Revision Outline 2009

PLANNING FOR CHANGE: SETTLEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT Core Module, Section A: 30 marks.

SETTLEMENT p.6 – 29 New homes in MEDCs: Why is demand for houses growing at a faster rate than population growth would suggest? Where should these new homes – and other developments - be built? Greenfield vs Brownfield sites. Using the example of Ashford, Kent to illustrate these ideas (although this is not an actual case study), also local examples in Romford, Brentwood etc. Rapid Urban Growth in LEDCs Case study: Sao Paulo Why are LEDC cities growing fast? – Natural population growth (still high birth rates but falling death rates – know why) and rural to urban migration (know push and pull factors; video notes – NE Brazil). Population structure is affected as many migrants are young adults, often male. Sao Paulo p.14 – 21 – location, growth, terms eg conurbation, CBD - effects of rapid urban growth – housing issues – the development of favelas – why? where? characteristics? How favela housing develops over time until it becomes ‘ordinary’ permanent housing with water, sanitation, electricity etc. Schemes to improve favela housing – know the various options. - employment issues – formal and informal sector Can urban areas be made more sustainable –transport & waste disposal What factors make a city un/sustainable? (what does this term mean?) Transport issues & solutions in London – Case Study – general info. P. 24 – 25. Notes and research on what London is doing to reduce issues & improve transport in London eg congestion charge, developing new rail & tram links, Park & Ride schemes, pedestrianisation, eg in Havering, - make sure you know detail. Managing London’s waste – Case Study p. 28 – 29 – what are the issues? What happens to London’s waste? Why do we need alternatives to landfill? What is/could be done?

EMPLOYMENT P. 30 – 53 Types of employment – know these terms: primary, secondary (manufacturing), tertiary(services), quaternary; know examples. In/formal. Part/full time. Heavy/light manufacturing. Raw materials. Manufacturing – can be processing raw materials, assembling components, of finishing goods. High tech. Footloose industries. How employment varies around the world – and changes with time. p.32 – 33 A TRANS NATIONAL CORPORATION – NIKE CASE STUDY – p38 – 41. What is a TNC? Know how different parts of the company’s activities are located in different parts of the world and why; also why the countries used to make Nike goods change over time. ‘GLOBALISATION’ – what is this and how has it helped TNCs like Nike. What are the working conditions like for workers in factories employed by Nike – good and bad aspects (good eg people still want to work there – why?) – how does Nike claim to have improved conditions? (Note - this overlaps with the case study below). A CAMPAIGN AGAINST CHILD LABOUR – PRIMARK CASE STUDY We studied Primark – you need to know about the issues of child labour in factories used by Primark and who has campaigned against this (you need precise names, not just vague ideas). How has Primark responded? WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN THE GLOBAL WORKPLACE – THE EXAMPLE OF READING - CASE STUDY P.42 – 53 The M4 Corridor – an area of growth – with high tech and other footloose industry – p.52 – 53. Why is this area attractive to modern industry? Agglomeration economies. READING – location; traditional industries; modern industries. Why this is an attractive area for modern industry ( see general points for M4 corridor too) Attraction of URBAN-RURAL FRINGE for modern industry, retail, services, sports venues – why are these locations often favoured over city-centre locations? Found on modern, well-planned science parks/technology/retail/industrial parks – what are these like? The bid rent theory p. 49 traditionally helped explain why shopping centres were found in the middle of cities, housing on the edge – however, modern trends for out-of town shopping and industry makes this less valid. The CITY CENTRE FIGHTS BACK – as shops & businesses move to the edge of the city, the centre becomes run-down and depressed – making it even less attractive – shut shops, vandalism, graffiti, etc. What has Reading done to try to revive the town centre? – know details about THE ORACLE CENTRE. p50 -51 (To imagine this in terms of our local situation, what has Romford done to try and bring back life to the centre, following serious decline linked to Lakeside & Bluewater?)

THE USE AND ABUSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT Two (option) units: WATER and RECREATION AND TOURISM 20 marks for each, in Section B.

it is essential that you choose the correct options – do not go for Weather & Climate or Farming – even if you think the questions look easy – you do not have the necessary detail!!

WATER Water supply – water cycle; stores & sources of water (eg oceans/groundwater/rivers/ reservoirs) –p.150 – 151. Variation in rainfall – p.152 – 153 – totals vary from place to place, across the year (seasonally) from year to year). Using hydrographs to measure the amount of water flowing down rivers (discharge), comparing with rainfall. Variations in supply can result in drought – in UK, this usually only lasts for a few weeks and causes inconvenience eg hosepipe ban, but in other countries, especially LEDCs, it can last for years and lead to crops failures, famine & death; MEDCs eg Australia ,]may experience droughts lasting several years but able to cope better. Is there enough water for everyone? P. 154 – 155 – Water is likely to be one of the biggest issues of the 21st century. It is needed for domestic, agricultural (irrigation), industrial, power supply, environmental needs. But the amount demanded varies greatly – and in MEDCs, DEMAND for water is much greater than in LEDCs – why? Why is demand now growing in LEDCs as well as MEDCs? What is water stress? Examples of growing demand – and sometimes conflict - urban areas eg Shanghai p. 158 – 159, SW USA p.160 -161 & video; Israel p.166 – 167 & video – virtual water, stakeholders.

WATER MANAGEMENT SCHEME – THE ASWAN DAM, R.NILE, EGYPT, CASE STUDY P.156 – 157, 162 – 165.

Why demand is rising – and the problem of supplying water in a desert environment – rarely any rain; only major source of water is Nile, with its sources in wetter areas of Lake Victoria & the Ethiopian Highlands. The Aswan Dam is a MULTI-PURPOSE SCHEME – providing water for irrigation, for industry, for urban areas & villages, but also generating HEP, removing the annual flood risk, etc – you need to know details of its advantages and also its disadvantages, also stakeholders’ views on its development. Also know the factors which make a location a good one for the building of a dam ( a popular question!).

THE ARAL SEA CASE STUDY – MISMANAGEMENT OF A LAKE P. 168 -171 Issues – pollution and the shrinking of the sea. Know details of causes and impacts – social, economic, environmental. Solutions – what is being done to try to save the sea & to manage it more sustainably?

WATER FUTURES P. 172 - 173

RECREATION AND TOURISM p.222 – 245 Why are more people visiting the countryside? –changing patterns of holidays and the reasons for these; the range of attractions in the countryside. p 222- 225 NATIONAL PARKS – THE LAKE DISTRICT NP as an example of an EU NP – p. 226 – 241 What are National Parks, what makes them special, what attractions, activities & facilities do they offer? Who manages them? Where abouts in the UK are they mostly found (Know some names and characteristics) Note that the SOUTH DOWNS have just been given NP status. THE LAKE DISTRICT NP – location, distinctive features – related to geology, shaping by glacial processes in the Ice Age, human activities. Increasing no. of visitors, facilities & activities for visitors. The benefits of tourism – and the disadvantages – and possible solutions - social/economic/environmental. Future developments. Managing the Lake District sustainably – the issues of speed boats on Lake Windermere – know a range of stakeholder views, for and against. Note that the 10mph speed limit is now in force, effectively preventing the use of speed boats. The role of the National Park Authority in reducing & managing conflict. Examples of management methods from the USA. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN ZIMBABWE - P. 242 – 245

Note: the present political situation means that there is unlikely to be very much tourism at all at the moment – however, the Campfire Project has been of benefit until the last few years.

The Campfire Project aims to provide an alternative to mass tourism which often brings little benefit to local people. The project aimed to promote ecotourism, which although on a much smaller scale, would do less environmental damage and would bring much greater benefit to local communities, who would also have a much greater say in what would happen and how the profits would be spent. The tourist schemes would also promote conservation – often local people had been put at a great disadvantage through the creation of National Parks, being forced off of their traditional lands & no longer permitted to graze their animals in these areas. Also, as numbers of elephants etc grew in the NPs, food supplies became short and they wandered into the villagers’ crop fields, doing considerable damage – not popular with the villagers! Ecotourism projects have helped villagers to appreciate, and to benefit from, the economic value of animals – as the animals become a tourist attraction, and now the villagers get a share of the tourist profits. Make sure that you know details of the scheme, ways in which wildlife can provide money, how the villagers are involved and the sort of facilities which have been developed as a result of the Campfire Project. Trophy Hunting – which may seem abhorrent to us – is considered a form of ecotourism, bringing in much money and helping to control elephant populations – learn this but don’t forget that it is only part of the Campfire Project; remember that it is controlled eg by quotas and licences.