Revolutionary Movements

Revolutionary Movements 1815-1848

Background 

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In order to maintain peace , the statements in the Congress of Vienna decided to Restore former rulers no matter they were incompetent and despotic To redivide Europe at the expense of small nations

Background  The

ideas of Liberalism and Nationalism had spread all over Europe.  The statements in the Congress of Vienna ignored the trends.  The saw liberalism and nationalism as threats of European peace, and should be suppressed.

Revolutionary Movements around 1820  Revolutions

in Spain, Portugal and Naples(1820) Failed  Revolutions in Piedmont and Lombardy (Italy) (1821) Failed  The Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) Treaty of London

1830 Revolution France between 1815-1830  After

Napoleon was defeated in 1815, Louis XVIII was appointed to the throne.  He declared a new Charter for France.  French people experienced a more Liberal political situation under Louis XVIII.

1830 Revolution France between 1815-1830 

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In 1824, Charles X succeeded Louis XVIII as the King of France. Charles X was a reactionary.

1830 Revolution France between 1815-1830  In

July 1830, Charles X declared the July Ordinance which was a law: 2. To withdraw the freedom of the press; 3. To reduce the franchise 4. To dismiss the Chamber of Deputies

1830 Revolution France between 1815-1830 The July Revolution then broke out and Charles X was overthrown.  Louis Philippe, a noble who was sympathetic to the middle classes, was chosen ‘the King of the French’ 

Revolutions in other European States 

Inspired by the July Revolution in France, revolutions broke out in different places in Europe:

Italy:  Members of the Carbonari rose arms in Parma, Modena and the Papal States  All these revolutions failed and suppressed by the Austrian troops.

Revolutions in other European States German States:  Uprisings were found in various German states between 1830-31  People in Hanover and Saxony forced their rulers to grant them a constitution.  Revolutions were all suppressed by the German rulers under the influence of Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor  The only fruit left was that Saxony was able to retain her constitution after expelling all liberals in the government.

Revolutions in other European States Poland  Most part of Poland was given to Russia at the Congress of Vienna.  Inspired by the July Revolution, the Poles revolted against the Russians in 1830.  The revolution was suppressed.

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32) Background:  In 1815, Belgium was combined with Holland to prevent French future expansion.  Belgians were unhappy to the decision since the Belgian and the Dutch were different people

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32) 

A comparison of the Belgian and the Dutch Belgian

Dutch

Language

French

Dutch

Religion

Roman Catholic Agricultural

Protestant

Economy

Population 3.5 million

Overseas trade 2 million

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32) Despite of the above factors, the Dutch was made the ruler of the new state. . WHY?  Prince William of the House of Orange was made King of William of the new Kingdom.  The official language was Dutch  Half of the seats in the parliament were given to the Dutch  The capital was in Hague (Dutch) 

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32) Incited by the July Revolution of France, the Belgians revolted in Brussels in August 1830  The Belgian proclaimed the independence of Belgium. 

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32)  Britain

and France wanted to help the Belgians.  Russian, Austria and Prussia preferred to uphold the Dutch rule.

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32)  Russia

was busy to cope with the revolution in Poland, while Austria was also busy in Italy.  Prussia was alarmed by the revolutions in German states and became cautious to send troops to Belgium.

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32)  The

Powers proclaimed neutral in the Conference of London in 1831.  The Belgian National Congress drafted a new constitution in 1832.  A constitutional monarchy was created.  They also offered the throne to the son of Louis Philippe.

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32)  Realized

that danger of British opposition, Louis Philippe declined the offer.  The crown eventually went to Prince Leopard, uncle of Queen Victoria of Britain, and became Leopard I of Belgium

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32) Although the Dutch refused to recognize the independence of Belgium at the very beginning, she had to face the reality under the pressure of both Britain and France.  In 1839, the Treaty of London was signed by the Dutch to recognize the independence of Belgium.  Belgium became an “independent and perpetually neutral state” under the guarantee of the Five Powers 

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32)  Belgium

became an “independent and perpetually neutral state” under the guarantee of the Five Powers

The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32)  2. 3. 4. 5.

Significances The first important change to the status quo after 1815 settlement A British diplomatic victory Set-back of the three eastern Powers Criticisms to Louis Philippe because he failed to extent French influence to Belgium.

Revolutionary Movement in 1848  2.

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Background Liberalism and nationalism further developed after 1830. Industrial development created a growing middle class and a working class. Economic recession between 1846 and 47 created social discontents

February Revolution of France, 1848  Louis

Philippe, who was chosen to be the King of the French, relied on the support of the middle class.  There were growing discontent against Louis Philippe

February Revolution of France, 1848 As a middle class was growing, they demanded further liberal reforms.  The growing working class demanded votes and a better working environment.  The Republicans were outlawed  The legitimists supported the claims  The Bonapartists disliked Louis Philippe’s foreign policy.  The Catholic Church disliked His religious policy. 

February Revolution of France, 1848  Louis

Philippe’s government suppressed the opposition  Newspapers were censored  “Law of Association” was passed to ban anti-government societies  Freedom of speech was limited. People would be arrested if he claimed that he supported the Bourbon family

February Revolution of France, 1848  Working

class worked in a very poor condition. Low wages and long working hours were common  The situation worsen in 1847 and 48 with bad harvest.

February Revolution of France, 1848 Reform banquets were common in Paris.  These banquets were the results of censoring the press. People made use of these banquets to express their demand to reform.  Situation ran out of control in February 1848. People joined these banquets began rioting.  Louis Philippe decided to abdicate and fled to England on the 24th February, 1848. 

Revolution in Italy 

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Revolution had been broken out in Sicily in January. King Ferdinand II was forced to proclaim a constitution In March, Charles Albert, the king of Piedmont, tried to expel the Austrian from Italy. Pope Pius IX also introduced reform in Papal State Venice revolted against Austria and declared herself an independent republic in March, after the downfall of Metternich Austria eventually reestablished her control over Italy.

Revolution in Austria  2.

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Background Austrian Empire was a multiracial Empire. The Empire made up with Germans, Hungarian, Croatians, Slovenes and Czechs The social and economic situation in Austria was similar to France in 1789: The nobles enjoyed various privileges and economic was backward.

Revolution in Austria  Incited

by the February Revolution in France, there were demonstrations led by students and professors.  Metternich was forced to resign and fled to England.  In Hungary, the Hungarian declared independent of Austria  The Emperor, Ferdinand I then proclaimed a constitution

Revolution in Austria  Since

the different races fight against each other, the Austrian troops suppressed the revolution with the help of Russian army  The revolution was gradually under control.

Revolution in German states  

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After the February Revolution, many German rulers were forced to proclaim constitution. A national Parliament met at Frankfurt and began to draft a constitution for a future German Federation Members from the parliament decided to exclude Austria from the new German Federation, and the crown would be given to the King of Prussia The Prussian King refused to accept the crown. Since they lacked support from major German states, the parliament dissolved itself in 1849.