Future Prospect (burmese Version)

Htun Aung Gyaw

ppftpdk;& . aoe*FAsL[m ESif@ jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pD ajymif;vJa&;twGuf tem*gwf ar#mfrSef;csuf

tydkif;(1) ppftpdk;& . aoe*FAsL[m em;v,f& vG,fulyD; tvGef &ufpufwJ@ AsL[m w&yf jzpfygw,f// t"du tcsufuawm@ ppfwyf&J@ vuf0g;}uD;tkyf Adkvfus pdk;rdk;a&;yg// bmyJjzpfjzpf bmyJvkyf&vkyf& tm%mudk ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG xdrf;csKyfxm;Ekdifzdk@ jzpfygw,f// ppftpdk;&&J@ jyifqif xm;yHkawGrSm 1992ckESpf uwnf;u tuGufcs cJ@yD; r=umrD 2010rSm usif;y awmhr,f@ vH=uKyf/ wzufoyf/ rw&m;aom a&G;aumufyGJ[mvJ tygt0ifyg// teft,f'Dudkawm@ wu,fwef; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk b,fawmhrS vkyfrSmr[kwfyg// olwdk@&J@t"duAsL[mudk atmufygtwdkif; (6)ck cGJjcm;aqG;aEG;ygr,f// (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

tcsdefudk qGJEkdifoa&G@qGJwJ@AsL[m teft,f'D/ tufpf teft,f'D tp&SdwJ@ twdkuftcH tiftm;pk rsm;tm;vHk;udk csKyfcs,fuef@owfr_ rsdK;pHkvkyfjcif;/ eJ@wu 'DrDkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&J@pkpnf;EkdifwJ@ ae&mrsm;/ wdkif;+rdK@e,f tqifhqifhu &Hk;rsm;udk ydwfxm;a&; AsL[m ocifeJ@u|ef0g' tawG;tac:udk oHr_dESufovdk cdkifcef@ pGJ+rJaeatmif oGyfoGif;xm;a&; AsL[m t&yfom;ynma&;udktqif@edrf@apyD;wzufuvJppftkyt f wGufynma&;udkawm@odomjcm;em;pGmtqifhjrifhapa&; AsL[m tusOf;us EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udka&m/ twdkuftcH tiftm;pk rSefor# tay: pdwf"gwfppfqifa&; enf;vrf;rsdK;pHk oHk;um xdrf;csKyfa&; AsL[m EkdifiHa&;tm%mudkw&m;0ifxdrf;csLyfzdk@wzufoyfpdwfwdkfif;usa&;qGJxm;wJhta+ccHOya'udk ta+ccHjyD;twkta,mifa&G;aumufyGJudk 2010 rSmvkyfr,f@ AsL[m

tcsdefudk qGJEkdifoa&G@qGJwJ@AsL[m 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ yD;uwnf;u ppfAdkvfcsLyfawG[m ukvor*~udk teft,f'DeJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ vkyfyghr,fvdk@ t}udrf}udrf uwday;cJ@ayr,f@ vHk;0 uwdrwnfcJ@yg// 1990a&G;aumufyGJudk olwdk@vpfvsL&_cJ@&jcif; ta=umif;&if;u tajccHOya'opfwck rqGJ&ao;vdk@ qdkyD;ta=umif;jycJ@ygw,f// aemufydkif; olwdk@ vlawG trsm;pkeJ@ olwdk@&J@ tajccHOya'udk olwdk@ pdwfwdkif;us a&;ygw,f// tEkdif&ygwDjzpfwJ@ teft,f'Dudkawm@ vGwfvyfpGm yg0ifaqG;aEG;zdk@awmif tcGif@ray;cJ@ygzl;// teft,f'DtaeeJ@ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk ausmcdkif;cJ@yD; aemuf tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;rSm vHk;0 ryg0if&awm@yg// teft,f'DvdkyJ &Srf;jynfe,f&J@ rJtrsm;pk&ygwDjzpfwJ@ &Srf;teft,f'DygwD[mvJyJ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk pGef@cGmcJ@ygw,f// 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ jynfolvlxk udk,fpm;jyK udk,fpm;vnf awG ryg0ifoavmuf &Sdaom trsdK;om;nDvmcH&J@ tajccHOya'[mvJ t"dy`g,frJ@ jzpfoGm;ygawm@w,f// 'gayrJ@ ppftpdk;&uawm@ qifuef;awmwdk; olwdk@tm%mtwGuf tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;udk wzufowf =urf;wrf; yufpufpGm qufvufvkyfudkifcJ@w,f/ 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ 1992ckESpfuwnf;u vkyfvmcJ@wm 2007ckESpftxd tajccHOya'udk 15ESpf=uma&;qGJjcif;tm;jzif@ olwdk@&J@ tcsdefudk qGJEkdifoa&G@qGJr,f qdkw,f AsL[mudk ajymifusus usifhoHk;wm jzpfygw,f// aemufqHk;rSm ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ tvdkus olwdk@Adkvfus pdk;rdk;EkdifcGif@&Sdaom tajccHOya'opfwckudk olwdk@zefwD;cJ@ygw,f//

1

Htun Aung Gyaw

wcsdfefwnf;rSmyJolwdk@&J@tcsdefqGJAsL[mw&yftwGufukvor*~udkvJ vufeufwckozG,f yg;yg;eyfeyf toHk;cscJ@ygao;w,f// ,cifukvudk,fpm;vnfa[mif;yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfol&mZmvDtpPar;udkvd_ufvd_ufvJSvSJ}udKqdkjywmwdk@/ta&S@awmiftm&Swdkufo m;tcsif;csif; rdwfaqG&if;awGygyJqdkwmrsdK;wdk@/ olrvmcif uyfyD;awm@ EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om; 10 a,muf 20 ponfjzifhudk tv$wfjyjcif;wdk@tm;jzifht,HkoGif;cJ@ygw,f//&mZmvDvmjcif;a=umif@ppftkyfpkrSmtaygif;vuQ%maqmifaomjyKjyifajymif;vJ r_awGjzpfxGef;ay:aygufaeyg+yDqdkwJ@oabmt,HkoGif;wmjzpfygw,f//wu,fwef;uawmhtESpfom&tm;jzifhbmrSvJrajymif; vJovdkawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;[mvJ jzpfrvmcJ@yg// EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; udkeJeJcsif; v$wfjyaejcif;[m wu,fawm@ EdkifiHwum todkif;t0ef;udk t&l;vkyfwJ@ AsL[mw&yfomjzpfwJ@tjyif tcsdefqGJenf;AsL[m udk pOfqufrjywf usifhoHk;wJ@ o,kwfouef wckvdk@vJ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f// vufawG@rSmawm@ppftpdk;&[mv$wfay;wmueJeJjyefzrf;wmuydkvdk@awmifrsm;ygw,f//wcgwavrsm;qdk&ifv$wfay;vdkufol awG[m wu,fEkdifiHa&;orm;awGrS[kwfyg&J@vm;/ &mZ0wfom; awG udk v$wfay;aewmvm;qdkwmawmif vlxktaeeJ@ rodEkdifawmhyg// &mZmvDcrsmrSmvJ AdkvfcsLyf}uD;rsm;eJ@ aqG;aEG;yD;wkdif; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yJG jzpfvmawm@rvdkvdk tD;eH@ay;cH&um AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;udk csD;usL;vdkuf&wm tarmygyJ// 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ 3ESpf3rdk; bmrSwdk;wufr_ wpHkw&mrjyyJ tcsdefqGJcH&yD;aemuf &mZmvDu awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yJG udpPudk tjywfar;vmawmh ppftpdk;&[m ol@udkjynf0ifrcHawm@yg// 2007ckESpf arv3&ufae@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orSm jzpfyGm;cJ@wJ@ em*pfrkefwkdif;[m vlwodef; oHk;aomif;ausmfudk aoapcJ@yD; 2oef;ausmfudk tdk;rJ@tdrfrJ@ jzpfonftxd jyif;xefpGm zsufqD;cJ@wJ@twGuf ordkif;rSm r}uHKzl;wJ@ tjzpfqdk;}uD;jzpfygw,f// ordkif;0if tjzpfqdk;}uD;udk tajccHum ordkif;0if rdkuf&dkif; ,kwfuef;r_}uD; taeeJ@ jzpfyHku ppftpdk;& EkdifiHwum&J@ 'kuQonfrsm;tay: ta&;ay: tv#iftjref ulnDaxmufyef@rsm;udk acgif;rmpGm nif;qdkcJ@r_ jzpfygw,f// 'g@a=umiff@ vl}uD;uav;/ usFm;r ra&G; ppftpdk;&udk emusnf;r_rsm; aygufuGJcJ@&ygw,f// ta&;ay: ulnDaxmufyef@a&;udpPrSm tawG@t}uHKrsm;yD; u|rf;usifwJ@ tar&duefeJ@ jyifopf oabFmrsm;[m 'kuQonfrsm;twGuf 0ifu,fr,fvdk@ wjyifjyifeJ@ tqifoifh jzpfaecsdefrSm ppftpdk;&u nif;ygw,f// jyifopf EkdifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;[m ppftpdk;& &J@,kwfrm &ufpufr_udk ajAmifusus a0zef,Hkru ukvor*~u qHk;jzwfxm;wJ@ tmwl;yD; (R2P, Responsible to Protect) ac:wJ@ vdktyf&if bmyJjzpfjzpf wm0ef7SdpGm umuG,f&r,fqdkwJ@ Oya't& 0ifzdk@vdka=umif; ajymvmygw,f// 'ga=umif@ jynfwGif; jynfy zdtm;rsm;[m ppftpdk;&tay: tiftm;}uD;rm;pGm zdpD;vmygawm@w,f// aemufqHk;rSm ukvor*~0ifa7mufpGufzufvmrSk[m ppftpdk;&udk oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh ulnDvdkufovdk jzpfoGm;cJh ygw,f// ukv twGif;a&;r_;csKyf bifuDrGef; udk,fwdkif oef;a&$xH zkef;qufayrJ@vJ vufcHajymqdkjcif; rjyKcJ@yg// aemufqHk; bifuDrGef; ArmjynfxJ 0ifoGm;awm@ oef;a&$u }udKqdk{nf@cHum ukveJ@ tef*sDtdkrsm;udk vufcHr,fvdk@ 'gayrJ@ tar&duefeJ@ jyifopf oabFmrsm; udkawm@ Armha&ydkifeufxJ vufrcHzl; vdk@ajymcJ@w,f// bifuDrGef;&J@=um;0ifr_[mppftpdk;&eJ@EkdifiHwumwdk@&J@wif;rmaer_udk=um;0ifap@pyfay;EkdifcJ@ayrJhjrefrm'kuQonfrsm;udkb,fvdk enf;eJhbJjzpffjzpfu,fq,fr,fqdkfjyD;apmifhae=uwJhtar&duefeJ@jyifopfoabFmawGudkvSnf hjyefapcJhygw,fxdk tjyifedkifiHwum tultnDrsm;uvJoHk;ywfrutcsdefqGJcH&umrvdktyfbJapmif@ae=u&ay+yD/,kwfpGtqHk; ukvtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; onfyifv#if ArmjynfxJ csufcsif;0ifzdk@ rvG,fvSao;zl;/ &efukefrSma&mufaewJ@ EkdifiHjcm;om; u,fq,fa&; awGqdk&ifvJ em*pfrkefwdkif;&J@ tcsif;jzpfyGm;&m ae&mudk oGm;cGif@r&ao;vdk@ &efukefrSmyJ acsmifydwfrdae=ucsdef/ wcsdK@u,fq,fa&; rsm;qdk&if befaumufrSmyJ tcsdef=umjrifhpGm aomifwifaeoluwifum 0ifcGifh&onftxd apmif@ae=uwJ@ txd jzpfcJ@=uygw,f//

2

Htun Aung Gyaw

tHtm;oif@p&mjzpf&yfwckuawm@ befaumufu jrefrmoH&Hk;&J@ ADZmXme[m rD;avmifyD; tef*sDtdk awG/ owif;orm;awG&J@ ywfpydk@awGrD;avmifwJ@xJygoGm;jyefowJ@//Armjynf0ifzdk@teD;qHk;apmif@ae&wJ@ae&m[mvJbefaumufoH&Hk;yJr[kwfygvm;/ apmif@aeol trsm;qHk; &SdwJ@ae&mvJ jzpfjyefygw,f// 'Dvdkae&m 'DvdktcsdefrSm jzpfwJ@ jzpf&yf[m rawmfwq wdkufqdkifr_ rjzpfEkdifyg// EkdifiHjcm;om; owif;orm;awG EkdifiHjcm;tultnD awGrw&m; vSdrfh0ifvmrSmudk [ef@wm;zdk@ wrifoufouf npfywfwJ@ qifuGufyJ jzpfygw,f// etz&J@ tcsdefqGJ AsL[mt& bifuDrGef;udkvJ oHk;cGif@&vdkufw,f// EkdifiHjcm;om;awGvJ vSdrfh0ifrvmatmif vkyfEkdifovdk EkdifiHwum zdtm;udkvJ av#m@apcJ@ygw,f// cH&wJ@ jynfolawGuawm@ w&ufqdk qdkoavmuf cH&wmjzpfyD;/ wodef;oHk;aomif;ausmf aoovdk 2oef;ausmf tdk;rJ@tdrfrJ@ jzpf=u&Smw,f/ ukvuawm@ etz twGuf xGufaygufaumif; wckudk ay;vdkufovdkjzpfoGm;ap cJ@ygw,f// ref'vif;atmb&dkuf qdkwm 1997 rS2001 twGif; tar&duef EkdifiH jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif cJ@olyg// 2008ck ZGefv11&uf ae@xkwf e,l;a,mufwdkif; owif;pmrSm usL;ausmfr_udk tqHk;owfjcif; acgif;pOfjzifh a&;xm;wJ@ ref'vif;atmb&dkuf &J@ aqmif;yg;rSm jrefrmjynfudk &nfn$ef;um EkdifiHwum &yfwnfcsuf qdkwm bmoabmxm;rsdK;vJ qdkwJ@ acgif;pOf[m EkdifiHa&; aqG;aEG; nif;cHkr_&J@ txGwftxdyf jzpfvmygw,f// “EkdifiHwum &yfwnfcsufqdkwm tpdk;& jzpf&ifyD;a&m tpdk;& tcsif;csif; ykvif;wl Al;qdk@ ozG,f vuf&Sdtpdk;&udk ,dkif;yif;vdkwJ@ pdwfxm;eJ@ tpdk;&rsm;udk umuG,fay;zdk@ twGuf tpdk;& vkyfwmudk w&m;0ifvmatmif abmif0ifvmatmif tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;&SmazG ay;aewJ@ &yfwnfcsuf rsm;avvm;/? odk@wnf;r[kwf urBmay:rSm vlom;wdk@ +idrf;csrf; om,m0aysmpGm aexdkifEkdifa&; twGuf vdktyfwJ@ Oya'awG vdkufemr_awGudk &Sifoefatmif vkyfay;aewJ@ &yfwnfcsufrsdK; EkdifiHwum &yfwnfcsufrSm &Sdygavp qdkwm ar;p&myg/ 'Dvdkar;cGef; rsdK;twGuf jrefrm ppftpdk;&[m b,fvdkajzr,f qdkwmudk u|Ekfyfwdk@ odygw,f// odk@aomf u|Ekfyfwdk@taeeJ@ em;axmifzdk@ vdkwmu idka=uG;ae=uwJ@ atmf[pfawmif;qdk ae=uwJ@ jrefrmjynfolawG&J@ toH jzpfygw,f” vdk@a&;xm;w,f// wu,fawm@ bifuDrGef;[m jrefrmvlxk&J@ atmf[pfoHrsm;udk em;raxmifyg// oef;a&$&J@ oum&nfavmif;xm;aom pum;rsm;udkom em;axmifolrsdK; jzpfygw,f// bmawGjzpfysufcJ@ygyDvJ/ em*pf'kuQonfawG[m ,ae@xd pm;p&mr&Sd/ aep&mr&Sd/ aq;0g; exÎd eJ@ tawmrowf cHpm;ae&qJ// bifuDrGef; 0ifvdkufawm@rS ppftpdk;&udk tcsdefqGJqef@ay;vdkufyD; xGufayguf&oGm;ovdk EkdifiHwum&J@ tpdk;&awGu ppftpdk;&b,fvdkyif acgif;rmapumrl em*pftultnD udkawm@rjzpfrae ay;awm@r,fqdkwJhtpDtpOfrsm;[mvJ oJxJa&oGef jzpfcJ@&ygw,f// bifuDrGef;u oleJ@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$wdk@ oabmwlnDr_ &yD;ygyD/ tef*sDdtdkawG[m bmrStcuftcJ twm;tqD;r&Sd ArmjynfxJudk 0ifygawm@r,f// ponfjzif@ ausnmcsuf xkwfay;vdkufavawm@ a*smifydwfrdaewJ@ oef;a&$[m tawmff [efusoGm;cJ@ygw,f// vufawG@rSmawm@ tef*sDtdkrsm;[m ueff@owfae&mawG udkom uef@owfcsufawGeJ@ oGm;cGif@ vkyfcGif@&wmjzpfygw,f// tcsdefqGJjcif;&J@ &vm'fu bmvJqdkawm@ tcsdef=umvmwmeJ@ tr# urBm}uD; taeeJ@ em*pfudk tm&Hkrxm;awm@yJ ar@av#mhpjyK vmygw,f// uHqdk;pGmjzif@ Armjynfudk qufvufESdyfpufzdk@ oef;a&$[m tm%m+rJoGm;ygw,f// tcsdefqGJAsL[m[m ppftpdk;&twGuf enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ toHk;wnf@vSygw,f/ tcsdef,l/ t}uHxkwf/ tcsuftvufpk/ tiftm;opfawGjyefpk/ ponfjzif@ vkyfcGifhawG &apygw,f// wcsdefwnf;rSmyif tcsdefeJ@ udkufvkyfae&wJ@ twdkuftcH awGudkvJ tm;tif csdeJ@ap,Hkr#ru tcsif;csif;=um;rSm aoG;uGJ txifrSm;apzdk@ olwdk@pDpOf zefw;D wJ@ owf&_d vH=uKyf awGuvJ }uD;xGm;vmygw,f// ,kwfpG tqHk;jynfwGif;&Sd teft,f'D acgif;aqmifrsm; =um;rSmyif owf&_dr_awG[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f// olwdk@[m tcsdefudk toHk;jyKum wxpfcsif; 0uftl&pf wif;ovdk twdkuftcHrsm;&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk xddrf;csKyfvmw,f// &Hk;awGudk ydwfvmw,f// yg;pyfuawm@ teft,f'eD J@ awG@qHk aqG;aEG;zdk@ vkyfaeygyDvdk@ wGifwGifajym,if;/ 3

Htun Aung Gyaw

wzufuvnf;/ twkta,mif trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk wpxufwp tm;aumif;vmapw,f// 'gayrJ@ awG@qHkzdk@ tcGifhtvef; udkawm@ wpdk;wpdawmif ray;cJ@ygzl;/ qufvufyD; teft,f'DtwGuf +rdK@e,f&Hk;awGudk ydwfyD;aemuf wdkif;&Hk;tqif@xdudk ydwfEkdfifvmw,f// }uH@zGwfawGuvJ teft,f'D &Hk;cef;iSm;ol ydkif&Sifrsm;udk zdtm;ay;awm@ ydkif&SifawGu riSm;0ef@awm@yJ aemufqHk; teft,f'D&Hk; qdkvdk@ &efukefrSmyJ usefawmhw,f// a':pkeJ@ &Srf;teft,f'Du cGefxGef;OD; wdk@udk xdrf;odrf; vdkufyD;aemuf ppftpdk;&tmabmf jzpfwJ@ owif;pmrsm; uaeyD; vlxkudka&m ukvor*~tygt0if urBmudkyg owif;rSm;/ tawG;rSm;awG jzef@ygawm@w,f// a':pk[m tawmfacgif;rmol jzpfw,f// awG@qHk aqG;aEG;zdk@ aESmif@aES; aewm ol@&J@ oabmxm; ao;r_a=umifhqdkyD; tjypfyHkcs ygawmhw,f// vlawGudkvJ 5a,mufxufydkrpk&/ teft,f'D&Hk;a&S@rSm vlpk&if csufcsif;zrf;yD; EkdifiHawmf wnfndrfr_udk ysufjym;apaom yk'freJ@ wcgwnf; ta&;,lum rw&m;pGyfpGJcsuf rsm;eJ@ 3ESpfrS 6ESpf axmifcs ygawmhw,f// 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ vlxkeJ@ teft,f'Dudk uGJuGmvmapyD; 1990upvmwm tck 2008txd 18ESpftwGif; awmufav#muf tcsdefqGJ AsL[may: tajccHum teft,f'Dudk zsufqD;vmwm jzpfygw,f//

ocifeJ@u|ef0g' tawG;tac:udk oHr_dESufovdk cdkifcef@ pGJ+rJaeatmif oGyfoGif;xm;a&; AsL[m teft,f'Dudk tiftm;csdeJ@ apjcif;[m ocifeJ@ u|efpdwf"gwfudk ydkrdktm;aumif;apygw,f// t&yfom; awG u|efjzpfvmapzdk@ t&yfom; ynma&;udk tqifhESdrfha&;/ ppfwyfynma&;udk tqifhjrSifha&; wdk@udk ododomom vkyfvmw,f//ppftpdk;&[m t&yfom; ynm&SifawGudk &GHa=umuf a=umufovdk pdwfxJrSmvJ ro'Dp&mvdk oabmxm;wmyg// txll;ojzifh wuUodkvfausmif;om; qdk&if olwdk@udk t}uD;tus,f csdef;acsmufolrsm;vdk@ cHpm;ygw,f// 'Dvdkjzpfwm[mvJ ordkif;pOf eJ@csDyD; jzpfwJ@udpPyg// AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm%modrf;prSm wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGu 3a,mufaygif;vdk@rS 6wef;r&SdolawGvdk@ ysuf&,fjyKcJ@wmudk olwdk@[m tckxd tcJrausao;yg// ae0if;teD;tyg; uyfzg; opPmawmfcHvkyfum ppfwyfrSm tae=umvdk@olwdk@[m 'Dvdk ppf&mxl;}uD;awGudk &wm vdk@ ausmif;om;awGuvJ avSmifajymifcJ@ wmudk olwdk@ rar@awm@yg// 1988 ta&;tcif;}uD; jzpfvmawmh 1988 pufwifbmv 18&ufrSm tm%modrf; jcif;tm;jzif@ tm%modrf; acgif;aqmifopf AdkvfcsKyf apmarmif [m AdkvfcsKyfae0if;eJ@ wynf@wyef;rsm;udk xGufaygufay;um opPmawmfcHcJ@ygw,f// 1990arv a&G;aumufyGJ rSm e0w xifovdk rjzpfyJ teft,f'D tEkdif&r_a=umifh apmarmifudk z,fum oef;a&$udk wifawmh oef;a&$[m teD;uyfapmif@=unf@ol xdkpOfumv vGefpGm wefcdk;xGm;cJ@aom axmufvSrf;a&; t}uD;tuJ cifnGef@tygt0if ae0if;tkyfpk&J@ apmif@=unf@wJ@=um;u yg;yg;eyfeyf ol@&J@ tiftm;udk wnfaqmufygw,f// oef;a&$[m cifnGef@udk t,HkoGif;pnf;&Hk;um ae0if;ajr;rsm;&J@ uif;+rD;aumuf trnf&wJ@ vli,f*dk%f;udk ta&;,lum ae0if;ajr;rsm;eJ@ orufwdk@udk ao'%fay;um ae0if; tkyfpkudk &Sif;ygw,f// aemufqHk; cifn$ef@udkvJ jzKwfum tm%m&Sifopf tjzpf xGufay:vmygw,f/ oef;a&$tm%m&vmawmh &efukef0dZ…meJ@ody`HwuUodkvfudk ydwfjcif;/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif; wuUodkvf rsm;jzpfwJ@ pufr_/ aq;1/ aq;2 wdk@udk tar&duef/ &k&Sm;wdk@u v_'gef;cJ@vdk@ usefcJ@ao;wJ@ tqifhjrifhynmoif taxmuftul ypPnf;rsm;rSefor#udk ar+rdK@ppfwuUodkvfudkom ydk@apjcif;/ tJ'DtoufarG;wuUodkvfrsm;udkvJ t&yfom;wuUodkvfrsm; jzpfaeawm@ enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh jyefvnfjyKjyif tqifhedrafh pjcif;/ ponfwdk@udk jyKvkyfygw,f// ,kwfpGtqHk; q&maumif;awGudk ppfwuUodkvf udkom ydk@wmrsdK;u tpyg/ ppfwuUodkvfawGrSm qdk&ifvJ ppfwyfom;orD;awGyJ wufcGif@&wmyg//

4

Htun Aung Gyaw

t&yfom; ynma&;[m b,favmufftxd tm;eJoGm;vJ qdk&if a'oqdkif&m aumvdyftqifh a&muf,Hkomru q&murjynfpHk/ pmtkyfpmwrf; r&Sd pm;yGJ/ukvm;xdkif rvHkavmufawmhyg// 'DvdkrsdK;ausmif; 44ausmif;udk +rdK@awG&J@ tpGeftzsm; oGm;vm& cufwJ@ ae&mawGrSm zGifhxm;ygw,f// 'g[mvJ 1988 aemufydkif;uwnf;u ausmif;om; qENjyyGJawG rjzpfvmapzdk@ tjrpfup +zdKzsufvdkufwmyg// aemufqHk; ausmif;om;awG[m ta0;oif wuUodkvfvdk@ac:wJ@ pmay;pm,l oifwuUodkvfudkyJ wuf=uawmhw,f// 1988ta&;tcif; tyD;rSmvJ wuUodkvfrsm;udk ydwfxm;wmu rsm;yD; zGifhjyefawm@vJ pmoifESpfrsm;udk csKHum wESpfwmpmoifumvdk 2v/ 3veJ@ jzwfcsvdkufygw,f// pmvJ aumif;aumif; roif/ oifcGif@r&Sd/ ajzawm@vJ tukefatmifap/ qdkyD; vli,fawGudk pmrwwfapzdk@ tuGufcs pDpOfwm jzpfygw,f// ppftpdk;&[m wuUodkvf}uD;awGrSmpnfpnfum;um; vli,fausmif;om;awG ausmif;wufaewmudk rjrifvdkyg// ppfwuUodkvfawG onfom tcsdefjynf@ ausmif;rsm;zGif@um ESpfayguf pmoifEkdifvmygw,f// tajzuvJ wu,fawm@ tHh=op7maumif;vSygw,f// vlxktaeeJ@ uvJ t&yfom;wuUodkvf uatmifwJ@ q&m0efudk t&nftcsif;r&SdrSef; odawmhpdwfrcsawm@yJ ppfwuUodkvf uatmifwJ@ ppfq&m0efqDrSmom aq;ukygw,f/ tif*sifeD,mqdk&ifvJ xdkenf;4if;/ ppfausmif;u qif;rS t&nftcsif;vJ &Sdr,f vdk@wGufae=uygw,f// ppfwuUodkvfu wESpfudk t&nftcsif;jynf@ bGJ@& 1200avmuf arG;xkwfay;w,f/ t&yfom;aumvdyfrsm;u waomif;rS 2aomif;avmuf t&nftcsif;r&Sd bGJ@&rsm; arG;xkwfygw,f// tjrifusOf;yD; a=umufp&mr&Sd }uHzef/ pdwfylwwf wJ@ ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;a=umifh wdkif;jynfynma&; ysufokOf;um wdkif;jynfwdk;wufa&; twGuf &ifav;p&mjzpfvmygw,f// oef;a&$trdef@eJ@ r[mbGJ@ &rS Adkvfr_;tqifh&ap/ t&m&Sduawmfrsm; bGJ@&rSom &mxl;wdk;zdk@ pOf;pm;r,fqdkwJ@ twGuf ppfocif vlwef;pm;opfw&yfudk tv#iftjref zefwD;aewmom jzpfa=umif;xif&Sm;aeygw,f// rSwfom;zG,f jzpf&yfwckuawm@ oef;a&$ 'kcsKyfb0rSm 1990a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrD wyfrdom;pkxH tvnfoGm;,if; rdef@cGef;ay;vdkufyHku--“b,fol@ udk rJay;vdk@ igrajymzl;/ rif;wdk@ }udKufwm udk rJay;/ rJray;cif aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;/ at; rif;wdk@u|efvdk aecsifvm;/ ocifvdk aecsifvm; qdkwmyJ/ 'DvdkpOf;pm;yD;rS rJay;/”-- 'Drdef@cGef; ubmudkjyovJ qdkawm@ vlxku u|ef/ ppfwyfu ocif vdk@ &nfn$ef;wJ@ tjyif/ ppftm%m&Sif wOD;&J@ twGif;o,k*fudk wdwdvif;vif; zGifhxkwfjycJ@jcif;jzpfygw,f//

tusOf;us EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udka&m/ twdkuftcH tiftm;pk rSefor# tay: pdwf"gwfppfqifa&; enf;vrf;rsdK;pHk oHk;um xdrf;csKyfa&; AsL[m ppftpdk;&[m twdkuftcHrsm; tay: ,kwfrmnpfywfwJ@ enf;vrf; aygif;pHk oHk;cJ@w,f// twdkuftcHawG&J@ OpPmypPnf;awGudk odrf;w,f/ rdom;pk0ifawG tpdk;&0efxrf;qdk&if jzKwfw,f/ pGrf;tm;&SifawGoHk;yD; vrf;ay: vrf;av#muf&ifawmif &dkufESuf 'kuQay;w,f// {nfonf@vm&if nzuf tdyf&if &yfuGufqdkif&mudk tcsdefrD ta=umif;=um;&if=um;/ ysufuGuf&ifawm@ nrdk;csKyf tdyfaumif;csdef oefacgifpm&if; vmppf/ tdyfaewJ@ vlrr,f 10ESpfatmuf uav; vJem;rvnfzl;/ E_d;/ wef;pD xdkifcdkif;/ '%faiG/ wcgw&H '%faiGa&m axmif'%fyg tjypfay; wmrsdK; vkyfvmygw,f// xif&Sm;wJ@ EkdifiHa&;orm;awG qdk&if tcsdefjynf@ tdrfudkapmif@=unf@cH &w,f// vmvnfwJ@ {nf@onfqdk&if tdrfa&S@wGifyif ppfar;cH&wmyg//bma=umifhvmvnfwmvJ/bmudpPvJ/EkdifiHa&;orm;ubmajymvJ/cifAsm;wdk@uol@udkaxmufcHaewmvm;/ oleJ@trsdK;vm;/ponfjzifhtar;cH&awmhvlawG[mEkdifiHa&;orm;rdom;pkudka&Smifukef=uw,f//'Dvdkenf;eJ@EkdifiHa&;orm;awG [m tvdkvdk 0dkif;=uOfcHyD;om; jzpfoGm;ygw,f// ukvor*~ tygt0if vl@tcGif@ta&; qdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u teD;uyf apmifh=unf@vmwJ@ tcgrSmawm@ ppftpdk;&[m }uH@zGwfeJ@ pGrf;tm;&Sifudk pepfwus yGJxkwf toHk;csvmwmudk awG@&ygw,f// 5

Htun Aung Gyaw

vlxk vlxkcsif; vSnf@wdkufwJ@ AsL[m etz ppftpdk;&[m ppfwyftiftm;udk oHk;yD; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk +zdKcGJcJ@wm 1988/ 89/ 90/ 96 wdk@rSm jzpfygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSmawm@ }uH@zGwf/ pGrf;tm;&Sif pwJ@ t&yfom; vufoyfarG; vl&rf;um;tkyfpkudk tm%may;um twdkuftcHrsm;udk ESdyfuGyfygawm@w,f// wcgw&Hrsm;qdk&if tao&dkufowf wJ@txdawmif vkyfygw,f// 'DvufoyfarG; tkyfpkwdk@[m olwdk@udk,folwdk@ omrefjynfol vlxk vdkvdk ta,mifaqmifyD; EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkawGudk ESdyfpufaewm jzpfygw,f// 2003 arv 30&ufae@rSm a':pkwdk@ txufArmjynf c&D;pOfwkef;uvJ 'D}uH@zGwfeJ@ pGrf;tm;&Sifwdk@u &JeJ@ tcsdK@aom ppfwyfudk aemufcHjyKum 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ jynfolwdk@udk +cHKcdk wdkufcdkufum &m*%ef;aom vlwdk@ aowJ@olao/ jyif;xefpGm &dkufESuf'%f&m &cJ@=uygw,f// uHaumif;vdk@om a':pk[m toufraoyJ vGwfajrmufcJ@wmyg/ tJ'DjzpfyGm;cJ@wJ@ 'DyJ,if; ta&;tcif;rSm &dkufESufcJ@ol rsm;udk b,foludkjzif@ ta&;,lw,fvdk@ r=um;rdyg// odk@aomf &dkufwJ@olrsm; uvGwfvyfpGm oGm;vmae=uayrJ@ t&dkufcH&wJ@ a':pkuawm@ tckxd aetdrf tus,fcsKyf uscHae&qJyg// 'DudpPeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ etz&J@ tmabmfowif;pmxJrSm az:jyxm; wmuawm@ -- jynfolvlxk udkqlyl v_Haqmfatmif vkyfaewJ@ olawGudk oufqdkif&m vlxku onfrcHEkdifawm@a=umif;/ 'Dvdkqlyl atmifvkyfaeolwdk@udk zrf;qD;ta&;,l xdrf;odrf;oif@a=umif;-- a&;xm;ygw,f// 'Dpum; t"dy`g,f qdkvdkwmuawm@ 'DudpPawGrSm etz[m EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk qlyloltjzpf rauseyfwJ@ jynfolu vkyfwm tpdk;&eJ@ rywfoufzl; qdkwJ@ taetxm; udk jzpfapwmyg// jynfolawG[m EkdifiHa&;orm;udk oabmrusvdk@ udk,f@zgom ajz&Sif;aeygw,fvdk@ qdkwmrsdK; yHkaz:aeygw,f// aemufqHk;ukefukef ajym&&if etzonf jynfolawGudk vl@tcGif@ta&; w&yftjzpf qENjywm tpdk;&u bmrS r[ef@wm;yg/ odk@aomf +idrf;csrf;a&;udk cspfjrwfEdk;=uaom jynfolu 'gudk rcHr&yfEkdifvdk@ EkdifiHa&;orm;awGudk vlxk tcsif;csif; &dkufESufae&ygw,f qdkwmrsdK; t"dy`g,f a&mufvmapygw,f// wzufuvJ ppftpdk;&[m }uHzGwfudk rD;pdrf;jyum teft,f'DeJ@ taemufEkdifiHrsm;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_udk &_wfcsyGJrsm; vlxktiftm; qENjyyGJrsm;udk zefwD;aeygw,f// axmifaomif;ru 0efxrf;rsm;udk twif;t=uyf 'DvdkqENjyyGJrsm;udk axmufcHcdkif; aeygw,f// 'DvdkyGJrsdK;uawm@ tzrf;rcH&,Hkomru ydkufqHawmif &tHk;rSmyg// teft,f'DyJGqdkvdk@uawm@ vlxkvHk+cHKa&;udk xdcdkufw,fqdkum 5a,mufxufydkpk&if ta&;,lcH&rSmjzpfygw,f//

EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; wjynfvHk;rSm ekdifiHa&;tusOf; 2axmifausmf &SdayrJ@ ppftpdk;&uawm@ olwdk@udk Oya'udk csdK;azgufol &mZ0wfom; tjzpfoabmxm; ygw,f// tusOf;axmifxJrSm &mZ0wfom; awGxuf ydkrdk tESdyfpufcH &,Hkomru &mZ0wfom;awGudk ajrSmufay;um EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om; tay: tEkdifusifhcdkif;ygw,f// wdkufydwfwm/ ajcaxmufudk oHacsusif; cwfwm/ nHzsif;wJ@ tpm;tpm eJ@ aq;0g;ukor_ tvGef nhHzsif;vSwm wdk@tjyif csdK;a&/ t0wfav#mfzdk@a&/ ravmufriS/ tdrfom tnpftaus;twGuf yufpuffpGm tnpftaus; pGef@&wm ponfwdk@[m tusOf;axmifrsm;&J@ omref vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf jzpfygw,f// roef@&Sif;wJ@aq;&Hk;aq;xdk;tyfawG[mtdyfcsftdkifAD ydk;awGudk jzef@csday;aeovdkyg//&kyfydkif;qdkif&mudk ydk;pdk;yufpuf ESdyfpuf,Hkomru pdwfydkif;qdkif&m nif;qJr_awGudkvJ EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;tay: enf;rsdK;pHk EdSyfpufygw,f// txl;ojzif@ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m ESdyfpufvdk@ cHEkdif&nf&SdyD; rmoludk pdwfydkif;rSm ydkvdk@awmif &ufpufygao;w,f// xif&Sm;wJ@ Oyrmjy&&if 1998 rS 2008 txd tusOf;uscH owif;pmq&m}uD; teft,f'aD cgif;aqmif OD;0if;wif udpPudk wifjyvdkygw,f// 6

Htun Aung Gyaw

ppftpdk;&[m OD;0if;wifudk EkdifiHa&; rvkyf&if v$wfay;r,f t}udrf}udrf ajymwdkif; OD;0if;wifuvJ t}udrf}udrf y,fcscJ@w,f// olvJvlom;yJ/ vGwfcsifwmayg@/ 'gayrJ@ ,Hk=unfcsuf twGuf opPmrazgufwJ@olrdk@om 'Dvdk wif;cHEkdifwmyg// ol@udkvGwf&ufap@ygyD/ v$wfvdkufygyD/ txkwftydk;awG jyifqifygawm@qdkum axmift0wftpm;c|wf t&yf0wfudk awmif ajymif;vJ0wfqifyD; 0g'awGudkvJ E_wfquf/ axmifAl;0xd ac:vmyD;umrS r[kwfzl;/ qufvufuscHzdk@ trdef@xGufvmvdk@ jyef0ifygtHk;/ qdkum jyefoGif;cJ@w,f// 'DvdkrsdK;vGwfzdk@ ar#mfvif@csufawG ay;vdkuf jyefzrf;vdkuf vkyfjcif;jzif@ vGwfvyfcGif@eJ@ 'Ddrdkua&pDudk jrwfEkdf;ol wOD;&J@ pdwf"gwfudk wkefv_yf acsmufcsm;atmif &dkufcsdK;vdkufwmyg// vlwcsdK@qdk&if EdSyfpufwmudk cHEkdifao;w,f// 'DvdkrsdK;pdwfydkif;qdkif&m v$wfr,fqdkyD; jyefzrf;cH&&if rsuf&nfus olus &l;oGyfolu &l;oGyf azgufjyefr_awG jzpfwwfygw,f// 'gayrJ@ OD;0if;wifuawm@ todOm%f xufjrufolwOD;yDyD 'D'%fawGudk aumif;pGm ausmfjzwf atmifEkdfifcJ@ygw,f/ 2008 pufwifbm23rSm OD;0if;wifudk v$wfay;zdk@ t0wftpm;vJcdkif;awmh ol[m vufrSwfvJrxdk; t0wftpm;vJrvJ/ v$wfcsifoy qdk&ifvJ axmift0wftpm;eJ@yJ xGufcJ@wmrdk@ jyefzrf;csifvJ tqifoifh qdkwJ@oabmxm;udk ausnmyD; jzpfoGm;ygw,f// wu,fawm@ ol@udkv$wfum teft,f'DygwDudk 2jcrf;cGJzdk@ tpDtpOfeJ@ v$wfvdkufyHk&ygw,f// 'gayrJ@ OD;0if;wifvdkyJ teft,f'D pDtD;pD xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfwJh Adkvf=uD;0if;xdef udkawm@ uav; tusOf;axmifrS v$wfay;umrdom;pkudkvJrEWav;rSmrdom;pkeSifhawG@cGifhay;r,fqdkjyD;w&ufavmufv$wfyD;umrS aemufw&ufrSm jyefzrf;oGm; jyefygw,f// 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ pdwf"gwfydkif;qdkif&mnSOf;qJenf;udk jrefrmjynftusOf;axmifrSmvlrqefpGm usifhoHk;aeqJjzpfygw,f//

EkdifiHa&;tm%mudkw&m;0ifxdrf;csLyfzdk@wzufoyfpdwfwdkfif;usa&;qGJxm;wJhta+ccHOya'udk ta+ccHjyD;twkta,mifa&G;aumufyGJudk 2010 rSmvkyfr,f@ AsL[m udk,fvleJ@udk,f wzufoyf olwdk@pdwfwdkif;us a&;qGJxm;wJ@ tajccHOya' twkta,mif}uD; aESmif@aES;oGm; rSmpdk;vdk@ em*pfrkefwdkif;}uD; 0ifar$wmawmifrS ppftpdk;&[m tajccHOya' rJay;a&;udpPudk vHk;0 txdrcHyJ vlawGudk twif;t=uyf rJay;cdkif;cJ@ygw,f// vlawG&J@ toufaygif; rsm;pGmxuf ppftm%m&Sifudk w&m;0if twnfjyKaz:xkwf ay;r,f@ olwdk@&J@ tajccHOya'u ydkta&;}uD;aywmudk;// 'g[mvJ xl;rjcm;em;yJ ordkif;bD;wygwfvnfwmyg// Adkvfae0if;vufxuf wkef;u wckwnf;aom ygwDjzpfwJ@ rqvygwDu a&;qGJwJ@ tajccHOya' qdkwm}uD;udk ppftm%m&Sif &kyfvHk;az:zdk@ Adkvfae0if;taeeJ@ a&;cJ@ao;wmyJ r[kwfygvm;/ vlawG[m apmifh=unf@cHb0rSm a=umufa=umufeJ@ rJay;cJ@=u&wmrdk@ 92&mE_ef;eJ@ wcJeufaxmufcHrJ eJ@awmif twnfjyKvdkuf ao;wmr[kwfygvm;/ tJ'D tajccHOya't& AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;rSonf EkdifiHawmforw}uD; OD;ae0if;jzpfvmcJ@ayoayg@// oef;a&$vufxufrSmawm@ tajccH Oya'opfu ppfOD;pD;csKyfudk v$wfawmfrSm ppfwyfa0pktjzpf trwf25&mE_ef;wdkuf&dkuf cef@cGif@&Sdwmrdk@ wrwfom; v$wfawmf taeeJ@ ay:vm&ayr,f// 'gwifb,furvJ olrauseyf&if tajccHOya' t& (Legally) w7m;0if olutm%modrf; cGif@vJ&Sdao;jyefyga&m// 'gudk ppftpdk;&u pnf;urf;wus 'Drdkua&pDvdk@ uifyGef;wyfxm; ayrJ@ tESpfom&uawm@ ql[mwdk vkycf J@wJ@ tif'dkeD;&Sm;yHkpH oabmw&m;r#omyg// ql[mwdkuawmh xdyfuGyfr_ 'Drdkua&pD trnfay;um oludk,fwdkif 6}udrfwdwd orw wufvkyfcJ@yD;aemuf oltkyfpkawGyJ tm%meJ@"e udkcsKyfudkifcJ@wm jzpfygw,f// tJ'Dtwdkif;yJ erlem,lum Armjynfu AdkvfcsKyfawG[m wdkif;jynf o,HZmwudk 7

Htun Aung Gyaw

csKyfudkifyD; jynfoludk u|efvkyfzdk@ w&m;0ifvkyfvdk@ &oGm;atmif ae0if;vkyfcJ@ovdk 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ udkoJoJrJrJ vkyfae=uwm jzpfygw,f// oef;a&$ uorw rvkyf&ifawmifrS ol@tkyfpku wa,mufa,mufvkyf vmygr,f/ ae0if;vufxuf eJ@ tjywftowf jcm;em;wmuawm@ pD;yGm;a&;yg// ae0if;acwfrSm qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&; pepfjzpfvdk@ A[dk&fOD;pD;pepfeJ@ oGm;vdk@ &ygw,f// 'ga=umif@ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;}uD;i,fr[ludk jynfolydkifodrf; vdkufwmyg// 'gayrJ@oef;a&$uawmh udk,f@tkyfpk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf pD;yGm;a&; pepfjzpfvdk@ vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_ uawm@jzpfcGifh r&Sdayzl;//

tydkif;(2) jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pD ajymif;vJa&;twGuf tem*gwf ar#mfrSef;csuf jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pD ajymif;vJa&;twGuf tem*gwf ar#mfrSe;f csuf [m tvGefyJ r_H0g;vSw,f// jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pD ajymif;vJa&;twGuf tiftm;pkoHk;pktay:rSm wnfrSDaeygw,f// 'gawGu ppftpdk;&/ twdkuftcH/ eJ@ EkdifiHwum tultnD wdk@jzpfygw,f// tiftm;pkeSpfckjzpfwJh ppftpdk;&eJ@ teft,f'Dwdk@ qufqHrSkaumif;raumif; ay:rSm edkifiHa7;pepf ajymif;vJoGm;a7; rlwnfaeygw,f// olwdk@2tkyfpk[m wu,fwef; &dk;om;pGm vdkvm;pGm twlwlyl;wGJum 'Drdkua&pD tajymif;tvJudk vkyfudkifvdkwJ@ qEN &Sd&J@vm;/ wdkif;jynf jy\emawGudk wlwmawG&SmazGum twlwGJvkyfvdkyg &J@vm; qef;ppf&if ppftkyfpkzufu vHk;0rvkyfvdkyg qdkwm tvGef&Sif;aeygjyD// ppftkyfpkvkyfrSmu ppftm%m&SifatmufrSm olwdk@xifovdk cs,fvS,f vkyfudkifr,f@ pD;yGm;a&; pepfjzpfygw,f// awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&; qdkwm olwdk@zufu vHk;0 tvSrf;a0; vGef;vSw,f// 'guolwdk@zuf/ teft,f'Dzufu =unf@vdkufawmh ygwDwGif;rSm vli,fawGu tm;rvdktm;r& jzpfwmrsm;w,f// teft,f'D[m ydkrdkwuf=uG tvkyfjzpfr,f@ tajymif;tvJ vkyfzdk@ jzpfEkdif&if A[dk&fu OD;aqmifaom ppftpdk;&udk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_ vkyfzdk@awmif;qdkvm =ujyDjzpfygw,f// jynfya&muf tiftm;pkrSmvJyJ ydkrdkwuf=uGaom A[dk&fOD;aqmifr_ vdkw,fqdkwJ@ jynfwGif;teft,f'DeJ@ wlnDwJ@jy\em &Sdvmygw,f// ESpf20awmfvSefa&;c&D;pOfrSm jynfya&muf edkifiHa7;OD;aqmifaewJh tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;. vkyfaqmifr_[m wdk;wufr_ r7SdcJ@yg// wwd,tiftm;pkjzpfwJ@ EkdifiHwumzdtm;uvJ vHk;0 ta&;ygwJ@ taetxm;yg/ EkdifiHwum zdtm;ryg&if ppftpdk;&zufu wpHkwckaom jyKjyifr_udkyifv#if vkyfvdrf@rSmr[kwfyg//

teft,f'D (NLD) teft,f'D OuUX OD;atmifa&$[m 'Drdkua&pD enf;pepfwus rusifhoHk;zl;/ atmufajcvlxkeJ@ vli,fawG pum;udk t+rJjiif;y,f wwfolrsdK;jzpfw,f ponfjzifh a0zef cHvm&ygw,f// teft,f'D&J@ pDtD;pDu a&G;vdkufwJ@ vli,facgif;aqmifydkif;eJ@ ywfoufvdk@ rauseyf=uvdk@ vli,fw&mausmf E_wfxGufwJ@udpP[m vl}uD;awGudk wkefv_yfapcJ@ygw,f// vli,fydkif; taeeJ@uvJ 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk ar#mfrSef;Ekdifygawm@rvm; qdkwJ@ pdwfysufr_awG vli,fawG=um;rSm ay:vmaewm jzpfygw,f/ 'g[mbmudk jyovJqdkawmh a':pkr&SdyJ OD;aqmifEkdifpGrf;/ jy\emudk ajz&Sif;EkdifpGrf; r&SdwJ@ oabmrsdK;udk jyaeygw,f// ppftpdk;&&J@ tcsdefqGJ AsL[ma=umif@ 'Dvdkjy\emawG ay:aygufvm&wm jzpfygw,f// ppftpdk;&ay:udk tm;aysm@aom cHppftaetxm;eJ@ &ifqdkifae&wJ@ teft,f'Dudk vli,fydkif;u tm;rvdktm;r& jzpfvm&wmyg// wcsdK@vli,frsm; qdk&if ukd,f@enf;udk,f@[ef vGwfvyfpGm ppftpdk;&udk qef@usifzdk@ enf;vrf;&SmazGvm ygw,f// 'DvdkvlwcsdK@udk ygwDu uefxkwfjypf wm&Sdygw,f// wcsdK@uawm@ tusOf;uscHum vGwfvrf;rjrif jzpfoGm;ygw,f// vuf&Sd teft,f'D [m awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_udk wGifwGif awmif;qdkaeayrJ@ 'Dvdk aqG;aEG;yGJ a&mufvmatmif b,fvdk zdtm;awG EkdifiHa&; tiftm;awG oHk;&r,f EkdifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awG &Sd&r,fqdkwmawG rygygzl;// 'Dvdk olwdk@ tm%mudk wkefv_yfapr,f@ udpPrygyJuawm@ ppfacgif;aqmifawG taeeJ@ ZdrfeJ@ tdyfaewmu xawmif =unf@rSmr[kwfygzl;// 8

Htun Aung Gyaw

2010 a&G;aumufyGJ ausnmcsuf[m jynfwGif;jynfy 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;udk udkifv_yfvdkufovdk jzpfoGm;ygw,f// teft,f'D taeeJ@ 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ &vm'fudk qkwfudkifw,fqdk&if 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ eJ@ywfoufyD; b,fvdkwkef@jyef wdkufcdkuf&r,f qdkwJ@enf;AsL[m udk&SmazG&mrSm jy\em t=uwftwnf; awmfawmf &Sdaewmyg// 2010 a&G;aumufyGJudk vufcHvdkufjyef&ifvJ 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ &vm'f[m wefzdk; r&Sd jzpfoGm;ygr,f// 1990a&G;aumufyGJ tm;todtrSwfjyKzdk@ ppftpdk;&xHrSm awmif;qdkcsuf tay:ppftpdk;&u todtrSwf rjyKygu b,fvdk ppftpdk;&eJ@ &ifqdkifajz&Sif; &r,fqdkwm odyftcsdefqGJvdk@ r&awmhyJ jrefjrefvkyfzdk@ teft,f'D acgif;aqmifydkif;rSm wm0ef&Sd vmygw,f// wenf;ajym&&if teft,f'D acgif;aqmifrsm; taeeJ@ r[ef@wm; Ekdifygu 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ rSm ppftpdk; [m enf;rsdK;pHk oHk;um Ekdifatmifvkyf rSm rdk@ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJrpcif tcsdefrD jynfvHk;u|wf vlxk qENjyyGJ ac:Ekdifavmufatmif teft,f'D[m ppftpdk;&tay: jywfom;pGm &ifqdkifr,f@ owWad rG;zdk@ vdkvmygw,f// tcsdefodyfrusef awm@wJ@ twGuf teft,f'D taeeJ@ acgif;aqmifydkif;udk tjrefqHk; jyKjyif ajymif;vJay;&ygr,f// wdkif;jynftwGuf toufpGef@r,ff@ vli,facgif;aqmif rsm;udk ykcHk;ajymif;ay; &ygr,f//

jynfytwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm; teft,f'DawG@&wJ@ tusyftwnf; rsdK; jynfytiftm;pkrsm; rSmvnf; &ifqdkif&ygw,f// tcsdef=umjyD jzpfawm@ 'Davmuf &Snf=umaecsdef twGif; AsL[mr&Sd wdk;wufr_ r&SdyJ jzwfoef; vmvdkuf=uwm &vm'fuawmh ppftpdk;&eJ@ ,SOf+ydKif wdkufcdkufwJ@ EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pk tjzpfuaejyD; tef*sDtdk pwdkif tiftm;pk tjzpf a&G@av#medrfhqif; vmygawm@w,f// awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;[m pkpnf;nDnGwfpGm pGrf;tif tjynf@eJ@ tvkyfvkyfEkdifpGrf; r&Sdyg// b,fa&mufvdk@ b,faygufrSef;rod v_yf&Sm;aewJ@ tpk tzGJ@i,frsm;udk pkaygif;pyfaygif;pkzGJ@ xm;wJ@ tiftm;r&Sdaom tkyfpkrsm; toGifay:aew,fvdk@ qkd&ygr,f//

wdk;wufr_ r&Sd enf;AsL[m r&Sd eSp7f Snfvrsm;ae7m,kxm;aom OD;aqmifr_ 1990a&G;aumufyGJ &vm'fudk ppftpdk;&[m todtrSwf rjyKawmhwJ@aemuf e,fpyfudk trwftcsdK@xGufvmum trsdK;om;nGef@aygif; tpdk;&udk xdkif;Arm e,fpyfwae&mrSm zGJ@cJ@wm 17ESpf=umcJ@ ayrJ@ wdk;wufr_ atmifjrifr_ wpHkw&mudk rawG@cJ@yg/ acgif;aqmifydkif;uvJ 17ESpfom =umoGm;w,f tajymif;tvJ wpHkw&m r&SdcJ@yg// 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ rSxGufay:vmwJ@ trwffrsm;eJ@ pkzGJ@xm;wJ@ v$wfawmf trwfrsm;tpnf;t7kH;[m EkdifiHa&; tm%mudk &if;jrpfusus cH,lcGif@ &Sdaom tzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf &kyfvHk;ay:vm cJ@ygw,f// r=umrSD usif;yawm@r,f v$wfawmf trwfrsm;tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0; uaeyD; acgif;aqmifr_ tajymif;tvJudk pwif vkyfaqmifcGif@ &vmrSmjzpfygw,f// tu,fIom v$wfawmftrwfrsm;tzGJ@ taeeJ@ wu,fwef; pGef@pm;vkyfudkif EkdifpGrf;&Sdaom jynfytiftm;pkrsm;udk pkpnf;nDnGwfatmif vkyfEkdfifpGrf;aom acgif;aqmifopfudk a&G;cs,f EkdfifpGrf;&Sd rnfqdkygu tiftm;}uD;w&yf &kyfvHk; ay:vmEkdifygr,f// trsdK;om; nGef@aygif;tpdk;&[m trwfrsm;eJ@om zGJ@&r,fqdkwJ@ rlt& tpdk;&tzGJ@rSm trwfr[kwfoludk tpdk;&tzGJ@0if 0ef}uD;cef@cGif@r&Sdyg// 'ga=umif@trwfomv#if 0ef}uD;vkyfcGif@ &Sdw,fqdkwm rlw&yf/ owfrSwfcsuf tjzpf jzpfay:vmygw,f// wu,fawm@ 'Drludk jyKjyifum vli,fydkif; ynmwwf xufjruf t&nftcsif;jynf@ OD;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdolrsm;udk jynfyrSm&SmazGum tiftm;&Sdaom ta0;a&muf tpdk;&wck wnfaqmuf ,loifhygw,f// twwf ynm&SifawG EkdifiHa&;ody`HygarmuQawG/ pD;yGm;a&; em;vnfwwfu|rf;olawG 9

Htun Aung Gyaw

ponfjzifh jynfytiftm;pk xJuvlawmf awGudk tpdk;& tzGJ@0if tjzpf ,loHk;oifhygw,f/ vlrsdK;pk acgif;aqmifawG vufeufudkif vlrsdK;pkxJu t&nftcsif;&SdolawG ponfjzif@ &SmazGyD; tm;jznf@oifhygw,f// 'grSom trsdK;om;nGef@aygif; tpdk;&[m ppftpdk;&udk udkifv_yfEdkfifpGrf; &Sdvmygr,f// twdwfumv wav#mufvHk;/ teft,f'D t&dyfcdkum jynfwGif; teft,f'D ajymor# xyfqifh jyefajymjy ay;aewJ@ tqifhrSm raeyJ udk,fydkifvrf;pOf udk,fydkif tiftm; xlaxmifum jynfyurBmrSm &J0ef@pGm &yfwnfwJ@ tpdk;&rsdK; jzpfoifhygw,f// bmha=umifhvJqdkawmh jynfwGif;rSm etz[m teft,f'Dudk trsdK;rsdK; 'kuQay;aeawm@ jynfwGif; teft,f'D taeeJ@ ol@t=uwftwnf;/ ol@ay;vmwJ@ tajctaet& vkyfaewm jzpfw@J twGuf jynfyu trsdK;om; nGef@aygif; tpdk;&eJ@ obm0csif; rwlwmrdk@ yHkpHwrsdK;pD v_yf&Sm;oifhwmyg// bmvkyfvkyf zrf;[,f/qD;[,f axmifcs[,feJ@ ql;=um;xJ oD;wJ@Al;oD;vdk uef@owfcsufrsm;pGm =um;rSm }udK;wef;vrf;av#muf jzpfaewJ@ jynfwGif;teft,f'DeJ@ rwlwJ@ twGuf trsdK;om;nGef@aygif; tpdk;&taeeJ@ udk,f&vmwJ@ tm;enf;csuf tm;omcsufudk =unf@um vGwfvyfe,fajrrSm ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&;udk ajAmifusus tiftm;ygyg xdyfwdkuf &ifqdkifr_rsdK; vkyf&ygr,f// jynfwGif;teft,f'Du awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJeJ@ wlnDaomoabmxm;udk &Smum wlwmwGJvkyfzdk@ vkyfae&csdefrSm trsdK;om;nGef@aygif;tpdk;& taeeJ@ jynfwiG f;teft,f'D vkyfwmudk vdkufvkyfraeyJ udk,fbmvkyfoifhw,f qdkwm oD;oef@csifhcsdefzdk@vdkygw,f// wckwnf;aom wlnDwJ@ &nfrSef;csuf yef;wdkif jzpfwJ@ 'Drdkua&pD atmifyGJtwGuf rwlnDwJ@ tajctaerSm rwlnDaom uGif;xJrSm upm;ae=u&wJ@ oD;jcm;tkyfpkcsif; jzpfa=umif; oHk;oyfzdk@vdkwmyg//

twdkuftcH tiftm;pk tjzpfrS tef*sDtdk pwdkif v_yf&Sm;ol tqif@odk@ a&G@av#medrfhusvmr_ wcsKd hawmfvSefa7;orm;rsm; vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudk pGef hy,fI t=urf;rzuf vrf;pOfudk pwif ajymif;ygawmhw,f// 'g[mvJ taxmuftyH@ay;ol tv_&Sifrsm;u t=urf;rzufol udkrSom axmufyef@r,f qdkwJ@ t"dtcsufa=umifhyg// 'Doabmxm;[m bmudkjyvJ qdkawmh 'DvdkvlrsdK;awGrSm t=urf;zuf/ rzuf ponfjzif@ bmrS wdus cdkifrmwJ@ oabmxm; ,Hk=unfcsuf&Sdvdk@r[kwfyJ udk,f@pm;0wfaea&; &yfwnfcsuftwGuf taxmuftyef@ &zdk@ aiG&yD;a&m b,fvdk acgif;pOf atmufrSm aiGrsm;rsm;&rvJ qdkwm teH@cHum rsm;rsm;&r,f@ vl=udkufrsm;wJhvkyfief;pOf aemufodk@om vdkufvm v_yf&Sm;wwfwJ@ tef*sDtdkpwdkif tzGJ@tjzpf psmefavsmum tqifhedrfhoGm;ygawmhw,f// 'DudpP[m awmfvSefa&; e,fajru twdkuftcHtiftm;pkudk t}u;D tus,f zsufqD;wJ@ vkyf&yfyg// aiGrsm;rsm;&SmEkdfif axmufyef@ay;urf;EdkifwJ@ acgif;aqmifudkrS wynf@awG aemufvdkufawGu vufcHvmygw,f// awmfvSefa&; &yfwnfcsufawG ajymif;vJum vpmeJ@ tvkyfvkyfwJ@ 0efxrf; qefaom &yfwnfcsufrsdK; jzpfoGm;ygw,f// awmfvSefa&; twGuf b,favmuf ta&;}uD;yap ydkufqHr&v#ifrvkyfEkdfif/ ay;Edkifolaemufodk@om vdkufyg&yfwnf &wJ@ tqifhrsdK; txd usqif;vmygw,f// axmufyef@aiG qdkwmawGuvJ jyef=unf@&if 0efxrf;vpm/ c&D;p&dyf ursm;aeyD; 20&mE_ef;yJ jynfwGif; a&mufygw,f// 'DvdkjzpfwJ@ tajctaeudk rESpf+rdK@Ekdifvdk@ udk,f@zgomudk,f &yfwnf &SmazGpm;aomuf qdkifawGrSm tvkyf0ifvkyf tcsif;csif;aiGpk udk,f@jynfwGif;u udk,f@tkyfpkudk vSrf;axmufyef@ aeolrsm;vJ &Sdygw,f// 'DvlawGuawmh awmfvSefa&;orm; ppfppfawGjzpf =uwJ@twdkif; tef*sDtdkpwdkifawGvdk rjywfrom; 0dk;0g;um a&$jynfat; vkyfr,fholrsdK; r[kwfzl;vdk@ qkd&ygr,f// 'Dvdk ppfrSefol awmfvSefa&; orm;awG[m ydkufqHvJeJeJyJ &ayrJ@ rsm;rsm;&wJ@ tef*sDtdkpwkdif rsm;udk aumif;aumif; &ifabmifwef;vkyfEdkif =uwmuawmh tHtm;oifhp&myg// tef*sDtdkrsm;u a':vm waomif;eJ@ vkyfwJ@ vkyfief;udk 10

Htun Aung Gyaw

awmfvSefa&;ppfppf awGu a':vm2axmif avmufeJ@ vkyfEkdifwmudk awG@&ygw,f// vkyfwJ@tcg xda&mufr_ csif;,SOf&ifvJ awmfvSefa&;orm;awG vkyfyHku ydkrdkxda&muf aumif;rGefaewm rsm;ygw,f// bma=umifhqdkawmh awmfvSefa&;orm;awGu &wJ@aiGudk jynfwGif;yJ tukefydk@wm jzpfygw,f// tef*sDtdkawGuawm@ waomif;qdk&if 8axmifavmufu 0efxrf;pm;&dwf olwdk@ toHk;pm&dyf eJ@ukefwmyg// 'g@tjyif awmfvSefa&;orm; ppfppfawGudk olwdk@&J@ &Jabmf&Jbuf tcsif;csif;u tjynf@t0 av;pm;,Hk=unf &Hkomru/ vm'frpm; aiGa=u; razgufjyefyJ tusifhoduQm&Sdol awGtjzpf twlwuG vufwGJ vkyfvdk=u wmudkvJ awG@&ygw,f// 'ga=umif@ awmfvSefa&;orm;ppfppf awGom tv_&SifawGqDu ydkufqH&vdk@uawm@ tef*sDtdkawG vkyfwmxuf 5qavmuf ruydkvkyfEkdifwmudk awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f// jynfwGif;u 88rsdK;quf ausmif;om;awG qdk&if touft&G,f tm;jzif@vJ &if@usufyD; 400ef;usifawG &Sdvmw,f/ EkdifiHa&;udpPrSmvJ &ifhusufjynf@0pGm vkyfudkifEkdifpGrf; &SdvmyDjzpfwJ@ twGuf olwdk@[m jrefrmjynf&J@ tem*gwf acgif;aqmifrsm;vdk@ qkd&ygr,f// 2008Edk0ifbmvrSm jynfya&muf 88rsdK;quf ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;[m jrefrmjynf vGwfajrmufa&; tzGJ@csKyfudk zGJ@cJ@=uygw,f// 'DtzGJ@rSm 1988jynfvHk;u|wf vlxktHk=uGr_}uD; rsm;udk acgif;aqmif vkyfudkifcJ@olrsm; trsm;tjym; yg0ifygw,f/ 'Dyk*~dKvfrsm;[m ppftpdk;&udk awmufav#muf &ifqkdifvmcJ@wm ESpf20 tawG@t}uHKvJ &dSae,Hkru jynfwGif; ajratmufausmif;om; eJ@vJ tquftoG,f &Sdovdk rsdK;qufopf ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@vJ tquftoG,f aumif;=uolrsm; jzpfygw,f// tu,fI tv_&SifawG[m trSefw&m;udk awG@jrifod&Sdum/ jrefrmjynfudk vuf&Sd tajctae uaeyD; wu,fyJ jyKjyifajymif;vJwm jrifcsifw,f qdk&if tv_&Sifrsm;[m wu,fyJ awmfvSefa&;&J@ twGif;o,k*fudk rSefrSefuefuef odoifhvSw,f// b,fol [mb,fol/ b,folu ,Hk=unfcsuf&Sd&Sd cH,lcsufjynf@yD; wu,fwef; vkyfEkdfifol jzpfw,f/ b,folu jynfwGif;eJ@ wu,f tquftoG,f &Sdw,f// b,foleJ@ vkyfrS ydkrdk xda&mufr,f qdkwmrsdK; wu,fwef; uGJjym;pGm odem;vnf oifhvSygw,f//

EkdifiHwum taxmuftyef@ (zdtm;) EkdifiHwum zdtm;[m wnDwnGwfwnf; r&SdvSyg// tmqD,rf EkdifiHrsm;/ w&kyfeJ@ &k&Sm;wdk@ qdk&if ppftpdk;&udk zdtm; ray;yJ rsufESmom ay;aeygw,f// 'Dvdk EdkifiHwum zdtm;rSm wcsdK@ wdkif;jynfrsm;&J@ ppftpdk;&ay: rsufESmom ay;r_a=umif@ pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@ta&;,lr_[modyfrxda&muf ayrJ@ wjznf;jznf;csif; ppftpdk;&udk xdcdkufapygw,f// EdkifiHwum zdtm;rygyJ ppftpdk;&udk jzKwfcszdk@ odyftcsdef=uef@=umrSm jzpfovdk jynfolvlxkvJ tawmrowf cHpm;ae&rSm jzpfygw,f//ordkif;pOf t&av@vmr,f qdk&if jrefrmjynfudk EkdifiHjcm; ppfwyf 0ifa&mufusL;ausmf cJ@wJ@ tcg ppftpdk;&jyKwfus cJ@wJ@ om"ursm; &Sdygw,f/aemufqHk;1886 ckESpfrSm t*Fvdyfppfwyf 0ifwdkufvdk@ Arm&Sifbk&if jyKwfuscJ@wmyg// 1944ck 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; rSmvJyJ *syef0ifwdkufvdk@ t*Fvdyf tpdk;&jyKwfjyefygw,f/ aemufqHk; *syefudk uefxkwf &mrSmawmif r[mrdwfwyfawG jyef0ifvmrS jzpfvmwmyg/ 'Djzpf&yf3ckt& ppfwyftkyfpdk;r_wckudk z,fzdk@ ppfa&; usL;ausmfr_ vdkw,fqdk&rSmjzpfygw,f// 'gayrJ@ acwfopfurBmrSm a&S;acwfrsm;rSmvdk ppfwyfwck 0ifwdkufzdk@ rvG,fvSayrJ@ jzpfwJ@ wdkif;jynfawGrSm vJjzpfaewmudk awG@&ygw,f// jrefrmjynfuawm@ a'oqdkif&m yx0Dtaetxm; ay: tajccHwGuf&r,fh EkdifiHa&; oabmw&m;t& qdk&ifawm@ jzpfEkdifacsr&SdvSyg// tdrfeD;csif; w&kyfjynf a=umif@ w&kyf[m ol@em;uyfaewJ@ Armjynfudk ol@vHkjcHKa&;t& EkdifiHjcm;&J@ ppfa&; usLausmfr_udk vufcHrSm r[kwfvdk@ tar&duefeJ@ taemufekdifiH rsm;pGmwdk@[m jrefrmjynf udpPudk vufa&Smif=uw,f// trSefwu,fuvJ udk,fjynfwGif;udpP udk,fom t"du jzpfwmrdk@ udk,f@tm;udk,fudk; &rSmyg// tcktcsdefrSm 88rsdK;qufacgif;aqmif rsm;jzpf=uwJ@ udkrif;udkEkdif/ udkudk}uD; rif;aZ,sm/ udkaX;=uG,f ESifhwuG usefausmif;om; acgif;aqmifawG[m &J0ef@xda&muf ajymifajrmufpGm pGef@v$wftepfemcH ae=uwm xif&Sm;aeygw,f// odk@aomf tar&duef/ Oa&my pwJ@ EkdifiHwumzdtm; uawm@ xdkolwdk@ twGuf vkdtyfvSygw,f//

11

Htun Aung Gyaw

tar&duefeJ@ Oa&mywdk@ taeeJ@ jrefrmhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_ awGxJrSm jynfwGif;jynfy atmufajcv_yf&Sm;ol awGu b,fvdk/ tvm;tvm &SdwJ@ acgif;aqmifu b,fvdk ponfjzif@ cGJjcm;odxm; oifhovdk axmufyef@r_udkvJ 2qwdk; ay;oifhygw,f// aiGa=u; axmufyef@r_eJ@ twl acwfrSDenf; ud&d,mypPnf;rsm; Oyrm a&$@ajymif;toHv$ifhpufrsm;/ qufwvdkufzkef;rsm;/ 'pf*spfw,f uifr&mrsm;/ uGefjyLwmrsm; txl;vdk ygw,f// 'grS vlxkudk pnf;&Hk;/ ynmay; vdktyfaomowif;udk pkaqmif; jzef@csdr_awGudk xda&muf xufjrufpGm vkyfEkdfirf Smjzpfygw,f//EkdifiHa&; vkyfolrsm;udk tqifhjrifh enf;ynmrsm; oif,ljcif;/ ausmif;wuf/ av@usifhponfjzifh jyKvkyfay;rSom qufoG,fa&; udpPawGrSm urBm@tqifhrSD v_yf&Sm; vmEdkifygr,f// yD;awmhvJ EkdifiHwum Oya'/ pufr_vkyfief;7SifeSifh tvkyform;qdkif&m qufqHa&; qdkfif&m tqifhjrifhenf; ynmbmom/ EkdifiHwum quffqHa&;/ a'oqdkif&m pDrHuGyfuJa&; bmom&yfrsm;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf av@vmaom bmomrsm;/ tm&Swdkufqdkif&m Oa&myqdkif&m txl;jyKbmomrsm;/ EkdifiHwumody`H/ jy\emrsm;udk csOf;uyfenf;/ nSdE_dif;aqG;aEG;a&; enf;ynm bmom&yf abm*aA' ponfjzif@ bmom&yfrsm;udk tem*gwfjrefrm EkdifiHawmftwGuf pwifpOf;pm; ysdK;axmif xm;oifhvSygw,f//

ed*Hk;csKyf

ppftpdk;&[mtwdkuftcHudkvHk;0rnSdyJxnf@vJrpOf;pm;yJwzufoyf2010 a&G;aumufyGJudkom pdkif;jyif;aecsdefrSm jrefrmjynfudk 'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynftjzpfwnfaqmufa&;tem*gwf[mwu,fawm@ra&&myJr_ef0g;aeqJyg//ydkqdk;wmutwdkuftcHawG[m vJ pkpnf;r_ r&SdyJ jyef@usJ aeovdk jynfwGif; teft,f'D&@J OD;aqmifr_uvJ tdkrif;&ifha,mf aeovdk jzpfygw,f// jynfy twdkuftcHrsm; =ujyefawmhvJ OD;aqmifEkdifpGrf; r&Sdavmufatmif tiftm; csdeJ@ukefwJ@ tjyif vuf&Sdb0av;/ a&mufaeqJ ae&mav;udkyJ tysufrcHEdkif taoqkwfudkif zufwG,fum pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;vdkpdwf rsm;aysmufuG,f ukef=uyg+yD// wzufu 'DvdkjzpfaecsdefrSm ppftpdk;&zufuawmh wOD;wa,muf &J@ OD;aqmifr_ atmufrSm yef;wdkifwckwnf;udk pdkufvdkufrwfwyf vkyfaewmyg// tu,fI twdkuftcHrsm; taeeJ@ 2010a&G;aumufyGJudkom tcsdefrD r&yfEkdif&if ppfwyf[m a&G;aumufyGJudk Edkifatmif usif;yjzpfoGm;ygr,ff// jynfwGif;jynfy teft,f'Drsm; taeeJ@ 'DvdktcsdefrsdK;rSm wjynfvHk; wdkif;twmeJ@ us,fjyef@wJ@ ajratmuf v_yf&Sm;r_ qufoG,fa&; vrf;a=umif; wckudk yDjyifpGm csxm;oifhygw,f// jynfolvlxkudk vJynmay;&mrSm “vlxku rvkyf&Jvdk@ aemufwGef@aevdk@ 2010a&G;aumufyGJom yD;oGm;&if ppfwyf[m aemif tESpf20 qufvuf tkyfcsKyfoGm;Ekdifr,f qdkwmudk oabm aygufcH,lapum 2010 a&G;aumufyGJudk b,fyHkb,fenf; qef@usif wdkufzsuf=ur,f vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk b,fvdk xlaxmifyD; tm;aumif;vmapr,f” qdkwmudk r[mAsL[majrmuf jyifqifa&;onf wckwnf;aom enf;vrf; jzpfw,fqdkwmudk em;vnfum pkpnf; vkyfudkif =uzdk@ txl; vdktyfvSygw,f// 'Drdkua&pDenf; rusyJ wzufoyf qefvGef;aom tajccHOya'rsdK;udk vufoifhrcHyJ 'DvdkrsdK;vkyfaewJ@ etztay: EkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xJrSm ukvor*~wdk@vdk tzGJ@rsdK;uawmh zdtm;udk xda&mufpGm ay;oifhygw,f// tu,fI ukvor*~eJ@ taemufEkdifiH wdk@[m 2010a&G;aumufyGJudk rSm;,Gif;pGm axmufcHrdcJ@ygv#if jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawGudktiftm;csnfh eJ hoGm;atmif vkyfvdkuf7Hkomru vltcGif@ta&; twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifae =uwJ@ urBmh'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkudkyg xdcdkuf tEW&,fjyKrSm jzpfygw,f// urBmay:&Sd tjcm;tjcm;aom tm%m&Sifrsm; udkvJ aumif;aumif;vkyfenf;udkifenf; jyvdkufovdk jzpfoGm;jyD; vGwfvyfjyD; w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJ7vm'frsm;udk wzufoyf qefaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;eJ@ tpm;xdk;vdk@ &w,f urBmuvJ vufcHr,fqjdkyD; vrf;rSm;udk jyay;vkdufovdk jzpfoGm;ygr,f// jrefrmjynf&J@awmufyaomtem*gwfonftpdk;7.twdkuftcHrsm;tay:trSefwu,fajymif;vJvdkpdwfjzifhndSkedSif;aqG;aEG;t ajz7SmvmrSk/twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;&J@nDnGwfr_/'Drkdua&pDudka&S;&laomtajymif;tvJudkwu,fwef;tm;aumif;aumif;eJ@ axmufyef@aom EdkifiHwum taxmuf tyef@ qdkwJ@ tcsuf3csuf ay: rlwnfaerSm jzpfw,f qdkwmudk ed*Hk;csKyf wifjytyfygw,f// 12