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Research Proposal Before any research study to be undertaken, it is important to device the methodology to be used, duration of the study and the cost so that there are no misunderstanding and/or frustration between the two parties (authorized body and the researcher). This is usually accomplished with the help of research proposal. The research proposal usually contains the following:

1. The broad goal of the study 2. The specific problem to be investigated. 3. Details of procedures to be followed.

4. The research design i.e. the sampling design, data collection methods, data analysis 5. The time frame of the study 6. The budget details which will be spend on specific items of the research. Dr. Yousaf Hayat

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Report Writing It is important that the results of the study and recommendation to solve the problem are effectively communicated to the sponsor, so that the suggestions made are accepted and implemented, otherwise, all the efforts of the subject would be in vain. Report writing can be divided into the following main sections/Chapters 1. Title Page of the Report 2. Table of Contents 3. ABSTRACT of the Report 4. Introduction 5. Literature Review 6. Methodology 7. Results/Discussion 8. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendation 9. Appendix 10.References Dr. Yousaf Hayat

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Section

Purpose

Title Page

Title of report Student name/student number Course/subject Date due

Table of Contents

Shows the sections of the report

Abstract

Gives an ABSTRACT of the whole report (Outlines -purpose, research method, findings, main conclusions and recommendations): Use past tense

Introduction

Outlines context, background and purpose Defines terms and sets limits of the research The reader/audience can easily identify what, how, why. At the end, contains the objectives of the study.

Review of Literature

Show that work already conducted in the area under study along with appropriate references.

Methodology

Explains how research was done and outlines how the data was collected. It provides both the methods and methodology adopted in conducting the research.

Results/Findings may be combined with Discussion

Presents findings of the research. Facts only and no interpretation: Uses Tables and Graphs. Presents an interpretation and evaluation of the results. Analyses results - draws together different aspects of the findings, findings of other studies and refers to literature.

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendation

Give all the findings of the study in summarized form. Brief statement of what was found and how it can be concluded (conclusions). Suggest suitable changes or solutions based on the study findings (recommendation)

Appendix

Contains the attachments of additional information (eg. surveys, questionnaires, data set, glossary etc)

References

All references used

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Reference Style from Different Sources Journal Article (Two authors): Jeanquat, S., & Peluchette, J. (1997). Diversity in the work force and management models. Journal of Social Work Studies, 43(3): 72-85.

Doctoral Dissertation Kiren, R.S. (1997). Medical advances and quality of life. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Omaha State University. Conference Proceedings Publication Yeshwant, M. (1998). Revised thinking on Indian philosophy and religion. In S. Pennathur (Ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Religion, (pp. 100-107). Bihar, India: Bihar University. Dr. Yousaf Hayat

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Format of Style from Different Sources Unpublished Manuscript Hayat, Y. (2009). Consumer perception towards fast food restaurants in district Peshawar. Unpublished manuscript, KPk Agricultural University, Peshawar.

News Article

Poverty in Pakistan. (2008, July 15). The News, p.1. Reference from Web Author, I. (1998). Technology and immediacy of information [on-line] Available http://www.bnet.act.com

Or Heading of the topic. Web address, access date (July 15, 1998).

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Reference Style: Sarhad Journal of Agriculture

Zaman, Q., Y. Hayat, S.M. Suhail, M. Khan and S.W. Shah. 2009. Small and large sample performance of Kaplan-Meir and Shrunkan Kaplan-Meir survival functions. Sarhad J. Agric. 25(4): 671-680.

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Bibliography A list of sources of information (articles, books, and other materials) on a specific topic. Bibliographies can be found at an end of a book or article to indicate the items used to create the item or to refer researchers to recommended further reading.

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