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ENGLISH FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION (GEC1033) Punctuation: 4. Apostrophe, Brackets, Colon Prepared by Chim Chun Yuan Lily Wong Peggy Kho Jen Ling

Apostrophe • Symbol: ' • Also known as character • sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets • looks the same as a closing single quotation mark in many fonts, • looks similar to, but is not the same as, the prime symbol ( ′ ), and the ʻokina ( ʻ ), which represents a glottal stop in Polynesian languages. Other substitutes such as ´ (acute) and ‘(open single quotation mark) are common due to ambiguous treatment of the apostrophe in digital typesetting

PURPOSE omission of one or more letters (as in the contraction of do not to don't) possessive case of nouns (as in the eagle's feathers,or in one month's time). plurals of individual characters (example： p's and q's)

General Principle  Possessive personal pronouns, serving as either noun-equivalents or adjective-equivalents, do not use an apostrophe, even when they end in s.  The complete list of those ending in the letter s or the corresponding sound /s/ or /z/ but not taking an apostrophe is ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs, and whose.  Other pronouns, singular nouns not ending in s, and plural nouns not ending in s all take 's in the possessive: e.g., someone's, a cat's toys, women's.  Plural nouns already ending in s take only an apostrophe after the pre-existing s when the possessive is formed: e.g., three cats' toys.

Characters similar to apostrophe: U+0060 ` GRAVE ACCENT U+00B4 ´ ACUTE ACCENT U+02B9 ′ MODIFIER LETTER PRIME U+02BB ʻ MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA Hawaiian ʻokina and for the transliteration of Arabic and Hebrew ʻayn U+02BD ʽ MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA U+02BE ʾ MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING Arabic hamza and Hebrew alef

U+02BF ʿ MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING Arabic and Hebrew ʿayin U+02C8 ˈ MODIFIER LETTER VERTICAL LINE Stress accent or dynamic accent. U+02CA ˊ MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT

U+02EE ˮ MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE APOSTROPHE One of two characters for glottal stop in Nenets. U+0313 ̓ COMBINING COMMA ABOVE Also known as combining Greek psili U+0314 ̔ COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE Also known as combining Greek dasia.

U+0315 ̕COMBINING COMMA ABOVE RIGHT U+0343 ̓ COMBINING GREEK KORONIS Identical to U+0313 U+0374 ʹ GREEK NUMERAL SIGN Also known as Greek dexia keraia U+0384 ΄ GREEK TONOS U+055A ՚ ARMENIAN APOSTROPHE U+1FBD ᾽ GREEK KORONIS

U+1FBF ᾿ GREEK PSILI U+2032 ′ PRIME U+2018 ‘ LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK U+A78B Ꞌ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SALTILLO Saltillo of the languages of Mexico. U+A78C ꞌ LATIN SMALL LETTER SALTILLO U+FF07 ＇ FULLWIDTH APOSTROPHE Fullwidth form of the typewriter apostrophe

BRACKETS

Brackets vs Parentheses • Like parentheses, brackets are enclosures. • Brackets have fewer and more specialized uses than parentheses. • Brackets and parantheses are usually not interchangeable.

Parentheses

(

)

Square Brackets [

]

Use Brackets 1. As Parentheses Within Parentheses  Use brackets to avoid the confusion caused by one set of parentheses falling within another.  Turn the inner pair of parentheses into brackets. Example: Johnny went to the store with his list of items (bread, milk [fat free], peanut butter, and jelly) but came home with only the bread.

2. To indicate Capitalization Changes in Quotes  In quote material, use square brackets to indicate that a letter has been changed from uppercase to lowercase, or vice versa.  To avoid awkwardness, consider rewording the sentence so that no change in capitalization is needed. Example: This unusual animal was once believed to be a myth because “[s]keptics insisted that the duck-billed platypus was simply a duck bill sewn onto a beaver’s body” (35). (“Skeptics” changed to “skeptics”)

3. To Indicate Other Changes to Quotations • Use brackets to show any changes made to quotations in order to retain grammatical correctness. • Use brackets in quotes to add a word, prefix, or suffix in order to fit the quote into your sentence. • Use brackets to change the tense of a verb in a quote so that it will fit into your sentence. Examples: I tried to make a dish mild enough for everyone, but my idea of "add[ing] Cayenne pepper to taste" was not the same as my friend's idea. (“add” changed to “adding”)

4. To Add Additional Information to Quotations • Use brackets to insert necessary information, comments, corrections, opinions, clarifications, or explanations of your own into direct quotations. • Brackets are used within quotations to tell readers that the words enclosed are yours and not those of your source. • Don’t over do it! Readers will resent the explanation of obvious details. • Do not use brackets when inserting additional information into your own writing. Use parentheses or dashes.

Examples: “He [George Lucas] reminded me a little of WalDisney’s version of a mad scientist.” “Dues are being raised $1.00 per week [to $5.00],” the treasurer announced. “The miles of excellent trails are perfect for [crosscountry] skiing.”

5. To Acknowledge Errors in Quotations • Quotations must be copied accurately, word by word, from your source—errors and all. To show that you have copied a passage faithfully, place the word sic (the Latin word for “thus” or “so”) in brackets one space after any mistake. • APA and Turabian handbooks state that sic must be italicized within the brackets, while the MLA handbook does not specify. • If sic can be placed outside the quotation itself, it appears between parentheses, not brackets.

• Molly’s paper was titled “King Leer” (sic).

Examples: Mr. Vincent’s letter went on: “I would have preferred a younger bride, but I decided to marry the old window [sic] anyway.” The sign over the cash register read, “We don’t except [sic] personal checks for payment.”