Principles Of First Aid
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Mr. Wira
Principles and Practice of First Aid What is First Aid ?
“ First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness, usually effected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill range ”
- Normally performed until injury or illness is satisfactorily dealt with or - until the next level of care, such as an ambulance or doctor, arrives. - The key guiding principles and purpose of first aid are :Prevent further injury Preserve life Promote recovery
Issues in Providing Care As most first aid treatment involve touching the victim, it is important that the first aider gains their permission. During conversation, identify the following points :(patient is conscious) Who you are Why you are with them What you are going to do However assume victim gives their consent in following cases :Is unconscious. Has a very reduced level of consciousness.
Primary Assessment Awareness of Danger – Environmental danger –
Human danger - as you approach a scene, be aware of the dangers which might be posed to you or the victim. - such as – traffic, gas or chemical leaks, live electrical items, building on fire or falling objects. - human factors such as bystanders in the way, victims not being co-operatives, or aggresor in the vicinity.
- first aiders are never required to place themselves in a situation which might put them in danger. -
Keep yourself protected – first priority. be aware of your surrounding and changing situation. other key dangers – bodily fluids eg. blood, vomit, urine and feces. - remember body fluids can carry infections and diseases.
Cont. protective precautions
Put on the gloves - this is the first thing a first aider should do when approaching a victim ! - gloves are generally of 3 types :1. Nitrile - often purple or blue in colour - most recommended - can be used to deal with chemical burns.
2. Latex - usually white 3. Vinyl - used primarily for touching victims without external body fluids.
What as happened ? - as you approach, try to gain as much information as possible about the incident. - build a mental picture that can help you treat the victim through :1. Assessing the scene 2. Get some history 3. Be sure to listen
Responsiveness - once confident there is minimal danger to yourself, assess how responsive the victim is. - greet “ Hello, are you alright ?” - assess and prioritized victim using AVPU scale in order to help the first aider to make decision. - AVPU stands for Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive.
Key indicators on the victims are their :- Eyes – are they open spontaneously, looking around appear able to see you ? - Response to voice do they reply, seem to understand and obey command? - Response to pain (physical stimulus) - first stimulus – tap/shake of shoulder. - sternal rub - nail bed squeeze - ear lobe squeeze
Some important tips :-
- If the measures above provoke reaction eg. groaning, a movement, fluttering of eyes,- these mean reponsive to pain. - If victim is not responsive to voice or pain, then they are unresponsive. - Perform further checks on key life critical system of breathing and circulation (ABCs).
Summary Remember the mnemonic “ Go DR SHAVPU ” Go – Put gloves on. D - Check for danger. R - Checked for responsiveness. S - Looked at the scene for clues about what happen. H - Gained history on the incident. AVPU – Assessed to see how responsive the victim is.
The first Aider A first aider is just a common person who may have learnt a standart method at aplication of first aid best suited to his skill. He is trained to reach patients, identify the problem, and provide emergency care and when necessary move patients without causing futher injury
Qualifications Should be a good observer Should be able to act quickly Should not get panicky or excited Should have ability to lead and control the crowd and take help from the onlookers Should have self confidence and ability to judge injuries to be tracked first
Warning to the first aider First aider should keep in mind that he is not doctor He should not examine wounds by opening which have already been bandaged by some body else He should not declare any person as dead, this is not in his scope
Scope at the first aid In accidents, which may take place either at road, home, in factories, buildings or as a result of natural calamities, electric shock, burns, snake bite ,etc.
Summary of the first aider skill Control the scene of accident Gain access to the patient Evaluate the scene in the terms of safety and posible cause of accident Gather information from patient and bystandars Determine vital sign ( pulse, breathing, skin temperature )
Perform the necessary ABCs of emergency care ( and bleeding control ) Diagnosis and care for shock Detect and care for poisoning including alcohol and drug abuse Diagnosis and care for burns and smoke inhalation
Guidelines to the presentation. This is a group presentation. Every member of the group should participate in the preparation and presentation. Time will be allocated for presentation and questioning session. The following guidelines are sujested :Define subject. Brief explaination of the physiology and anatomical structures concerned. Institution of first aid measures.
Group assignment and presentation External injuries and bleeding. Fracture. Suction Shock. Obstructed airway and asphyxia. Burns GCS Poisoning. Convulsion Drowning
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Goup 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 10
Principles and Practice of First Aid What is First Aid ?
“ First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness, usually effected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill range ”
- Normally performed until injury or illness is satisfactorily dealt with or - until the next level of care, such as an ambulance or doctor, arrives. - The key guiding principles and purpose of first aid are :Prevent further injury Preserve life Promote recovery
Issues in Providing Care As most first aid treatment involve touching the victim, it is important that the first aider gains their permission. During conversation, identify the following points :(patient is conscious) Who you are Why you are with them What you are going to do However assume victim gives their consent in following cases :Is unconscious. Has a very reduced level of consciousness.
Primary Assessment Awareness of Danger – Environmental danger –
Human danger - as you approach a scene, be aware of the dangers which might be posed to you or the victim. - such as – traffic, gas or chemical leaks, live electrical items, building on fire or falling objects. - human factors such as bystanders in the way, victims not being co-operatives, or aggresor in the vicinity.
- first aiders are never required to place themselves in a situation which might put them in danger. -
Keep yourself protected – first priority. be aware of your surrounding and changing situation. other key dangers – bodily fluids eg. blood, vomit, urine and feces. - remember body fluids can carry infections and diseases.
Cont. protective precautions
Put on the gloves - this is the first thing a first aider should do when approaching a victim ! - gloves are generally of 3 types :1. Nitrile - often purple or blue in colour - most recommended - can be used to deal with chemical burns.
2. Latex - usually white 3. Vinyl - used primarily for touching victims without external body fluids.
What as happened ? - as you approach, try to gain as much information as possible about the incident. - build a mental picture that can help you treat the victim through :1. Assessing the scene 2. Get some history 3. Be sure to listen
Responsiveness - once confident there is minimal danger to yourself, assess how responsive the victim is. - greet “ Hello, are you alright ?” - assess and prioritized victim using AVPU scale in order to help the first aider to make decision. - AVPU stands for Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive.
Key indicators on the victims are their :- Eyes – are they open spontaneously, looking around appear able to see you ? - Response to voice do they reply, seem to understand and obey command? - Response to pain (physical stimulus) - first stimulus – tap/shake of shoulder. - sternal rub - nail bed squeeze - ear lobe squeeze
Some important tips :-
- If the measures above provoke reaction eg. groaning, a movement, fluttering of eyes,- these mean reponsive to pain. - If victim is not responsive to voice or pain, then they are unresponsive. - Perform further checks on key life critical system of breathing and circulation (ABCs).
Summary Remember the mnemonic “ Go DR SHAVPU ” Go – Put gloves on. D - Check for danger. R - Checked for responsiveness. S - Looked at the scene for clues about what happen. H - Gained history on the incident. AVPU – Assessed to see how responsive the victim is.
The first Aider A first aider is just a common person who may have learnt a standart method at aplication of first aid best suited to his skill. He is trained to reach patients, identify the problem, and provide emergency care and when necessary move patients without causing futher injury
Qualifications Should be a good observer Should be able to act quickly Should not get panicky or excited Should have ability to lead and control the crowd and take help from the onlookers Should have self confidence and ability to judge injuries to be tracked first
Warning to the first aider First aider should keep in mind that he is not doctor He should not examine wounds by opening which have already been bandaged by some body else He should not declare any person as dead, this is not in his scope
Scope at the first aid In accidents, which may take place either at road, home, in factories, buildings or as a result of natural calamities, electric shock, burns, snake bite ,etc.
Summary of the first aider skill Control the scene of accident Gain access to the patient Evaluate the scene in the terms of safety and posible cause of accident Gather information from patient and bystandars Determine vital sign ( pulse, breathing, skin temperature )
Perform the necessary ABCs of emergency care ( and bleeding control ) Diagnosis and care for shock Detect and care for poisoning including alcohol and drug abuse Diagnosis and care for burns and smoke inhalation
Guidelines to the presentation. This is a group presentation. Every member of the group should participate in the preparation and presentation. Time will be allocated for presentation and questioning session. The following guidelines are sujested :Define subject. Brief explaination of the physiology and anatomical structures concerned. Institution of first aid measures.
Group assignment and presentation External injuries and bleeding. Fracture. Suction Shock. Obstructed airway and asphyxia. Burns GCS Poisoning. Convulsion Drowning
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Goup 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 10
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