &Gmom;rsm;u pd;k &draf e=uygonf? xd@k tjyif teD;tem;&Sd tjcm;apwD q,fql ausmrf mS vnf; tvm;wl ysupf ;D qH;k &_;H &zG,f &Sad eyg onf?

38 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

owWKwGi;f wl;azmfonfah e&mrS azmufcrJG r_ sm;a=umifh bk&m;eH&w H iG f tufa=umif;rsm; jzpfay:vmonfukd &[ef;wyg;u jyoaepOf? (2008-rwfv)

yif;yufowWKrdik ;f ae&m&Sd 0g;awmifcrf a&S;a[mif;apwD? (2008-Zefe0g&Dv)

39

obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufysufpD;&r+rsm; “owW K wG i f ; wl ; azmf & mwG i f ajr}uD ; ud k t}uD ; tus,f zsuf q D ; jcif ; a=umif h vl t rsm;. vHkòcHa&;twGuf pdk;&drfzG,f ta=umif; &Sdaeovdk/ avESifh a&wdkufpm;r_rsm;a=umifhvnf; obm0ywf0ef;usif jy\emrsm; trsm;tjym; &SdvmEdkifonf?” 77 awmifwckvHk;rSm tyGifhowWKwGif;rsm; jzpfusef&pfEdkifjcif;? jyefjyifI r&Edkifaom ajrrsufESmoGifjyif qHk;&+H;r+óuH&Edkifjcif;? tyGifhowWKwGif;rsm;onf ajrrsufESmoGifjyifESifh a*[aA'pepfudk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ajymif;vJ apygonf? xdk@tjyif opfawmrsm; ðyef;wD;&jcif;/ awmaumifwd&p>mefrsm;twGuf rSDcdkp&m ae&mrsm; qHk;yg;&jcif;/ rvdktyfaom ajrom;rsm; awmifvdkyHkvmjcif;ESifh ajrwdkufpm;r_ jzpfjcif;/ ajròydusEdkifonfh tE W&m,f óuH&Edkifjcif;ESifh a&xGufaygufrsm;/ a&t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGifvnf; tenfusjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif w&m;0ifxkwfjyefa=unmxm;onfh owWKwGi;f Oya't& vdt k yfcsujf zpfaom ajrrsm;jyefvnfjyifqif&ef/ opfyifrsm; jyefvnfpu kd yf sK;d ysKd ; axmif & ef ponf h pD r H c suf r sm;vnf ; yif ; yuf p D r H u d e f ; twG u f r&S d y g? ucsif j ynf e ,f / zm;uef@a'orS owWKwGi;f vkyo f m;rsm;. ajymqdck surf sm;udk ud;k um;I tyGio hf wWKwGi;f rsm;a=umifh ywf0ef;usif rnfr#ysufpD;&onfudk udk;um;azmfjyvdkygonf?

ucsijf ynfe,f/ zm;uef@a'o&Sd tyGiw hf ;l xm;aom rdik ;f rsm;? tu,fI ,ckprD u H ed ;f udo k m r&yfqikd ;f ygu wcsed w f iG f yif;yufawmifonf ,ckuo hJ @kd tusn;f wefaeayawmhrnf?

40 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

bl'dkZmrsm;u +cHajrrsm;udk &Sif;ypf+yD;/ a'ocH pm;usuaf jr rsm;wGif ajrrsm; yHkaepOf (2009-zaz:0g&Dv)

opfawm/ a&xGuf rsm;udk umuG,f apmifha&Smufay;&ef a'ocHvlxk. ewfuGef;? Todk@ udk;uG,f ,Hk=unfr_ qdik &f m taqmuftOD rsm;rSmvnf; aqmuf vkyfa&;vkyfief;a=umifh ysufpD;&awmhrnf?

a'ocHjynfolrsm;u umuG,fapmifha&Smuf xm;onfh opfawmudk qdik ;f bkwaf &; azmfjyxm;pOf? (aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef; rsm;a=umifh ysufpD;& awmhrnf jzpfonf?)

41

“zm;uef@a'ou t&ifu opfyif/ 0g;yifawGe@J pde;f vrf;pdak jycJw h hJ ae&myJ? tJ'gawGtm;vH;k oGm;+yD? wckrS r&Sdawmhbl;? tckawmh zm;uef@u trd_ufyHk}uD;vdk jzpfae+yD? O&kjrpfuvnf; tckawmh t+rJwrf; aemufusdnpfywfae+yD? t&ifu awmifay:rSm&SdcJhwJh zm;uef@òrd@uvnf; tckawmh rd;k &moDrmS ESpw f ikd ;f a&}uD;w,f? owWKwGi;f a[mif;awGu usew f hJ ajr}uD;awGu wòrd@v;kH tES@H y?J ” 78 [k ajymygonf? “zm;uef@rSm t}uD;rm;qHk; jy\emwckuawmh rdkif;wl;&mu xGufvmwJh ajr}uD;awGudk b,fae&moGm;ypf&rSef; rod=ubl;? olwdk@u O&kjrpfxJudk ypfcs=uw,f? jrpfxJrSm atmufu jrifhwufvm+yD;awmh jrpfa=umif;u usOf;vmw,f? ESpfwdkif; a&}uD;awmhw,f? rdk;wGif;rSm ajr}uD;yHkawGu &Gmxuf ydkjrifhaeavawmh &GmudkaemufqHk; a&v$rf;awmhwmyJ? tdrfawGvnf; ysupf ;D uke=f uw,f? ” [k ajymonf?79 ywf0ef;usif npfnrf;r+rsm; wbufacsmif;rSa&udk oG,, f +l yD;/ oH&nfóudpuf&t kH wGi;f &Sd uef 2- cko@kd v$aJ jymif;yd@k aqmifonf? wwd,ajrmuf uef}uD;wckukd puf&0kH if;. jyifywGiyf if wnfaqmufv#uf &So d nf? cef@reS ;f &onfrmS Ta&udkyif owWKoef@pifonfh vkyfief;wGif toHk;ðyvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&onf? (oH&dkif;udk oef@pif óudcsufjcif; Box uGif;twGif;=unfhyg?) xdk@aemuf yspfESpfaeaom tenfrsm;udk uefrsm;twGif; odkavSmifxm;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; a&rsm;udk rnfodk@ toHk;csrnfudk wdusaocsm rod&ao;yg? ydI k ta&;}uD;onfrmS oef@pifonfv h yk if ef; vkyaf qmifyjkH zpf+yD;/ a&udjk yefI toH;k cs Edik af tmif ðyjcif;/ a&udk oGex f w k jf cif; ponfw@kd EiS hf ywfoufI wduspmG rod&ao;yg? tu,fI roef@pifonfh a&rsm;ESihf tenftESprf sm;udk wbufacsmif;twGi;f od@k jyefvnfpeG @f ypfygu a&vrf; a=umif;wav#mufvHk;udk npfnrf;aprnfjzpf+yD;/ "gwfºuGaeonfh owWKtenfrsm;/ tqdyfoifh apaom qmvzdk'f owWKrsm;a=umifh a&xGufrsm; wav#muf npfnrf;ap+yD;/ jrpfta=uwGif oGm;a&mufpkyHk=urnf jzpfygonf? oH&dkif;wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif;r#ESifhyif wbufacsmif;twGuf pdk;&drfzG,f tE W&m,f&Sdaeygonf? tm%mydik rf sm;. tqdt k & owWKwGi;f onf tyGio hf wWKwGi;f jzpfrnf[k qdak e=uygonf? od@k jzpf&m rvdktyfonfh ajrom;rsm;udk pkyHkxm;jcif;a=umifh ‚if;ajr}uD;yHkrSwqifh awmifapmif;wav#muf ajròydpD;qif;jcif;rsm; jzpfEdkifygonf? òydusaomajr}uD;rsm;onf vrf;a=umif;ozG,f jzpfum aemufqHk; ajrom;pD;qif;jcif;rsm;onf acsmif;rsm;/ jrpfrsm;twGif; usa&mufEdkif+yD;/ obm0ESifh rnDaom EHk;wiftenfusjcif;rsm; jzpfay:Edkifygonf? wbufacsmif;wGif npfnrf;vmjcif;/ EHk;wiftenfusjcif;rsm; jzpfygu ‚if;yif;yufawmif teD; w0du k &f dS [dyk ek ;f vGijf yifae aus;&Gm 100 ausmrf S vlxrk sm; 'kuaQ wG@=u&rnf jzpfygonf? xdv k x l k rsm;rSm wbufacsmif;rSa&udkyif olwdk@. &Sifoef&yfwnfa&;twGuf rSDcdkaexdkif=u&ygonf? 42 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u wbufacsmif;udk rSDcdkI ig;zrf;jcif;/ aomufoHk;a&o,fjcif;/ oD;ESHa&ay;jcif; ae@pOfEiS t hf r# ðyae=uygonf? owWKwGi;f a=umifh tnpfta=u;rsm; jzpfvmygu ig;rsm; aoqH;k &ap+yD;/ aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. usef;rma&;vnf; xdcdkufvmEdkifygonf? oD;ESHrsm;vnf; tqdyfoifh apEdik yf gonf? tenfus EH;k wifjcif;a=umifh jrpfa=umif;. a*[aA'pepfukd ajymif;vJap+yD; pdu k yf sK;d a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf a&ay;aer_udk xdcdkufapEdkifygonf? obm0ywf0ef;usif npfnrf;aprnfh tE &W m,ftjyif/ wbufacsmif;rS a&udv k I J$ puf&t kH wGuf a&,ljcif;a=umifh jynforl sm;. ae@pOf a&toH;k jyK&eftwGuf a&&&SEd ikd rf _ yrm%vnf; avsmeh nf;oGm;Edik yf gonf? jrpfa=umif;ajymif;jcif;/ a&ay;pepf wl;ajrmif;rsm;tay: ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;vnf; jzpfvmEdkifygonf? yif;yufawmifajc teD;w0dkuf&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;taeESifh owWKwl;azmfxkwfvkyfr_rsm;ESifh x&yfum;}uD;rsm; armif;ESio f mG ;vmaer_a=umifh qlno H /H avxknpf nrf;r_rsm;ESihf ydI k óuHawG@ cHpm;&zG,f &Sad eygonf? oH&ikd ;f ygonfh ajrrsm;/ bdvyfajrrsm;udo k ,f,&l ef um;rsm;vnf; O'[dk oGm;vm jzwfoef;ae=uvdrrhf nf jzpfygonf? a'ocHjynforl sm;. om,m0ajyma&;udk r=unfb h /J (etz) ppftpd;k &udk pdwóf uduaf qmif&u G cf iG hf &aeaoma=umifh yif;yufawmifteD; w0du k &f dS aus;&Gm vlxrk sm;rSm Tpuf&w kH iG f obm0ab;jzpfapaom tnpfta=u;rsm; pepfwus xde;f odr;f pGe@f ypfap onfh pepfxm;rnf r[kwf[kvnf; ,Hk=unfae=uonf? opfawmrsm; ðyef;wD;jcif;ESifh a&xGufpepfrsm; ysufpD;&jcif; tpdk;&owif;Xmersm;. tqdkt& yif;yufowWKwGif;onf tyGifhowWKwGif; jzpfonf? vkyfom; tcsK@d u bl'Zkd mjzifh ,cifowWKwGi;f a[mif; Orifae&mrsm;&Sd opfawmrsm;udk pwifI &Si;f vif;ae =u+yD jzpfonft h wGuaf =umif/h yxrOD;qH;k tyGio hf wWKwGi;f wl;azmf rnfah e&mrSm ,ckOrifae&myif jzpfz, G f &S+d yD;/ wl;azmfxw k v f yk af &;twGuf jyifqifae=ujcif; jzpfEikd yf gonf? ,mawmrsm;udk jzwfI vrf;azmufjcif;rsm; ðyae=u+yD;/ tcsK@d prd ahf wm v#Kad jrmifrsm;udk ajrzd@k jcif;/ ajrndj‡ cif; ðyvkyaf e=u+yD jzpfygonf? tu,fI pDrHudef;om wdk;wufaqmif&Gufvmrnf qdkygu ajrtrsm;tjym;udk ydkI &Si;f xkwrf nfjzpf+yD;/ opfyifrsm;vnf; ckwv f yJS pfrnf rvGrJ aoG jzpfonf? od@k twGuaf =umifh [dyk ek ;f vGijf yif. a&a0a&vJpepfukd xdcu kd af prnf jzpfygonf? a'ocHjynforl sm;u opfawmrsm;ESihf a&xGuaf e&mrsm;udk apmifah &Smufxed ;f odr;f &ef ewfueG ;f rsm;/ odk@r[kwf a'ocH pum;jzifh “vla[mf” rsm; aqmufvkyfum wefcdk;}uD;aom/ wefzdk;&Sdaom ae&mtjzpf xde;f odr;f cJ=h uygonf? opfcw k jf cif;/ trJvu kd jf cif;/ ig;zrf;jcif; ðyrnfqykd gu/ tenf;qH;k t0wfav#mrf nf/ a&csK;d rnf/ trdu _ yf pfrnfqykd gu Tae&mrsm;wGif raqmif&u G af p&ef &d;k &mt& wm;jrpfxm;=uygonf? vGecf o hJ nfEh pS rf sm;u aemifumu,faus;&GmteD;&Sd &Gmom;rsm;onf olw@kd . a&xGuaf e&mrsm;ESihf obm0ywf0ef;usit f wGuf pd;k &dryf yl efc=hJ uonft h avsmuf/ &yf&mG opfawma'oudk xlaxmif+yD; 43

opfckwfI opfxkwfvkyfjcif; rðyap&ef umuG,fxdef;odrf;cJh=uygonf? olwdk@u ewfuGef;rsm; aqmufvkyfcJh=u+yD;/ txl;umuG,fxm;onfhae&mtjzpf yHhydk;vkyfaqmifchJ=uygonf? puf&Hk wnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;rsm; pwifvm+yD;onfhaemufwGif ewfuGef;rsm;onfvnf; zsufqD;cHcJh =u&+yD;/ &yf&Gmydkifopfawmvnf; ðywfðywfðyef;oGm;&ygawmhonf? “olw@kd (pDru H ed ;f tm%mydik rf sm;) vmawmh tukev f ;kH zsuq f ;D ypfawmhwmyJ? olw@kd u enf;enf;rS ud, k u f siw hf &m; r&S=d ubl;? olw@kd u ywf0ef;usit f a=umif; ajymw,f? 'gayr,fh olw@kd ajymovdk vkyw f m r[kwb f ;l ? a&S;ytd0k ;f vl}uD;awGu obm0ywf0ef;usiw f @kd bmwd@k pwhJ pum;vH;k awGukd em;vnf=uwm r[kwfbl;? 'gayr,fh olwdk@u opfyifawG 0g;yifawG pdkufw,f? apmifha&Smuf xde;f odr;f w,f? olw@kd u ajrwGi;f a&xGuaf wGukd xde;f +yD; om;aumifw&d pd m> efawG em;cd&k mae&m awGrmS a&rcrf;oGm;atmifvnf; vkyaf y;=uw,f? aemifumu,faus;&Gmtem;rSm a'ocHjynfol awGu awmifab;rSm opfawmawGudk xdef;odrf;xm;=uwm &Sdw,f? opfyifawGu }uD;vm+yD? awmvnf; ydkxlvmw,f? 'gayr,fh tm%mydkifawGuvm+yD;wJhtcg tukefzsufqD;ypfawmh wmyJ?” &Gmom;wOD;u rausreyf ajymonf?80 a'ocHjynforl sm;. om,m0ajyma&;udk r=unfb h /J (etz) ppftpd;k &udk pdwóf uduaf qmif&u G cf iG hf &aeaoma=umifh yif;yufawmifteD;w0dkuf&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;rSm Tpuf&HkwGif obm0ab; f v k nf; jzpfapaom tnpfta=u;rsm; pepfwus xde;f odr;f pGe@f ypfaponfh pepfxm;rnf r[kw[ ,Hk=unfae=uonf? puf&HkteD;w0dkuf&Sd tcsKd@aom ae&mrsm;rSm obm0tav#muf a&xGufa'orsm; jzpf=u+yD;/ ajratmufa&a=umifh wESpfywfvHk; pdkpGwfpdrf;pdk ae=uygonf? vGefcJhonfh rsKd;qufrsm;pGmu Tae&monf a&uef}uD;jzpfcJhzl;onf[k qdkygonf? ,ae@umvwGif a&uef}uD; aysmufuG,f oGm;+yD jzpfaomfvnf; Tae&m&Sd ajrrsm;rSm txl;ajrqD=oZm ºuG,f0I [if;oD;[if;&GufESifh oD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;&ef vltrsm;u oabmusESpfouf=uygonf? oH&nfóudpuf&Hkawmifzuf&Sd a&xGufa'orSm opfyifrsm; ckwfvSJjcif;/ ausmufpGef;rsm;udk rdkif;jzifh òzdcsjcif;wdk@a=umifh ,cktcg a&crf ; ajcmuf o G m ;+yD [ k od & ygonf ? wcsd e f w nf ; rS m yif awmif . taemuf a jrmuf z uf & S d a&xGuaf e&mrSmvnf; bl'Zkd mpuf}uD;rsm;jzifh xd;k aumfypfum vrf;azmufvyk af &;twGu/f puf&kH 0efxrf;rsm; tdrf,mtwGuf ajrom;rsm; zdk@vdkuf=uygonf? rJkif[Jkif aus;&GmrS yHkpifaus;&Gmodk@ ajray:rS pD;aoma&acsmif;i,fuv kd nf; ydwq f @kd I ,cktcg puf&t kH wGuf a&udk v$aJ jymif;ay;yd@k ae=u +yD jzpfygonf? &yf&GmrS wifjycsufrsm;udk vspfvsL&+xm;jcif; ajr,mrsm;udk odr;f ,ljcif;/ ta&;ygaom vrf;rsm;udk toH;k rðyEdik af wmhjcif;/ ewfueG ;f rsm; zsuq f ;D cH&jcif;wd@k a=umifh a'ocHjynforl sm;twGi;f wGif trsuaf 'go}uD;pGm jzpfay:ae=uygonf? od@k aomf 44 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

vnf; tm%mydkifrsm;udk tvGeftrif; a=umuf&GH@ae&+yD;/ Armpum;udk vnfvnfywfywf ajymqd&k ef tcuftcJ&adS omfvnf; aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;u olw@kd . pd;k &dryf yl efrr_ sm;/ cHpm;csurf sm;udk xkwfazmfwifjycJh=uygonf? 2008 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif ykHpifaus;&GmrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u awmif}uD;òrd@&Sd ytdk0f;trsKd;om;tzGJ@csKyf (PNO) . &Hk;/ &Jpcef;/ òrd@e,f (r,u) tkyfcsKyfa&;&Hk;/ &Srf;jynfe,f jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;&Hk;wdk@odk@ oGm;I olwdk@udk a&$@ajymif;&ef apcdkif;onfh trdef@rsm;/ aus;&Gm okomefudk a&$@ajymif;aponfh trdef@rsm;ESifh ywfoufI apm'u wufcJh=uygonf? olwkd@u tm%mydkifrsm;udk =um;0ifaqmif&Gufay;&efESifh ajr,modrf;qnf;aer_rsm; &yfqdkif;&ef awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? òrd@e,f (r,u) tkyfcsKyfa&;&Hk;rS t&m&SdwOD;u olwdk@udk ulnDay;rnf[k ajymqdkcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk olwdk@onf tpdk;&ydkifajrudk usL;ausmaf exdik af e=ua=umif;/ od@k twGuaf =umifh xGuaf y;&rnfjzpfonf[o k m ajymqdck jhJ yefonf? 2008 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif aus;&Gmvl}uD; 5 OD;u awmif}uD;&Sd òrd@e,f (r,u) tkyfcsKyfa&;&Hk;odk@ puf&w kH nfaqmufrE_ iS hf puf&kH eH&aH =umifh vrf;rsm;ydwq f @kd c&H jcif;ta=umif;udk wifjy+yD;/ vrf;rsm; jyefziG ahf y;yg&ef awmif;qdck yhJ gonf? aemufq;kH aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;twGuf jzwfvrf;wckukd azmufvyk f ay;cJah omfvnf;/ aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;rSm vrf;topfxyfrH wnfaqmufra_ =umifh olw@kd . v,f,m ajrrsm; qHk;&_H;=u&jyefonf? aus;&Gmom;wOD;u olwdk@awG@óuHcHpm;ae&onfh pdwfysuftm;i,fr_/ rauseyfcsuf/ vuf&Sd pDru H ed ;f wGif yg0ifywfouf ae=uoltm;vH;k . wm0efEiS hf tajctaersm; ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;rvmrD vuf&dS pDrHudef;rsm; &yfqdkif;ypf&ef vdktyfa=umif; òcHiHkI a0zefajymqdkcJhygonf? “usaemfu pDru H ed ;f u t&m&Su d kd ajymw,f? usaemfw@kd &Gmom;awGu pDru H ed ;f udk taESmift h ,Suf ray;ygbl;? usaemfwdk@u olwkd@udkawmif tpm;tpmawG/ [if;oD;[if;&GufawG pm;&atmif ulnDay;ao;w,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk@u bmjzpfvdk@ usaemfwdk@&Gmom;awGudk 'kuQay;ae&wmvJ? usaemfajymw,f? cifAsm;wdk@rSm aoewfvnf; &Sdw,f? AHk;awGvnf; &Sdw,f? usaemfwdk@rSmu bmvufeufrS r&Sb d ;l ? tJonfawmh olw@kd zsuq f ;D oavmuf usaemfw@kd c&H zd@k yJ &Sw d ,f? usaemfu tJ'gudk ajym+yD;wJhtcgusawmh olwdk@u usaemfwdk@udk jyefavsmfa=u; ay;ygr,fvdk@ ajymw,f? 'gayr,fh tJonfavsmfa=u;qdkwm tcktcsdefwdkif rjrif&ao;bl;? t&m&Sdu ajymwmuawmh ‘tu,fI (uarBmZ) ukr`%Du ydkufqHay;vmwJhtcgusrSom avsmfa=u;aiG jyefay;Edkifr,f’ ajymwmyJ? ”81

“tck puf&Hkraqmuf&ao;wmawmif tajctaeawGu b,favmuftxd qdk;&Gm;ae+yD

qdkwm cifAsm; jrifwJhtwdkif;bJ? tu,fI puf&Hkomwnfaqmuf+yD;+yD qdkygu b,fvdk jzpfrvJqdkwm pOf;pm;om =unfhayawmh? ydkqdk;vmzdk@yJ &Sdygawmhw,f?” 81

45

ed*Hk;ESifh t}uHðycsufrsm; obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xkwfvkyfoHk;pGJjcif;jzifh a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk tusKd;jzpfxGef;ap&rnfh tpm; yif;yufawmif teD;w0dkufwGif aexdkif=uaom jynfolrsm;onf t"rRajymif;a&$@ae&m csxm;cH&jcif;/ ajr,mrsm; odrf;qnf;cH=u&jcif;/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;vkyfief;rsm; qHk;&_H;&jcif;/ c&D o G m ;vmcG i f h r sm; uef @ owf c H & jcif ; / avmif p mES i f h tpm;tpmrsm; rzl v H k j zpf v mjcif ; / H ed ;f udo k m ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mudprP sm; ysupf ;D qH;k &_;H jcif;rsm; óuHawG@ae&ygonf? tu,fI ,ckprD u a&S@wdk;aqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu awmif. obm0ywf0ef;usif ododomom ajymif;vJysufpD;&rnf jzpf+yD;/ ajrqDv$mwdkufpm;jcif;/ ajròydusjcif;/ a&xGufrsm; npfnrf;&jcif;/ avxk npfnrf;&jcif; rsm;udk a'ocHjynfolrsm; óuHawG@cHpm; =u&rnf jzpfonf? yif;yufawmifudk tajcðyI b0 &Sio f ef&yfwnfae=u&aom jynforl sm;. b0rsm;onfvnf; zsuq f ;D cH=u&awmhrnf jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; uHaumif;axmufrpGmyif ,ck pDrHudef;udk &yfqdkif;ypf&ef/ yif;yufawmifESifh a'ovlxrk sm;udk u,fwif&ef tcsed &f adS eygao;onf? od@k twGuaf =umifh ytd0k ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k taeESifh atmufazmfjyyg t}uHðycsufrsm;ukd wifjyvdkygonf? a'ocH jynfolrsm;odk h · &yf&mG vlxt k zG@J tpnf;rsm;twGuf tusK;d ,kwaf pEdik af om rl0g'rsm;ESihf vkyif ef;taumif txnfazmfrr_ sm;udk nD!w G pf mG qef@usi=f u&ef vdt k yfygonf? rdrw d @kd . pd;k &dryf yl efrr_ sm;udk òrd@e,f/ jynfe,f/ A[dktpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@ qufoG,fwifjy&ef vdktyfygonf? · ajr,mrsm;/ O,smOf+cHrsm;udk v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfonfh pmcsKyfpmwef;rsm;udk oifah vsmaf om avsmaf =u; r&&Sb d /J pmom;rsm;/ ta=umif;t&mrsm;tay: aocsm &Si;f vif;em;vnfjcif; r&SdbJ vufrSwfa&;xdk;ay;jcif; rðy=u&ef wdkufwGef;ygonf? EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH hòzd;a&;tzGJ hodk h · a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk t"rRae&m a&$@ajymif;&ef apcdkif;jcif;/ ajrESifh v,f,mrsm;udk t"rRodrf;ydkufjcif; rl0g'usifhoHk;aeonfhtay: &yfqdkif;yg&ef? · a'ocHjynfolrsm;. &dk;&mt& wnf&Sdvmaom ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;ESifh "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufem todtrSwfðyyg&ef?

46 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

· vuf & S d t aumif t xnf a zmf a eaom vk y f i ef ; rsm;ud k &yf q d k i f ; oif h y gonf ? a'ocH jynfolrsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh&Sd+yD; oifhav#mfr#wpGmESifh tjynfht0 wdkifyift}uH^m%f &,l+yD;rSom/ obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;apEdkifr_ESifh vlr_a&;qdkif&m qdk;usKd;oufa&muf Edkifr_rsm;tay: pepfwusESifh tjynfht0 tuJjzwfppfaq;+yD;rSom vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfpwif vkyu f ikd o f ifyh gonf? vufeufrsm;ESihf +cdr;f ajcmufr_ ryg0ifbJ vkyif ef;rsm; qufvuftaumiftxnfazmf&efvnf; tmrcHcsufay;oifhygonf? · t"rR ae&ma&$@ajymif;cH=u&olrsm;/ ajr,modrf;qnf;cHxm;=u&olrsm;/ ydkifqdkifr_ k yf ypPn;f OpPm qH;k &_;H ysupf ;D =u&olrsm;udk vHak vmufaom avsmaf =u;rsm; ay;aqmif&ef vdt ygonf? · ,la&eD,H owWKwl;azmfrnfqdkygu/ t%kjrL tpDtpOfrsm; aqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu jynfolrsm;xHodk@ tpDtpOfrsm; tm;vHk;udk zGifh[ today;oifhygonf? a'oqdkif&mESifh EdkifiHwum jynfolrsm;odk h · EdkifiHwumESifh a'oqdkif&m&Sd tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;u a'ocHjynforl sm;. tajctaeudk qufvuf apmif=h unfh ppfaq;oifyh gonf? yif;yuf pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufr_qdkif&mESifh vlr_a&;qdk;usKd;rsm;qdkif&m tuJjzwfcsurf sm; vkyaf qmif&ef (etz) ppftpd;k &tay: zdtm;rsm;ay;I aqmif&u G o f ifh ygonf? H umtpd;k & · ta&S@awmiftm&S Edik if rH sm;toif; (tmqD,)H / tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;ESihf Edik if w tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf olwdk@. tcef;u¾/ tm%mudk toHk;ðyI jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; av;pm;vdkufem vmap&ef/ Xmaewdkif;&if;om; jynfolrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm; av;pm;vdkufemvmap&ef zdtm;ay;oifhygonf? · EdkifiHwum t%kjrLpGrf;tif at*sifpD (tdkifattD;at) taeESifh (etz) ppftpdk;&. ,la&eD,H wl;azmfxw k v f yk &f ef óud;yrf;aer_rsm;ESihf t%kjrL "gwaf ygi;f zdk aqmufvyk &f ef jyifqifóud;yrf;aer_rsm;udk teD;uyfapmifh=unfh avhvmaeoifhygonf? &k&Sm;EdkifiH tpdk;&xHodk h · &k&mS ;Edik if . H tpd;k &ydik f ukr% ` rD sm;ESihf &k&mS ;&if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS r_ sm;u a'ocHjynforl sm;twGuf vltcGifhta&; csKd;azmufcH&jcif;rsm;udpPwGif tvdkwltvdkyg rjzpfay:ap&eftwGuf pnf;=uyfaqmif&Gufay;yg&ef?

47

oufqdkifywfoufae-uaom ukr`%Drsm;odk h · rdrdwdk@taeESifh wdkufwGef;vdkonfrSm yif;yufpDrHudef;wGif yg0ifywfoufae=uonfh l x l x k o H @kd csucf si;f ukr% ` rD sm;tm;vH;k tao;pdwf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk jynfov xkwfazmfwifjy&ef vdktyfygonf? · jzpfay:vmaom vl@tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;ESihf ywfoufI wm0ef&adS =umif; ukr% ` D rsm;u todtrSwf ðyoifyh gonf? epfem&ol um,uH&iS rf sm;udk tjynft h 0 avsmaf =u; ay;jcif; ðy&ef vdt k yf+yD;/ aemufxyf tvm;wl vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm; rjzpfap&yg[k aocsm=uyfrwf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf? · ukr`%Drsm;u vuf&Sdtaumiftxnfazmfaeaom vkyfief;rsm;udk &yfqdkif;oifhygonf? G cf iG &hf +dS yD; oifah v#mrf #wpGmESihf tjynft h 0 wdik yf ift}uH a'ocHjynforl sm; yg0ifaqmif&u ^m%f&,l+yD;rSom/ obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;apEdkifr_ESifh vlr_a&;qdkif&m qdk;usKd; h 0tuJjzwf ppfaq;+yD;rSom vkyif ef; oufa&mufEikd rf r_ sm;tay: pepfwusEiS hf tjynft rsm;udk jyefvnfpwif vkyfudkifoifhygonf?

48 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

usrf ; ud k ;

ppftpd;k &u Edik if . H t*Fvyd t f rnfukd w&m;r0if (Burma) rS (Myanmar) [k 1989 ckEpS w f iG f ajymif;vJ ac:a0:oHk;E_ef;cJhygonf? Todk@ oHk;E_ef;ac:a0:r_udk jrefrmppftpdk;&udk qef@usifwdkufyGJ0ifaeonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u todtrSwf rjyKcJh=uyg? 2 ukvor*~u jrefrmEdik if u H kd “zG@H òzd;r_ tenf;qH;k Edik if ”H wck tjzpf owfrw S cf yhJ gonf? 1

http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/ldc%20criteria.htm. 3

jrefrmEdik if H vl@tcGit hf a&; tajctae tpD&ifcpH m?

Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar: Report of the Special Rapporteur, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro (December 2004). 4 ajrurBmtcGit hf a&; qdik &f m Edik if w H umtzG@J Earthrights International (ERI) rS xkwaf 0onfh

“pGr;f tiftwGuf ay;qyfvu kd &f onfh vlrsm;. wefz;kd ”/ “o,HZmw tarGrsm;u rsu&f nfjzpf=u&jcif;” ponfh tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ &cdik f a&eHw;l azmfa&; apmif=h unfah vhvma&; tzG@J Arakan Oil Watch (AOW) . “vGwv f yfru _ kd wm;jrpfyw d q f @kd jcif;”/ ucsif zG@H òzd;a&;uGe&f uftzG@J (Kachin Development Networking Group) . “tarSmifvr$ ;f aomvGijf yif” tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk om”u tjzpf=unfyh g? www.earthrights.org/

burma, www.arakanoilwatch.org, and www.burmariversnetwork.org. “Asean assails Myanmar crackdown,” International Herald Tribune (28 Sep. 2007); “Human Rights Council Strongly Deplores Continued Violent Repression of Peaceful Demonstrations in Myanmar,” United Nations Press Release (2 Oct. 2007). 6 “Myanmar Seizes UN Food for Cyclone Victims and Blocks Foreign Experts,” New York Times (10 May 2008); “UN says much of Myanmar cyclone aid is lost,” The Guardian (25 Jul 2008). 7 See http://www.mrtv3.net.mm/open2/010407for.html (Accessed April 13, 2009) 8 jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwaf 0aom pmtky?f Pa-O Among The Union [Burma], Pa-O Literature Press (2007), in Burmese. 9 ytd0k ;f vlrsK;d rsm;ta=umif;ESihf ywfoufI ydrk o kd &d &dS ef atmufygpmtkyrf sm;udk zwf&a_ pvdyk gonf? see Russ Christensen & Sann Kyaw, The Pa-O: Rebels and Refugees, Silkworm Books (2006); Pa-O Among the Union [Burma], Pa-O Literature Press (2007), in Burmese. 10 “Burmese Soldiers Torture Civilians in Shan State”, The Irrawaddy (May 22, 2009). 11 “Burma Update: Russians eye cast iron plant for Shan State,” Mines and Communities (March 6, 2006). 12 See www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp/1995/9-95/mya.htm (Accessed October 15, 2008); see also http://shanrelieffoundation.org/modules/tinyd3/index.php?id=4 (Accessed October 15, 2008); “Work continues on gas pipeline,” Myanmar Times (October 15-21, 2007); “Burma Update: Russian eye cast iron plant for Shan State,” Mines and Communities (March 6, 2006); “Myanmar to extract iron ore on commercial scale,” Xinhua (May2, 1997). 13 “Myanmar to extract iron ore on commercial scale,” Xinhua (May 2, 1997). 5

ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (4)? ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (4)? 16 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (5)? (puc-3) rS odr;f ,lxm;aom ajrrsm;. ajryHkudk ytkd0f;vli,ftpnf;t&Hk;u rSwfwrf;tjzpf odrf;qnf;xm;ygonf? 14

15

17

“Status of the surface water pollution due to iron ore tailing pond effluent in India,” Dr M K Ghose

49

and P K Sen, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, Volume 53, No 4-5, (AugustOctober 2000). 18 “Burma Update: Russians eye cast iron plant for Shan State,” Mines and Communities (March 6, 2006), “Russian business presence becoming stronger in Burma,” Mizzima (December 10, 2008). 19 “Russian business presence becoming stronger in Burma,” Mizzima (December 10, 2008). 20 “Mineral Boiler for Pinpet Mining Factory Project Arrived in Taunggyi,” Weekly Eleven News Journal (January 28, 2009). 21 22 23

ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (1)? ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (11)?

“Work continues on gas pipeline,” Myanmar Times (October 15-21, 2007). “Thai and Russian companies make new grabs in Burma,” Mines and Communities (December 30, 2008). 25 “Russian business presence becoming stronger in Burma,” Mizzima (December 10, 2008). 26 “Russian-Myanmar relations growing stronger,” Myanmar Times (February 13-19, 2006). 24

27 28

ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (9) ESihf (3)?

“Burma Update: Russians eye cast iron plant for Shan State,” Mines and Communities (March 6, 2006). 29 “The cement factory is built in Taunggyi,” Snap Shot News Journal (March 7, 2009), translated from original Burmese by PYO. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid.; “General Than Shwe and Cement Factory,” Khit Pyaing News (March 3, 2009), translated from the original Burmese by PYO. 32 See www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp/1995/9-95/mya.htm (Accessed October 15, 2008) “Analysis of Burma’s nuclear program,” Dictator Watch (January 2007).

PYO estimate using Google Earth software. ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (3) ESihf (9)/ (16) ESihf (17)? 35 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (3)? 36 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (3)? 33

34

37

“Russia says to build nuclear reactor in Myanmar” Reuters (May 15, 2007), Russia to build atomic plant for Burmese junta,” The Guardian (May 17, 2007).

38 39 40 41 42 43

ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (3)? ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (8)?

“Russian-Myanmar relations growing stronger,” Myanmar Times (February 13-19, 2006). http://enc.ex.ru/cgi-bin/n1firm.pl?lang=2&f=995

ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (20)?

Andrew Selth. 2002. Burma’s Armed Forces: Power Without Glory. Norwalk: EastBridge, p.147, http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/aboutburma/economy.html#5, http:// www.altsean.org/Key%20Issues/KeyIssuesEconomy.htm 44 “US Treasury imposes new sanctions on Burma firms,” Reuters (July 29, 2008) 45 See http://www.kyawtha.com

50 tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif;

46

http://snapshot-news.commodules.php? name=News&file= article&sid= 15643 See http://www.kbzbank.com/aboutkbz.html (Accessed on April 10, 2009) 48 See http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=2128 (“Above It All” by Maung Maung Oo, February, 2001- Volume 9 No 2) (Accessed on April 13, 2009) 49 See http://www.kbzbank.com/investments.html (Assessed on April 10, 2009) 50 Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook Area Reports: International 1978-1979", Kinney, Gordon (1979). 47

ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (5)? ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (13)? 53 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (1)/ (2)/ (3)/ (5)/ (6) ESihf (7)? 54 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (2)/ (3)/ (6) ESihf (7)? 55 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (3)/ 56 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (6)/ 57 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (3)/ 58 ytd@k 0v f il ,ftzG@J rS &&Scd ahJ om puf&pkH rD u H ed ;f tpDtpOf rSww f rf;t&? 59 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (8)/ 60 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (13)/ 61 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (18)/ 62 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (8)/ 63 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (5)/ 64 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (8)/ 65 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (23)/ 66 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (2)/ 67 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (13)/ 68 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (12)/ 69 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (12)/ 70 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (12)/ 71 ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (7)/ 51

52

72 73 74 75 76 77

Valley of Darkness, Kachin Development Networking Group (2007).

ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (2)/ (11)? ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (2)/ ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (9)/ (10)/ (11)/ (12)? ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (10)/

“Iron Ore And Taconite Mine Reclamation And Revegetation Practices On The Mesabi Range In Northeastern Minnesota,” David A. Felleson (1999). 78 “Blood Jade: Burmese Gemstones and the Beijing Games,” All Kachin Students and Youth Union and 8-8-08 for Burma (August 2008). 79 Ibid. 80 81

ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (8)/ ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&H;k . awG@qakH r;jref;jcif; trSwf (12)/

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