Research Paper Globa And Reli.docx

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig Alcalde Jose St., Kapasigan, Pasig City College of Computer Studies

Globalization and Religion

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Modern Contemporary World

Submitted to:

Dr. Cecile DM. Espiritu

Submitted by:

Ma. Caroline D. Cabrera BSIT-1B

November 2018

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction Globalization

and

religion

engage

in

flexible

relationship – globalization affects religion in a way that it is turning one community to have a heterogenized culture and beliefs. The relationship between the two will

remain;

as

the

deterritorialization,

process migration

of

modernization,

and

glocalization

continue. Religion plays a major role in our society – it is one of the most influencing facets in our world in which it connects people in the global world to create a homogenized and single community. Thus, it serves as an identity of a community. Nevertheless, this idea can still be removed due to the various spread of religion in a specific location. Pertaining to one religion implies pertaining to one

culture.

In

today’s

time,

various

religion

had

spread all over the world whereas at the same time, it implies the spread of culture and beliefs of specific religion. In fact; due to the inevitable spread of

1 | Globalization

and

Religion

religion, it leads to the emergence of homogenization of religion and culture. Also, it leads to the expansion of cultural ties between the people and human migration. However, globalization today is irreversible and constant wherein it creates an impact to the various spread of religion in the world. Moreover, this study highlights the factors of how globalization affects the expansion of religion and culture – globally and locally.

1.2 Background of the Study During post-World War II, people from Third World and developing countries migrated to developed First World nations.

Migration started after the World War II

along with the spread of religion. In this case, it resulted to the process of culturation – combination of culture between the homeland and host land of the new migrants. However, in this case, new migrants may still maintain their complex links to their homelands and may not fully absorb their new culture to preserve their transnational ties. On the other hand, there are some instances that people in a specific area may adopt the 2 | Globalization

and

Religion

culture of the migrants yet there are some who still tend to practice the old culture. For instance, when Spaniard introduced Christianism in the Philippines, most of Filipinos embraced the new religion and culture where in fact; according to the statistics of Department of Tourism, at least 83% of the total population in Philippines

belongs

Nevertheless,

even

to

the

today,

Roman

Catholic

there

are

faith.

still

some

indigenous tribes who are practicing the old tradition – Animism. Movement of people across the world triggered the deterritorialization of religion wherein it refers to the expansion of religion in other territory. In this case, it leads to the process of hybridization or globallocal religion (glocalization). This process registers the ability of religion to connect different communities with

communal

instance,

the

attachment

and

Easternization

local of

the

relation. West

-

For the

adaptation of the West from the religious imports of the East such as various religious practices like yoga and meditation. Moreover, in terms of secularization, according to Martin (2005), “Employment of culture can forestall

3 | Globalization

and

Religion

secularization success”. Therefore, secularization is being

prevented

by

the

employment

of

culture

since

religion and state differs on their belief that is resulting to the occurrence of conflict between the two. As

a

result

globalization

of

of

inevitable

religion;

and

religions

irreversible are

spreading

around the world where different culture and beliefs emerged resulting to have hybridized and heterogenized religion. However, in today’s time, it is resulting to increase of cultural barriers between religions that produces conflicts. Also, due to the beliefs of religion it is also leading to the process of secularism. Diversity of religion’s beliefs produces conflicts in which it is causing violence – war and terrorism in which

supposedly

religion

should

promote

peace

and

harmony but what’s happening today is that it is one of the sources of disturbance in the world. For instance, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) a terrorist group who believes and want to rule a caliphate system around the world with the use of violence and war. However, in the case of Philippines there are various religions that are competing against beliefs such as the war between Iglesia ni Cristo (Eraño G. Manalo) and Members Church

of

God

International

4 | Globalization

and

(Eliseo

Soriano).

Religion

On

the

political side, there are conflicts that are occurring between

religion

and

state

wherein

religion

is

interfering the state which is supposedly there should be no affiliation between the two. Furthermore, this research reveals the effects of religion’s expansion as well as the effect of hybridized religion in a specific territory.

1.3 General Problem Religious beliefs cause conflicts: religionto-religion and religion-to-state. Religion’s

diversity

in

a

realm

can

reduce cultural barriers but in today’s time, the reality of having diverse religion causes conflicts in which various religions see their beliefs as mutually exclusive – the idea in which their beliefs are right and other’s beliefs are wrong. This implies the conflicts between one’s religion’s beliefs versus one’s religion’s

beliefs

and

religion’s

versus state’s beliefs.

5 | Globalization

and

Religion

beliefs

1.4 Specific Problems 

Religion

as

a

hindrance

to

secularization

of

church,

process. Due

to

the

violating the

beliefs

law

it

that indicates that

is the

Church and State should be separated. 

Occurrence of religious war. Religious war today is primarily caused by the differences of religions which include the practices, beliefs and culture.



Occurrence of terrorism. Religious terrorism is carried out based on the goals and motivations of a certain religion that wants to spread and influence its beliefs.



Increasing

incident

of

people’s

confusion

on

what to believe. Due to the different beliefs of religions it is leading people to be confused on which beliefs they will rely and practice. In this

6 | Globalization

and

Religion

case it is also leading to the process of religious conversion.

7 | Globalization

and

Religion

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

AND STUDY 2.1 Foreign Literature 

Religious wars According in an article by Sapinksy (2015) during Mesopotamian Ages, people have fought one another over religious dispute, often because they believed that their God was guiding them to do so, in order to conquer land and build their nation. Sapinksy cited examples of religious wars. One of the examples is the French Wars of Religion between 1562 A.D and 1598 A.D. The war all started when Protestantism, particularly Calvinism was growing in a land dominated by Catholics. were

contradicting.

Catholics

Their opinions

adhered

to

the

principle that the practice of traditions would atone their sins while Protestants revolutionized the idea of Christian religion by asserting that the only thing that could save them was faith alone. Because of these differences, Protestants began to put up anti-Catholic posters. Protestants turned to iconoclasm - the destruction of images and statues

8 | Globalization

and

Religion

in Catholic churches. Vandalism spawned murder, and from

1572

A.D.

assassinations Bartholomew’s

to

1573

A.D.,

a

transpired

known

as

Day

Massacre.

Catholics

massacred

children,

looting

For

Calvinist

series

of

the

St.

five

days,

men,

women

and

and

killing

an

estimated 10,000 Huguenots throughout France.

By

their

houses

1598 A.D, the war had subsided and the Protestants were granted freedom and civil rights, and with that, the war ended in which 2,000,000 to 4,000,000 people had died. 

Terrorism caused by religion In today’s case, the spread of Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is going global. According to the CNN (2018), more than 140 terrorist attacks in 29 countries has been conducted. Sometimes, these attacks were being used as their part of propaganda to show how powerful are they. This will help ISIS to recruit more civilians to join on their team and spread their religion’s beliefs in a form of terrorism. A new study by the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation has found that as of July 2018, thousands of women and minors

9 | Globalization

and

Religion

were among those who joined ISIS. In total, the report

details

41,490

people

who

travelled

to

join ISIS in Syria and Iraq. Of that total, 4,761 (13 percent) were women while 4,640 (12 percent) were minors and 32, 089 were men (75%). 

Confusion in religion According to a blog of Gospel Way, religious confusion is not caused by God or His word. They are caused by people who do not obey God’s word diligently. Gospel Way cited things that causes confusion o Lack of knowledge – people do not have an opportunity to learn the truth and do not study Bible. o Human religious’ guides where people follow doctrines invented by men – preachers that don’t teach the truths and man-made rules. As Gospel Way stated, people who lacks knowledge

cannot determine the truth about God’s principles where

they

can

be

easy

influenced

religious’ error guides.

10 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

by

the

human



Secularization in Italy According to Gabriel Beggiora (2017), Italy is a

secular

separated

country but

where

since

most

Church

and

Italians

State

were

are

raised

Catholics, Italy can be considered secular in terms of law but not in reality; because Vatican has a lot of influence on Italian politics and society. 

Separation of Politics and State The liberal approach of John Locke, Benjamin Constant and Alexis de Tocqueville claims that there

should

be

a

separation;

because

without

separation conflict can spread among human beings about religion.

o John Locke As in:

John

Locke

expressed

his

ideas

A letter concerning Toleration (1689),

he speaks more about the difference between the Church and the State.

Locke addresses

his fear of ‘religious forces’ threating to rule the state and its citizens (Chavura, 2010). Locke was ‘concerned with religious freedom’

and

believed

that

the

biggest

threat to citizens would be if the state 11 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

starting talking about religion (Chavura, 2010). He wanted religion and state to be as separate as possible so no religious force or power in government could rule the citizens. If there was no religious force, then everyone religious or non-religious could enjoy the same rights as everyone else.

o Benjamin Constant Constant

believed

that

“Religion

cannot serve as a basis for morals, and the more insulated from politics, the better” (Todorov, 1999). He mentions the idea of a public and private sphere, public sphere being politics and the private sphere being the

practice

of

religion.

So,

Constant

suggested that rather than having to choose among religions, why not accommodate them all, only taking care that they be contained inside the private sphere of the individual (Todorov, 1999). Furthermore, according to Constant, religious sentiment is one of the expressions

12 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

of

and

the

human

Religion

capacity

to

transcend oneself. Constant believed that since

religion

transcendent

was

feelings,

mostly it

about

should

not

be

connected to important political matters in the country or globally. He believed that religion should be kept as an independent practice and that religious feelings should not interfere with political decisions. o Alexis De Tocqueville Tocqueville believed that separation of church and state was not only good for politics;

it

was

especially

good

for

religion. His reason was that separation allowed

religious

sentiment

to

arise

unclouded from its true source of strength as one of the constitutive principles of human 2002).

nature

(Tessitore,

Tocqueville believed that religious

fervor is harnessed in the attempt to throw off the yoke of political oppression. He claimed that this was apparent in the French revolution where they attempted to set up a purely

secular

attributes 13 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

of and

state a

which

took

religious

Religion

on

the

revival.

Moreover,

he

claimed

that

political

authority tends to be broken, changing and transitory, these factors of politics are total threats to the nature of religion.

2.2 Local Literature 

Separation of Church and State Based

on

the

Article

II,

Section

6,

“The

separation of the Church and the State shall be inviolable.” It means that the government of the Philippines must never violate the “separation of state and religion.” Because the two differ based on

their

principle.

Philippines

it

is

However, very

in

clear

the

that

case

of

there

is

interference between the two. 

Conflict between the State and Religion As

stated

by

President

Rodrigo

Duterte,

“Religious sector should be neutral when it comes to government because of the principle.” Today, Duterte has been at odds with the Roman Catholic Church - the religious group of more than 80 percent of Filipinos, because of his crackdown on illegal 14 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

drugs and his promotion of artificial birth control methods. Catholic bishops and human rights groups have been expressing concern over the anti-drug war,

which

has

left

more

than 4,000

"drug

personalities" dead in operations. The Church also teaches

that

the

natural

purpose

of

sex

is

procreation and contraceptives and other artificial birth control methods violate the natural law. 

Respecting religious beliefs

Archbishop Luis Antonio Cardinal Tagle (2018) urged the Catholic faithful to respect the views of people belonging to other religious denominations and those who do not believe in God. “Cardinal Tagle stated, “(The) Vatican stressed that we Catholics should respect non-Catholics and their religions. We also respect those who do not believe in God. All

people

should

strive

to

respect

those

who

differ from their beliefs. Religions are not to be used for conflicts but for mutual understanding and peace.” According to Ron Hubbard (1981), “The way to happiness can become contentious when one fails to respect the religious beliefs of others.” 15 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion



Religion diversity As

stated

in

the

blog

of

Jack

Miller,

Philippines has diversity of religion where more than 86% of the population is Roman Catholic, 6% belong to various nationalized Christian cults, 2% from Protestant denominators and 4% Islam. 

Religious conversion According to Lucy Chilumba, religion’s beliefs are one of the reasons of religious conversion. According to her, she believes that God has no God but her previous religion believes that Jesus is God, but Jesus himself had God who was superior to him that is why she converted to Islam which God has neither father nor son and no one is superior to Him.

2.3 Foreign Studies 

Spread of Christianity A several

study

led

centuries

by of

Joseph

Watts,

well

detailed

he

analyzed

historical

records from a database of Austronesian cultures.

16 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

Between the 16th and 19th centuries, Christianity was adopted as a central faith by these disparate cultures under the influence of travelling European missionaries, with most converting within a narrow window of just three decades. Austronesian

cultures

and

The diversity of the

fact

their

conversions were recent and well documented provide for

a

perfect

opportunity

to

test

several

hypotheses on the spread of a significant belief system. From small beginnings as an offshoot sect of Judaism more than 2,000 years ago, Christianity has come

to

be

the

world's

most

popular

religion

with more than 2 billion adherents. The researcher used a variety of statistical measures

to

compare

the

rate

at

which

Christianity's adoption with various sociocultural characteristics. Surprisingly, social inequality had little to do with conversion, in spite of the religion's origins among social underdogs.

17 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

Christianity seemed to spread fastest under the influence of strong leaders holding sway over small clusters of loyal subjects. 

Globalization creates diversity As Robert Schaeffer concluded on his research, "Globalization does not have uniform consequences or

create

a

more

homogenous

world.

Instead,

globalization has had diverse consequences that were

anticipated

in

advance...

Moreover,

the

diverse consequences are not uniformly positive or negative but simultaneously good for some and bad for

others.”

In

short,

he

concluded

that

globalization process does not result in a more homogenous

world

or

uniform

impacts,

rather,

globalization has created diverse impacts. 

Religious hostility Pew

Research

Center

has

been

tracking

religious restrictions and hostilities around the world

since

Center,

2007.

they found

According that

a

to

Pew

third

of

Research the

198

countries and territories studied in 2012 had a high

or

very

high

level

of

social

hostilities

involving religion, the highest share in the six 18 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

years of the study. These hostilities – defined in the study as acts of religious hostility by private individuals, organizations or groups in society – increased in every major region of the world except the

Americas.

The

religion-related

number

terrorist

of

countries

violence

has

with

doubled

over the past six years. In 2012, religion-related terrorist

violence

took

place

in

one-in-five

countries (20%), up from 9% in 2007. 

Separation of State and Religion Based

on

the

study

of

David

Wang

(2007)

concerning the separation of state and religion, it was stated that state decisions regarding social and domestic issues have been settled in favor of moral beliefs. He added that Domestic issues have been a long-standing controversy between the church and the state. Such policies regarding the issues should remain alienated from the influence of faith and

religion.

social

and

Policies

domestic

and

issues

decisions cannot

regarding

be properly

reviewed and instituted for the best of the nation if they are integrated with religious values. Based on his study, an incorporation of religion with the

19 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

state can run high risks of bad decision-making. Domestic issues should be left in the control of the people, not the church. 

Effects of diverse religion According to the study of Warren Meyer diverse religion has positive and negative effects. o Positive Effects It

brings

people

together

in

a

community that allows people to share a common goal of the religion. In this case, it makes them feel united and allows them to

believe

in

something

greater

than

themselves and lets people come together to worship one God o Negative Effects It creates conflict such that leads people

to

creates

disagree

on

issues.

discrimination

and

Also,

it

prejudice

between people and it means that generally people cannot see beyond certain factors in other people

20 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

2.4 Local Studies 

Religion’s beliefs as hindrance to laws According

to

the

study

of

R.

Abellonasa

(2013), due to the beliefs of religions, government are having a hard time on implementing a law. For instance, the conflict between the Roman Catholics and the government regarding the RH Bill before. However,

based

on

his

research,

Philippine

bishops

and

those

vehemently

opposed

the

then

in

2012

the

Catholics proposed

who law,

experienced defeat when Congress finally approved the

Reproductive

Health

Law.

President

Benigno

Aquino III ended the state’s long battle with the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church when he signed the law. 

Death Penalty in Philippines According to the study of Cenizal (2016), the debate mainly

on

death

dominated

penalty by

in

the

the

Philippines

voices

of

is

pro-life

advocates and by those who are not in favor of it. One of the reasons that holds the Philippines to death penalty is religious activism. Informal

21 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

surveys in the late 1990s about 70 percent of Filipinos penalty.

said

they

supported

death

Meanwhile, according to his study, nuns

and priests of the Catholic Church held vigils outside prisons condemning this type of capital punishment. In this way, they can influence the stand of people based on their religion’s beliefs. 

Religious discrimination According to the study of Yarah Musa (2015), discrimination among Muslims has been too obviously lately. It is because of their religion public expressions such as wearing veil and sporting a beard that leads them to have higher chance of being labeled as one of the terrorist group. On her conclusion,

she

discrimination

stated

has

become

that too

Religious

epidemic,

too

invasive. “It is now or never – discrimination has to end. Imagine a world where religion and race are no longer issues. It is the kind of world I bet we would

all

want

to

live

in.”

(Musa

2015).

She

concluded that discrimination is the root of human division, and it has to disappear. Otherwise, wars will never end. It must be scratched out from

22 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

people’s mind or else the youth will never learn to correct their misconceptions.



Separation of Church and State According to Joaquin Bernas, “It is sometimes thought by some that separation of church and state means that church people should not get involved in the hurly burly of public and political life. In other words, they should confine themselves to the sacristy. But to understand the subject properly one must begin with what the Constitution says. The constitutional

command

says:

“No

law

shall

be

passed respecting an establishment of religion . . .” Immediately it can be seen that the command is addressed not to the Church but to the State. It is the State, after all, which passes laws”, based on his

analyzation

in

his

study.

“Am

I

therefore

saying that, by all means, let clerics participate in the political arena. That is not what I am saying. All I am saying is that there is nothing constitutionally wrong when priests or bishops get involved in public affairs or politics. But as a cleric myself, I am aware that I am subject to two

23 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

kinds

of

laws:

state

law

and

church

law”,

he

concluded. 

Impact of religion’s beliefs According

to

the

study

of

Rene

Mendoza,

different religion’s beliefs has been one of the reasons of having division between Filipinos. On her study, she cited religions which until now has conflicts – Catholics and Islam, and Iglesia ni Cristo and Members Church God International.

24 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

Chapter 3

ANALYSIS AND REFLECTION

This chapter contains the analysis and reflection from

the

interviews.

information

that

has

been

gathered

in

To show how different religious beliefs

affect state and other person’s religion beliefs, the researcher

conducted

an

interview

from

different

religion. Based on the interview that was conducted, most of the interviewee who are Roman Catholics, they do not see any problem with the beliefs and practices on their church that is why if they would be given the chance to convert into another religion they will still choose to stay on their current religion as well as the respondents whose religion are Islam and Iglesia ni Cristo. However, there is one Catholic respondent who do not practice his religion’s beliefs because there are various practices that he is against with. Also, there is another Catholic respondent who wants to convert into another religion specifically to Born-again Christian because he sees this religion’s beliefs and practices better than to his current religion. In line with the case of conversion of religion, there is one of the interviewees who used to be a 25 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

Catholic but is now currently a Born-again Christian for more than 5 months. His reason for conversion is that he realized that some of the practices on his previous religion are not written on the Bible. He also added that his faith to God has been fulfilled by his current religion than to his previous religion and he is now more enlightened in the true word of God. Also, there is another interviewee who used to be also Catholic who converted to Iglesia ni Cristo because she followed her husband’s religion. However, according to her, she is still

confused

on

what

religion’s

beliefs

that

she

should follow and believe in because there are some scenarios that

her current religion’s practices and

beliefs are contradicting on her previous religion that is leading her to think on whose beliefs are more way better and right. Moreover,

all

of

them

are

respecting

other

religion’s beliefs and practices. However, according to them there are instances that they cannot avoid to compare their religion’s beliefs to others. Also, most of them said that if other religion disrespects their religion’s practices and beliefs they would not hesitate to fight for their religion.

26 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

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Religion

This prove that due to the heterogenization of religion, different religion’s culture and practices occur. In this case, it is resulting to the confusion of people on what religious practices and culture they should follow. Also, in terms of war, it is obvious that even though religion respects other religion’s beliefs, it may still result to religious wars and competition between religion. In

terms

of

secularization

process,

most

of

respondents believe that religion should not interfere with state. As one of the interviewees stated, “Religion and State must be separated because both of them have different

purposes

in

our

society.”

Furthermore,

majority of the interviewee said that elected officials who are deeply religious should set their convictions or beliefs aside while in government because it may limit the

government’s

ability

to

implement

laws

that

is

against to the beliefs of the religion. Therefore, most of them said political system would be not more organized if religious leaders would be more involved in politics. Nevertheless,

some

of

the

interviewee

said

that,

religious officials should not set their beliefs aside so that they can maintain peace and harmony for society. However, the researcher asked a question regarding the 27 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

implementation of death penalty, some of the interviewee did not agree with this punishment because of the justice system that is Philippines currently has. On the other hand,

there

punishment

are

some

should

not

interviewees be

saying

implemented

that

because

this it

is

process,

it

opposing the divine commandments created by God. In

line

with

the

secularization

obviously stated that majority believe that there should be separation between religion and politics but at some point,

even

division

majority

between

the

believe two,

that they

there

should

beliefs

be

regarding

secularization is changing whenever the government is implementing these

laws

beliefs

against may

their

interrupt

beliefs. the

secularization.

28 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

Therefore, notion

of

Chapter 4

FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 Summary This study aims to find the effects of religion’s expansion as well as the effect of hybridized religion in

a

specific

locality

that

was

super

headed

by

globalization. The study was focused on how did these effects create impacts to the religion’s beliefs and state’s principles. To determine these effects and its impact, the study made use of quantitative research whereas the selection of interviewees was based on their religious preference.

4.2 Findings Based on the information that were gathered and analyzed, the following are the findings: Most

of

people

believe

that

there

should

be

separation between Church and State, aside from the reason that it is written in the law, majority believe 29 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

that the society would be in peace if they do not interfere

the

decision

of

each

other.

In

terms

of

religious war, the factors that affect this war to exist is that the differences of religions according to their beliefs and practices. some

people

into

Moreover, these beliefs lead

confusion

about

what

religion’s

practices and beliefs they should follow.

4.3 Conclusion This part will provide conclusion based on the findings of the study. Globalization formed effects to religion in which different

religions

population

and

worldwide.

These

secularization

remain

continue effects

process,

spreading,

circulating created religious

gaining their

an war,

more

beliefs

impact

to

religious

terrorism and confusion of people on what to believe. In terms of secularization, even it was stated in the law that religion and church should not interfere with each other there are still some instances that they violate this law. The study was revealed that it is because of the employment of religious cultural beliefs

30 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

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Religion

creating a great impact to the notion of secularism and these impacts affect the process of secularization where it hindrance the notion of separation of state and religion. Due to the globalization, different religions had spread worldwide as well as the religious practices and beliefs. In this case, the study concluded that it cannot be

avoided

to

have

conflicts

between

the

existing

religions because they have different ways of approaches and

beliefs

whereas

there

are

instances

that

one’s

religious beliefs is contradict to the other religious beliefs. Moreover, religious

the

study

terrorism

concluded

occurring

that

especially

there if

is that

specific religion was highly motivated to set their goals

in

influencing

and

spreading

their

religious

beliefs. Furthermore, confusion of people on what religious should be practiced existed because of the inevitable spread of religion that implies expansion of religious practices. In this case, different religious perceptions were occurred that lead people to be more confused on whose religious group practicing right the word of God. 31 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

Also, this confusion of beliefs leads one person to convert into another religion. The impact of globalization towards religion will still remain as the religion’s beliefs continue to grow and expand around the world.

4.3

Recommendation Based on the findings and conclusion the following

recommendations are hereby given: 1) Every

individual

should

accept

the

fact

that

everyone has different practices and beliefs that everybody should respect. 2) For the religion, they must know their limitations that

they

should

stick

to

their

purposes

and

missions, and must respect the decisions of state. 3) For the religious elected officials, they should set their beliefs aside while in government because religion and politics differ in terms of their principles and purposes. 4) For the religion and state, they should keep on their mind that it is in the law that they should not

interfere

32 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

with

and

each

other.

Religion

Instead

of

contradicting each other’s beliefs, why don’t they just unite in terms of maintaining the harmony and peace of the society.

For

future

researchers,

the

following

potential

follow-up studies are recommended: 1) Future

researches

can

expand

the

factors

of

globalization that can affect religion. 2) Future researchers may interview respondents who are involved in politics and church to get more dependable

opinions

regarding

in

secularization.

33 | G l o b a l i z a t i o n

and

Religion

the

issue

of