Riska A.b.docx

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY

1.1. Background Structural geology is a branch of science that studies the architectural forms of the earth's crust along with geological phenomena that cause the changes of form (deformation) in the rocks that form the earth's crust. According to Bagley (1965), structural geology is the study of individual structures (crust) such as anticlines, trusts, linear faults and others in a tectonic unit of the earth's crust. Spenser (1977), argues that what is studied in structural geology includes "primary structural fatures" (primary structures) and "secondary structural fatures" (secondary structures). Primary structures include structures formed during rock formation, for example sedimentary structures in sedimentary rocks, flow structures in igneous rocks and foliation structures in metamorphic rocks. Secondary structure is a structure where it is formed after the process of rock formation mainly due to external stresses that work during or after the formation of rocks, for example secondary structures are stocky, cesarean, and folds. This is the largest part of structural geology mainly studying this secondary structure.

1.2. Formulation of the problem 1. what is geology? 2. what covers the geology as the knowledge of the earth? 3. what are the branches in geology? 1.3 goals 1. understand what is meant by geology 2. understand the branches in geology 1.4 benefits In order for students at PGRI university to know the material about "geology as a science of the earth"

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1. Geology. Etymologically Geology comes from the Greek word Geo which means earth and Logos which means science, So Geology is the study of the earth. In general Geology is a science that studies the planet Earth, including its composition, its formation, and its history. Since the Earth is composed of rock, its knowledge of composition, formation, and history is central to understanding the history of the earth. In other words, rock is the main object studied in geology.

2.3 Earth-forming process Earth is the planet where all living things and their contents live. As the abode of living things, the earth is composed of several layers of the earth, the materials of the earth forming, and all the natural wealth contained therein. The shape of the earth's surface is different, ranging from land, sea, mountains, hills, lakes, valleys, and so forth. The Earth as one of the planets included in the solar system in the universe is not as silent as what we have anticipated, but the earth rotates its axis (rotation) and moves around the sun (revolution) as the center of the solar system. This is what causes the day and tides. Therefore, the process of the formation of the earth can not be separated from the process of formation of our solar system. The most popular theory of earth formation is The big bang theory. 2.4 The Composite Structure of the Earth Earth is the third planet in the solar system and is the only planet occupied by living things. The earth formed about 4,600 million years ago, forming a mass of incandescent and liquid rocks. After millions of years the mass of the rock cools so that the surface layer becomes solid and forms a crust layer of the earth due to the cooling process. The melted rocks from within come out through the cracks of the earth's crust and froze on the surface of the earth. The gas formed during the cooling process is partly vaporized. The gases on the surface eventually become the atmosphere layer. Earth gravity forces prevent the gas from coming out of the earth's surface.

About 1,000 million years ago, the earth's surface was a vast land area surrounded by oceans. The land is then split into several landmasses due to the shifting of the earth's surface plate. The Beumi consists of 3 distinct parts namely, the earth's crust, the mantle, the outer core and the inner core. Besides physically, the earth can also be divided into layers of lithosphere and asthenosphere. The lithosphere layer is the top layer that covers the earth's crust and the upper part of the earth's mantle. The lithosphere is solid, solid but easily broken. The lithosphere floats above the asthenosphere. Astenosphere is a liquid layer that includes the lower mantle and the outer core of the earth. This layer is "weak" with very high temperatures. In this layer occurs the convection currents that move the plates of the earth's surface. 1. Composition and Layer of Earth (Inland Structure) The internal state of the earth has been proposed only on the basis of hypotheses. The investigation of the earth's contents actually only covers areas with a depth no more than a tunnel of drilling or deep underground depths. The Earth's mass is approximately 5.98 × 1024 kg. The main content is iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%) , Calcium (1.5%), and aluminum (1.4%); And the remaining 1.2% consists of various rare elements. Because of the process of separation of the mass, the core of the earth is believed to have the main content of iron (88.8%) and less nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%) and the rest less than 1% rare element. [10] Geochemist F. W. Clarke calculates that about 47% of the Earth's crust consists of oxygen. The most common rocks found in the earth's crust are almost oxides; Chlorine, sulfur and florin are exceptions and the amounts in the rocks are usually less than 1%. The major oxides are silica, alumina, iron oxide, lime, magnesia, potassium and soda. The main function of silica is as an acid, which forms silicates. This is the basic nature of the most common minerals of igneous rocks. Based on calculations of 1,672 analyzes of various rock types, Clarke concluded that 99.22% of rocks consist of 11 oxides. Other constituents occur only in small amounts. One of the first experts who expressed his opinion on matter and form in the earth is Plato. According to him, the earth consists of a fluorescent period of liquid and is surrounded by a layer of hard rock called the Earth's crust. The glowing liquid period comes from within the earth and sometimes outward reaches the surface of the earth in the form of lava through volcanic pipes.

However, an investigation of earthquakes (seismology) provides another view of the deep state of the earth. Based on seismology investigation known that geolombang earthquake propagation influenced by substance of compiler of earth. Seismological investigation also proves that the earth consists of layers that are bounded by non-continuous (discontinuous) layers. Various studies and geophysical studies have proven that the earth is formed from 7 particular layers from the inside out with the arrangement as follows: Earth structure is divided into 3 main layers, namely crust (crush), blanket (mantle), and core (core). The structure of the earth is like that of an egg, its shell as a crust, white as a blanket, and yellow as the core of the earth. 1. Earth Crust (Crush) The crust is the outermost layer of the earth's crust (the surface of the earth). The crust consists of two types, namely continental crust and oceanic crust. The layer of the earth's crust is 70 km thick and is composed of both alkaline and acidic rocks. However, the thickness of this layer is different between on land and on the seafloor. On land the thick layer of the earth's crust reaches 20-70 km, while on the seabed reaches about 10-12 km. This layer becomes a home for all living things. The temperature at the bottom of the earth's crust reaches 1,100 ° C. Earth's crust is the outermost layer of the earth and has a thickness of 5-80 km. The crust with the mantle is limited by Mohorovivic Discontinuity. The dominant crust is composed of feldsfar and other silicate minerals. Earth's crust is divided into du Oceanic crust, composed of minerals rich in Si, Fe, Mg called sima. The thickness of the oceanic crust ranges from 5-15 km (Condie, 1982) with an average density of 3 gm / cc. Oceanic crust is usually called basaltic layer because its constituent rocks are mainly basalt compositions. The continental crust, composed of minerals rich in Si and Al, is therefore unlucky. The thickness of the continental crust ranges from 30-80 km (Condie! 982) on average 35 km with an average gravity of about 2.85 gm / cc. Continental crust is commonly referred to as granitis because its rocks consist mainly of rocks composed of granite. Besides differences in thickness and specific gravity, the continental crust's age is usually older than oceanic crust. The known continental rocks are about 200 million years old or Jurassic. This age is very young when compared with the oldest continent crust is about 3800 million years.

2. Earth Blanket (Mantle) The blanket or the earth's sheath is a layer that lies beneath the earth's crust. As the name implies, this layer serves to protect the inside of the earth. The earth thickness reaches 2900 km and is a layer of solid rock containing silicate and magnesium. The temperature at the bottom of the blanket reaches 3,000 ° C, but the pressure has not yet affected the rock density. The earth's core is wrapped in a magnesium-rich mantle. The core and the mantle are limited by Gutenberg Discontinuity. Earth coat is divided into two, namely top coat that is plastic to semiplastis has a depth of up to 400 km. The bottom coat is solid and has a depth of up to 2900 km.

The upper upper coating of the crust is solid and together with the crust forms a single entity called the lithosphere. The upper, plasticized or semiplastic bottom coat is referred to as the asthenosphere. The earth blanket is divided into 3 parts, namely lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere. A. Litosphere is the outermost layer of the earth blanket and is composed of solid materials, especially rocks. Layer lithosphere thickness reaches 50-100 km. Together with the earth's crust, these two layers are called lithosphere plates. The lithosphere is composed of two major layers, the pesky layer (silisium and aluminum) and the sima layers (silicium and magnesium). 1) The pesky layer is a lithosphere layer composed of silica and aluminum metal. Compounds of both metals are SiO2 and Al2O3. The rocks contained in the unlucky layer include sedimentary rock, granite, andesite, and metamorphic. 2) The sima layer is a lithosphere layer composed of silica and magnesium metal. The compounds of the two metals are SiO 2 and MgO. The weight of the sima type is greater when compared to the weighing of the pesky layer. That's because the sima layer contains iron and magnesium B. Astenosphere is a layer located under the lithosphere. Layers of 100-400 km thick is suspected as a formation of magma (magma parent). C. Mesosphere merpakan layer located under the layer of astenosphere. This layer is 2,400-2,700 km thick and is composed of a mixture of alkaline and iron rocks.

CHAPTER III COVER

1. CONCLUSION A. Geology is a science that studies the evolution of the earth and its inhabitants from the beginning of formation to the present that can be traced from its forming rocks. B. That in geological sciences can be branches of its knowledge, Mineralogy, Petrology, Paleontology, Historical Geology, Economic Geology, Geophysics, Geomorphology, Geological Engineering 2. SUGGESTIONS So the preparation of this paper, so it would be useful for the readers, especially for the writer himself. Suggestions and criticism from readers will always be authors receive for better paper writing next.

ESTABLISHMENT OF GEOLOGICAL ESTABLISHMENT OF EARTH

OLEH : RIZCHA AMELIA BAKRI R1C116115

JURUSAN TEKNIK GEOLOGI FAKUL5TAS ILMU DAN TEKNOLOGI KEBUMIAN UNIVERSITAS HALU OLEO

KENDARI

2017