Procese Tehnologice In Constructii

  • May 2020
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, la temperatura

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→ ←

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în cuptor, sub valoarea

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UL

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→ ←

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-

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supus

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Cimentul rezultat este transportat pneumatic în silozuri. Din silozuri, cimentul este ambalat în VDFLGLQKkUWLHLPSHUPHDELO VDXvQFRQWDLQHUHPRQWDWHSHYDJRDQHVDXDXWRFDPLRDQH ,QVWDOD LD IRORVLW  SHQWUX RE LQHUHD FLPHQWXOXL SULQ SURFHGHHOH XPHG úL VHPLXPHG QX SUH]LQW  SUHvQF O]LWRU 3UHvQF O]LUHD PDWHULHL SULPH DUH ORF OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDU  D FXSWRUXOXL D F UXL OXQJLPH FUHúWH 3H SHUH LL LQWHULRUL DL FXSWRUXOXL VXQW IL[DWH ODQ XUL SHQWUX DPHVWHFDUHD PDWHULHL SULPH úL

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mai mare decât la precedentele, rezultând pe ansamblu un cost mai ridicat al cimentului. AvantajeOH SURFHGHHORU XPHG úL VHPLXPHG VXQW PDWHULD SULP  HVWH P FLQDW

 PDL ILQ

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produce. 3URSULHW

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termice. PrizaUHSUH]LQW

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-un material plastic într-unul rigid.

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el.

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Portland începutul prizei WUHEXLHV

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,

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pardoselilor, tencuielilor,

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&RPSDUDWLY FX FHOHODOWH  OXFU UL DFHVWHD QHFHVLW  XQ YROXP PLF GH PDWHULDOH DO F URU FRVW HVWHULGLFDWDMXQJkQGOD · GLQFRVWXOWRWDODOFRQVWUXF LHLúLVHH[HFXW vQFHDPDLPDUHSDUWH PDQXDOFXFRVWXULFHDMXQJSkQ OD · GLQPDQRSHUDWRWDO DFRQVWUXF LHL 5HGXFHUHDFRVWXULORUOXFU ULORUGHILQLVDMVHSRDWH

realiza prin:

XWLOL]DUHDXQRUPDWHULDOHHILFLHQWHúLDSUHIDEULFDWHORUGHILQLVDM È È

mecanizarea proceselor tehnologice folosite; introducerea de metode avansate de lucru; È FUHúWHUHDFDOLILF ULLIRU HLGHPXQF  È

Pardoselile VXQW HOHPHQWH DSOLFDWH SH ID D VXSHULRDU

 VDX GLUHFW SH S PkQW FX UROXO GH D

DVLJXUD FLUFXOD LD GHSR]LWDUHD RELHFWHORU úL FRQIRUWXO vQF SHULORU (OH VXQW IRUPDWH GH UHJXO  GLQ GRX  VWUDWXUL SULPXO

stratul-suport GLVSXV GLUHFW SH SODQúHX úL DO GRLOHD VWUDWXO GH X]XU sau pardoseala propriu-]LV  8QHRUL vQ VWUXFWXUD SDUGRVHOLORU VXQW vQFRUSRUDWH úL VWUDWXUL GH L]RODUH IRQLF WHUPLF úLKLGURIXJ 

Stratul-suport poate fi rigid RE LQXW GLQ EHWRQ VLPSOX úL elastic FkQG HVWH GLQ QLVLS SLHWULú VDXSLDWU VSDUW *URVLPHDVDHVWHGHWHUPLQDW GHUH]LVWHQ DQHFHVDU úLGHFRVW

6WUDWXOGHX]XU VHH[HFXW DVWIHOvQFkW V UH]LVWHODX]XUDSURGXV GHFLUFXOD LDRDPHQLORUDQLPDOHORUúLYHKLFXOHORU È V QXVHGHIRUPH]HVDXGHWHULRUH]HVXEDF LXQHDvQF UF ULORU È V SUH]LQW VLJXUDQ È

FRQWUDDOXQHF ULL

V ILHIRQRL]RODQWHWHUPRL]RODQWHúLLPSHUPHDELOH È V ILHXúRUGHH[HFXWDWvQWUH LQXWUHSDUDWúLvQORFXLW È V È

-úLS

VWUH]HWLPSvQGHOXQJDWFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHLQL LDOH

V ILHHVWHWLFHúLUH]LVWHQWHODDFL]LXOHLXULJU VLPLVDXIRF È

În funF LHGHPDWHULDOXOXWLOL]DWODUHDOL]DUHSDUGRVHOLOHVXQWGLQlemn, SLDWU QDWXUDO , SLDWU  , materiale bituminoaseúLpolimeri sintetici. Pardoselile din lemn VH IRORVHVF vQ FDPHUH GH ORFXLW ELURXUL DWHOLHUH GH PHFDQLF ILQ V OL de spectaFROH$FHVWHDVXQWHODVWLFHWHUPRL]RODQWHIRQRL]RODQWHDQWLGHUDSDQWHúLHVWHWLFH([HFX LD

DUWLILFLDO

UHSDUDUHD úL vQWUH LQHUHD ORU VXQW XúRDUH 'H]DYDQWDMHOH ORU VXQW QX UH]LVW  OD FLUFXOD LD LQWHQV  VH GHIRUPHD] ODYDULD LLGHXPLGLWDWHVXQWSXWUHVFLELOHúL

combustibile.

$YkQG vQ YHGHUH IRUPD úL GLPHQVLXQLOH HOHPHQWHORU GH OHPQ GLQ FDUH VH H[HFXW SDUGRVHOLOH

din lemn pot fi din GXúXPHOH, parchete, SO 3DUGRVHOLOHGLQSLDWU

QDWXUDO

FLILEUROHPQRDVHúL

VDXURF VHH[HFXW

panele de lemn. vQFO GLULVRFLDO-culturale, administrative

úL PDJD]LL 5RFLOH IRORVLWH WUHEXLH V  ILH UH]LVWHQWH OD X]XU  úL DF LXQHD DJHQ LORUDWPRVIHULFL(OHVH WDLH PHFDQLF VXE IRUP  GH SO FL GDOH OHVSH]L  FXEXUL VDX VS UWXUL GLQ SO FL 3O FLOH VXQW FX

dimensiuni de la 400 x 400 lD[FXJURVLPHDGH · PPDYkQGIH HQHWHGHúLSODQH úOHIXLWH(OHVHPRQWHD] SHXQVWUDWGHPRUWDUSODVWLFFXJURVLPHDGH · PPSUH]HQWkQGvQWUH

ele rosturi filiforme (1÷2) mm sau groase (5÷10) mm care se umplu cu mortar de ciment alb sau FRORUDW'LQDFHDVW FDWHJRULHIDFSDUWHPR]DLFXULOH 3DUGRVHOLOH GLQ SLDWU

 DUWLILFLDO

 DUV  VDX QHDUV  VH H[HFXW  vQ E L EXF W ULL VS O WRULL

FDQWLQHODERUDWRDUHUHVWDXUDQWH)LLQGUHFLHOHQXVHH[HFXW vQFDPHUHGHORFXLWELURXULHWF

ParGRVHOLOH GLQ SLDWU  DUWLILFLDO  QHDUV  VXQW GLQ beton, ciment, mortar de ciment, mozaic turnat, SO FLGHEHWRQ/DDFHVWHSDUGRVHOLVWUDWXOGHX]XU  vPEU F PLQWH VHUHFRPDQG V VHWRDUQH vQDLQWHDvQW ULULLVWUDWXOXLVXSRUWSHQWUXDVHDVLJXUDREXQ OHJ WXU FXDFHVWD 3DUGRVHOLOH GLQ SLDWU  DUWLILFLDO  DUV  VXQW GLQ SO DUJLO

FL GH JUHVLH FHUDPLF , SO FL FHUDPLFH GLQ , F U PLG . Stratul suport poate fi rigid (beton simplu sau beton armat) sau elastic QLVLS SLHWULú SLDWU 

DUV

VSDUW EDODVW

Pardoselile din materiale bituminoase VH IRORVHVF vQ DWHOLHUH PHFDQLFH úL PHWDOXUJLFH mastic bituminos turnat la cald, dale de mastic bituminos, suspensie de bitum filerizat. Stratul suport poate fi rigid (beton simplu sau armat) sau elastic SLHWULú SLDWU  6WUDWXOGHX]XU VHH[HFXW GLQ

VSDUW  F U PLG  $YDQWDMHOH DFHVWRU SDUGRVHOL VXQW HODVWLFLWDWHD LPSHUPHDELOLWDWHD UH]LVWHQ D OD X]XU  DQWLGHUDSDUHD WHUPRL]RODUHD UH]LVWHQ D OD DFL]L úL ED]H &D GH]DYDQWDMH VH SRW HQXPHUD  UH]LVWHQ

 UHGXV  OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH OLSV  GH  HVWHWLF  GHIRUPDULWDWH VXE DF LXQHD VDUFLQLORU

concentrate. Pardoselile din polimeri sintetici sunt din poliacetat de vinil, xilolit (mortar de ciment cu DJUHJDWHRUJDQLFHVDXDQRUJDQLFHúLFRORUDQ L GHVWLQDWHvQF SHULORUFDUHQXVXQWXPHGHúLvQFDUHQX H[LVW FLUFXOD LHJUHDSUHFXPVSLWDOHOHODERUDWRDUHOHV OLOHGHVSRUWORFDOXULOHSXEOLFH

din linoleum -

FDUH VXQW FDOGH QX UH LQ SUDIXO  H[HFXWDWH vQ ORFXLQ H ODERUDWRDUH ELURXUL LQVWLWX LL VRFLDO

culturale, din mochete, H[HFXWDWHvQORFXLQ HV $FHVWH SDUGRVHOL DX UH]LVWHQ

OLGHVSHFWDFROHFDPHUHGHKRWHOXULELURXULHWF

 OD X]XU  DVSHFW úL FRORULW SO FXWH VXQW WHUPR úL IRQRL]RODQWH

LJLHQLFH XúRU GH PRQWDW úL vQWUH LQXW 3HQWUX DVWIHO GH SDUGRVHOL VWUDWXO SHQWUXDILRVXSUDID

Tencuielile

-supoUW WUHEXLH SUHJ

WLW DWHQW

SODQ QHWHG ULJLG úLXVFDW  VXQW ILQLVDMH GLQ PRUWDU DSOLFDWH SH VXSUDID D EUXW  D XQRU HOHPHQWH GH

FRQVWUXF LH

Mortarul pentru tencuieli se compune din agregat, (nisip sau praful de piDWU  SUDIXO GH liant FLPHQW VDX YDU LSVRV DUJLO  SODVWLILDQ L (var,

F U PLG  VWLFOD SLVDW  PLFD D]EHVW HWF 

DUJLO 

materiale auxiliare FXORUL QDWXUDOH VDX DUWLILFLDOH FkO L GH LQ VDX FkQHS

 vQFHWLQLWRUL GH

SUL] 

Înaintea depunerii stratuOXLGHPRUWDUVWUDWXOVXSRUWVHSUHJ

WHúWHIRORVLQGX VHSODVDGHUDEL 

-

SHQWUXVXSRUWGLQOHPQPHWDOEHWRQWDYDQHERO LIDOVHFRUQLúHSURILOH VDXúLSFLGHOHPQ SHQWUX

suport din lemn). 7HQFXLDOD VH DSOLF  vQ WUHL VWUDWXUL SULPXO VWUDW GH DPRUV

FP  SHQWUX P ULUHD DGHUHQ HL

tencuielii la suport; al doilea grundul DSOLFDW SH SULPXO SURDVS W vQ VWUDW GH ·  PP SHQWUX F U PLG VDX PPSHQWUXUDEL VDXúLSFLDOWUHLOHD stratul vizibil (de finisare), aplicat pe grundul vQW ULWúLXPH]LWúLFDUHVHQHWH]HúWHGXS FHvQFHSHV VHvQW UHDVF  7HQFXLHOLOHVHFODVLILF GXS  QDWXUDVXSUDIH HLSHFDUHVHDSOLF F

U PLG , beton, SLDWU , UDEL ; umede, uscate; liantul de preparare a mortarului: var, nisip, DUJLO , var lichid; modul de prelucrare-ILQLVDUHDOIH HLY ]XWHVXSUDID DQHWH]LW H[HFXWDW FXPDWHULDOHúL metode speciale; GXS SR]L LDORUvQFRQVWUXF LHinterioare, exterioare sau GHID DGH. Tencuielile sunt RELúQXLWHúLdecorative&HOHPDLXWLOL]DWHGLQFHOHRELúQXLWH sunt: brute,FXID DY ]XW QHWH]LW JURVLHUIRORVLWHvQSLYQL HGHSR]LWHSRGXUL netezite,FXID DY ]XW QHWH]LW ILQIRORVLWHSHQWUXID DGHSHUH LLQWHULRULWDYDQH sclivisite, H[HFXWDWH vQ GRX  VWUDWXUL GH PRUWDU QHWH]LWH ILLQG XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX VSD LL FX umiditate mare; gletuite,H[HFXWDWHGLQGRX VWUDWXULXQXOGLQPRUWDUúLDOGRLOHDGLQLSVRVVDXYDUQHWH]LW . PRGXOGHH[HFX LH

7HQFXLHOLOH GHFRUDWLYH vQWkOQLWH vQ FRQVWUXF LH VXQW SHQWUX ID DGH úL SHQWUX LQWHULRU 'LQWUH

primele se pot enumera: tencuieli cu SUDIGHSLDWU QHWH]LWH; tencuieli stropite manual sau mecanic; tencuieli de terasit, granulit, dolomit - executate din mortar la care agregatul este din JUDQXOHGHPDUPXU FHUDPLF PLF 

Tencuielile decorative pentru interior sunt în calcio-vechio. Placajele VXQW HOHPHQWH DSOLFDWH SH VXSUDID D SHUH LORU LQWHULRUL VDX H[WHULRUL (OH VXQW IRUPDWH GLQ SO FL VDX SDQRXUL GLQGLIHULWHPDWHULDOH 3ODFDMHOHVHH[HFXW GXS WHUPLQDUHDOXFU ULORU GHFRQVWUXF LH 'XS  QDWXUD PDWHULDOHORU IRORVLWH SODFDMHOH VXQ

t:

GLQ IDLDQ

,

GLQ SO

FL FHUDPLFH VP

O XLWH

tip CESAROM, GLQ SO FX H GH VWLFO  FRORUDW , GLQ SO FL GH VWLFO  VSDUW (toate pentru placaje interioare) din F U PLG DSDUHQW , GLQSO FLLPLWD LHGHSLDWU QDWXUDO sau beton mozaicat (ambele pentru placaje exterioare), GLQ SLDWU  QDWXUDO  SODFDMH LQWHULRDUH úL H[WHULRDUH  GLQ SO FL GH 39&, din lemn DPEHOHSHQWUXSODFDMHLQWHULRDUH )L[DUHDSO FLORUSHVXSUDID DVXSRUWVHIDFHFXPRUWDUGH FLPHQW IDLDQ

 VWLFO  RSD[LW F U PLG  DSDUHQW  SDVW  GH FLPHQW SO FLOH &(6$520 VWLFOD

FRORUDW  SULQGHUH FX SLHVH PHWDOLFH SO FLOH LPLWD LH GH SLDWU  QDWXUDO  OLSLUH SO FLOH GLQ 39&

lemn). YHOLOH úL YRSVLWRULLOH VXQW OXFU UL GH ILQLVDM H[HFXWDWH SHQWUX SURWHMDUHD KLGURIXJ 

=XJU

LJQLIXJ  úL DQWLFRUR]LY  D HOHPHQWHORU GH FRQVWUXF LH úL SHQWUX FUHDUHD XQXL DVSHFW SO FXW úL D XQXL

mediu igienic. =XJU

YHOLOHVXQWOXFU ULGHILQLVDMSULQFDUHSHVXSUDID DHOHPHQWXOXLGHFRQVWUXF LHVHDSOLF 

XQ VWUDW VXE LUH GLQWU R VXVSHQVLH GH SLJPHQ L vQ DS  (OH VH H[HFXW  GXS  WHUPLQDUHD WXWXURU

-

OXFU ULORU GH FRQVWUXF LH úL LQVWDOD LL úL GXS  XVFDUHD FRPSOHW  D VXSUDIH HL ÌQ YHGHUHD ]XJU YLULL VXSUDIH HOHVXSRUWVHSUHJ WHVFFXU 6XSUDIH HOHPHWDOLFHVHFXU

LQGWHQFXLDODGHVWURSLVDXGH]XJU YHDODYHFKHúLVHúOHIXLHVF SULQVDEODUHVHJUXQGXLHVFFKLWXLHVFúLQHWH]HVF

&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH WLSXUL GH ]XJU YHOL VXQW Y VLPSOHSHED]

GHFOHL

(pentru interior), ]XJU

UXLWXO SHQWUXLQWHULRUúLH[WHULRU ]XJU

YHOLSHED]

GHSROLDFHWDWGHYLQLO

YHOL

, VINAROM (pentru

interLRU úL H[WHULRU  ]XJU YHOL GHFRUDWLYH DSOLFDWH SHVWH ]XJU YHOL VLPSOH vQ LQWHULRU  ]XJU YHOL vQ calcio-vechio SHQWUXLQWHULRUúLH[WHULRU  Vopsitoriile UHSUH]LQW  DSOLFDUHD SH VXSUDID D HOHPHQWXOXL GH FRQVWUXF LH D XQHL VXVSHQVLL GH SLJPHQ LvQXOHLVDXHPXOVLLGHOLDQWvQDS  3UHJ WLUHDVXSUDIH HLVXSRUW WHQFXLDO OHPQPHWDO vQYHGHUHDYRSVLULLFRQVW vQJUXQGXLUH FKLWXLUHúLúOHIXLUH9RSVHDXDVHDSOLF PDQXDOVDXLQGXVWULDOvQGRX WUHLVWUDWXULXQLIRUPH

Tapetele VXQW IkúLL GHFRUDWLYH Gin hârtie, carton, stofe,

P

, PVC HWF /XFU

WDVH

ULOH GH

WDSHWDUH VH H[HFXW  OD LQWHULRU SH SHUH L úL XQHRUL SH WDYDQH ÌQ YHGHUHD DSOLF ULL WDSHWHORU VXSUDIH HOH VXSRUW VH SUHJ WHVF SHQWUX D IL SODQH QHWHGH FXUDWH úL XVFDWH 3HQWUX WDSHWHOH GH KkUWLH

sDX 39& VXSUDID D-VXSRUW SUHJ

WLW  VH DPRUVHD]  FX R VROX LH GH FOHL VDX DGH]LY VLQWHWLF 'XS 

XVFDUHD DFHVWXL VWUDW SH VXSUDID D VXSRUW VH  OLSHúWH FX FOHL KkUWLH GH ]LDU FDUH XVFDW  HVWH úOHIXLW 

-

'HDVXSUDVHOLSHúWHWDSHWXOFXDGH]LYVLQWHWLF

TapetHOH GH P

WDVH VDX VWRIH GHFRUDWLYH VH vQWLQG SH UDPH GH OHPQ IL[H DSRL SH SHUH L SULQ

dibluri. 2GDW XVFDWHWDSHWHOHODSDUWHDLQIHULRDU DSHUHWHOXLVHPRQWHD] 

plintaLDUODFHDVXSHULRDU

bagheteGLQOHPQVDXIkúLLvQJXVWHGLQWDSHWFRORUDWúLGHVHnat.



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