Power Of Information Technology And Its Use In Nepal

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klxnf] v08 M ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kl/ro, dxTj / pkof]lutf != ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw • ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw Jofks cy{df • ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf ljleGg k|ljlw • ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw k|0ffnL • …;"rgf k|ljlwÚ sf] tfTko{ • ;"rgf k|ljlw s] xf] < • ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ljz]iftf • ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ug{;Sg] k|d'v sfd @= ;"rgf qmflGt / dfgj ljsf; • dfgj ljsf; / ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; • 1fg k|fKt ug]{, ;+u|x ug]{ / k|;f/ ug]{ dfgj Ifdtfsf] ljsf; • ;"rgf / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ljsf;sf] emns -rf}sf];_ • dfgj ljsf;sf] ;f+rf] / ;"rs M ;"rgf / 1fg • ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|efj • ;"rgf qmflGtsf] nIo / k|efj #= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf cfwf/ • sDKo'6/ • g]6js{ • OG6/g]6 • b"/;+rf/ • dlN6ldl8of • ;"rgf ;fIf/tf

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$= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u • ;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/f • ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf • ;"rgf k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf • oGqpks/0f tyf ;fdu|L pTkfbgdf • ;ˆ6j]o/÷cef}lts ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbgdf %= ljsf;zLn b]zsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTj • ;"rgf k|ljlw / cfwf/e"t cfjZostfdWo] s'g /f]Hg] < • ;"rgf k|ljlwn] k|bfg ug]{ cj;/x¿ • ;"rgf k|ljlw M ;]tf] e"t Û • ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf ljz]if If]qx¿ • u|fdL0f ljsf;df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf • ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf • ul/a b]zx¿sf nflu tf/laxLg ;"rgf k|ljlw • ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw k|j4{gsf nflu ug'{ kg]{ sfd • ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/f

• bf];|f] v08 M g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u oyfy{, ;+efjgf / xf“s

^= g]kfnsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTj &= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf cfwf/ / l:ylt • ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|f/De / jt{dfg l:ylt • ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, P]g sfg'g • ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt lgofds lgsfox¿ • ;"rgf k|ljlw ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿ • ;+j+lwt ;+3 ;+:yf • hgzlQmM lzIff / ;Lk *= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u M ;+efjgf / jf:tljstf • ;+rf/sf] ;+;f/df • k|hftGq / ;'zf;gsf] If]qdf • ljsf;sf] If]qdf • lzIffsf] If]qdf • :jf:Yosf] If]qdf • ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fodf • pBf]u Jofkf/sf] If]qdf • ko{6gsf] If]qdf • s[lifsf] If]qdf • dgf]/+hgsf] If]qdf • ;+:s[lt / wd{sd{sf] If]qdf • ;flxTo / snfsf] If]qdf (= cfdhgtfsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] zlQm / g]kfndf o;sf] pkof]u n]vs M ljgos'df/ s;h"

Power of Information Technology and Its Use in Nepal - Vinaya Kumar Kasajoo © M n]vsdf

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• dWo:yx¿sf] e"ldsf • 6]ln;]G6/ M ufpFn]sf] b}nf]df ;"rgf k|ljlw • u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb|;+a+wL ;/sf/L of]hgf • ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;fd'bflos ;+rf/sf] d]n • ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u • s]a'n, OG6/g]6 / /]l8of]sf] d]n • cgnfOgsf] ljsNk ;L8L/f]d • ;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u !)= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;d:of / xfFsx¿ • kx'Fr / pkof]u • ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;d:ofx¿ • ;"rgfk|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne / pkof]uL agfpg] pkfox¿ • kl/lzi6 ! M ;fGble{s Pj+ kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL • kl/lzi6 @ M ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd o'Pg8LkLsf] cWoogn] klg s] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 eg] æ1fgsf] ul/aLÆ PSsfO;fF} ztfAbLsf] ;a}eGbf 3fts ul/aL x'g]5 . pQm cWoogsf cg';f/ ;"rgf qmflGtnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] tLg tTj 5g\ M clt b|'t ultn] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] k|ljlw, clt pRr ultsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtf / 36bf] d"No . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] cfwf/ ag]sf] lrksf] Ifdtf x/]s jif{ b'O{ u'gf a9b}5 eg] o;sf] df]n tLg u'gf 36\b}5 . cfhsf] o'u ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] o'u xf] . o;df s'g} z+sf 5}g . clxn] g]kfndf klg ;"rgf k|ljlw, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw, l8lh6n k|ljlw, dlN6ldl8of, OG6/g]6, ;fOa/:k];, cgnfOg kqsfl/tf, Osd;{, Oueg]{G;, Onlg{ª cflb k|fljlws zAbfjnLx¿sf] Jofks k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf ;"rgf / ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljifo af}l4s tyf k|fljlws JolQm jf ljz]if1x¿aLr ;Lldt geP/ s[lifnufot ;a} k|sf/sf Joj;fo, If]q, 5nkmn, uf]i7L, ;ef, ;Dd]ng / b}lgs hLjgsf ljleGg If]qdf pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 . gLlt lgdf{tf, g]tf, cleg]tf, pBf]uL, Jofkf/L, ljBfyL{, lzIfs, u[lx0fL, ls;fg, ljsf;] sfo{stf{b]lv lnP/ cfd hgtfsf] ;d]t ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo eO;s]sf] 5 of] ljifo . o;sf] af/]df yfxf kfpg' dfq} xf]Og o;af/] ljrf/ kf]Vg;Sg' klg ;fdflhs If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;a}sf] nflu cfjZos eO;s]sf]5 . of] s'g} cg';Gwfgsf] nflu lglZrt ljlw kfng u/]/ n]lvPsf] k|fl1s jf kf7\o k':ts xf]Og . of] k':ts ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] uxg k|fljlws cWoog ug]{ lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{sf] nflu geP/ o;sf af/]df hfgsf/L jf 1fg /fVg vf]Hg] / /fVg kg]{, ;dfhsf ;a} If]q jf ju{sf dflg;x¿nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] u/L tof/ kl/Psf] 5 . k':tssf] k|d'v p2]Zo ;a} ju{, Joj;fo / If]qsf dflg;x¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf cfwf/e"t 1fg;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg' / g]kfndf o;sf] dxTj / ;+efjgfaf/] a'\‰g ;3fpg' xf] . of] k':ts k|sfzg ug{ ljleGg tl/sfn] ;3fpg] hLjg;fyL u+uf s;h" / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df nfluk/]sf tLgefO 5f]/fx¿ – clegj, bLk+s/ / ;/f]j/ ;fy} ldl8of ;le{;]h\ OG6/g];gnsf ;xof]uLx¿nfO{ klg wGojfb lbG5' . ljgos'df/ s;h"

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aL;f}F ztfAbLsf] clGtd dlxgfdf jfl;+u6gdf e]nf ePsf cd]l/sL eljioljb\x¿n] s] eljiojf0fL u/] eg] cfufdL rf}yfO ztfAbLnfO{ ;"rgf qmflGtn] 8f]¥ofpg] 5 . ;"rgf qmflGtn] ;Dk"0f{ ;+rf/ Joj:yf tyf cy{tGqnfO{ k|efljt kfb}{ dfgj hLjgsf x/]s kIfdf k|j]z ug]{5 . ;g\ !(^^ df :yflkt ljZj eljio ;dfhdf c;L b]zsf j}1flgsx¿, ljleGg ljifosf ljz]if1x¿ tyf k"j{ /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ ;d]t tL; xhf/ ;b:o 5g\ . o;sf cWoIf P8jf8{ sf]lg{; eG5g\, æc7f/f}F ztfAbLdf s[lif cy{tGqnfO{ cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] ¿kfGtl/t u/]h:t} ;"rgf qmflGtn] jt{dfg cy{tGqnfO{ ¿kfGtl/t ub}{5 .Æ ;"rgf qmflGtsf] yfngL em08} Ps bzscl3 OG6/g]6sf] k|f/Deaf6 ePsf] lyof] . o;sf d'Vo rf/ j6f ljz]iftf 5g\ M ljs]Gb|Ls/0f (decentralization), ljZjLs/0f (universalization), ;fdGh:oLs/0f (harmonization) / JolQmJolQmnfO{ zlQm x:tfGt/0f (devolution) . gofF cfly{s Joj:yfsf] pNn]vgLo kIf s] xf] eg] of] lg/Gt/ kl/jt{gzLn 5 . of] Joj:yfdf 1fg (knowledge) g} k|d'v ;+;fwg ag]sf] 5 . sf]lg{; eG5g\, æ1fg clt b|'t ultn] ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf ax'd"No ;fwg aGb}5 . o;n] ;DklQsf] l;h{gf ub}{5 . o;cl3sf] cfly{s cfwf/ ag]sf] e"ld, >d, OGwg / k"FhLsf] 7fpF 1fgn] lnFb}5 . ;"rgfsf] lgjf{w k|jfxnfO{ /f]Sg vf]Hg] b]zx¿n] cfkm}nfO{ cljsl;ttfsf] cj:yflt/ ws]Ng]5g\ .Æ

k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] JofVof k':tsdf k/]sf k|fljlws / kfl/eflifs zAbx¿nfO{ uf9f / 58\s] cIf/df 5fk]/ ;Fu;Fu} cYof{pg vf]lhPsf] 5 eg] s]xL zAbx?sf] k'5f/sf] kl/lzi6 ! df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . k|fKtstf{nfO{ a'‰g ;lhnf] x'g] Pp6f jf w]/} ;+rf/ dfWodx¿ ldl8of_ dfkm{t ;"rgf :yfgfGt/0f ug'{, Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf jf Ps JolQmaf6 csf]{ JolQm;Dd k'¥ofpg' ;+rf/ xf] . ;+rf/ k|lqmofdf kfFr j6f tTjn] sfd u5{g\ M ;"rgf lbg] bftf jf k|]ifsÙ ;"rgf kfpg] k|fKtstf{ jf u|x0fstf{Ù ;+rf/ ug]{ ;fwg jf dfWod / k|ljlw jf pkfoÙ ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z tyf lkm8Jofs jf k|ltlqmof . ;/n ¿kdf eGbf, ;Gb]zbftfn] s'g} ;"rgf tof/ kf5{ . p;n] To;nfO{ zAb, efiff, Wjlg, lrq cflb s'g} pko'Qm ;+s]tdf 9fN5 Og\sf]8 u5{_ . clg s'g} vf; k|ljlw, dfWod jf ;fwgdfkm{t k|fKtstf{nfO{ k7fpF5 . k|fKtstf{n] Tof] ;Gb]znfO{ cfkm"n] a'‰g;Sg] ;+s]tdf 9fN5 -l8sf]8 u5{_ / ;Gb]z a'lemof] ls a'lemPg eGg] k|ltlqmof hgfpF5 .

cWofo !

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw Jofks cy{df

;"rgfM hfgsf/L / tYof+sx¿ cyf{t\ 8]6fnfO{ ;+sng / k|zf]wg u/L ;'ul7t, ;fy{s / pkof]u ug{;lsg] cfsf/df 9flnPkl5 ;"rgf x'G5 . ;'ul7t / pkof]uL ;"rgf ;xL, ;fGble{s, k"0f{, ;Totfsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsg], ljZj;gLo / rflxPsf] a]nfdf kfpg;lsg] x'G5 . ;"rgfnfO{ cIf/, c+s, lrq, rnlrq / Wjlgdf k|:t't ug{;lsG5 . ;+rf/M b'O{ JolQm jf kIfx¿aLr af]n]/, n]v]/ jf b'a}n] a'‰g;Sg] ;+s]t jf Jojxf/åf/f ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug'{ ;+rf/ xf] . csf]{ tl/sfn] eGg'kbf{ k|]ifs / k|fKtstf{aLr 2

lg/Gt/ gofFgofF rdTsf/ b]vfO/x]sf] 5 . of] k':ts d'Vo ¿kdf oxL ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljifodf xf] .

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;+;f/df ;+rf/ eGgfn] Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csf]{ sDKo'6/;Dd jf sDKo'6/x¿sf] aLrdf 6]lnkmf]g, dfOqmf]j]e l/n], :of6]nfO6 ln+s jf s]a'n tf/h:tf ;+rf/sf Ps jf cg]s k|ljlw / dfWodåf/f 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 . k|ljlwM ;"rgfnfO{ ;+rf/ ug{ k|of]u ul/g] tl/sf, pkfo, k|lqmof, dfWod, ;fwg tyf pkfo / ;fwgnfO{ ;+rfng u/fpg] ljlw, ;ˆ6j]o/;d]t ;+rf/ k|ljlw xf] . c+u|]hL efiffdf o;nfO{ 6]Snf]nf]hL / lxGbLdf k|f}Bf]lusL elgG5 . k|ljlw xftsf] O;f/f, af]nL, lr7L, 6]lnkmf]gb]lv sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6;Dd h] klg x'g;S5 .

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw k|0ffnL

dfly elgPsf] ;"rgf / k|ljlw eP/ dfq} x'Fb}g . logn] sfd ug{sf] nflu pko'Qm ;"rgf ;+rf/ ug]{ k|0ffnL / kl/l:ylt jf jftfj/0f rflxG5 . ;"rgf k|0ffnL k"/f x'gsf nflu dflg; / k|lqmof x'g'k5{ . o;/L ;"rgf, k|ljlw / ;"rgf k|0ffnL ePkl5 tL ;a}n] sfd ug{sf nflu plrt kl/l:yltsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . kl/l:yltnfO{ ;/sf/L u}/;/sf/Lnufot ljleGg lgsfox¿, ;d"xx¿, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿, ahf/h:tf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿ tyf /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, cy{tGq, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kl/l:ylt, gLltut tyf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿, lzIff, oGqpks/0f / k"jf{wf/ cflbn] k|efj kf5{ . o;}n] ;"rgf hlt;'s} dxTjk"0f{ eP klg To;sf] k|efj s:tf] / s;/L k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgoGq0f, k|efj / lgwf{/0f ug]{ tTjx¿ w]/} x'G5g\ . To:t} k|ljlw / k|0ffnL hlt;'s} k|efjsf/L eP klg ltgnfO{ dflysf ljleGg s'/fn] lgoGq0f u5{ . o; sf/0f s'g} klg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ cnUu} gx]/Lsg ;DalGwt b]zsf] ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df x]g'{k5{ .

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] zlQm / g]kfndf o;sf] pkof]u

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf ljleGg k|ljlw

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;"rgf k|ljlwsf] tfTko{

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] kl/efiff / o;n] ;d]6\g] k|ljlw / oGq pks/0fx¿sf] af/]df ljleGg JolQm / ;+:yfsf] ;f]rfOdf s]xL leGgtf kfOG5 . s]xLn] On]S6«f]lgs ;fwgx¿sf] d2tn] ;"rgf k|zf]wg / ;+k|]if0f ug]{ tyf ;+rf/ ug]{ k|ljlwnfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw dfG5g\ . o;leq /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgh:tf k/Dk/fut On]S6«f]lgs ;fwg / sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 tyf tf/hl8t / df]afOn kmf]g klg k5{g\ . s;}s;}n] 5fkf dfWodnfO{ klg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] 7"nf] 3]/fleq ;d]6\g] u/]sf 5g\ . zAbfy{sf] lx;fan] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] af]nLrfnL, xfjefj, k':ts klqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g tyf OG6/g]6;Dd ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf] Jofks If]q ;d]6] klg rng rNtLsf] efiff, s'/fsfgL / Jojxf/df On]S6«f]lgS;, sDKo'6/ / b"/;+rf/sf] cfwf/df rNg] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ g} a'lemG5 . ;+If]kdf o;nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw jf cfO{6L dfq} klg elgG5 . of] k':tsdf klg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] nflu w]/} 7fpFdf ;"rgf k|ljlw g} elgPsf] 5 .

;"rgf k|ljlw s] xf] <

;"rgf jf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{, e08f/ jf ;+sng ug]{, k|zf]wg ug]{ / ;+rf/ jf k|;f/ ug]{ On]S6«f]lgs tl/sf, pkfo / ;fwgnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw elgG5 . o;df b"/;+rf/ tyf On]S6«f]lgS;nufot ljleGg k|ljlwx¿sf] ;Fu;Fu} pkof]u ul/G5 . o;leq sDKo'6/;Fu ;+a+lwt xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/ / cGo pks/0fx¿sf ;fy} b"/;+rf/ / ;"IdOn]S6«f]lgs k|ljlwx¿ k5{g\ . o;cGtu{tsf] ;"rgf jf hfgsf/Ldf ljleGg k|sf/sf hfgsf/L jf 8]6f, Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq cflb dlN6ldl8of klg k5{g\ . o;df pkof]u x'g] ;"rgf b'O{ c+s jf l8lh6 -) / !_ df cfwfl/t x'g] x'gfn] of] k|ljlwnfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlw klg elgG5 . 8]6fx¿ hlt;'s} / h'g ¿kdf eP klg sDKo'6/df s]jn ) / ! sf] d]naf6 aGg] x'gfn] tL b'O{ c+snfO{ csNkgLo ultdf k|zf]wg, k|;f/0f, e08f/0f / k'gM k|fKt ug{;lsG5 . of] g} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d'Vo ;+/rgfTds ljz]iftf xf] . oxL ljz]iftfn] ubf{ o;nfO{ csNkgLo sfdx¿df, ljljw ¿kx¿df pkof]u ug{;lsg] ePsf] xf] .

;"rgf k|ljlwsf ljz]iftf 3

;fwgx¿ cToGt ;Lldt / ckl/is[t lyP . xft, d'v, cfFvf, lbdfu, :j/, af]nL cflb dflg;sf] z/L/sf ljleGg c+ux¿ ;+rfng u/]/ dfq dflg;x¿ cfk;df ;+rf/ ug{;Sy] . dflg;n] ;+rf/sf] nflu efiffsf] pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf] tLg nfv jif{ ePsf] cg'dfg ul/G5, tfklg em08} rfln; xhf/ jif{cl3;Dd dflg; ;+rf/sf] nflu z/L/sf c+u ;+rfngdfly g} lge{/ lyof] . c+u ;+rfng k|ljlwaf6 dflg;n] dgsf] efj JoQm ug{ t ;SYof], t/ cfˆgf] efjgf / 1fgnfO{ w]/} ;do;Dd ;+ufn]/ /fVg / Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k7fpg ;Qm}gYof] . u'kmfaf;L dfgjn] leQfdf sf]/]/ ;+s]tåf/f ;+rf/ ug{= yfn]b]lv cfˆgf efjgf jf ljrf/nfO{ lglZrt lnlk jf cIf/df n]Vg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ dflg;nfO{ em08} tL; xhf/ jif{ nfUof] . dflg;n] lnlksf] pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf] O;fk"j{ rf/kfFr xhf/ jif{cl3b]lv dfq} xf] . To;kl5 dfq} ;"rgf / 1fgnfO{ a8f] d]xgt;fy ;'/lIft /fVg / cf];f/k;f/ ug{ ;+ej eof] . ;g\ !$%% lt/ hd{gLdf u'6]gju{n] 5fkfvfgf cfljisf/ u/]kl5 dflg;sf] 1fg ;+sng ug]{ / km}nfpg] Ifdtf crfgs a9Øf] . ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L / 1fgnfO{ s'g} ;+s]t jf lnlkdf ptf/]/ cyf{t\ lnlvt jf d'lb|t ¿kdf k':ts jf kqklqsf dfkm{t ;+sng / k|]if0f jf k|;f/0f ug]{ k|ljlwnfO{ xfdL kf7Ø k|ljlw eG5f}F . u'6]gju{sf] k|];n] 306fdf d'l:snn] Ps xhf/ kfgf sfut 5fKg ;SYof] eg] clxn] j]a ckm;]6 k|];n] 306fdf c;L xhf/ kfgf 5fKg ;S5 . lbglbg} nfvf}Fsf] ;+Vofdf lg:sg] cvaf/, kqklqsf tyf k':tsn] dflg;sf] 1fg / ;Eotfdf s] k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] b]lv/x]s} 5fF} . lat]sf] ;o, ;jf;o jif{df dflg;n] lah'nL / lah'nLaf6 rNg] 6]lnkmf]g, l;g]df, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgh:tf ;fwgsf] cfljisf/ u¥of] . o;n] dflg;sf] hfgsf/L / 1fg a9fpg], ;+ufNg] / km}nfpg] sfddf lgSs} 7"nf] kl/jt{g Nofof] . On]S6«f]lgs k|ljlw eg]/ lrlgg] of] ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljZjdf ;+rf/ qmflGtsf] ;"qkft u¥of] . o;n] dfgj ;Eotfdf kf/]sf] k|efj tkfO{F xfd|f] ;fd' gofFgofF Pj+ rdTsfl/s ¿kdf b]vf kb}{5 . ca of] k|ljlwlagfsf] ljZjsf] xfdL sNkgf klg ug{ ;Qm}gf}F . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;'?b]lv g} rn]sf] zf/Ll/s c+u ;+rfngdf cfwfl/t k|ljlw clxn] klg emg kl/lis[t ¿kdf dfgj dgsf] cleJolQm ug]{ sfddf pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 eg] kf7Ø k|ljlw / On]S6«f]lgs k|ljlw klg lg/Gt/ ljsl;t x'Fb} dfgj ;EotfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb}5 . o;}aLr em08} krf; jif{cl3 dfq ;'? ePsf ] OnS] 6f« l] gs pks/0f, b/" ;r+ f/ / sDKo6' /sf ] dn] af6 kf| be' fj{ ePs;f"r] gf k|ljlwn] t emg dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df csNkgLo rdTsf/ b]vfpg yfn]sf] 5 . xfn j]a k|];n] c;L xhf/ kfgf sfut 5fKg Ps 306f nfU5 eg] xhf/f}F k]hsf] kmfOn sDKo'6/sf] sLaf]8{ lyRg] lalQs} OG6/g]6dfkm{t ljZjel/ km}lnPsf s/f]8f}F sDKo'6/df k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . cvaf/ jf lstfa cf];fg{ oftfoftsf ;fwg / ;8s jf jfo' dfu{ ;fy} ;dosf] cfjZostf x'G5 eg] Pp6f sDKo'6/df ePsf nfvf}F k]hsf ;"rgf ;fdu|L s/f}8f}F sDKo'6/df k'/\ofpg g t s'g} oftfoftsf] ;fwg rflxG5 g t w]/} ;do g} nfU5 .

;"rgf k|ljlwn] ubf{ s'g} klg JolQm jf ;+:yfn] s'g} klg :yfgdf s'g} klg :j¿kdf -lnlk, zAb, lrq, Wjlg jf rnlrqdf_ clxn] ;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf ;:tf] b/df / l56f] ultdf ;"rgf jf 1fg k|fKt ug{, pTkfbg ug{ / To;/L pTkfbg u/]sf] ;"rgf jf 1fgnfO{ k|zf]wg (Process), e08f/0f (Store), k'gM pkof]u jf k'gM k|fKt ug{ (Retrive) tyf sxLF klg k7fpg jf k|;f/ ug{ (Dissemination) ;+ej ePsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] csf]{ k|d'v ljz]iftf dlN6ldl8of jf ax'dfWod x'g' xf] . ca ;"rgf / 1fg zAb, cIf/, c+s jf lrqdf ;Lldt 5}g . OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ca cIf/, lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg cflb ljljw dfWodx¿df ;"rgf k|fKt ug{, k|zf]wg, ;+sng, k'g?Tkfbg / k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . la;f}F ztfAbL;Dd ;"rgf / 1fg 5flkPsf cIf/h:t} crn / /]l8of] 6]lnlehgn] k|;f/ u/]h:t} PstkmL{ lyof] eg] PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf cfP/ ;"rgf / 1fg ;rn, lqmofzLn / cGtlq{mofTds (Interactive) ePsf] 5 . o;sf] k|efj dfgj ;dfhsf] x/]s kIfdf kl//x]sf] 5 . h}ljs d"n k|j[lQ, hGdhft ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/fut 1fgn] dfq ca dflg;sf] hLjg rNg ;Qm}g . clxn]sf] dflg; ;"rgf / 1fglagf afFRg g;Sg] x'Fb}5 . afFRgsf] nfludfq xf]Og hLjg:t/ ;kfg{ / ;Ddfg tyf ;'vk"j{s afFRgsf nflu klg p;nfO{ ;"rgf / 1fgsf] cfjZostf al9/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf h;n] a9L kx'Fr kfpF5 / h;n] o;sf] a9L pkof]u ug{;S5 p;}n] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf, ;DkGgtf / zlQm a9fpg;S5 .

;"rgf k|ljlwn] ug{;Sg] k|d'v sfd

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] sxfF s:tf] sfd u5{, s'g b]zdf of] slt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] s'/f tL b]zsf] ;"rgf k|0ffnL / kl/j]zdf lge{/ x'G5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] b[li6n] sd ljsl;t b]zx¿df of] k|ljlwsf] d'Vosfd ;"rgf cf];f/k;f/ jf ;+rf/ ug'{dfq} b]lvG5 eg] ljsl;t b]zx¿df of] k|ljlwn] ;"rgf ;fdu|L pTkfbg, k|ljlw / pks/0f pTkfbg, hl6n,j}1flgs, dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfsf] k|zf]wg u/]/ b]zsf] cy{tGqdf clwstd of]ubfg lbO/x]sf] 5 . cem ;"rgf ;dfhsf] cj:yfdf k'Ugnfu]sf] bfaL ug]{ hfkfg cd]l/sfh:tf s]xL b]zx¿df of] k|ljlw b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] k|d'v c+u aGb}5 .

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;"rgf qmflGt / dfgj ljsf;

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / dfgj ljsf;

dflg; / kz'x¿nfO{ 5'§Øfpg] d'Vo tTj k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf xf] . dflg;sf] k'vf{n] n¶Ln] kmnkm"n em/fNg, kftn] kfgL pafP/ vfg / l/; p7]sf] a]nfdf 9'+uf l6k]/ lxsf{pg yfn]b]lv g} dflg;sf] ljsf; tyf ;d[l4sf] nflu k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . em08} rfln; xhf/ jif{cl3 cf]9f/sf] leQfdf / 9'+ufdf ;+s]t jf lrq sf]/]/ dflg;n] ljrf/ / ;+rf/ clen]vg -/]s8{_ ug]{ / k'¥ofpg] sfddf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . To; a]nfb]lv g} dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;"rgf / 1fgn] k|d'v e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ dflg;sf] hLjg ;'vdo agfpgsf nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw / h}ljs k|ljlw (Biotechnology) dfly ;a}sf] cfzf s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . k[YjLdf hLj ljsf;sf] qmddf kz' / dflg; 5'l§Pkl5 klg xhf/fF} jif{;Dd dflg;;Fu cfˆgf] efjgf JoQm ug]{ ;+rf/sf

1fg k|fKt ug]{, ;+u|x ug]{ / k|;f/ ug]{ dfgj Ifdtfsf] ljsf;

dflg;n] lnlksf] pkof]u ug{ hfg]kl5, laut !) xhf/ aif{leq cfˆgf] / ljZjsf] af/]df 1fg k|fKt / ;+u|x ug]{ ult csNkgLo 9+un] a9fO/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !%)) eGbf cl3 ;+;f/el/

4

• ;g\ !&)& df klxnf] b}lgs klqsf n08g 8]nL sf]/f06 k|sflzt x'g yfNof] . • ;g\ !&(# df k|sfz;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlqmof u/fP/ lrq agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] kQf nfUof] . klxnf] k6s kmf]6f]u|flkms lk|ltljDa 5fofl5q_ ;g\ !*@^ df tof/ kf/]sf] dflgG5 . • ;g\ !*#) ;Dd xft] k|];n] Ps 306fdf @)) k|lt 5fKYof] eg] afkmn] rNg] O+lhgsf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 306fdf $))) k|lt 5fKg;lsg] eof] . • klxnf] 6]lnu|fkm ;g\ !*#! • 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*&^ • u|fdf]kmf]gsf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*&& • lah'nLsf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*&( • a]tf/ 6]lnu|fkm÷/]l8of]sf] sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*(% • /]l8of] k|;f/0f ;'? ;g\ !(@) • /+lug 6]lnlehg cljisf/ ;g\ !(@% • Pgfnu sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !(#) • On]S6«f] d]sflgsn sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !($$ lrGtgdf klg o;n] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . s'g} ;dfh slt ljsl;t 5 eGg] s'/f Tof] ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] slt dfqfdf 1fg / ;"rgfnfO{ pkof]u jf pkef]u u5{g\ eGg] s'/fn] hgfpg yfn]sf] 5 . dfgj ;Eotf b|'t ultn] ;"rgf ;dfh -OGkmd]{;g ;f];fO6L_ cyf{t\ 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh -gn]h a]:8 ;f];fO6L_ lt/ pGd'v x'Fb}5 . dfgj ljsf;sf] ;"rs ca ef}lts ;'v ;'ljwfsf] pkef]u Ifdtfsf] ;§f ;"rgf / 1fgsf] pknAwtf, pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf / kxF'rnfO{ dfGg yflnPsf] 5 . dfgj hfltnfO{ h+unaf6 lg:s]/, 3'dGt] / lzsf/L hLjg Tofu]/ a:tL a;fn]/ ;Eotfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] sfd s[lif k|ljlwn] u/]sf] lyof] . o; lx;fan] dfgj ;Eotfdf ePsf] klxnf] qmflGt s[lif qmflGt lyof] . kmn:j¿k xhf/f}F jif{;Dd s[lifdf cfwfl/t ;Eotfsf] ljsf; eof] . dflg;n] kf+u|f / jfkmn] rNg] OlGhgsf] cfljisf/ u/]kl5 cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] yfngL eof] . cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; a]Un} 9+un] ug{ yfNof] . gofF jfl0fHo, cy{tGq, /fHo, ;fd|fHo, pklgj]z, ljZjLs/0f -Unf]anfOh];g_ n] ljZjsf] ¿k g} km]l/lbof] . t/ cf}Bf]lus qmflGt ;'? ePsf] kfFr ;o jif{ glaTb} ;"rgf qmflGtsf] yfngL eof] . cfh xfdL ;"rgf qmflGtsf] ;+3f/df 5f}F .

d'l:sn}n] jif{sf] Ps xhf/ k':ts xftn] n]v]/ tof/ x'Gy] xf]nfg\ . Tof] ultn] k':ts k|sflzt ubf{ Psnfv zLif{ssf k':ts tof/ kfg{ em08} !)) jif{ nfU5 . t/ ;g\ !(%) cyf{t\ 5fkfvfgf cljisf/ ePsf] rf/ ;o jif{ glaTb} o'/f]kdf Ps jif{df !,@),))) zLif{ssf k':ts 5flkg yfn] . ;o jif{df x'g] sfd b; jif{df x'g yfNof] . ;g\ !(^) cyf{t\ b; jif{kl5 of] ult a9]/ ;o jif{sf] sfd ;f9] ;ft dlxgfdf ug{ ;lsg] eof] . kfFr jif{kl5 g} ;+;f/el/ k|ltlbg !))) zLif{ssf k':ts lg:sg yfn] . 1fg jf hfgsf/L km}nfpg] ult s;/L a9\of] eGg] of] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . em08} ;o jif{cl3 /]l8of]sf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 1fg km}nfpg] ult cem} Jofks / l56f] x'g yfNof] . 1fg jf ;"rgf kfpgsf nflu cIf/ lrGg' kg]{ cfjZostf ePg . 6]lnlehgn] o;nfO{ cem cfsif{s / /f]rs klg agfof] . cfw'lgs sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/ tyf pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] krf; aif{ x'g yfNof] . o;aLr sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]gsf] d]nn] dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df Pp6f ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 h;nfO{ xfdL ;"rgf qmflGt eG5f}F . of] qmflGt ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 5 . Jofj;flos tyf k|fljlws ;d'bfodf o;nfO{ cfO{6L, ;"rgf k|ljlw, l8lh6n k|ljlw, ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ (Information Superhighway) cflb elgG5 .

;"rgf / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ljsf;sf] emns

• dflg;n] tLgnfv jif{ klxn]b]lv efiffsf] pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf] cg'dfg 5 . • u'kmfjf;L dflg;x¿n] #% xhf/ jif{ klxn] n]v]/ ;+rf/ ug]{ k|of; yfn] . • d];f]kf]6fldofaf;Lx¿n] O;feGbf *))) jif{klxn] lunf] df6f]sf] ;Dd k/]sf] OF6f÷l9Ssf -6ØfAn]6_ df lt/sf] 6'Kkf] jf tLvf] cf}hf/ n] n]Vg yfn] . oxL cEof;af6 clxn]sf /f]dg, b]jgfu/L cflb ljleGg lnlkx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 . • dflg;x¿n] %))) b]lv $))) jif{ O;fk"j{ cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ s'g} ;+s]tn] hgfpg n]vg÷lnlksf] pkof]u ug{ yfn] . • ld;|af;Lx¿n] #%)) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv n]Vg] sfddf ef]hkq kkfO/ ;_ sf] pkof]u ug{ yfn] . • kmf]gl] ;ofaf;Lx¿n] !&)) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv @@ cIf/sf] j0f{dfnf pkof]u ug{ yfn] . • ld;|af;Lx¿n] !$^) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv hfgj/x¿sf] k|zf]lwt 5fnf -kfr{d]06_ df n]Vgyfn] . • lrlgofx¿n] !)$! jif{ O;fk"j{df rn cIf/ -d'e]an 6fOk_ sf] cfljisf/ u/] . • uGg] oGq, ca]s;sf] pkof]u !))) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv ;'? eof] . • lrgdf &$* jif{ O;fk"j{df klxnf] klqsf 5flkof] . • u'6]gju{n] ;g\ !$%% lt/ 5fkfvfgf agfP/ k':ts 5fKgyfn] . • ;g\ !^)) sf] ;'?lt/ cvaf/n] :ki6 ¿k lng yfNof] . • ;g\ !^$@ df An]h kf:snn] oflGqs u0fs -d]sflgsn SofNs'n]6/_ cfljisf/ u/] .

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|efj

cf}Bf]lus k|ljlwn] dflg;sf] hLjgz}nL, lrGtg, 1fg, lzIff, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Joj:yf, snf, ;+:s[ltnufot hLjgsf x/]s c+udf h'g k|efj kf¥of] Tof]eGbf csNkgLo dfqfdf ;"rgf qmflGtn] k|efj kfg]{ nIf0f b]lvPsf] 5 . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ k|efj t o;n] s]6fs]6Lsf] l;Sg] pd]/ / Ifdtfdf kfb}{5 . sDKo'6/ pgLx¿sf] v]nf}gfdfq xf]Og l;Sg] d'Vo ;fwg aGb}5 . pgLx¿n] sDKo'6/dfkm{t 1fg k|fKt ug]{ s'/fdf cfkm"eGbf cl3sf ;a} k':tfnfO{ pl5Gb}5g\ . afkmn] rNg] OlGhg / /]nn] cf}Bf]lus o'udf rdTsf/ u/]em}F ;"rgf k|ljlwn] pBf]u / jfl0fHosf] If]qdf csNkgLo 9+un] ;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx¿ vf]Nb}5 . o;n] ljZjs} 5

cy{tGq, /fhgLlt / ;dfhsf x/]s c+udf kl/jt{g NofpFb}5 . o;n] ljZjnfO{ g} Pp6f ahf/df kl/0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;fdfgsf] pTkfbg s'g} ufpFsf] s'gfdf ePtf klg To;sf] ljqmL / ljt/0f ljZjJofkL / k|lt:kwL{ ePsf] 5 . Ps} jfSodf eGg] xf] eg] ;"rgf qmflGtn] dflg;n] • l8lh6n sDKo'6/sf] ljsf; ;g\ !(%) sf] bzs • On]S6«f]lgs o'u ;g\ !($& — !(&@ • 6«flGh:6/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !($& • :jrflnt k|f]u|fd /fvL rnfpg ldNg] sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !(%) • sDKo'6/ o'usf] k|f/De ;g\ !(%! • /+lug 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f k|f/De ;g\ !(%# • e"pku|x k|If]k0f ;g\ !(%& • ;+rf/ e"pku|xsf] k|f/De ;g\ !(^@ • OG6/g]6sf] k"j{¿k ARPAnet sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(^( • ;"rgf o'usf] k|f/De ;g\ !(&# • Ps ju{ ;]lG6ld6/ cfsf/sf] lrkdf b; xhf/ 6«flGh:6/ c6fof] . • ˆofS; d]l;gsf] ;'?jft ;g\ !(&$ • klxnf] k;{gn SDKo'6/ -kL;L_ ahf/df cfof] ;g\ !(&% • sDKo'6/x¿sf] :yfgLo g]6js{ agfpg] Oy/g]6sf] k|f/De ;g\ !(&^ • clK6sn kmfOa/ s]ansf] cf/De ;g\ !(&& • Wjlg l/s8{ ug{ sDKofS6 l8:s -;L8L_ sf] cf/De ;g\ !(*@ • klxnf] ;]n'n/ 6]lnkmf]gsf] cf/De ;g\ !(*# • klxnf] ;L8L /f]d / PKkn DoflsG6f]; sDKo'6/ cf/De ;g\ !(*% • O06/g]6÷ jN8{jfO8j]asf] k|f/De ;g\ !(() lt/

k|ljlwsf k|d'v cfwf/x¿ sDKo'6/, g]6js{, OG6/g]6, b"/;+rf/, dlN6ldl8of / ;"rgf ;fIf/tf x'g\ .

sDKo'6/ / l8lh6n k|ljlw

cfhef]ln 3/df sDKo'6/ /fVg' km];g, OHht / cfw'lgstfsf] lrgf];d]t eO;s]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZjdf s'g} klg Joj;fosf] ;kmntfsf]nflu sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u ckl/xfo{ x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] b}lgs hLjgsf x/]s c+unfO{ k|efljt ub}{5 . lxFhf];Dd ljBf jf 1fg, wg tyf dfg ;Ddfgsf] nflu ;fIf/ x'g' cfjZos dflgGYof] eg] cj k/Dk/ut ;fIf/tfn] dfq k'Ub}g . sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tflagf casf] ;dfhdf 1fg, wg / ;Ddfg kfpg' ;xh 5}g . /]l8of], 6]lnlehg / oftfoftsf ;fwfgx¿h:t} sDKo'6/ klg hLjgsf] c+u aGb} uPsf] 5 .

sDKo'6/ s] xf] <

sDKo'6/ o:tf] oGq xf] h;n] cfb]z cg';f/ b|'t ultdf On]S6«f]lgs 8]6f k|zf]wg u5{ . On]S6«f]lgs 8]6f eg]sf] sDKo'6/n] a'‰g] ;+s]tdf tof/ kfl/Psf] kf7Ø, lrq, Wjlg, rnlrq cflb cfwf/e"t ;"rgf ;fdu|L xf] . sDKo'6/n] d'Vo tLg j6f sfd u5{ M o;n] ;'lgof]lht, ;'ul7t tyf lgolGqt ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] ;"rgf ;fdu|L lnG5 (Input), Tof] ;fdu|LnfO{ To;nfO{ sfd ug]{, l;Sg], Pscfk;df ;+rf/ ug]{, Jofkf/ ug]{h:tf x/]s If]qdf kl/jt{g Nofpg'sf ;fy} dfgj ;dfh / cy{tGqnfO{ gofF cfsf/df 9fNg] sfd ub{}5 . o;n] ;do / b"/Lsf] aGwgnfO{ dfq tf]8]sf] 5}g clkt' ;+;f/ el/sf dflg;x¿nfO{ Pscfk;df ;+jfb ug{ nufP/ pgLx¿aLr cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts e]befjnfO{ d]6\g] ;Defjgf a9fPsf]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwn] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ w]/} ;lhnf] agfpFb}5 . ;a}eGbf d'Vo s'/f t o;n] ;do / ef}lts b"/LnfO{ d]6fpFb}5 . lzIff, ;Lk, 1fg / ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ / k|]if0f ug{ clt ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . ljZjel/ km}lnPsf] 1fgsf e08f/df /x]sf k':ts klqsf cflbnfO{ lgd]ife/d} 6]a'ndfly Nofpg, x]g{, 5fKg, ;'Gg ;Dej ePsf] 5 . oftfoftdf x'g] vr{ / ;donfO{ 36fPsf] 5 . Ps hgf JolQmsf] ljrf/ jf ;Gb]z If0fe/d} ljZjel/ km}nfpg ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . pBf]uL tyf Joj;foLx¿n] cfˆgf] pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] ljqmL ljZjahf/df k'¥ofpg yfn]sf 5g\ . 3/d} a;La;L u|fxsn] lrof skmL vfhf dfq xf]Og b}lgs pkef]usf ;fdfg 3/d} k|fKt ug{;S5 . s'g} klg 7fpFdfa;]/ ljZjsf] s'g} klg 7fpFdf pTkfbg / ljqmL x'g] j:t' lsGg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;]jf a9L k|efjsf/L / b|'t ultn] k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿ / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ a9L ;Ifd, lhDd]bf/ / kf/bzL{ agfpgsf ;fy} hgtfnfO{ cfˆgf] dt tTsfn hfx]/ ug]{ ;'ljwf lbP/ ;"rgf k|ljlwn] k|hftflGqs ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lbg yfln;s]sf] 5 . lzIff, dgf]/+hg, Jofkf/, pBf]uwGbf, :jf:Yo ;]jf, /fHo Joj:yfkg÷;'zf;g, cfd;+rf/, dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf;, of]hgf th'{df cflb cgluGtL If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

dfgj ljsf;sf] ;f+rf] / ;"rs M ;"rgf / 1fg æ1fg kl/jt{gsf] phf{ xf]Æ eGg] s'/f ;flat eO;s]sf] 5, lsgls 1fg, hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf km}lng] ultsf] j[lWb;Fu} dflg;n] gofF 1fg–lj1fgsf] cfljisf/ ug]{ ult klg a9\b} 5 . ;fy} dflg;sf] hLjg:t/, Jojxf/ /

cWofo #

;"rgf k|ljlwsf cfwf/

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df qmlGtsf/L kl/jt{g Nofpg] d'Vo sf/s tTj xf] l8lh6n k|ljlw . cf}Bf]lus o'udf pBf]u wGbfx¿ ljzfn / ux|f}F oflGqs pks/0fx¿af6 rNy] . snsf/vfgdf hl8Psf oGqx¿ klxn]sf 38Lx¿h:t} ;}of}F k'hf{x¿n] ag]sf x'Gy] . ltgnfO{ rnfpg dflg;, 3f]8f, afkm OlGhg, bd -l:k|ª_ cflb zlQmsf] cfjZostf x'GYof] . lah'nLsf] cljisf/ ePkl5 snsf/vfgdf pkof]u ul/g] oflGqs pks/0fx¿df w]/} ;'wf/ eof] . lah'nLn] ubf{ g} 6]lnkmf]g, /]l8of] cflb ;+rf/ pks/0fx¿sf] cfljisf/ eof] . t/ To; a]nfsf /]l8of] / 6]lnkmf]g tyf clxn]sf] /]l8of] / 6]lnkmf]gaLr lgSs} leGgtf 5 . clxn] 6]lnkmf]g, /]l8of], 6]lnlegh cflb ;+rf/sf k|foM ;a} dfWodx¿ l8lh6n k|ljlwdf kl/0ft eO;s]sf 5g\ . cfw'lgs ;"rgf

;"rgf qmflGtsf] nIo / k|efj

dfgj hLjgdf ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf k|ljlwn] ;j{JofkL e"ldsf v]Ng yfn]sf] / dflg;sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts nufot ;a} kIfdf o;n] kl/jt{g Nofpg yfn]sf] x'gfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] of] o'ufGtsf/L ljsf;nfO{ ;"rgf qmflGt elgPsf] xf] . jf:tjdf dfgj hLjgsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs /fhgLlts nufot ;a} lqmofsnfknfO{ 1fgdf cfwfl/t agfpFb} ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhnfO{ g} 1fgjfg agfpg] qmflGtsf] yfngL xf] of] . o;n] dflg;sf] Pp6} 6

cfk"lt{ Joj:yf, d]df]/L, ;L8L /f]d 8«fOe, ˆnkL 8«fOe, PS:kfG;g sf8{, PS:kfG;g :n6, db/af]8{, ;fp08 sf8{, lel8of] sf8{ tyf ljleGg sfdsf] nflu ljleGg sf8{, h:t} 6LeL sf8{, /flvPsf x'G5g\ . sDKo'6/n] s;/L sfd u5{ < sDKo'6/sf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ . xf8{j]o/ eg]sf] sDKo'6/sf] aflx/ / leq ePsf, b]Vg, 5fDg / 5'g ;lsg] 7f]; pks/0f / kf6{k'hf{x¿ x'g\ . h:t} M df]lg6/, dfp;, ;LkLo', sLaf]8{, lk|G6/, l:ks/ cflb ;ˆ6j]o/ eg]sf] sDKo'6/sf xf8{j]o/x¿nfO{ sfd u/fpg] cfb]z xf] . ;ˆ6j]o/ d'Vo ¿kdf b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M ck/]l6ª l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/ / PlKns];g k|f]u|fd ;ˆ6j]o/ . ck/]l6ª l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/ sDKo'6/nfO{ ;+rfng u/fpg] cfwf/e"t ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . o;}sf] cfwf/df PlKns];g k|f]u|fd ;ˆ6j]o/x¿n] sfd u5{g\ . lj+8f]h / lngS; ck/]l6ª l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . PlKns];g k|f]u|fd s'g} lglZrt ljifodf lgwf{l/t sfd ug{sf nflu agfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu lr7L kq / n]v /rgf n]Vgsf] nflu j8{k|f];]l;ª k|f]u|fdsf] pkof]u ul/G5 eg] lx;fa lstfa /fVgsf] nflu PsfplG6ª ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u ul/G5 . To:t} k':ts klqsf n]cfp6 l8hfOg ug{ k]hd]s/, kmf]6f] ;Dkfbg ug{ kmf]6f];k cflb k|f]u|fd pkof]u x'G5 . ljleGg If]qdf sfd ug]{x¿n] cfcfˆgf] sfd / cfjZostf cg';f/ PlKns];g ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ /fVg] / aflx/} /fVg] b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . df]8]dsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f o;sf] ult jf l:k8 xf] . df]8]dsf] ultnfO{ la6 k|lt ;]s]08 aLkLP;\_ jf lsnf]la6 k|lt ;]s]G8 -s]aLkLP;\_ df gflkG5 . %^,))) aLkLP;\ cyf{t\ Ps ;]s]08df %^,))) la6 a/fa/sf] ;+s]t k7fpg jf k|fKt ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] df]8]d al9 k|rlnt 5 . df]8]dsf] ult hlt w]/} eof] Tolt l56f] Od]n jf OG6/g]6 k|fKt ug{ jf x]g{ ;lsg] x'gfn] ;do hf]ufpg / 6]lnkmf]gsf] vr{ 36fpg klg w]/} ultsf] df]8]d a]; x'G5 .

k':tfdf klg ;+:s[lt, rfnrng, lrGtg / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Jojxf/df kTofpg} g;lsg] kl/jt{g NofO/x]sf] 5 . agfpg nufpF5g\ . a}Fs, c:ktfn, b"/;+rf/, hgu0fgf, dt ;j]{If0f cflb ljljw sfdsf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ agfOG5g\ . sDKo'6/nfO{ sfd u/fpgsf] nflu ;a}eGbf klxn] To;df ;'lgof]lht 8]6f eg'{k5{ . sDKo'6/nfO{ 8]6f pknAw u/fpg] pks/0fx¿nfO{ Ogk'6 l8efO; elgG5 . cIf/ 6fOk u/]/ jf sdf08 lbP/ sfd u/fpg] lsaf]8{, dfp;, Hjfol:6s, k]g cflb Ogk'6 l8efO; x'g\ . dfp; xftn] rnfpg] ;fgf] pks/0f xf] . o;n] sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvg] cIf/, lrq jf ;+s]tx¿nfO{ /f]Hg], tndfly / Pp6f kmfOnaf6 csf]{ kmfOndf n}hfg], sDKo'6/n] ;DkGg ug]{ s'g} sfd ug]{ cfb]z lbg] cflb sfd u5{ . dfp; ljleGg cfsf/sf / ljleGg sfd ug]{ vfnsf kfOG5g\ . Hjfol:6s, 6rKof8 / 6«Øfsan klg kbf{df b]lvg] ;+s]tx¿nfO{ rnfpg] / ljleGg sfd ug{ cfb]z lbg] pks/0fx¿ x'g\ . sDKo'6/df 8]6f ;+sng ug]{ Pp6f d'Vo pks/0flsaf]8{ xf] . lsaf]8{df 6fOk/fO6/df h:t} cIf/ / c+sx¿ 6fOk ug]{ sLx¿sf] ;fy} ljleGg sfd u/fpg] jf sdf08 lbg] sLx¿ x'G5g\ . dfp;n] ug]{ sltko sfd lsaf]8{n] u5{ . :Sofg/ klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ Ogk'6 l8efO; xf] . o;n] sfutdf ePsf lrq tyf cIf/nfO{ sDKo'6/df k7fpg] sfd u5{ . o;n] sfutdf ePsf] lrqdf k|sfz k7fP/ To;sf] k|ltljDanfO{ ljleGg dfqfdf gfk]/ To;}cg';f/ lrqnfO{ l8lh6 (Digit) df kl/0ft u5{ . :Sofg/ ljleGg cfsf/ / Ifdtfsf x'G5g\ . Ogk'6 l8efO;n] 8]6f lbPkl5 sDKo'6/n] 8]6fnfO{ ;+u|x u5{ . 8]6f ;+u|x ug{sf nflu sDKo'6/df ljleGg pks/0f x'G5g\ . oL pks/0fx¿nfO{ :6f]/]h l8efO; elgG5 . :6f]/]h l8efO;n] 8]6f jf ;"rgfnfO{ ;+u|x ug]{ / rflxPsf] a]nfdf lemSg] sfd u5{ . 8]6f :6f]/ ug]{ :yfoL pks/0f xf8{l8:s 8«fOe xf] . xf8{l8:s 8«fOe jf 5f]6s/Ldf xf8{ 8«fOe sDKo'6/df :yfoL ¿kn] hl8Psf] x'G5 . sDKo'6/df /fVg / lemSg ldNg] xf8{ 8«fOe klg x'G5 . ;a} vfnsf 8]6f, kmfOn jf ;"rgf xf8{ 8«fOedf :6f]/ ul/G5 . xf8{l8:sn] slt 8]6f ;+u|x ug{;S5 eGg] Ifdtf afO6df gflkG5 . klxn] xf8{l8:sx¿ ;fdfGotof d]uf afO6 MB df pknAw x'Gy] eg] clxn] luuf afO6 GB df kfOG5 . To:t} l;8L /f]d, ˆnkL l8:s, yDa 8«fOe, hLk 8«fOe, l8le8L cflbn] klg :yfoL / c:yfoL ¿kdf lbOPsf] lgod / cfb]z cg';f/ k|zf]wg u5{ (Process) clg pTkfbgsf] ¿kdf kl/0ffd lbG5 (Output) .

l8lh6, la6, afO6 / 8]6f

sDKo'6/n] a'‰g] / v]nfpg] efiff jf ;+s]t b'O{ j6f c+s, ! / ), dfq xf] . oL b'O{ c+ssf] hf]8LnfO{ afOg/L l8lh6 elgG5 . sDKo'6/n] Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq, cIf/ cflb s'g} klg ;"rgf jf 8]6fnfO{ log} b'O{ c+ssf] hf]8fdf kl/0ft u/]kl5 dfq u|x0f, k|zf]wg / pTkfbg ug{;S5 . Pp6f ! / Pp6f ) sf] afOg/L l8lh6sf] hf]8fnfO{ la6 elgG5 . sDKo'6/n] k|of]u ug]{ efiff jf To;sf] lbdfusf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] OsfO{ la6 xf] . cf7 j6fla6 ldn]/ Pp6f afO6 aG5 . Ps afO6n] s]xL ;"rgf lbg;S5 , h:t} j0f{dfnfsf] s'g} cIf/ jf yf]Knf / c4{ lj/fdh:tf lrGxx¿ . sDKo'6/sf] d]df]/L jf e08f/0f IfdtfnfO{ afO6df gflkG5 . !)@$ afO6 a/fa/ Ps lsnf] afO6 / !)@$ lsnf] afO6 a/fa/ Ps d]ufafO6 x'G5 . 8]6f eg]sf] ;"rgfsf] d;nf, hfgsf/L, tYof+s cyf{t\ cfwf/e"t ;fdu|L xf] . of] cIf/, lrq, Wjlg, rnlrq cflb cg]s ¿kdf x'g;S5 . t/ sDKo'6/n] v]nfpg] jf ;+sng, k|zf]wg / pkof]u ug]{] ;a} 8]6f, rfx] Tof] cIf/df xf];\, rfx] Wjlg, lrq, rnlrqdf xf];\, ! / ) x¿df x'G5 .

sDKo'6/sf c+ux¿ Pp6f ;fdfGo sDKo'6/df ljleGg pks/0f jf lx:;fx¿ x'G5g\ . sDKo'6/sf] lbdfu dflgg] ;]G6«n k|f];]l;ª o'lg6;lxt dxTjk"0f{ oGqpks/0fx¿ Pp6f afs;df /flvPsf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ l;:6d o'lg6 elgG5 . o;n] sDKo'6/sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|0ffnL ;+rfng u5{ . sDKo'6/n] u/]sf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd cIf/ jf lrqsf] ¿kdf df]lg6/ jf l:qmg cyf{t\ kbf{df b]lvG5 . kbf{df b]lvPsf kl/0ffd lk|G6/n] 5fK5 . sDKo'6/nfO{ cfb]z lbg] sfd lsaf]8 { / dfp;n] u5{ . df]8]dn] sDKo'6/nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g;Fu hf]8]/ c? sDKo'6/x¿;Fu ;+rf/ ug{ / cGo pks/0f ;femf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;3fpF5 . sfd / cfjZostf cg';f/ sDKo'6/df :Sofg/, 6]lnkmf]g ˆofS;, dfOqmf]kmf]g, l:ks/ cflb pks/0fx¿ pkof]u ul/Psf x'G5g\ . l;:6d o'lg6leq xf8{ 8«fOe, ;LkLo", lah'nL

l8lh6n k|ljlw

gofF ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] Pp6f k|d'v sf/s tTj l8lh6n k|ljlw xf] . clxn] s'g} klg ;"rgfnfO{ l8lh6n ;+s]tdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . l8lh6fOh];g cyf{t\ zAb, Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq ;a} k|sf/sf 8]6fnfO{ l8lh6 jf b'O{ c+ssf]

7

• kfgL, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n ltg]{ . • 3/df b}lgs pkef]usf] ;fdfg ;lsPsf] hfgsf/L lbg] / k;naf6 ;fdfg dufpg] . • 3/leq cfuf] nfUg yfNof], rf]/ k:of], kfgLsf] gn v'n} /Xof] eg] To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg] / 3/nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] . • b}lgs jf efjL sfdsf] of]hgf agfpg] / s'g lbg sxfF hfg' 5, s;nfO{ e]6g' 5 jf s] ug{' 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] . • efG5fdf ksfpg] kl/sf/sf] hfgsf/L lbg] . • efiff tyf ;Lk l;sfpg] / cfo;|f]t a9fpg] . • Od]n, OG6/g]6 cflbsf] dfWodaf6 x/]s k|sf/sf ;"rgf / 1fg, lr7Lkq, kmf]6f] uLt, ;+uLt k7fpg] / k|fKt ug]{ tyf ;dfrf/ yfxf kfpg] / k7fpg] . • uLt ;+uLt ;'Gg], 6LeL tyf rnlrq x]g]{, v]n v]Ng] / cGo dgf]/+hg ug]{ . • lrq sf]g]{ jf k]l06ª ug]{ . • 3/sf] ;/;fdfgsf] ;"rL /fVg] . • JolQmsf] k]zf cg';f/sf u|fxssf] ;"rL / hfgsf/L /fVg] . • Go'hn]6/, a|f];/, lj1fkg, lgdGq0ff tyf z'esfdgf sf8{, lr7L, ;"rgf cflb yf]/} 5fk] k'Ug] sfd 3/d} ug]{ . o:tf ;fdu|L Od]naf6 k7fpg] . sDKo'6/n] k|zf]wg jf k|f];]; ug]{ eg]sf] ltg} b'O{ j6f l8lh6 jf c+snfO{ otfptf ug'{ dfq} xf] . efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f, gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] uLt, n}gl;+x afFub]nsf] lrq jf d"lt{ cflb h] lrhnfO{ l8lh6fOh u/] klg sDKo'6/sf] nflu To;sf] s'g} km/s cy{ nfUb}g . To;sf] nflu ;a} ;"rgf s]jn ! / ) xf] . oxL l8lh6n :jefjn] ubf{ sDKo'6/df dN6Lldl8of ;Dej ePsf] xf] . cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw olt b|'t, k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL ePsf] sf/0f klg oxL xf] .

afOg/L k|0ffnLdf kl/0ft ug'{ ;"rgfnfO{ dlN6ldl8of cyf{t\ ax'dfWoddf n}hfg ;+ej t'Nofpg] d'Vo s8L xf] . l8lh6df kl/0ft ePkl5 sDKo'6/n] ;lhn};Fu To;nfO{ v]nfpg ;S5 . pkof]ustf{n] ax'dfWoddf sDKo'6/df /x]sf] 8]6fnfO{ cfkm"n] rfx]h:tf] k|zf]wg ug{;S5 . 8]6f :6f]/ u5{g\ . ˆnkL l8:sdf yf]/}yf]/} 8]6f c:yfoL ¿kdf :6f]/ ug{ / Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csf]{ sDKo'6/df cf];f/k;f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . l;8L /f]d df w]/} dfqfdf :yfoL ¿kdf 8]6f ;+sng / cf];f/k;f/ ug{;lsG5 . l;8L /f]ddf l;+u} lkmNd / 7"nf7"nf lstfax¿ klg c6fpF5g\ . sDKo'6/sf] 8]6f k|]f;]; jf k|zf]wg ug]{ d'Vo sfd ;LkLo" cyf{t ;]G6«n k|f];]l;ª o'lg6n] u5{ . ;LkLo" sDKo'6/sf] d'Vo lrk jf lbdfu xf] . k|f];];/x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf / Ifdtf jf ultsf x'G5g\ . k|f];];/sf] ult jf l:k8nfO{ d]ufxh{ (MHz) jf Millions of cycle per second df gflkG5 . s'g} klg sDKo'6/df k|f]ufd rnfpg jf 8]6f k|zf]wg ug{ klxnf k|f];];/n] :6f]/]h l8efO;af6 k|f]u|fd / 8]6fnfO{ d]df]/L (RAM) df /fV5 . To;sf/0f Ps}k6s slt j6f, slt 7'nf] / slt RffF8f] k|f]u|fd jf kmfOn vf]Ng] eGg] s'/f d]df]/Lsf] Ifdtfdf e/ k5{ . ;LkLo'n] 8]6f k|f];]; u/]kl5 h'g kl/0ffd cfpF5 Tof] ljleGg ¿kdf b]Vg jf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} l:qmg jf df]lg6/df cIf/, lrq / rnlrqsf] ¿kdf x]g{ / l:kls/af6 ;'Gg ;lsG5 eg] lk|G6/af6 5fKg ;lsG5 . l:qmg jf df]lg6/, l:ks/, lk|G6/ cflb ;fdfGo cfp6k'6 l8efO; cyf{t\ pTkfbg pks/0f x'g\ . sDKo'6/n] u/]sf] sfd df]lg6/ jf l:qmgdf b]lvG5 . df]lg6/df b]vfpgsf] nflu u|fkmLs sf8{ rflxG5 . lk|G6/n] sDKo'6/n] tof/ kf/]sf] kf7Ø tyf lrq 5fK5 . To;n] lr7Lkq, lan, l/kf]6{, Go'hn]6/, k'l:tsf, n]an tyf ljleGg ;fdu|L 5fKg;S5 . lk|G6/ ljleGg u'0f:t/, cfsf/ / Ifdtfsf x'G5g\ . lk|G6/sf] dbtn] sDKo'6/af6 k':ts, l/kf]6{, d]g', a|f];/, Go'hn]6/ cflb 5fKg] sfdnfO{ 8]:s6k klAnl;ª elgG5 . • df]8]d M sDKo'6/nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g;Fu s'/fsfgL u/fOlbg] pks/0f df]8]d xf] . • df]8]d zAb df]8'n]6/ / l8df]8'n]6/ b'O{ zAb ldnfP/ 5f]6ØfP/ agfOsf] zAb xf] . sDKo'6/n] l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf sfd u5{ t/ 6]lnkmf]gn] Pgfnu k|0ffnLdf sfd u5{ . leGgfleGg} k|0ffnLdf sfd ug]{ x'gfn] sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]gn] l;w} 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Qm}g . df]8]dn] l8lh6n ;+s]tnfO{ Pgfnu ;+s]tdf / Pgfnu ;+s]tnfO{ l8lh6n ;+s]tdf kl/0ft u/]/ b'O{ a]Unfa]Un} k|0ffnLnfO{ cfk;df 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5 . df]8]d sDKo"6/ leq d'6' tyf z/L/sf ljleGg c+usf] ult rfk cflb Pgfnu k4ltn] gflkG5 eg] To;df k|fKt 8]6f k|zf]wg / kl/0ffd b]vfpg] sfd l8lh6n k4ltn] u5{ . t}klg clxn] ljZjdf clwsf+z l8lh6n sDKo'6/ g} k|of]u x'G5 .

sDKo'6/sf] k|sf/

sfd ug]{ tl/sf, sfdsf] p2]Zo jf k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df sDKo'6/ ljleGg vfnsf x'G5g\ . sfof{nox¿df 6]a'ndfly c6fpg] ;fgf sDKo'6/nfO{ k|foM k;{gn sDKo'6/ jf kL;L elgG5 . xfn ahf/df b'O{ k|sf/sf kL;L a9L nf]slk|o 5g\ M cfOaLPd kL;L / PKkn DoflsG6f]; . sDKo'6/nfO{ ju{ cg';f/, k':tf cg';f/ / To;n] k|f];]; ug]{ tl/sf cg';f/ d'Vo ¿kdf tLg tl/sfn] 5'6Øfpg ;lsG5 . ju{ cg';f/ M ;'k/ sDKo'6/, d]gk|m]d sDKo'6/, ldgL sDKo'6/ / dfOqmf] sDKo'6/ . c? s'/f ldn]sf] 5 eg] of] juL{s/0faf6 sDKo'6/x¿sf] ult, cfsf/, df]n, / Ifdtf yfxf nfU5 . k':tf cg';f/ M ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf ag]sf, P]ltxfl;s dxTj af]s]sf, UNIVAC h:tf, klxnf] k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿ EofSo'd 6Ø'a k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t lyP . !(^) sf] bzsdf ag]sf bf];|f] k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿df EofSo'd 6Ø'asf] 7fpF 6«flGh:6/n] lnof] . !(^) sf] bzsb]lv g} aGg yfn]sf t];|f] k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿df 6«flGh:6/sf] 7fpF lrk jf OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6n] lnof] . !(&) sf] bzsdf b]vf k/]sf dfOqmf] sDKo'6/x¿h:tf rf}yf] k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿df ;fgf] lrksf] pkof]u x'g yfNof] h;df Pp6} lrkdf xhf/f}F ;ls{6 c6fpF5 . ca cfpg] kfFrf}F k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿ clt ljzfn ;+Vofsf ;ls{6x¿ / sDKo'l6ªsf] hl6n k|0ffnLx¿sf ;fy} s[lqd a'l4 / zlQmzfnL k|f];]l;ªsf] d]naf6 ag]sf x'g]5g\ . k|f];]l;ªsf] tl/sf cg';f/ M sDKo'6/x¿ Pgfnu, l8lh6n / xfOla|8 x'G5g\ .

sDKo'6/n] 3/leq ug{;Sg] sfd M

sDKo'6/n] s]s] sfd u5{ eGg] s'/f n]v]/ ;fWo 5}g . t}klg, Pp6f ;fdfGo sDKo'6/n] ug]{ sfdaf/] c8sn ug{ ;lhnf]sf nflu Pp6f 3/]n' kL;Ln] ug{;Sg] 3/leqsf] sfdsf] ;"rL x]/fF} . • lr7L, n]v, syf, sljtf, l6kf]6 cflb n]Vg] . • ;a} vfnsf lx;fa lstfa /fVg] . • b}lgs sfdsf] ljj/0f jf 8fo/L /fVg] . 8

kqsf/x¿n] cvaf/ lgsfNg, sfof{nox¿n] ;'Jojl:yt 9+un] sfd ug{ sDKo'6/sf] ;s];Dd w]/} pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfh ef]ln sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u gx'g] Joj;fo / o;sf] pkof]u gug]{ Joj;foL kfpg ufx|f] x'Fg yfn]sf] 5 .

Pgfnu sDKo'6/ w]/}h;f] j}1flgs sfddf h:t} gfk tf}n, ult, tfkdfg, jfo'sf] ult / lbzf h:tf ef}lts u'0f gfKg pkof]u ul/G5 . pRr:t/Lo tyf hl6n j}1flgs lrlsT;f;+j+wL sfddf Pgfnu / l8lh6nsf] d]naf6 ag]sf] xfOla|8 sDKo"6/ k|of]u ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu la/fdLsf] Pp6f zx/leq ljleGg efudf /x]sf a}+s, Po/nfOG; cflb ljleGg sfof{nosf cflGtl/s 8]6f cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;3fpF5 . o:t} lj:t[t If]qLo g]6js{n] b]zJofkL ¿kdf jf b]zx¿df km}lnPsf zfvf sfof{nox¿aLr 8]6f cfbfg k|bfgu5{ . g]6js{sf cg]s kmfObf 5g\ . o;df cfj4 ePkl5 3/}df jf hxfF a;]/ klg sfof{nosf] sfd ug{;lsG5 . Pp6f sDKo'6/df ePsf] kmfOn, 8]6f jf ;"rgf csf]{n] pkof]u ug{;S5 . lr7L, kmfOn jf l/kf]6{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg s'g} JolQm jf x'nfs rflxFb}g . s'g} klg s'/f cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;do / vr{sf] art x'G5 . Pp6f sfof{no jf JolQm;Fu ePsf lk|G6/, ˆofS;, :Sofg/ cflb pks/0f csf]{n] pkof]u ug{;S5 . g]6js{af6 Od]n, ;fd"lxs 5nkmn, lel8of] sGk|m]G; cflb ug{ ;lsG5 . hlt 6f9f klg s'/fsfgL ug{, lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg k7fpg / k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . g]6js{sf] ;'/Iff M sDKo'6/sf] xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ ;fy} sDKo'6/df /flvPsf dxTjk"0f{ 8]6f, kmfOn, ;"rgf cflbnfO{ hf]ufP/ /flvPg eg] ljleGg 36gf jf sf/0faf6 tL ;fdu|Lx¿ gi6 x'g ;S5g\ . a}Fssf zfvfx¿aLr x'g] ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfgnfO{ uf]Ko /fVg a}Fsx¿aLr :yflkt g]6js{df k7fOg] ;"rgf uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . g]6js{x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿ k|rlnt 5g\ . kmfo/jfn (Firewall) o:t} Pp6f pkfosf] k|rlnt gfd xf] . of] gfd xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ b'a}sf] nflu pkof]u ul/G5 . a}Fsh:tf ;+:yfx¿n] of] pkfo ckgfpF5g\ . s'g} g]6js{df k|j]z u/]/ s'g} kmfOn x]g{ jf k|fKt ug{sf nflu o'h/g]d / kf;j8{sf] ;fy} s]xL ;+s]t jfSo jf cIf/x¿ pkof]u ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .

g]6js{

w]/} sDKo'6/ / ;+a+lwt pks/0fx¿ jf sDKo'6/sf ;d"xx¿ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt lk|G6/ ˆofS; cflb pks/0fx¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]8]/ sDKo'6/ pkof]ustf{x¿n] cfk;df sDKo'6/df ePsf kmfOn, ;"rgf / pks/0fsf] afF8r'F8 jf ;femf ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ g]6js{ elgG5 . g]6js{ :yfkgf ubf{ sDKo'6/x¿ / pks/0fx¿nfO{ cfk;df tf/åf/f, 6]lnkmf]gnfOgåf/f, lagftf/ jf /]l8of] t/+uåf/f jf b"/;+rf/sf cGo dfWodåf/f hf]l8G5 . o;sf] nflu b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . b"/;+rf/ dfWodåf/f sDKo'6/ g]6js{df hf]l8Pkl5sf] cj:yfnfO{ cgnfOg (online) elgG5 . o;/L cgnfOg eP/ g]6js{df hf]l8Pkl5 Tof] g]6js{;+u hf]l8Psf xf8{j]o/ oGqpks/0fx¿, ;ˆ6j]o/ k|f]u|fdx¿, 8]6f / ;"rgfx¿ cfk;df afF8g / pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . g]6js{ d'Vo tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M :yfgLo g]6js{ (Local Area Network = LAN), zx/L If]qleqsf] g]6js{ (Metropolitan Area Network = MAN) / lj:t[t If]qLo g]6js{ (Wide Area Network = WAN)

.

:yfgLo g]6js{af6 Pp6f sfof{no sf]7fdf ejg leqsf sDKo'6/x¿aLr g]6js{ u/]/ cfk;df 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ul/G5 eg] zx/L If]qLo g]6js{n] lgsfox¿aLr ;+rf/ Joj:yf hf/L /fVg' lyof] . s]Gb|Lo sdf08df gflesLo xdnf eP/ Wj:t ePsf] v08df cd]l/sL ;]gf g]t[TjljxLg xf]nf eGg] /Iff ljefusf] lrGtf lyof] . o;}n] ARPAnet sf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] of] cj:yfaf6 hf]lug k"0f{¿kn] ljs]lGb|t ;+rf/ k|0ffnL ckgfpg] lgwf] u/L o; k|sf/sf] ;"rgf ;+hfnsf] ljsf; u/] . of] g} cfhsf] OG6/g]6sf] cfwf/ aGof] . sfnfGt/df o;df BITNET, Usenet, UUCP tyf NSFnet nufotsf c? g]6js{x¿ klg cfj4 eP . o;/L clxn]sf] OG6/g]6sf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . OG6/g]6sf] Pp6f d'Vo ljz]iftf s] 5 eg] olb o;sf] s'g} efu gi6 eP/ o;sf] af6f] lju|] klg o;n] t'?Gt} csf]{ af6f] vf]h]/ cfˆgf] nIfdf k'Ug;S5 . OG6/g]6nfO{ lgoGq0f jf ;+rfng ug]{ s'g} Pp6f ;+:yf 5}g . o;nfO{ ;+rfng ug{] cGt/f{li6«o lgod sfg'g klg 5}g / o;df ePsf ;"rgfnfO{ ;]G;/ ug]{ s'g} Joj:yf 5}g . o;sf] s'g} s]lGb|o sfof{no klg 5}g . o;df s]s] ljifo j:t' 5 eGg] ljifo ;"rL 5}g . jf:tjdf of] :jo+;]jL JolQm / Joj;foL ;+:yfx¿åf/f rln/x]sf] 5 . t/ ;g\ !((@ b]lv Pp6f gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo /lxt bL OG6/g]6 ;f];fO6L gfds ;d"xn] OG6/g]6sf gLltx¿ / k|f]6f]snx¿x¿sf] /]vb]v ug'{sf ;fy} dflg;x¿n] o;sf] pkof]u s;/L u5{g\ / o;k|lt s:tf] k|ltlqmof hgfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] /]vb]v ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

OG6/g]6 M ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{

;g\ !*$) df 6]lnu|fkmsf] cfljisf/, ;g\ !*&) df 6]lnkmf]g, ;g\ !(@) sf] bzsdf /]l8of] jf ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf 6]lnlehgn] h'g rdTsf/sf] cf/De u/]sf] lyof] clxn] xfdL Tof]eGbf klg a9L rdTsf/ b]vfpg] k|ljlwsf] k|f/lDes cj:yfdf 5f}F . o;nfO{ xfdL ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ eGb}5f}F . cn]Sh]08/ u|fxd a]nn] 6]lnkmf]g cfljisf/ u/]kl5 ;'?df dflg;x n] cfk;L ;+jfbsf nflu 6]lnkmf]gsf] olt w]/} pkof]u unf{g\ eg]/ sNkgf;Dd klg u/]sf lyPgg\ . t/ cfhsf] ljZj 6]lnkmf]glagf rNg ;Dej b]lvFb}g . To:t} ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{sf] eljiodf x'g] rdTsfl/s pkof]usf] sltko kIfaf/] clxn] xfdLn] ljrf/ klg gu/]sf] x'g;S5 . laqmL ul/g] ;fdfgsf] n]an jf df]n 5fk]/ 6fF:g] . cflb===== s]6fs]6LnfO{ k9g / xf]djs{ ug{ ;3fpg] . a'xf/L, HjfOF jf hLjg;fyL vf]Hg ;3fpg] .

cGo pkof]u sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u k|foM ;a}h;f] Joj;fo jf k];fsf dflg;x¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] :6f]/sf] ;fdfgsf] tfhf :6ssf] hfgsf/L /fVg, lan agfpg, lx;fa /fVg / u|fxsx¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/]/ Jofkf/ a9fpg sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . 8fS6/x¿n] lj/fdLsf] /]s8{ /fVg, /f]u v'6\Øfpg / pkrf/sf cgsf}F sfddf o;sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . O+lhlgo/x¿n] l8hfOg ug{, of]hgfsf/x¿n] of]hgf agfpg,

OG6/g]6 a|fplhª÷ljr/0f OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{sf nflu Pp6f pko'Qm sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g nfOg clg 6]lnkmf]g / sDKo'6/nfO{ hf]8g] df]8]d rflxG5 . ;fy} s'g} OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosaf6 OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf -PsfpG6_ lng'kg]{ x'G5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu g]kfndf ds{G6fOn / jN8{ln+snufot 8]9 bh{ghlt cfOP;kL cyf{t\ 9

jN8{ jfO8 j]adf s/f]8f}F j]ak]hx¿ x'G5g\ . ljZjel/ km}lnPsf OG6/g]6df cfj4 sDKo6' /x¿n ] lbgx F' nfvfsF} f ] ;V+ ofdf ja] kh] agfP/ cfcfˆgjf]a ] ;fO6df /flv/x]sf x'G5g\ . j]ak]hdf cIf/ / lrq jf kmf]6f] dfq x'Fb}g Wjlg / rnlrq klg x'G5 . s'g} klg j]ak]hnfO{ s;}n] klg x]g{, k9\g, ;'Gg ;S5 . o:tf j]ak]hx¿sf] ;+sng jf ;+u|xnfO{ j]a;fO6 elgG5 . ;lhnf]sf] nflu j]a;fO6 eg]sf] lstfa xf] eg] j]ak]h eg]sf] Tof] lstfasf] kfgf xf] . k':tssf] ;'?df k':ts, n]vs, k|sfzssf] gfd / cGo hfgsf/L 5flkPem}F w]/}h;f] j]a;fO6sf] ;'?df xf]dk]h x'G5 . o;n] k|foM j]a;fO6sf] kl/ro lbG5 / ljifo ;"lrsf] sfd u5{ . j]a;fO6 x]g{sf nflu j]a a|fph/ / OG6/g]6 sg]S;g rflxG5 . j]a a|fph/ eg]sf] Ps k|sf/sf] ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . o;n] jN8{ jfO8 j]adf ePsf] j]ak]hx¿ x]g{ ;3fpF5 . j]a k]hdf ePsf xfOk/ln+sx¿df lSns u/]/ l;w} cfkm"n] rfx]sf] a]jk]hdf k'Ug] jf ;"rgf kfpg] k|0ffnLnfO{ xfOk/6]S:6 elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, tkfO{Fn] x]l//xg' ePsf] s'g} j]ak]h, j8{ kmfOnsf] k]h jf Od]n k]hdf s'g} zAb h:t} www.thopathopa.com a]Un} /+udf b]lvg;S5 / Tof] zAbdfly s;{/ k'Ug]lalQs} s;{/sf] lrGx km]l/P/ cf}Fnfsf] cfsf/ aGg;S5 . o;sf] dtna Tof] zAbnfO{ lSns u¥of] eg] tkfO{F l;w} Tof] j]a;fO6 jf k]hdf k'Ug'x'G5 . o:t} s'g} ;+s]t lrGxdfly s;{/ k'¥ofP/ klg ;f]em} Tof] k]hdf k'Ug;lsG5 . o;/L Ps 7fpFaf6 ;lhn};Fu / ;f]em} csf]{ 7fpF jf k]hdf k'Ug] ;Dks{nfO{ xfOk/lnFs elgG5 . j]ak]hx¿df o:tf ln+sx¿ y'k|} x'G5g\ . s'g} klg j]a;fO6 a|fph ug{sf] nflu To;sf] o'cf/Pn -o'lgkmd{ l/;f];{ nf]s]6/_ yfxf x'g'k5{ . o;nfO{ jN8{jfO8j]adf ePsf] 8s'd]06sf] 6'Fuf] jf 7]ufgf eg] x'G5 . o;nfO{ OG6/g]6 P8«]; klg elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;fOa/ g]kfn gfds OG6/g]6 klqsfsf] o'cf/Pn www.cybernepal.com.np xf] . ljZjel/ km}lnPsf cgluGtL j]a;fO6 / ljifox¿dWo] s'g sxfF 5 egL kQfnufpgsf] nflu ;r{ OlGhg tyf j]a l8/]S6«Lsf] pkof]u ul/G5 .OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . s'g} cfOP;kLx¿ Pp6f ;x/df dfq ;Lldtx'G5g\ eg] s'g} ljleGg ;x/df km}lnPsf, s'g} /fi6«JofkL / s'g} cGt/f{li6«ojf w]/} b]zdf ;Dks{ ePsf x'G5g\ . Pp6f sDKo'6/df cfcfˆgf] o'h/ g]d / kf;j8{ pkof]u u/]/ w]/} hgfn] kfn}kfnf] OG6/g]6 x]g{ / OG6/g]6;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . ;fdfGo sDKo'6/af6 klg OG6/g]6 x]g{;lsG5 . sDKo'6/ / cfOP;kLaLr ;Dks{ ug{ pko'Qm 6]lnkmf]g nfOg rflxG5 . xfn g]kfnsf clwsf+z ;x/L If]qdf ljBdfg 6]lnkmf]g nfOgaf6 OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{ jf Od]ndfq klg rnfpg ;lsG5 . t/ ltgsf] Ifdtf (Bandwidth) km/s km/s 5 . Jof08ljy sdhf]/ ePsf 7fpFdf OG6/g]6 ;Dks{ /fd|f] x'Fb}g . eP klg l9nf x'G5 . o;af6 vr{ / ;do a9L nfU5 . df]afOn kmf]gaf6 klg OG6/g]6 rnfpg;lsG5 . t/ of] ;'ljwf ;Lldt 5 . df]jfOn kmf]gsf] ;]6df ePsf] ;fgf] kbf{d} OG6/g]6 x]g{ ;lsg] ;'ljwf klg pknAw eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg o;sf] k|rng a9\b}5 . OG6/g]6 a|fph ug{ jf x]g{sf] nflu dfq s'g} ljz]if tflnd jf ;}4flGts 1fg jf lzIffsf] cfjZstf x'Fb}g . t/ 5f]6f] cjlwsf] cfwf/e"t tflnd lng'k5{ . o;sf] pkof]u slt k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL 9+un] ug]{ eGg] s'/f cEof; / p2]Zodf e/ k5{ . OG6/g]6af6 w]/} nfe kfpgsf nflu o;n] k|bfg ug]{ ljleGg

OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ (Internet Service Providers) 5g\ . cfOP;kLx¿n] JolQm, ;+:yf jf sfof{nox¿nfO{ z'Ns lnP/ u|fxs agfpF5g\ / OG6/g]6 / ;f];Fu ;+alGwt ;]jfx¿ lbgsf] nflu ;Dks{ ;'ljwf lbG5g\ . cfOP;kLsf] u|fxs ag]kl5 cfˆgf] o'h/ g]d cyf{t\ u|fxsf] ljz]if gfd / kf;j8{ cyf{t\ uf]Ko ;+s]t x'G5 . o'h/ g]d / kf;j8{ lbP/ s'g} klg a]nf cfOP;kL;Fu ;Dks{ ug{;lsG5 / To;} dfkm{t OG6/g]6df ;Dks{ x'G5 . kf;j8{ cfkm"n] rfx]sf] a]nfdf km]g{ ;lsG5 . cfˆg} sDKo'6/ geP klg cfˆgf] jf s;}sf] o'h/ g]d / kf;j8{af6 klg h'g sDKo'6/df klg OGkmd]{;g ;'k/xfOj] cyf{t\ ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ eGg] cfn+sfl/s gfdn] o:tf] ;+rf/ ;+hfnnfO{ hgfpF5 hf] ljZjel/ km}lnPsf On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/ ;+hfnx¿nfO{ Ps} hfnf]df afFw]/ ljZjel/sf u|fxsx¿nfO{ ltgn] rfx]sf] ;"rgf, 1fg, dgf]/+hg, lzIff, cfly{s cj;/ cflb k|fKt ug]{ / pknAw u/fpg] ;'ljwf k|bfg u5{ . of] gfd cd]l/sfsf e"tk"j{ pk/fi6«klt cn uf]/n] /fv]sf x'g\ . ;+If]kdf OG6/g]6n] clt w]/} dfqfdf l8lh6n 8]6f cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf] b"/;+rf/sf] ;+hfn eGg] a'emfpF5 . oL 8]6fx¿ cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ sfddf 6]lnkmf]gsf] tf/, 6]lnlehgsf] s]a'n, :of6nfO6sf ;fy} sDKo'6/ / On]S6«f]lgS; ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ On]S6«f]lgs ljlwn] Pscfk;df ;+rf/ ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . o;dfkm{t s;}n] klg cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ljifoa:t' ljZjel/sf s/f]8f}F OG6/g]6 pkof]ustf{;dIf k'¥ofpg;S5 . xfn OG6/g]6n] of] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6 ljZjsf ljleGg b]z jf efudf :yflkt sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;fgf7"nf ;+hfnx¿nfO{ hf]8g] ;+hfnx¿sf] klg ;+hfn, dxf;+hfn jf g]6js{x¿sf] ljZjJofkL g]6js{ xf] . of] ;+hfndf cfj4 ;a} sDKo'6/x¿n] ;+;f/sf] s'g} s'gfdf eP klg Pscfk;df ;+rf/ ug{, 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . o;dfkm{t ;+;f/e/df ePsf OG6/g]6df hf]l8Psf sDKo'6/x¿df ePsf c;+Vo 1fg, ;"rgf / ;]jfx¿sf] hfgsf/L kfpg j]a;fO6 / Od]ndfkm{t pknAw ug{ / u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;df cfj4 sDKo'6/x¿n] Ps cfk;sf pks/0f / ;]jf;d]t pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . OG6/PlS6e ;'ljwf / dlN6ldl8of OG6/g]6sf clt pkof]uL / cfsif{s kIf x'g\ . OG6/g]6sf] d'6' jf /Qm ;+rf/ ug]{ d'Vo k|0ffnL eg]sf] clt b|'t ultsf] b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnL xf] . b"/;+rf/sf] zlQmzfnL k"jf{wf/lagf OG6/g]6 rNg ;Qm}g . ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf ljleGg b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLx¿ / tL k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4 s/f]8f}F Jofkfl/s, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, z}lIfs, dgf]/+hgfTds g]6js{x¿ ldn]/ OG6/g]6 rN5 .

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8An'8An'8An' cyf{t\ jN8{ jfO8 j]a ;a}eGbf a9L pkof]u x'g] / cfsif{s ;+rf/ dfWod xf] . of] ljZjJofkL sDKo'6/ ;+hfn OG6/g]6sf] clt /f]rs, 1fgj4{s, dgf]/+hgsf/L /dfOnf], l56f] tyf ;lhnf] lsl;dn] ;+rfng ug{;lsg] kIf xf] . o;af6 k':ts klqsf k9\g, ;+uLt ;'Gg, ;fdfg lsGg / a]Rg, lkmNd x]g{, v]n v]Ng, hflu/ vfg, Jofkf/ ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfg ug{, lzIff xfl;n ug{, ;fj{hlgs lxtdf hgjsfnt jf cfGbf]ng rnfpg, nj]a;fO6df s] /fVg] eGg] lg0f{o u/]kl5 j]a;fO6sf] 8f]d]g g]d cyf{t\ gfd / 7]ufgf btf{ ug'{k5{ . h:t} M www.companyname.com . of] sfd s'g} pBf]u, Joj;fo jf ;+:yf ;/sf/L sfof{nodf btf{ ubf{ To;sf] gfd / 7]ufgf btf{ u/]h:t} xf] . 8f]d]g g]d /lh:6/ ug]{ sfd OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sDkgL -cfOP;kL_ jf j]a klAnl;ª sDkgLx¿n] u5{g\ . of] sfd g]kfnleqs} sDkgLx¿n] ug{;S5g\ . 8f]d]g g]d ;f]em} OG6/g]6af6 klg /lh:6/ ug{ ;lsG5 t/ o;sf] k};f ltg{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf k|fKt qm]l86 sf8{ rflxG5 . j]a;fO6 /fVg]x¿n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6sf] 8f]d]gsf] gfd z'Ns lt/]/ btf{ u/fpg' k5{ . OG6/g]6sf] pkof]unfO{ a9fpgsf nflu sltko sDkgLn] 8f]d]g /lhi6/ / xf]l:6ª lgMz'Ns klg u5{g\ . .np n] g]kfnaf6 /lh:6/ ul/g] j]a;fO6nfO{ hgfpF5 . .com afx]s cGo k|rlnt 8f]d]gx¿ x'g\ M .edu, .gov, .mil, .net, .org . oL gfdn] ljleGg ljifosf j]a;fO6 eGg] hgfpF5g\ . h:t} .com. n] Jofkfl/s p2]Zosf] j]a;fO6 hgfpF5 eg] .edu n] z}lIfs, .gov n] ;/sf/L, .mil n] ;}lgs, .net n] g]6jls{ª clg .org n] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf j]a;fO6 eGg] a'lemG5 . t/ xfn cfP/ of] juL{s/0f Tolt :ki6 ¿kdf nfu" ePsf] b]lvFb}g . j]a;fO6sf] l8hfOg Jofj;flos tyf cfsif{s 9+un] ug'{ jf u/fpg' k5{ . a]a;fO6 l8hfOg ug{sf] nflu k|mG6k]h / l8«dlje/ h:tf l8hfOlgª ;ˆ6j]o/ / cGo u|flkms ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u ul/G5 . j]a;fO6 l8hfOg ug]{ sfd Jofj;flos l8hfOg/ JolQm jf sDkgLx¿n] u5{g\ . j]a;fO6 OG6/g]6df /fVg' eg]sf] ;+;f/el/sf hf];'s}n] klg x]/f];\ eg]/ xf] . o;}n] j]a;fO6sf] ;kmntfsf] Pp6f cfwf/ ;s];Dd w]/}nfO{ Tof] ;fO6 a|fph u/fpg' xf] . o;sf] nflu j]a;fO6 /fd|/L l8hfOg ug'{k5{ . ;fdu|L klg cfsif{s / pkof]uL x'g'k5{ . /fd|/L l8hfOg ul/Psf] j]ak]hdf ;fdu|Lx¿ cfsif{s, pkof]uL 9Fun] ;hfOPsf] / x]bf{ cfsif{s x'G5, s/f]8f}F j]a;fO6x¿sf] eL8df :ki6 lrlgG5, 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lhnf] / l56f] x'G5, s'g} klg a|fplhª ;ˆ6j]o/af6 a|fph ug{ ;lsG5, kf7Ø ;fdu|Lx¿ kl9/x'Fh:tf] nfU5, hfgsf/Lx¿ sf]rfsf]r u/L lbSsnfUbf] 9+un] /flvPsf] x'Fb}g, ck8]6 ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 tyf lgoldt ¿kdf ck8]6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . s'g} sfof{no jf pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ 3/ axfndf lnPh:t} j]a;fO6 /fVg 11

ldN5 . lgoldt ¿kdf OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug]{x¿dWo] clwsf+z jf em08} ;}s8f c;LeGbf w]/}n] OG6/g]6 Od]nsf] nflu rnfpF5g\ . Od]n rnfpgsf] nflu sDKo'6/df cfp6n's PS:k|]; / o'8f]/f h:tf] ;ˆ6j]o/ x'g'k5{ . tkfOF{ OG6/g]6 ;Dks{df x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfOF{n] x6d]n, ofx' cflb

Od]naf/] klg s]xL ;+lxtf jf lgodx¿ ag]sf5g\ . gofFgofF lgodx¿ klg cfpFb}5g\ . Rof6 Od]n lr7L ePsf]n] o;nfO{ k9\g] / cfjZos eP hjfkm lbg] ul/G5 eg] Rof6df tfTtft} cyjf pxL ;dodf -l/on 6fOd_ b'O{ hgfn] jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sDKo'6/df n]v]/ s'/fsfgL ug{;S5g\ . o;sf pkof]ustf{ jf u|fxsn] sDKo'6/df cfˆgf] s'/f n]V5 / lSns ug]{ lalQs} p;n] rfx]sf] cgnfOgdf ePsf] JolQmsf] sDKo'6/df Tof] s'/f b]lvG5 . csf]{n] To;sf] hjfkm jf k|ltlqmof To;} u/L k7fpF5 . o;/L ljZjsf] s'g} efudf a;]sf] eP klg cfk;df pxL ;dodf ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 . OG6/g]6n] pknAw u/fpg] ljljw ;]jfx¿dWo] o'jf tyf lszf]/x¿n] w]/} pkof]u ug]{ ;'ljwf Rof6 xf] . Rof6 ug]{x¿ pxL ;dodf cgnfOgdf x'g'k5{ . ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ Go'h u|'k ePh:t} ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ Rof6 klg x'G5 . o:tf] Rof6 ;d"xdf x'G5 . cyf{t\ w]/} hgfn] vf; ljifodf Ps} ;dodf cfcfˆgf] ljrf/ n]lv/x]sf x'G5g\ . ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] o:tf Rof6 ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf x'G5g\ . Rof6sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !(** df lkmgNof08sf Jarkko Oikarinen n] u/]sf lyP . ;+;f/sf s'g} klg efusf dflg;x¿ s'g} klg a]nf Rof6 cyf{t\ ljleGg sDkgLn] u5{g\ . j]a ;e{/ eg]sf] ljzfn dfqfdf 8]6f ;+sng / k|f];]; ug{ ;Sg] zlQmzfnL sDKo'6/ xf] . j]a ;e{/x¿ rf}la;} 306f OG6/g]6;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . j]a;fO6 x]g{ rfxg] hf];'s}nfO{ klg j]a ;e{/n] p;n] x]g{ rfx]sf] kmfOn p;n] rfx]sf] h'g;'s} a]nfdf klg pknAw u/fpF5 . j]a;fO6 /fVg]x¿n] j]a xf]l:6ªug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ j]a;fO6sf] kl/df0f jf cfsf/ tyf :j¿k jf u'0f cg';f/ jflif{s z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . kf7Ø ;fdu|Ldfq ePsf] j]a;fO6sf] nflu yf]/} z'Ns nfU5 eg] >Jo tyf rnlrq cflb ePsf j]a;fO6sf] a9L z'Ns nfU5 . l8hfOg ul/Psf] j]a;fO6nfO{ j]a ;e{/df /fv]kl5 h;n] klg OG6/g]6df x]g{;S5 . o;/L j]a;fO6sf] ljifo j:t' tof/ ug]{b]lv lnP/ j]a ;e{/df /fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ j]a klAnl;ª jf j]a k|sfzg elgG5 . Ps kN6 j]a k|sfzg u/]kl5 j]a;fO6df /flvPsf ljifo cg';f/ a]nfa]nfdf tfhf jf ck8]6 ul//xg' k5{ . cgnfOg ;dfrf/ lbg] j]a;fO6x¿n] s]xL 306f la/fP/ tfhftfhf ;dfrf/ lbG5g\ eg] cfˆgf ;]jf jf pTkfbgsf] lj1fkg ug]{ j]a;fO6x¿n] ;]jf jf pTkfbgdf s]xL kl/jt{g geP;Dd ck8]6 gug{;S5g\ . j]a;fO6 ck8]6 ug]{ sfd klg j]a l8hfOg/x¿n] u5{g\ . t/ sltko JolQm jf ;+:yfn] cfkm} klg ck8]6 u5{g\ . s;}n] j]a;fO6 x]/]kl5 k|ltlqmof hgfpg gfd, 7]ufgf / ljrf/ klg n]vL k7fpg] Joj:yf sltko j]a;fO6x¿df ul/Psf] x'G5 . cfkm\gf] j]a;fO6 slt hgfn] jf lbgsf] slt k6s x]¥of], sxfFsxfFaf6 x]¥of] eGg] h:tf hfgsf/L lbg] Joj:yf klg j]a;fO6df /fVg ;lsG5 .

OG6«fg]6 OG6«fg]6 :yfgLo sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;+hfn xf] . s'g} vf; ;+:yf jf sfof{noleq ;"rgfsf] ;femf pkof]u jf cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu o;sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;sf] pkof]u kmfOn jf 8s'd]06x¿ / ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ ljt/0f, 8]6fa]; ;dIf kx'Fr tyf tflndsf] nflu ul/G5 . OG6«fg]6 OG6/g]6;Fu cfj4 x'g klg ;S5 gx'g klg ;S5 . o;nfO{ OG6«fg]6 elgPsf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] o;df OG6/g]6df h:t} j]a k]hx¿ x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} o;df OG6/g]6df pkof]u ul/g] j]a a|fph/h:tf sltko ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ pkof]u x'G5g\ . o;cGtu{t Od]n, Pkm6LkL, Go'hu|'k / d]lnª ln:6 klg k5{g\ t/ o;sf] pkof]u OG6«fg]6 /fVg] ;+:yfleq jf To;sf ;b:ox¿n] dfq ug{ ;S5g\ .

b"/;+rf/

Wjlg, lrq, 8]6f tyf ljljw k|sf/sf ;"rgfnfO{ tf/, clK6sn nfOg jf /]l8of] t/+usf] dfWodaf6 pNn]vgLo b"/Ldf k'¥ofpg' jf k|]if0f ug'{ b"/;+rf/ xf] . ;+If]kdf o;nfO{ On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/ elgG5 . b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ ca Wjlg jf :j/dfq xf]Og kf7Ø ;fdu|L, lrq, rnlrq, ;+uLtnufot ljljw k|sf/sf ;"rgfnfO{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k7fpg ;lsG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d'Vo cfwf/ b"/;+rf/ xf] . b"/;+rf/sf] ;fwg / k|ljlwdf csNkgLo ljsf; ePsf] kmn:j¿k ;"rgf qmflGt ;+ej ePsf] xf] . b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] nflu cfw'lgs ljZj cy{tGqdf gofF cfly{s cj;/x¿sf] 9f]sf vf]n]sf] 5 . b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;;Fu cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw b]lvG5 . b"/;+rf/sf k"jf{wf/ :yfkgf ug{ ufx|f] ePsf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] nflu lagf tf/sf] b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLn] ;:tf] / ;/n ¿kdf b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] cj;/ a9fPsf] 5 . ca Pp6f ufpFnfO{ csf]{ ufpF;Fu hf]8g] sfd k[YjLsf] sIfdfly :yflkt ;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿ -sDo'lgs];g :of6]nfO6_ n] ub}{5g\ . k[YjLsf] ;'ud, b'u{d, kxf8 sGb/f, vf]Fr, agh+un, d?e"ld, dxf;fu/ ;a} 7fpFdf ;+rf/sf= laGb'x¿df ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f u/]/ ;+rf/sf] ;+hfn -g]6js{_ :yfkgf ug]{ sfd ;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . k[YjLsf] sIfdf ljleGg prfO / ultdf 3'ld/x]sf xhf/f}F e"pku|xx¿n] ljZjel/ 6]lnkmf]g, 6]lnlehg, /]l8of] tyf 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ;]jf pknAw u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} o:tf e"pku|xsf] ;+Vof klg lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf] 5 . ;+jfb ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . Rof6 ug]{ dflg;x¿ cfk;df ckl/lrt x'g;S5g\ . o;n] Ps csf{sf] ljrf/, ;+:s[lt, tyf ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifox¿ a'‰g ;3fpg;S5 . Rof6df cg]s lsl;dsf dflg;x¿ e]l6g ;S5 . sf]xL af}nfxfh:tf / sf]xL cZnLn ljrf/ kf]Vg] klg x'G5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf Rof6df ;do latfpg' Joy{ / lg/y{s klg x'G5 . o;}n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] / cfjZos ;d"xdf Rof6 ug'{ a]; x'G5 .

Od]n

OG6/g]6 ;]jf lnPkl5 :jtM Od]n ;]jf kfOG5 . t/ g]kfndf ljleGg OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] Od]n ;]jf dfq} klg pknAw u/fpF5g\ . tkfOFsf] OG6/g]6df kx'Fr 5 jf cfˆg} Od]n Psfp06 5 eg] tkfOF{sf] cfˆg} Od]n 7]ufgf klg kSs} x'g'k5{ . Od]n 7]ufgfdfkm{t tkfOF{ Ps ;o ;Q/LeGbf w]/} b]zsf s/f]8f}F Od]n 7]ufgf ePsf dflg;x¿;Fu lr7L / ;+b]z cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . lr7Ldf kmfOn, ;+uLt, lrq, rnlrq klg ;dfj]z ug{

d]lnª ln:6 Od]ndfkm{t w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ Ps} k6s Pp6} jf ljleGg ljifosf] lr7L jf ;Gb]z k7fpg] d]lnª ln:6 elgG5 . o;df gfd / Od]n 7]ufgfx¿sf] ;"rL agfP/ Pp6f ;d"xdf /flvPsf] x'G5 / 12

sdhf]/L x6fpg ;lsG5 . tfdf]sf] tf/ jf kmfOa/ clK6S; grflxg] x'gfn] of] ;:tf] klg x'G5 . afSnf] a:tLsf] nflu of] k|0ffnL a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . uf]hLdf af]s]/ lxF8g ldNg] :of6]nfO6 kmf]gaf6 cfsfzdf 3'ld/x]sf] ;+rf/ e"epu|x;Fu ;f]em} ;Dks{ u/]/ :yfgLo ¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ ug{' ;fdfGo eO;s]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ xjfOhxfh, kfgLhxfh, /]n jf df]6/df ofqf ul//x]sf] dflg;n] klg :of6]nfO6 kmf]gaf6 hxfF klg s'/fsfgL ug{ jf ;+rf/sf cGo dfWod pkof]u ug{;S5 . kxf8L tyf b'u{d :yfgsf] nflu :of6]nfO6 ;+rf/sf] ;lhnf] ;fwg aGb}5 . k|ljlw / ahf/sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ :of6]nfO6 kmf]g ;:tf] klg x'Fb}5 . ljZj cy{tGqdf nufgLsf] lx;fan] b"/;+rf/ pBf]u :jf:Yo ;]jf / a}+lsªkl5 ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pBf]udf k5{ . On]S6«f]lgs ¿kdf ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ k|zf]wg ug]{ / k|;f/ ug]{ sfd ljZjdf h'g a]un] a9b}5 ToxL a]un] b"/ ;+rf/ pBf]u klg al9/x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ b"/;+rf/ :jo+ klg Pp6f pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] Jofkf/ ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ b"/;+rf/n] cGo pBf]uwGbf, pTkfbg, Jofkf/ / ;]jfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . k'/fgf] vfnsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgdfkm{t s'/fsfgL dfq ug{;lsG5 . cIf/, lrq cflb k7fpg] / cGo ;]jf To;n] lbg ;Qm}g . lel8of] cyf{t\ rnlrq k|]if0f ug{sf nflu emg w]/} Ifdtf (Bandwidth) ePsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg rflxG5 . hlt w]/} Jof08ljy eof] plt l56f] ;"rgf jf 8]6f j;f/k;f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn ljZjsf ;f7L s/f]8eGbf w]/} 3/x¿nfO{ hf]8g] tfdf]sf] tf/sf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgn] a9Ldf %^,))) la6 -%^ lsnf]afO6_ k|lt;]s]08sf] ultn] 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{;S5 . o;}n] OG6/g]6nfO{ oxL ult cyf{t\ %^ lsnf]afO6 k|lt;]s]08sf] ultn] 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{] u/L ldnfOPsf] 5 . t/ sDKo'6/x¿n] of]eGbf b'O{ ;o u'gf a9L a]un] 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ . OG6/g]6 pkof]ustf{x¿ klg pxL dGb ultn] OG6/g]6 rnfpg cEo:t eO;s]sf 5g\ . of] pgLx¿sf] jfWotf klg xf] . t/ cfpFbf rf/kfFr jif{leq} ljsl;t b]zx¿df pRr Jof08ljysf] cyf{t\ a|f]8Jof08sf] pkof]u ;'? x'g]5 . o;af6 Psflt/ 8]6f ;+k|]if0fsf] ult lgSs} a9g]5 eg] csf]{lt/ sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u gofFgofF sfddf x'g yfNg]5 . a|f]8Jof08df cfwfl/t OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{] u|fxsx¿n] Wjlg, 6]lnlehg / OG6/g]6 ;Fu;Fu} rnfpg ;Sg]5g\ . pgLx¿sf] 1fg / ;"rgf vf]Hg] / k|fKt ug]{ ult lgSs} a9\g]5 . :jf:y ;]jf, lzIff cflb 3/}df jf sfof{nodf a9L k|efjsf/L / ;'ne x'g]5 . rf}la;} 306f OG6/g]6 v'nf x'g]5 . cyf{t\ ;a} 3/, sfof{no, Jofkf/ tyf ;]jfx¿ hlxn] klg k|ToIf ;Dks{df jf cgnfOg ;fdu|L rfx]sf] tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{;Sg'x'G5 . dlN6ldl8ofsf] of] u'0fnfO{ cGtlqm{ofTds cyf{t\ OG6/PlS6e elgG5 .

To;nfO{ Pp6f gfd lbOPsf] x'G5 . Tof] gfddf Od]n k7fpFbf :jtM ;a}sf] 7]ufgfdf Pp6} lr7L hfG5 .

o'hg]6÷Go'hu|'k ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf s'g} vf; ljifodf w]/} dflg;x¿aLr 5nkmn rnfpgsf nflu Go'hu|'ksf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;df ;xefuLx¿n] s'g} vf; ljifodf cfˆgf] ljrf/ n]v]/ k7fpF5g\ / Go'hu|'ksf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] x]g{, k9\g ;S5g\ . o;df n]v, /rgf, / d"n jf klxn]sf] /rgf;Fu ;+a+lwt yk n]v, :ki6Ls/0f tyf k|Zgf]Q/ x'g;S5 . of] Ps k|sf/sf] ljrf/ d+r jf rf}tf/L xf] .

Pkm6LkL

OG6/g]6sf] kmfOn 6«fG;km/ k|f]6f]sn -Pkm6LkL_ pkof]u u/]/ 6f9f6f9fsf sDKo'6/df kmfOn k7fpg jf tL sDKo'6/df /x]sf kmfOn 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsG5 .

OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gL

OG6/g]6sf] ljZjel/ km}lnPsf] ;+hfnnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ Ps sDKo'6/af6 csf]{ sDKo'6/df cyjf sDKo'6/af6 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/fsfgL ug]{ gofF k|ljlw OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gL xf] . of] k|ljlwdf 6]lnkmf]gsf] k/Dk/fut cGt/f{li6«o nfOg pkof]u gul/sg OG6/g]6sf] ;+hfn pkof]u ul/g] x'gfn] cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{sf] nflu of] k|ljlw ;:tf] / nf]slk|o x'Fb}5 . x'g]5g\ . OG6/g]6sf] clxn] c8sn ug{ g;lsg] vfnsf pkof]ux¿ x'g yfNg]5 . clK6sn kmfOa/ OG6/g]6 / cGo ;]jfsf] nflu ;a}eGbf l56f] k|ljlw xf] . kmfOa/ clK6S;sf] Ifdtf olt ljzfn 5 ls o;n] Ps};fy 6]lnkmf]g, 6]lnlehg, OG6/g]6 cflb ;a} vfnsf ;+rf/ ;]jf lbg;S5 . xfn of] k|0ffnL dxFuf] 5 t/ rfF8} g} o;sf] Jofks pkof]u x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . 6]lnkmf]gaf6 OG6/g]6 k/Dk/fut tfdf]sf] b'O{ j6f tf/df cfwfl/t k|0ffnLdf clxn]sf] nflu ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] e/ gk/L ;'v 5}g . t/ l8lh6n ;A:qmfOa/ nfOg (DSL) k|ljlwsf] d2tn] of] k|0ffnLsf] IfdtfnfO{ krf; u'gf a9fOPsf] 5 . ca k'/fgf] vfnsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgaf6 klg !=% d]ufafO6 k|lt;]s]08sf b/n] 8]6f k|fKt ug{ / )=% d]ufafO6 k|lt;]s]08sf b/n] 8]6f k7fpg ;lsG5 . a|f]8Jof08sf] t'ngfdf 8LP;Pn lgSs} ;:tf] 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ljBdfg k/Dk/fut tfdf]sf] b'O{ j6f tf/df cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf a9fP/ OG6/g]6sf] nflu pko'Qm agfpg xfn OlG6u|]68 ;le{; l8lh6n g]6js{ (ISDN) k|ljlw k|rlnt 5 . cfOP;8LPgsf] p2]Zo ljBdfg 6]lnkmf]g g]6js{sf] 7fpF lng' xf] . g]kfnh:tf] k"0f{tof l8lh6n k|0ffnL ckgfPsf] b]zdf ljBdfg 6]lnkmf]g k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf a9fpgsf nflu of] k|ljlw pkof]uL dflgG5 . :of6]nfO6dfkm{t OG6/g]6 b'u{d If]qsf nflu pko'Qm ;+rf/ dfWod xf] . k[YjLsf] sIfdf ljleGg prfOdf :yflkt eljiodf :yfkgf ul/g] ;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿sf] hfnf]n] clt ;/n 9+un] eljiodf ;+rf/sf ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]5g\ . g]kfnh:tf] ef}uf]lns ljifdtf ePsf] / ufpF g} ufpF ePsf] b]zsf] nflu of] k|0ffnL lgs} pkof]uL x'g]5 . ;]n'n/ kmf]g jf ToxL k|0ffnL;Fu ldNg] nf]sn dlN6KjfOG6 l8l:6«Jo';g ;le{; (LMDS) a9L Jof08ljysf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] s]xL ;:tf] k|0ffnL xf] . o;sf] ;+rfng xfn sf7df8fF} / s]xL ;x/df ;+rflnt df]afOn kmf]g h:t} u/L 7fpF7fpFdf 6fj/ /fv]/ /]l8of] t/+usf] dfWodaf6 ;+rfng x'G5 . o;sf] l;Ugn 8fF8f, kxf8, h+un / jiff{n] vNjlng] x'gfn] x/]s If]qdf b'O6f 6«f+l:d6/ /fv]/ of]

dlN6ldl8ofsf pkof]ux¿ M dlN6ldl8of ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] kl5Nnf] pknlAw xf] / xfn;Dd dflg;n] pkof]u u/]sf ;+rf/ dfWodx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf ;zQm / k|efjsf/L, b|'t / ;/n dfWod xf] . o;sf] pkof]u dfgj hLjgsf] x/]s I]fqdf ug{;lsG5 . o;n] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ sfdnfO{ ;/n, cfsif{s / /dfOnf] klg agfPsf] 5 . dgf]/+gh pBf]udf gofFgofF rdTsf/ yk]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ ljZjJofkL / ;/n agfPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo ;]jfdf gofFgofF cfofd yKb} o;nfO{ Jofks / ;'ne agfpFb}5 . 13

Pl8l6ª / Plgd];g k|f]u|fdx¿sf] dbtn] ;a} vfnsf lrq, rnlrq, /]vflrq, Plgd];g tyf lel8of] lkmNdx¿ sDKo'6/df /fv]/ x]g{ k|zf]wg ug{, ;+u|x ug{ / k|]if0f ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . To:t} ;a} vfnsf WjlgnfO{ l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf /]s8{ ug{ ljleGg pks/0f / pkfox¿ alg;s]sf] 5 h;n] clt pRr:t/sf] :6]l/of] ;fp08 k}bf ug{;S5 . kmn:j¿k ca sDKo'6/ 1fg / dgf]/+hgsf] Pp6} ;fwg ag]sf] 5 . o;df tkfO{F pRru'0f:t/sf] uLt ;+uLt ;'Gg, lkmNd x]g{, kf7Ø ;fdu|L k9g, v]n v]Ng ;Sg'x'G5 / cfkm} klg ljleGg dfWodsf ;"rgf / dgf]/+hg pTkfbg / ljt/0f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . dlN6ldl8ofsf] csf]{ d'Vo ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] o;sf] ;+rfngdf tkfOF ;xefuL aGg ;Sg'x'G5 . sDKo'6/df pknAw lrq rnlrq jf Wjlg cflb lx;fa /fVg, lr7Lkq, l/kf]6{, n]v /rgf n]Vg, tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{, clen]v /fVg, sDKo'6/ dfkm{t a}7s / uf]i7Ldf sfo{kq jf ljrf/ k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] ;Lkx¿ k5{g\ . ;"rgf ;fIf/tf df sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tfsf ;fy} ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, ;"rgfsf] cy{ a'‰g], ;"rgf pTkfbg ug]{ tyf ;+rf/dfkm{t c?;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug]{ ;Lk hfGg'k5{ . ;"rgf ;fIf/tfn], ljz]if u/L OG6/g]6n] o:tf] ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ub}{5 hxfF s'g} klg 7fpFsf dflg;x¿n] s'g} klg a]nf ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg efudf lgjf{w ¿kdf ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L lng / lbg ;S5g\ . ;"rgf ;+hfn -OGkmd]{;g g]6js{_ xfd|f] b}lgs hLjg / cy{tGqsf] clt cfjZos c+u x'g yfln;s]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u a9g'sf] ;Fu;Fu} of] s'/f :ki6 x'Fb}5 ls ca sDKo'6/ rnfpg] / ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ ;Lk hfg]/ dfq} k'Ub}g, ;"rgf ;+hfnsf] ljzfn e08f/af6 cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;"rgf k|fKt ug'{ / tL ;"rgfnfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;d'bfosf] lxtdf k|of]u ug{ hfGg' cfhsf] k|lt:kwf{o'Qm ;dfhdf afFRgsf nflu clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . oxL ;LknfO{ ;"rgf ;fIf/tf elgG5 . lxFhf] xfdL sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tfsf] s'/f uYof}{+ eg] cfh Toltn] dfq k'Ub}g . lzIff, pBf]uwGbf tyf dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] cfwf/df ;"rgf ;fIf/tfnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfhdf sfd ug{sf nflu l8lh6n k|ljlw, ;+rf/sf ;fwgx¿, tyf÷jf g]6js{ pkof]u u/L ;"rgf k|fKt, Jojl:yt, ;dGjo, d"Nof+sg / l;h{gf ug'{ ;"rgf ;fIf/tf xf] . of] kl/iffefn] ;"rgf ;fIf/tfsf kfFr tTjx¿nfO{ cf}FNofPsf] 5 M kx'Fr jf k|fKt ug'{ M ;"rgfsf] af/]df hfGg', ;"rgf sxfF 5, sxfFaf6 / s;/L kfpg;lsG5 egL yfxf kfpg' / ;"rgf k|fKt ug'{ . Jojl:yt ug'{ M k|fKt ;"rgf s'g} sfd jf p2]Zosf nflu pkof]u ug{] pkfo jf of]hgf agfpg' . ;dGjo ug'{ M ;"rgfsf] cy{ a'‰g', cYof{pg' . ;"rgfsf] ;f/ lvRg', c? ;"rgfx¿;Fu bfFHg', ;dfg / leGg s'/fx¿ ku]{Ng' . d"Nof+sg ug'{ M ;"rgfsf] u'0f, ;fGble{stf, pkof]lutf jf bIftf cflbaf/] lg0f{o ug'{ . pgLx¿sf] ;f]Rg], ts{ ug]{ / /rgfTds sfd ug]{ zlQmnfO{ hufpF5g\ . jf:tjdf dlN6ldl8ofn] l;Sg] l;sfpg] jf lzIffsf] If]qdf ce"tk"j{ Pj+ rdTsf/L kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . zAbsf]z / ljZjsf]z M clxn] ljZjsf gfdL zJbsf]z / ljZjsf]ifx¿ ;L8L /f]ddf / j]a;fO6x¿df pknAw 5g\ . tL sf]zx¿ k':tseGbf lgs} ;:tf, /fvgw/g ug{ ;lhnf], b/fh klg grflxg] , pkof]u ug{ klg clt l56f] ;fy} ax' dfWodsf ePsf] x'gfn] ;fx|} pkof]uL, /dfOnf / sfutdf 5flkPsf k':tseGbf stf xf] stf k|efjsf/L / 1fgj4{s 5g\ . ltgdf kz'klIf af]n]sf], dflg; gfr]sf], gfdL

/fHo Joj:yfkgsf zf;g oGqnfO{ bIf, kf/bzL{, lhDd]jf/o'Qm, hgtfsf] glhs tyf k|hftflGqs agfpg ;3fpFb}5 . dlN6ldl8ofn] ;"rgf kfpg] / k|;f/ ug]{ sfddf rdTsf/ b]vfPtf klg o;n] w]/} sfd ug{ afsL g} 5 . clxn] o;nfO{ dflg;sf] :j/ lrGg nufpg] k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . dflg;sf] :j/ lrGg;Sg] ePkl5 w]/} sfd d'vs} e/df x'g]5 . s'g} s'/f 5fKg, s'g} lkmNd x]g{ sDKo'6/nfO{ af]n]/ sdf08 lbP k'Ug]5 . cgk9 / ckf+ux¿nfO{ of] ;'ljwf a/bfg ;flat x'g]5 .

dlN6ldl8ofaf6 lzIff

dlN6ldl8ofn] ubf{ ca l;:gf] nfP/ afnaflnsfnfO{ cIf/ lrgfpg' kg]{ hdfgf ;lsof] . casf s]6fs]6Lx¿ ;fg}b]lv sDKo'6/ rnfP/ cfkm}n] j0f{dfnf, ul0ft / lrqsnfnufot ljleGg snf l;Sg ;S5g\ . ca pgLx¿n] lghL{j lstfasf kfgfdf c dfg] cgf/ eg]/ cIf/df jf /]vf lrqdf k9g'sf] ;§f sDKo'6/df c dfg] cgf/ eGg] zJb ;'Gg, cgf/sf] lrq b]Vg / cgf/sf] af]6df km"nk\'mn]/ kmn kmn]sf] ;d]t x]g{;S5g\ . s]6fs]6Ln] cgf}7fcgf}7f syfsf ljlrqsf kfqx¿n] clego u/]sf] x]b}{ 1fg lj1fgsf s'/fx¿ l;Sg;S5g\ . dlN6ldl8ofn] l;Sg] / /dfOnf] s'/fsf] d]n ul/lbPsf] x'gfn] afnaflnsfn] /dfOnf] ubf{ub{} l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] l;Sb}5' eGg] yfxf geOsg l;S5g\ . o;/L l;Sg] tl/sfnfO{ P8'6]Gd]G6 cyf{t\ lzIff/~hg klg elgG5 . Plgd];g, uLt, ;+uLt, ljlrqsf cfjfhx¿, rnlrq / 76Øf}nf s'/fx¿n] el/Psf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm}n] rnfpg;Sg] OG6/PlS6e x'G5 . o:tf sfo{qmdx¿n] s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ Psflt/ cIf/ / c+s lrGg, ;fdfGo lx;fa ug{ l;sfpF5g\ eg] csf]{lt/

dlN6ldl8of

;g !((^ df klxnf] k6s g]kfnaf/] dlN6ldl8of ;L8L /f]d k|sflzt eof] . lrofsf] sk la;fpg] Kn]6 hqf], uf]nf], l6gkftf hlQs} kftnf] ;f] ;L8L /f]ddf ;ft xhf/ k[i7sf] kf7Ø ;fdu|L, !@) j6f /+lug kmf]6f], @* j6f rnlrqsf 6'qmfx¿ / afx| j6f g]kfnL uLtx¿ 5g\ . sDKo'6/sf] kxF'r ePsf] hf];'s}n] klg g]kfnaf/] cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] hfgsf/L k9\g, x]g{, ;'Gg;S5 . dfgf}F tkfOF{nfO{ OGb|hfqfaf/] hfGg dgnfUof] . sDKo'6/sf] s]xL sL lyRg]lalQs} jf dfp; rnfP/ tkfO{Fn] sDKo'6/df OGb|hfqfaf/] n]lvPsf] s'/f k9\g kfpg'x'G5 . ;fy} OGb|hfqfsf] kmf]6f]dfq xf]Og 6]lnlehgdf em}F hfqf ePs} x]g{ ;Sg'x'G5 . OGb|hfqfdf ahfOg] afhf / ehgx¿ klg ;'Gg kfpg' x'G5 . ;fy} g]kfnsf ljleGg nf]sw'g / uLtx¿ ;'Gg;Sg'x'G5 . h'g zLif{ssf] hfgsf/L rflxof] Tof] hfgsf/L kf7Ø, >Jo, b[Zo / rnlrqsf] ¿kdf cfgGb lng ;Sg'x'G5 . o;/L kf7Ø, Wjlg, lrq / rnlrqsf] d]nnfO{ ax'dfWod jf dlN6ldl8of elgG5 . ljt]sf b; jif{df sDKo'6/n] sfd ug]{ tl/sfdf w]/} km/s kl/;s]sf] 5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfPsf] csNkgLo kl/jt{gn] ubf{ sDKo'6/sf] sfo{s'zntf, tLj|tf, Ifdtf / sfo{z}nLdf ljzfn kl/jt{g cfPsf] xf] . kmn:j¿k sDKo'6/n] cIf/ c+sx¿df dfq ;"rgf lng], k|zf]wg ug]{ / lbg] sfddf ;Lldt geP/ lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg cflb ljljw dfWodx¿sf] ;"rgf u|x0f, k|zf]wg, ;+sng, k'g?Tkfbg / k|;f/0f ug{;S5 . sDKo'6/sf] of] ax'dfWoddf sfd ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ dlN6ldl8of elgG5 . :Sofg/, l8lh6n l:6n Sofd]/f, l8lh6n lel8of] Sofd]/f h:tf lrq tyf rnlrqnfO{ sDKo'6/df /fVg] pks/0f / lel8of] 14

lx:;f o:tf] oGqpks/0f pTkfbgn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . #_ dfly plNnlvt clwsf+z pks/0fx¿ clxn] l8lh6n k|ljlwaf6 rN5g\ . tL pks/0f rnfpgsf nflu PlKns];g ;ˆ6j]o/ tyf k|f]u|fd ;ˆ6j]o/x¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . sDKo'6/nufot ljleGg oGqpks/0f ;+rfng ug]{ ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pTkfbg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . $_ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] rf}yf] kIf dfly plNnlvt k|lqmof, k|ljlw / pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ pTkfbg x'g] ;"rgf -lkmNd, 6]ln>[+vnf cflb_ ;+rf/ ug'{ cyf{t Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF;Dd k'¥ofpg', k|;f/ ug'{ l;h{gf ug'{ M k|fKt ;"rgf kl/dfh{g, sfof{Gjog, l8hfOg, gjLg pkof]u jf n]vgåf/f h'g p2]Zosf nflu ;"rgf vf]lhPsf] xf] Tof] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;3fpg] ;"rgf l;h{gf ug'{ . pbfx/0fsf nfluM tkfO{FnfO{ kf]v/f hfg' 5 . s] ug]{ < ;"rgfdf kx'Fr M kf]v/f s;/L hfg] eGg] ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L tkfO{Fn] sxfFaf6 / s;/L kfpg' x'G5 < s;};Fu df}lvs ¿kdf jf 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;f]w]/, lstfadf k9]/, Od]n u/]/ jf j]a;fO6 x]/]/ klg of] ;"rgf k|fKt ug{;Sg' x'G5 . s'gs'g ;+rf/ dfWoddf tkfO{Fsf] kxF'r 5 / tL dfWodx¿dWo] s'g dfWod slt e/ kg{ of]Uo / l56f] 5 < tL dfWodaf6 a; ;]jf / xjfOhxfh ;]jfaf/] lj:t[t hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{x'G5 . ;"rgf Joj:yfkg M k|fKt ;a} hfgsf/LnfO{ tkfO{Fn] Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg'x'G5 / ltgsf] juL{s/0f ug'{x'G5 . h:t}, a; ofqf / xfjfOhxfh ofqf;DaGwL b"/L, ;do, ef8f OToflb hfgsf/L 5'6\ofpg'x'G5 . ;"rgfsf] ;dGjo÷/f]hfO M k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df / ofqfsf cfjZostf / p2]Zosf] cfwf/df kmfObf a]kmfObf 5'6Øfpg'x'G5 . ;"rgfsf] d"Nof+sg M ofqfsf] nflu pknAw ;]jfx¿, ltgsf] ;do, ef8f cflb ljleGg s'/fx¿sf] cfwf/df s'g ;]jf a]; egL d"Nof+sg ug'{x'G5 . clg, ;"rgf l;h{gf M o:tf] ;"rgf l;h{gf ug'{x'G5 hf] tkfO{FnfO{ kf]v/f hfgsf nflu ;do, k};f, ;'ljwf / ofqfsf] p2]Zo cflb ;a} b[l6n] pko'Qm x'G5 . jf:tjdf cfOnfu]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{, s'g} sfd k"/f ug{ jf nIfdf k'Ug ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;"rgf ;+hfnaf6 kmfObf p7fpg;Sg' g} ;"rgf ;fIf/tf xf] . o;n] d'Vo ¿kdf s;/L lg0f{odf k'Ug], ljrf/ jf wf/0f agfpg] jf ;d:of ;'Nemfpg] eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;"rgf ;+hfnsf] dfWodaf6 c?;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug'{ clt cfjZos tyf dxTjk"0f{ ;Lk xf] . ;+If]kdf, ;"rgf ;fIf/tf eg]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;+hfnsf] dbtn] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf xf] . hf] JolQm a9L ;"lrt x'G5 p;n] a9L ;xL lg0f{o ug{ / of]hgf agfpg ;S5 . of] gofF s'/f xf]Og t/ plxn] ;"rgfsf ;fwg / ;|f]tx¿dfly ;Lldt JolQmx¿sf] Psflwsf/ x'GYof] eg] xfn cfP/ ;"rgf k|ljlwn] k|bfg u/]sf] hfb'u/L zlQmnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ clwstd nfe lng;Sg] Ifdtf h;n] klg xfl;n ug{;S5 .

g]tfx¿s} :j/df pgLx¿sf] efif0f ;'Gg kfOG5 . jf:tjdf ax'dfWoddf tof/ kfl/Psf oL sf]zx¿ 1fgsf vfgL x'g\ / Tof] vfgL vGg kl;gf r'xfpg' kb}{g xfF:b} /dfpFb} 1fgsf] e08f/df :jtGq ¿kn] 3'Dg ;lsG5 . dlN6ldl8ofaf6 dgf]/+hg M sDKo'6/df tf; v]Ng', ljleGg k|lt:kwf{Tds v]n v]Ng', lkmNd x]g'{, uLt ;+uLt ;'Gg', 6]lnlehg x]g{' lxFhf]cfh ;fdfGo s'/f eO;Sof] . l;g]df pBf]udf Plgd];g tyf ljleGg ;ˆ6j]o/x¿sf] dbtn] c;+ej b[Zox¿sf] lkmNdx¿ agfpg] sfd ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . ;:tf] / ;lhnf];Fu :t/Lo uLt, ;+uLt j;f/k;f/ ug]{, /]s8{ ug]{ sfd klg ;fdfGo eO;s]sf] 5 . dgf]/+hg pBf]usf] If]qdf dlN6ldl8ofn] rdTsf/ g} u/]sf] 5 eg] klg x'G5 .

dlN6ldl8ofsf ;+efjgfx¿ lzIff, :jf:Yo, dgf]/+hg, Jofkf/, k|zf;g, ;dfh;]jf, ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf dfqxf]Og ca wd{sd{, rf8kj{, wfld{s cg'i7fg tyf ;+:sf/x¿df ;d]t dlN6ldl8ofsf] kof{Kt pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 . dfgj hLjgsf] s'g} klg kIf ca o;sf] pkof]uaf6 a+lrt /xnf eGg ufx|f] 5 . k|ljlwsf] lg/Gt/ ljsf;n] ubf{ dlN6ldl8of lbgx'F emgemg ;:tf], ;lhnf] / /dfOnf] x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 / of] ;j{JofkL aGb}5 .

;"rgf ;fIf/tf

dflg;n] k9g n]Vg yfn]b]lv pm tLg k|sf/sf ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfaf6 u'h|Fb}5 . k9g, n]Vg / ;fdfGo lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ k/Dk/fut ;fIf/tf elgG5 eg] sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tfleq ;fwf/0f jf k|rlnt sDKo'6/sf ;fdfGo cf}hf/x¿ rnfpg, Od]n k7fpg / k|fKt ug{, n]vf,

cWofo $

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/f

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eGgfn] ;fdfGotM ;"rgf, 1fg, dgf]/+hg, lzIff cflb ljleGg ljifoj:t' ;+rf/ ug]{ k|ljlw eg]/ a'‰g] ul/G5, t/, ;+rf/ k|ljlw oltdf dfq} ;Lldt 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu cd]l/sfdf aGg] s'g} lkmNd jf6]lnl;l/on cyf{t\ 6]lnlehgdf k|;fl/t x'g] sfo{qmd ljZjsf xhf/f}F l;g]df xnx¿ / :of6]nfO6 Pj+ :ynLo -6]/]:6]l/on_ 6]lnlehg :6];gdfkm{t s/f]8f}F bz{sx¿;dIf k'U5 . d"n ¿kdf tL lkmNd jf 6]ln>[+vnfx¿ c+u|]hL efiffdf ag] klg ljleGg b]zdf tL sfo{qmdx¿ tTsfn :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o efiffx¿df :j/ xfnL 8laª_ em08} ;f]xL ;dodf k|;f/0f x'G5 . c/af}F 8n/ sdfpg] of] dgf]/+hg pBf]u cd]l/sfsf] cy{tGqdf ;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/fsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . Pp6f lkmNd jf 6]ln>[+vnf agfpg]b]lv bz{s;dIf k'¥ofpFbf;Dd ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] em08} rf/ tl/sfn] pkof]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . !_ lkmNd agfpg syfj:t' ;+sng n]vg, hfgsf/L ;+sng / k|zf]wgh:tf klxnf] r/0fsf] sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kof{Kt pkof]u x'G5 . @_ lkmNd ;'l6ª u/]b]lv ;Dkfbg, pTkfbg, ljt/0f u/L bz{ssf] cfFvf cufl8 k'¥ofpFbf;Dd cjZos Sofd]/f, :6'l8of] pks/0f, k|;f/0f oGq, :of6]nfO6, 6]lnlegh :6];g, s]a'n 6LeL, 6]lnlehg ;]6, lkmNdxn / To;df cfjZos pks/0f h:tf cgluGtL oGq pks/0fx¿sf] pTkfbg :jo+ klg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ pkof]u xf] . cd]l/sf / hfkfgsf] cy{tGqsf] 7"nf]

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] zlQm / g]kfndf o;sf] pkof]u

• Od]n / OG6/g]6af6 ;"rgf, hfgsf/L / 1fg cfbfgk|bfg ug{;lsG5 . 6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;, x'nfsh:tf c? tl/sfn] ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg u'g{eGbf of] tl/sf lgSs} ;:tf] / l56f] x'G5 . • rfx]sf] ljifodf cfjZos ;"rgf / 1fg vf]Hg / kfpg;lsG5 . OG6/g]6 jf:tjdf 1fgsf] e08f/ xf] . o;nfO{ ljZjsf ljzfn k':tsfnox¿;Fu bfFHg ;lsG5 . 15

• ljZjel/sf] ahf/df rflxPsf] ;fdfg vf]Hg / lsGg;lsG5 . s;};Fu cg'/f]w ug'{kb}{g / lj1fkgsf] y'k|f] rfxfg'{ klg kb}{g . • :yfgLo pTkfbg ljZj ahf/df k|rf/ ug{ / a]Rg;lsG5 . k|rf/ ug{sf] nflu cvaf/, /]l8of]df h:tf] OG6/g]6df 3]/} vr{ nfUb}g / of] ljZjJofkL klg x'G5 . ;fdfg a]r]sf] e'QmfgL tTsfn} :yfgLo a}+sdf cfOk'U5 . • ;+;f/sf] ljleGg efusf cvaf/, /]l8of] 6]lnlehg cflb cfd;+rf/ dfWodaf6 tTsfn ;dfrf/, ;"rgf, dgf]/+hg tyf ljljw ;fdu|L x]g{;lsG5 . of] k|foM lgz'Ns jf clt sd vlr{nf] x'G5 . • ljZjlel/sf ljZjljBfno, sn]hdf pknAw lzIff, kf7\oqmd, 5fqj[lQ af/] hfgsf/L kfpg, tL ;+:yfdf egf{ x'g / 5fqj[lQ kfpg;lsG5 . ;do art x'G5 . s;}sf] l;kmfl/;lagf cfk\mg} of]Uotfsf] e/df ljZjsf pRr:t/Lo lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df :t/Lo lzIff / 5fqj[lQsf] cj;/ kfOG5 . • 8fS6/n] la/fdLsxfF gk'uL sg /f]u hfFr]/ cf}ifwL lbg jf pkrf/sf cGo pkfo ug{;S5 . ufpF tyf b'u{d :yfgdf /f]usf] lgbfgsf nflu of] lgSs} pkof]uL x'G5 . • ljBfno guO{ 3/df a;La;L lzIff xfl;n ug{, k/LIff lbg / k|df0fdq k|fKtug{;lsG5 . hflu/ vfFb} k9\g]x¿sf nflu o;n] j[lQ ljsf;sf] /fd|f] cj;/ lbG5 . • cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] ;lhn};Fu cfjZos ;"rgf ;fdu|L kfpg ;S5g\ . cfkm"n] cg';Gwfg ug{ nfu]sf] ljifoaf/] hfgsf/L k7fpg cg'/f]w ub}{ p;n] Od]n k7fpg jf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u ug{;S5 . ToxL ljifodf klxn] ul/Psf cg';Gwfg kqx¿ x]g{kfpF5 / cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . • ljleGg ljifodf sfd ug]{, hgjsfnt ug]{ ;+:yfx¿n] cfk\mgf s'/f ;lhn};Fu c?;dIf k7fpg / hgjsfntsf] ljifonfO{ km}nfpg;S5g\ . xf] . of] kIfnfO{ hg;fwf/0fn] lbglbg} k|ToIf pkof]u ug]{ x'gfn] w]/} dflg;x¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw eGgfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] of] kIfnfO{ a9L a'‰g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] kl/l:ylt / Ifdtfcg';f/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u d'Vo ¿kdf rf/ k|sf/n] ul/x/]sf 5g\ M

zAb On]S6«f]lgssf] klxnf] cIf/ …OÚ hf]8]/ gofF zAb agfpg] rng 5 . h:t} M Od]n, Osd;{, Oueg]{G;, O8]df]qm];L, Onlg{ª, Ohg{lnHd cflb . dfly plNnlvt ljifox¿sf] 1fg / ;"rgf kfpg jf k7fpg g]6js{ jf OG6/g]6 rnfpg' kg]{ x'gfn] tL ljifo jf zAbsf] cul8 …OÚ sf] ;§f cgnfOg zAb klg k|rlnt 5 . h:t} cgnfOg hg{lnhd, cgnfOg sGk|m]G;, cgnfOg d]l8l;g, cgnfOg P8's];g cflb . g]kfnL efiffdf klg c+u|]hL zAbsf] 7ØfSs} ldNg] g]kfnL zAb gePsf] cj:yfdf O / cgnfOg zAbs} k|rng al9/x]sf] 5 . h:t} M Od]n, cgnfOg kqsfl/tf jf O kqsfl/tf, cgnfOg k"hf, cgnfOg >f4 cflb . xfn;Dd g]6 jls{ª / cem} ljz]if ¿kdf OG6/g]6 g} ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] cfwf/ xf] . ctM ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eGg' d'Vo ¿kdf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u xf] . x'gt o;sf] pkof]u s;n] s'g b]zdf s;/L u5{ eGg] s'/f ToxfFsf] k"jf{wf/nufot w]/} s'/fdf e/k5{, t}klg sf7df8f}Fh:tf] zx/L If]qdf o;sf] pkof]u lgDglnlvt sfddf ug{;lsG5 M lx:;f xf] . hfkfg, cd]l/sf, l;+ufk'/h:tf b]zx sf] /fli6 o cy{tGqdf o:tf pks/0fx sf] pTkfbg / Jofkf/n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / pkof]udf j[l4;Fu;Fu} o; k|sf/sf] ;fdu|L, xf8{j]o/sf] pTkfbg al9/x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx sf] cy{tGq la:tf/} ;"rgf k|ljlw ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbglt/ a9b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ ljsf;zLn b]zx df ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt oGq pks/0fx sf] pTkfbg / lgof{t u/]/ cy{tGq alnof] agfpg] Ifdtf sd} b]lvG5 .

$ ;km\6j]o/ cef}lts ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbgdf

ef}lts ;fdfg, oGqpks/0f pTkfbgh:t} cef}lts, cfFvfn] gb]lvg] t/ tL oGqpks/0fx ;+rfng ug{ geOgx'g] PlKns];g k|f]u|fdx cyf{t\ ; 6j]o/ sf] pTkfbg ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;+a+lwt csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ pTkfbg xf] . ; 6j]o/ sf] pTkfbg / Jofkf/n] g} lan u]6\;nfO{ aL; jif{leq ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf wgf9 dflg; agfPsf] xf] . of] If]qdf clxn];Dd cd]l/sfs} jr{:j 5 . ; 6j]o/ agfpgsf nflu kmnfd, k]6 f]n, vlghh:tf ef}lts sRrf kbfy{ / ;8s, xjfO tyf ;d'b|L oftfoftsf] ;fwg grflxg] x'gfn] g]kfnh:tf] pBf]usf] nflu rflxg] ;|f]t ;fwgljlxg / e"kl/j]li7t d'n'ssf nflu of] pBf]u lgSs} pkof]uL x'g;S5 . lbdfu jf af}l4s Ifdtf s'g} b]zsf] lghL ;DkQL xf]Og . clxn] klg sltko g]kfnLx g]kfnleq} a;]/ ; 6j]o/ pTkfbg ug{] sfddf nflu/x]sf 5g\ . sltko g]kfnLx cd]l/sfdf gfdL ; 6j]o/ sDkgLdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ljsf;zLn b]zx sf k|ltefzfnL o'jfx sf] nflu of] If]q lgSs} cfsif{s / hLjg:t/ psf:g] cj;/ xf] . ljsf;zLn b]zsf dflg;x n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf s]jn lbdfu nufP/ 3/df a;La;L sdfpg] cj;/ / If]qx cg]s 5g\ . o;sf] nflu pko'Qm k"jf{wf/ / kl/j]z x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;sf] nflu Od]n / OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u ubf{ vr{ nfUb}g nfu] klg lgSs} yf]/} nfU5 . ljleGg Joj;fodf nfu]sf Joj;foLx n] cfkm\gf] Joj;fo / ;Lk a9fpgsf nflu rflxg] ;"rgf / 1fg ;lhn};Fu kfpg;S5g\ . ljZjsf s'g} klg efudf a:g] dflg;;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ ldqtf ug{ / /dfOnf];Fu ;do latfpg;lsG5 . hLjg;fyL /f]Hg] sfddf klg OG6/g]6, Od]n / Rof6 pkof]uL eO/x]sf] 5 .

! ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;zLn d'nsdf d'Vo ¿kdf ;"rgfsf] cf];f/k;f/sf] nflu ePsf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]6jls{ª u/]/ jf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u u/]/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, dgf]/+hg, pBf]u, jfl0fHo, ko{6g cflb dxTjk"0f{ ljifosf 1fg / ;"rgf ;+rf/ jf k|;f/ u/]/, k|zf]wg tyf ;+sng u/]/ b]z / ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lt ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ sfd x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] pkof]u 1fg / ;"rgfnfO{ cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ sfddf ;Lldt ePsf] x'gfn] of] s]jn ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|ljlw xf] . clwsf+z b]zn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] oxL kIf jf e"ldsfsf] a9L pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . oxL kIfnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf pkof]u ug{;s] klg b]zsf] cy{tGq, lzIff, :jf:Yo, k|zf;g / ;fdfhdf w]/} pNn]vgLo kl/jt{g Nofpg;lsG5 . ;"rgf ;+rf/ ug{] of] On]S6«f]lgs dfWod ePsf] x'gfn] h'g ljifodf o;sf] pkof]u ul/G5 Tof] ljifo jf zAbsf] cufl8 c+u|]hL

@ ;"rgf k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf]

kdf

g]kfndf klxnf] sDKo'6/ hgu0fgfsf] tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{sf] nflu NofOPsf] lyof] . clxn] e"ld;'wf/ ljefun] g]kfne/sf hUufhldg, hUufjfn / df]xLx¿sf] nut tof/ kfb}{5 . Tof] tof/

16

;DaGwx¿nfO{ alnof] agfpg;lsG5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] oxL df}lns ljz]iftfn] ubf{ of] k|ljlw dfgj ljsf;sf] zlQmzfnL sf/s aGg;S5 . of] k|ljlwsf ljz]iftf / o;n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df s'gs'g If]qdf s;/L of]ubfg lbg;S5 eGg]af/] hfkfgdf ePsf] hL * sf] ;Dd]ngn] v6fPsf] l8lh6n ck/Ro'lg6L Olgl;Pl6e gfds sfo{bnn] o;/L :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 M • ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw ;j{Jofks / ;j{sflns 5 . o;nfO{ JolQmut sfd, Jofkf/ tyf ;/sf/L sfdnufot dflg;sf ;a} vfnsf ultljlwx¿df

ePkl5 s'g} klg dflg;sf] gfddf g]kfndf slt hUuf, s:tf] hUuf 5 eGg] s'/f t'?Gt} yfxf kfpg;lsG5 . hgu0fgf, s[lifu0fgfh:tf a]na]nfdf x'g] /fli6«o :t/sf sfo{qmdsf nflu dfq xf]Og lgjf{rg cfof]u, dGqfnox¿, ljefux¿, a}+sx¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df klg w]/}yf]/} dfqfdf eP klg tYof+s / ;"rgfsf] y'k|f] x'G5 / ltgnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ltgsf] k|zf]wg ug'{k5{ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; gePsf] eP of] sfd ug{ lgs} d]xgt / w]/} dlxgf jf jiff}{F nfUYof] . t/ clxn] nfvf}F ljBfyL{sf] k/LIffsf] glthf klxn]eGbf lgSs} sd ;dodf lgsfNg / k|;f/ ug{;lsG5 . ljh'nL / 6]lnkmf]gsf] nfvf}F ;+Vofdf lan / /l;b t'?Gt} tof/ x'G5 . ;"rgf ;+rf/ ug]{ sfdsf] t'ngfdf ;"rgf k|zf]wg ug]{ sfd cln dxFuf] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu a]Un} / dxFuf] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] cfjZostf k5{ . s'g} lgsfo jf ;+:yfsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ;k\m6j]o/ agfpg lgSs} vr{ nfU5 . o;}n] ;fgf ;+:yfx¿n] Tof] vr{ wfGg;Qm}gg\ . ef}lts ;|f]tn] ljkGg t/ dfgj ;|f]tn] ;DkGg g]kfnh:tf] b]zsf o'jfx¿nfO{ ;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg] / ;"rgf k|zf]wg ug]{ tflnd lbg;lsof] eg] g]kfnd} a;La;L ljZjel/sf sDkgLx¿sf] nflu sfd ug{ / cfsif{s cfDbfgL ug{] af6f] v'nfpg;lsG5 .

cWofo %

ljsf;zLn b]zsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTj

;"rgf k|ljlw / cfwf/e"t cfjZostfdWo] s'g /f]Hg] < ljZjsf cf7 wgf9Ø b]zsf /fi6«k|d'vx¿sf] ;g\ @))) df hfkfgdf ePsf] a}7sn] -hL *_ ul/a d'n'sx¿sf] pGgltsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwdf nufgL ug{ hf]8 lbFbf l/gdf 8'a]sf b]zx¿sf] l/g df]rg ug]{ dfu ul//x]sf xhf/f}F k|bz{g–sf/Lx¿n] æxfdLn] sDKo'6/ vfg ;Qm}gf}FÆ eGg] gf/f nufpFb} Nofk6k sDKo'6/ hnfP/ lj/f]w hgfPsf lyP . bftf /fi6«x¿n] k|ljlwdf a9L hf]8 lbg yfn] eg] k/Dk/fut ljsf; ;xfotf 36\g;S5 eGg] w]/}sf] lrGtf lyof] . ;g\ @))! df O6nLdf ePsf] a}7sn] km]l/ klg ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ul/a /fi6«sf] ljsf;df nufpg' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o'Pgl8kL_ n] k|sflzt u/]sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))! n] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw / h}ljs k|ljlwn] jf:tjd} ljZjdf ul/aL 36fpg;S5 eGg] ts{ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;Dks{n] hfb'sf] 58Ln] em}F ;a} ;d:of ;'NemfpF5 egL 7fGg] dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf kl5 kl/of] eg] dfgj ljsf;sf] bf}8d} kl5 kl/g]5 eGg] wf/0ffn] ljleGg b]zsf of]hgfsf/ / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ rlGtt eP/ sfd ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ . ljZjsf em08} b'O{ c/a dflg;x¿ :jR5 / ;'/lIft vfg] kfgLaf6 a+lrt 5g\ . tLg c/a dflg;x¿n] Go"gtd ;/;kmfOsf] ;'ljwf kfO/x]sf 5}gg\ . /f]u, ef]s, clzIff cflbn] u|:t tyf ljsf;sf Go"gtd k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cefj ePsf b]zx¿sf nflu vfBfGg, s[lif, :jf:Yo ;]jf, :s'n, vfg]kfgL, l;+rfO, ;8s cflbsf nflu ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cefj eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf b"/;+rf/, :of6]nfO6, df]afOnkmf]g, sDKo'6/ cflbdf ul/a b]zsf b'n{e ;|f]t / ;fwg vr{ ug'{ cfjZostf geP/ ckJoo jf ;f]v xf] eGg] ts{ ug]{x¿sf] sdL 5}g . sf/f]af/ ug{ ;3fpg] x'gfn] aLrsf] gfkmf jf sld;gdf hfg] vr{ 36\5 . o;n] n]gb]gdf ;/ntf / lz3|tf dfq xf]Og ahf/df Psflwsf/nfO{ klg 36fpF5 . • ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw s'g} :yfg jf If]qdf ;Lldt geP/ of] ljZjJofkL x'G5 . ;+hfn cyf{t\ g]6js{x¿ l;h{gf u/]/ tyf a9fP/ o;n] ;f+:s[lts tyf efiffut Jojwfgx¿ kf/ ug{;S5 . o;n] JolQm / ;d"xx¿nfO{ hxfF a;]/ klg sfd ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿nfO{ /fli6«otf;Fu ;/f]sf/ g/fvL ljZj cfly{s k|0ffnLsf] lx:;f aGg ;3fpF5 . :yfgLo pTkfbgn] ljZjJofkL ahf/ kfpg;S5 . o;n] ljBdfg gLlt, /fi6«/fi6«aLr

# oGqpks/0f tyf ;fdu|L pTkfbgdf

sDKo'6/, 6]lnkmf]g /]l8of] 6]lnlehg, l8lh6n Sofd]/f, lk|G6/, :Sofg/, b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnL, OG6/g]6 k|0ffnL cflb ;+rfng ug{ rflxg] oGq pks/0fb]lv e"pku|x;Ddsf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdfg pTkfbg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cleGg s'g} ufpFdf df]6/ af6f] k'u]kl5 df]6/ r9g]x¿dfq} xf]Ogg\ gr9g]x¿ klg k|efljt x'G5g\ To:t} ;"rgf k|ljlwn] o;sf] pkof]u ug]{x¿nfO{ dfq} xf]Og sDKo'6/ g} gb]v]sf jf 6]lnkmf]gdf slxNo} gaf]n]sfx¿sf] hLjgnfO{ klg k|efljt kf5{ . ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ef}uf]lns ¿kn] PSnfPSn} k/]sf b]zx¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf afwf c8rgx¿ x6fP/ tyf ;"rgf, 1fg tyf lzIffdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr ;/n agfP/ ;fy} ljkGg / kfvf k/]sf hgtfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ s'/fx¿df cfkm} lg0f{o lng;Sg] agfP/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] ;d[l4df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{;S5 . gofF ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljkGg ;d'bfo / /fi6«sf ;fd' Jofks cj;/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] ;"rgf / 1fgsf] e08f/;dIf kx'Fr k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] bIftf, Jofkf/Lx¿sf] gfkmf, lzIffyL{x¿sf] 1fg, Joj;foLx¿sf] sf/f]af/, ls;fg / ;fgf pBdLx¿sf] ahf/ a9fpg] cj;/ lbPsf] 5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo cfjfh ljZj;fd' k'¥ofpg ;3fPsf] 5 . b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf a:g] ljkGg ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ljsf; / cy{tGqsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg dbt ub}{5 . la;{g} gx'g] s'/f s] xf] eg] cf}Bf]lus k|ljlweGbf of] k|ljlw km/s 5 . of] k|ljlwsf] nflu sf]Onf, t]n, kmnfd, kfgL, gbLgfnf, ;d'b| cflb k|s[lts ;|f]teGbf klg dflg;sf] lbdfu / dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] a9L cfjZostf / pkof]u x'G5 . ul/a /fi6«x¿ dfgj ;|f]tsf wgL 5g\ . o;}n] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf] nflu ce"tk"j{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

;"rgf k|ljlwn] k|bfg ug]{ cj;/x¿ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljBdfg ;+rf/ / ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] pkof]usf] If]qnfO{ csNkgLo 9+un] a9fpg;S5 . o;af6 gofF cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿ l;h{gf ug{ / tL 17

pBf]ux¿sf] k'gM ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . ef}lts j:t'sf] 7fpFdf af}l4s l;h{gfh:tf cef}lts ;DklQx¿ d"Nojfg aGb}5g\ . cyf{t\ ef}lts dfn;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{x¿sf] eGbf cef}lts af}l4s j:t' pTkfbg ug]{x¿sf] cfDbfgL a9b}5 . k/Dk/fut snsf/vfgf vf]Ngsf nflu hUuf hldgnufot ef}lts k"jf{wf/ v8f ug{ h'g ljzfn nufgL rflxG5 Tof]eGbf lgSs} sd nufgLaf6 ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]uwGbf, pTkfbg / ;]jf tyf gofF vfnsf / a9L nfebfoL sf/f]af/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L of] If]qdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu cfOnfUg] afwfx¿ 36]sf 5g\ eg] k|lt:k4f{ a9]sf] 5 . • ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] Jofkf/df aLrdf gfkmf vfg] larf}lnofx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ 36fP/ pTkfbs / pkef]QmfaLr ;f]em} ;Dks{ /fVg jf cfk;d}

;Demf}tfx¿ / /fi6«leq k|rlnt P]gsfg'g / lgodx¿nfO{ xfFs lbG5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf oL ljz]iftfx¿n] ubf{ ljsf;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg of] zlQmzfnL ;fwg aGg;S5 .

;"rgf k|ljlw M ;]tf] e"t

;"rgf k|ljlw, l8lh6n k|ljlw, ;fOa/ k|ljlw, OG6/g]6 cflb ljleGg gfdn] lrlgg] of] gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ olt w]/} If]q tyf sfddf olt w]/} tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 ls clxn] To;sf] cg'dfgdfq ug{;lsG5 . o;nfO{ nf]ssyfsf] ;]tf] e"t;Fu bfFHg' a]; xf]nf . Tof] e"tnfO{ jzdf kfg{ ;lsof] eg] To;af6 dgn] rfx]sf] sfd u/fpg;lsG5 elgGYof] . ;"rgf k|ljlw Tof] sfNklgs e"teGbf klg sfdnfUg] 5 . t/ o;af6 clxn];Dd h]hlt sfd lnOPsf] 5 jf sfd lng;lsG5 eg]/ sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 Tof] t o;sf] jf:tljs pkof]lutf jf Ifdtfsf] ;fx|} ;fgf] lx:;f xf] egL j}1flgsx¿ eG5g\ . s'g} klg 7fpFdf ;+rf/ ;'ljwf k'u]kl5 To;sf] pkof]u ljleGg sfdsf nflu x'gyfN5 . hflu/ vfg, lzIff xfl;n ug{, lzIf0f ;+:yf vf]Hg, dfn;fdfgsf] efpm yfxf kfpg, cfˆgf] pTkfbg / ;Lk ljqmL ug{, b]z ljb]zsf ;dfrf/ tTsfn hfGg, r]tgf km}nfpg, hgjsfnt ug{, ;/sf/ / ljleGg lgsfox¿n] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf, ;'ljwfx¿ ;/n tl/sfn] k|fKt ug{ dflg;x¿n] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ yfN5g\ . hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf t'?Gt} / ;lhn};Fu kfPkl5 pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;/f]sf/sf lg0f{ox¿ tTsfn} / cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf x'g] 9+un] ug{ yfN5g\ . o;af6 dflg;x¿n] :jf:Yo, lzIff, ahf/, ;Lk, cfo a9fpg] s'/f cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ / Tof] hfgsf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjg:t/ ;kfg{] sfddf pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . k9g jf hflu/ vfg nufpg ;lsG5 . o;n] Ps} kN6 w]/} sfd u5{ ;fy} of] k|ljlw sfdsf] :jefj jf cfjZostfcg';f/ 9fNg ;lsg], nlrnf] klg 5 . • ;Dks{sf] ;+hfn sfod ug]{ d'Vo sf/s tTj ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw xf] . o;n] ;+hfn jf g]6js{sf] kx'Fr ePsfx¿nfO{ hlt w]/} pkof]u ug{;Sof] plt w]/} kmfObf lbnfpF5 . • ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ;"rgf / 1fg k|;f/ ug]{ sfdnfO{ a9fpF5 . o;nfO{ ef}uf]lns ;Ldf jf aGwgx¿n] 5]Sb}g . kmn:j¿k b'u{d :yfgdf a:g] ;d'bfox¿ klg ljZjJofkL ;+hfnsf] c+u aG5g\ / l;4fGttM ljZjsf] ;"rgf, 1fg / ;+l:s[ltdf ;a} JolQmsf] kx'Fr x'G5 . • ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljifoa:t' 7f]; ¿kdf geO{ l8lh6n / cef}lts -er'{cn_ ¿kdf x'g] x'gfn] To;nfO{ hltw]/} k|lt jf ;+Vofdf pTkfbg u/] klg To;sf] vr{ guGo x'G5 . ljifoj:t' jf sG6]G6 h'g ¿kdf / hlt 7"nf] dfqfdf eP klg km/s kb}{g . ;fy} k|]if0f jf ;"rgf j;f/k;f/ ug{ klg ljz]if vr{ nfUb}g . • ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ;"rgfnfO{ lagf s'g} afwf ;+u|x jf e08f/0f ug{, k'gM k|fKt ug{, k|zf]wg ug{, /f]Hg, ljt/0f ug{ / afF8r'F8 ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] ;fdfg / ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f / ahf/df o;n] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]N5 . kmn:j¿k Jofkf/ / cfly{s sf/f]af/ ;/n / k|efjsf/L x'G5 . • ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] NofPsf] sfo{ s'zntfdf j[l4 / To;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k vr{df cfPsf] sdLn] ubf{ k/Dk/fut pBf]u wGbfx¿df gofFgofF pTkfbg, ;]jf / ljt/0f k|0ffnLx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} gofF Pj+ df}lns tyf k"/} gofF vfnsf

:jf:Yo If]qdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] gd'gf M x]Nyg]6

x]Nyg]6 k|0ffnL dfkm{t ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g nfOgaf6 rNg] ;fdfGo Od]naf6 :yf:Yof]krf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L clt yf]/} vr{df cbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfd s]xL jif{b]lv eO/x]sf] 5 . vf; u/L cf}ifwf]krf/ ug]{ 8fS6/x¿ / :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x¿n] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;xsdL{ lrlsT;sx¿sf] ;Nnfx ;xof]u, lrlsT;fzf:qsf gjLgtd hfgsf/L, lrlsT;f ;+a+wL k':tsfnodf kx'Fr, dxfdf/Lsf] r]tfjgL tyf gofFgofF cg';Gwfgaf/] hfgsf/L ;f6f;f6 ug{ x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . x]Nyg]6 ;]jf :yfgLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o bftfx¿sf] ;xof]udf ;]6nfOkm gfds gfkmf gsdfpg] ;+:yfn] pknAw u/fO/x]sf] 5 . x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u 8]9;o b]zsf aL; xhf/hlt :jf:ysdL{x¿n] ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . clk|msfdf o;sf] ;a}eGbf a9L k|efj b]lvPsf] 5 . ToxfF ;x/ / ufpFnfO{ hf]8g], pkof]ustf{x¿sf] Ifdtf a9fpg], ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]jfx¿sf] dfu a9fpg] / st}st} Jofj;flos ¿kn] ;+efJo ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{ sfd klg eO/x]sf] 5 . x]Nyg]6 dfkm{t :jf:Yo If]qdf p7fO/x]sf nfex¿sf] s]xL pbfx/0f o:tf 5g\ M • df]hflDas, tfGhflgof / o'ufG8fsf zNolrlsT;sx¿n] lj/fdLs]f pkrf/ ub}{ ;h{/Lsf gofF tl/sf l;Sg x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u ub}{5g\ . • hflDaofdf pkrf/ ;DaGwL 8]6f a6'Ng Pstfsf ;ft ;o lsnf]ld6/ ;Dd ofqf ug'{kYof]{ eg] clxn] x]Nyg]6sf] Od]naf6 ;a} 8]6f k7fOG5 . • Olyof]lkofdf 8fS6/x¿n] lj/fdLx¿ hfFRg] ;do ldnfpg x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u u5{g\ . plxn] lj/fdL hDdf eP klg 8fS6/ cfpg] lgZro x'Fb}gYof] . • s+uf]df :yfgLo ljz]if /f]usf lj/fdLsf] k|ult ljj/0f k7fpg] sfddf x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . • uflDaofdf eO/x]sf] dn]l/of ;+a+wL cg';Gwfgsf] lgoldt l/kf]6{ x]Nyg]6 dfkm{t o'/f]kl:yt :jf:Yo lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df k7fOG5 . ljsf;zLn b]zsf w]/} lrlsT;sx¿sf nflu P8\; tyf pi0f k|b]zdf nfUg] /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/ / cf}ifwLaf/] hfgsf/Lx¿, afn /f]u tyf hg:jf:Yoaf/] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ d'Vo ;|f]t g} x]Nyg]6 xf] . 6f9f, ljb]zdf uPsf cfkmGt / ;fyLefOx¿;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{ eO/xG5 . w]/} lbg;Dd x'nfsLsf] af6f] x]// a:g'kb}{g . ljb]z uPsfx¿n] sdfPsf] k};f ;lhn};Fu :jb]zdf lelqG5 . :yfgLo pTkfbg / ;]jfn] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ 18

ug'{k5{ . z}lIfs ljifoj:t'sf uxlsnf / Jofks sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ kfg'{ / ltgnfO{ wfGg] / Jojl:yt ug]{ ;Lk / Ifdtf xfl;n ug'{ Pp6f k|d'v xfFs xf] . ljifoj:t'nfO{ Jofks / clt ljleGg kf7sx¿;dIf k'¥ofpg] kl4lt -PlKns];g_ ljsl;t ug'{ klg k|fylds sfo{ xf] . ;|f]t M www.unisa.co.za

kfpF5 . kfNkfsf] Pp6f ufpFdf ljZjsdf{x¿n] agfPsf] tfdf]sf efF8fs'F8f OG6/ g]6sf] dfWodaf6 cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df laqmL eO/x]sf] 5 . -x]g'{;\ rf}sf]; M OG6/g]6af6 efF8fsf] Jofkf/_ . g]kfndf a;]/ of] k|ljlw pkof]u u/]/ ;+;f/sf 7"nf7"nf ljZjljBfno, k':tsfno, ;+u|xfno, cvaf/, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, lel8of] cflb x]g{ ;lsG5 . gfd rn]sf sDkgLsf pTkfbg / ;]jf kfpg ;lsG5 . ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} s'gfaf6 klg g]kfnsf tf/] xf]6nx¿df sf]7f a's ug{, 6«]lsªsf] sfo{qmd agfpg, un}Frf, kl:dgf / x:tsnfsf ;fdfg lsGg, xjfOhxfhsf] l6s6 a's ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIff, ;"rgf, dgf]/+hg, pBf]u, Jofkf/, sfof{no ;+rfng, ;/sf/ ;+rfng, ;'zf;g, a}+lsª, s[lif, oftfoft htftt} of] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 .

cfly{s cj;/

;"rgf k|ljlwn] ljleGg tl/sfn] cfly{s pGgltsf] cj;/ lbG5 . Jofj;flos s';ntf a9fpg], lj:t[t cfly{s ;+hfn tyf ahf/sf ultljlwdf ;lqmotf;fy

lzIff

ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df lzIff / lzIf0fsf] u'0f:t/, Ifdtf / ;Lk a9fpg tyf nb'u{d If]qdf lzIff / lzIf0f k'¥ofpg ljleGg tl/sfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] cjZostf / Tof] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf b"/lzIff -l8:6]G; nlg{ª_ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] o; If]qdf ;kmn pkof]usf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ef}uf]lns, cfly{s tyf cg]sf}F sl7gfOn] ubf{ pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf dflg;x¿sf] nflu o;n] lgSs} ;3fPsf] 5 . ;+;f/sf 5 j6f ;a}eGbf 7"nf b"/ lzIff ljZjljBfnox¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ — OG8f]g]l;of, sf]l/of, lrg, 6sL{, yfONof08 / ef/tdf 5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ljZjJofkL :t/df j}1flgs vf]h cg';Gwfg ug{ ;3fPsf] 5 eg] k|fljlws / Jofj;flos tflnddf lbg] sfddf klg o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . k|lzIfs tyf lzIfsx¿ tof/ kfg{df o;sf] ljz]if of]ubfg 5 . cfjZos ;\"rgf ;+sng u/L ljleGg 7fpFdf a;]sf JolQmx¿ ldn]/ kf7Øqmd, kf7Ø k':ts tyf lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿ ;:tf] / :yfgLo ¿kdf pTkfbg ug{ tyf z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] sfddf klg ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ;lhnf] kf/]sf] 5 . b"/ lzIff afx]s klg lzIffsf] If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u cgluGtL 5g\ . lh1f;' ljBfyL{ tyf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] OG6/g]6sf] ;d'b|df 8'a'NsL dfg{ hfg] eg] 1fgsf] vhfgf e]§fpg;S5g\ . Od]n / l8:s;g u|'ksf] dbtn] ljZjdf 5l/Psf ljz]if1 tyf hfgsf/x¿af6 cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf / 1fg ;lhn};Fu k|fKt ug{;S5g\ .

ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf ljz]if If]qx¿ /fi6«;+3Lo ;x;|fAbL lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;sf nflu ckl/xfo{ kfFr If]q – :jf:Yo, lzIff, cfly{s cj;/, ;anLs/0f / ;xeflutf tyf jftfj/0f – df ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u a9fpg;s] ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿sf] pGgltsf] ult a9fpg ;lsg] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .

:jf:Yo

ljsf;sf] kmfF6df ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] Pp6f d'Vo If]q :jf:Yo xf] . hgtfsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt ;kfg{sf nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ cgluGtL tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . ljleGg ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df b'u{d :yfgdf :jf:Yo ;Nnfx lbg, /f]u lgbfg / pkrf/ ug{ o;sf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . ufpFsf la/fdLsf] l8lh6n Sofd]/fn] kmf]6f] lvr]/ zx/df a:g] 8fS6/sxFf /f]usf] lgbfg ug{ k7fpg], :jf:Yo ;+a+wL cg';Gwfg ug]{, 8fS6/x¿n] cfk;df ;/;Nnfx u/]/ lj/fdLsf] lz3| / ;xL pkrf/ ug]{, :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ tflnd lbg], lj/fdLx¿sf] hfgsf/L 8]6f_ /fVg], cf}ifwL tyf pks/0fx¿ k|fKt ug]{ cflb sfddf ljleGg b]zdf o;n] e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd pknAw u/fpF5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] OG6/g]6af6 o'lg;sf] eJo k':tsfnosf] klg pkof]u ug{;S5g\ .

k|ToIf k|efj

blIf0f clk|msL ljZjljBfno -o'lg;f_ df b"/lzIff

o'lg;fsf] b"/lzIff sfo{qmdn] k|ltjif{ Ps nfv la; xhf/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIff k|bfg u5{ . tL ljBfyL{dWo] w]/}h;f] clk|msfsf / s]xL c? ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf x'G5g\ . cfjf;Lo ljZjljBfnoLo lzIffsf] bfFhf]df b"/lzIff sd vlr{nf] -*) k|ltzt sd_ x'G5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf] Joj;fo jf sfd g5fl8sg hxfg kl/jf/ kfNb} cfˆg} ;'/df pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{;S5g\ . dlxnfx¿nfO{ sfd / lzIffsf] cj;/ lbP/ o'lg;fn] n}+lus ;dtfnfO{ k|j4{g u5{ . o'lg;fsf %^ k|ltzt ljBfyL{ / %! k|ltzt sd{rf/L dlxnf 5g\ . o'lg;fn] blIf0f clk|msfleq Jofj;flos sfd÷hflu/sf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpF5 . z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs / ;xfos sd{rf/L;d]t #,))) sd{rf/L 5g\

blIf0f clk|msfsf] of] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] ljZjljBfno xf] . ;fy} of] ljZjs} 7"nf b"/lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿dWo] Pp6f xf] . o'lg;fsf k|df0fdq, l8Knf]df / l8u|Lb]lv 8fS6/ tx;Ddsf 5 j6f ˆofsN6Lsf — cf6{;\, Osf]gf]ldS; / Dofg]hd]G6 ;fOG;, sfg'g, lj1fg, lzIff / k|ljlw, tyf wfld{s cWoog — kf7Øqmdx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf kfPsf 5g\ . SofDk;x¿af6 lbOg] lzIffsf ;fy} o'lg;fn] OG6/g]6 / cgnfOg Snf;?d, lel8of] / cl8of] n]Sr/ tyf x'nfsdfkm{t klg z}lIfs e"ldxLg leNn hfltsf @! jif]{ uf]j4{g b'O{ jif{hlt cl3 dlxgfsf] #%)) ¿k}ofF -ef/tLo_ sdfpFy] . ufpFsf] ;"rgfno cyf{t\ ;fOa/ lsof]:sdfkm{t pgn] jl/kl/sf ahf/df cgfh / cGo s[lif pkhsf] efpm a'‰y] . ufpFn]x¿sf] ph'/L, l;sfot / ljleGg vfnsf lr7Lkq Od]naf6 cfbfgk|bfg lul/lbGy] . hUufhldgsf] k"hf{, cGo ;/sf/L sfutkq / ;"rgfx¿ k'¥ofpFy] . ;fy} pgL ufpFsf kGw|;f]x| hgf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/ klg l;sfpFy] .

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ufpFn]nfO{ rflxg] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf s[lifsf] nflu rflxn] laplahg, dnvfb, s[lif pTkfbg a]Rg] ahf/, ahf/ efpm, df};dsf] hfgsf/L, afnL / kz'x¿df nfUg] /f]u / ltgsf] /f]syfd / pkrf/, k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] k"j{ hfgsf/L, k|lt:kwL{ s[ifssf] pTkfbgaf/] ;"rgf cflb x'g\ . ;fy} ufpFn]x¿nfO{ s[lif / cGo cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k'¥ofpg :yflkt lgsfox¿, s[lif;+a+wL cg';Gwfg ug]{ JolQm / lgsfox¿;Fu ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;Dks{ ul/lbg' klg clt cfjZos x'G5 . cWoogaf6 s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ufpFn]nfO{ ;a} vfnsf] ;"rgf Ps} rf]l6 k|jflxt ug'{eGbf pgLx¿nfO{ rflxg] ljz]if If]q, h:t} s[lif, :jf:Yo cflb, sf] ;jf{+uk"0f{, ;fGble{s ;"rgf lbg' a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . ufpFdf ;"rgf k|jflxt ug{ k':ts, kqklqsf, kf]:6/, k+kn]6, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg cflb ljljw k/Dk/fut dfWodx¿sf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 tfklg /]l8of], ljz]if u/L ;fd'bflos jf ufpFn] /]l8of] a9L k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw / gofF k|ljlwaLr Pp6f d'Vo leGgtf s] 5 eg] /]l8of] 6]lnlehgh:tf dfWodx¿ PstkmL{ 5g\ . cyf{t\ sfo{qmd pTkfbs / k|;f/sn] k|:t't ug]{ sfo{qmd / ltgn] tf]s]sf] ;dodf dfq tL ;fwgx¿ x]g{ ;'Gg ;lsG5 . t/ gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t u|fxs jf pkef]Qmfx¿n] cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] ljifo / ;dodf ;"rgf / 1fg k|fKt ug{ tyf ;f]wvf]h, df]nefpm ug{ / bf]xf]/f] ;+rf/ ug{;S5g\ . vt/fsf] af/]df :ki6 lrq hgtf;fd' /fVgsf] nflu ul/Psf] lyof] . hLPkm8An'n] jgn] 9fs]sf] e"efu / o;sf] cj:yf ;fy} jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿n] ljgfz ul//x]sf] jg If]qsf] clen]v /fVg e"pku|xsf] lrq, ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL hLcfO{P;_, gS;f agfpg] ;ˆ6j]o/, OG6/g]6 / k|ToIf ko{j]If0fsf] pkof]u u5{ . oL ;a} ;"rgf OG6/g]6df /flvG5 . jftfj/0fLo gLlt tyf ;Demf}tf kfng gug]{ sDkgLx¿sf] gfd klg o;df /flvG5 .

(GFW)

Unf]an km/]:6 jfr OG6/g]6n] hf]8]sf () eGbf w]/} :yfgLo jg n;d"xx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o g]6js{ xf] . o;n] ljZjel/ jg ljgfzsf] b/ 36fpg / jg k}bfjf/af6 rNg] pBf]u wGbfx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ / lhDd]jf/ agfpg rfxG5 . o;sf] ;'?jft ;g\ !((& df ljZjsf] jg ;Dkbfdfly ;f+uf]g]6 (SANGONet) blIf0f clk|msfdf ljsf; / dfgjclwsf/ sfo{stf{x¿sf nflu :yflkt On]S6«f]lgs ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ ;+hfn xf] . o;n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6 www.sn.apc.org/sangonet df ljsf; / dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;f] ljifodf ;fGble{s ;"rgf pknAw u/fpF5 / pgLx¿nfO{ cfk;df 5nkmn ug{] ;'ljwf lbG5 . o;n] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ / lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿aLr On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/ ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg ;3fpF5 . kf/bzL{ ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw, lzIff, :jf:Yo, cy{tGq, >d, dlxnf, dfgjclwsf/ tyf jftfj/0f ;f+uf]g]6sf k|d'v ljifo x'g\ . ;f+uf]g]6 P;f]l;P;g km/ k|f]u|]l;e sDo'lgs];g -PkL;L_ gfds gfkmf gsdfpg] ;+:yfsf] ;b:o xf] .

k|ToIf k|efj

;f+uf]g]6n] ;fGble{s ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug{ nufP/ JolQm / ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;an agfpF5 . ;f+uf]g]6n] pknAw u/fPsf] Od]n / c? ;]jfx¿ pkof]u u/]/ u}/;/sf/L tyf cGo ;+:yfx¿n] a9L bIftf;fy tyf k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;+rf/ ug{;S5g\ . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ vf; u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;Lkaf6 a+lrt ;fgf / demf}nf ;+:yfx¿n] ;f+uf]g]6sf] ;:tf] z'Nssf] ;]jfaf6 kmfObf p7fpF5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cfGtl/s Ifdtf / sfo{s'zntf a9fpg klg o;af6 ;xof]u x'G5 .

xf“s

e/kbf]{ / vr{n] wfGg;lsg] b"/;+rf/ / lah'nLsf] k"jf{wf/sf] cefj clxn] klg ;f+uf]g]6sf] ;]jf pkef]u ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ sfddf tuf/f] ag]sf] 5 . ;fy}, dflg;x¿ tyf ;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf] ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ / ;+rf/ ug]{ sfdnfO{ ;kfg{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug{;S5g\ tfklg ;"rgfnfO{ ;dlGjt sfo{df ¿kfGtl/t ug{ alnof] g]t[Tj / Joj:yfkg Ifdtfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ;|f]t M

k|ToIf k|efj

hLPkm8An'n] jg k}bfjf/ pkof]u ug]{ sDkgLx¿sf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;"Id tyf j:t'ut ¿kn] cWoog ul//x]sf] 5 . of] ;d"xn] cf7 b]zdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 / s]xL jif{leq @% b]zdf sfd ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . hLPkm8An'n] ;/sf/x¿, :yfgLo lgsfo / ;d'bfox¿, pkef]Qmfx¿ / ;lqmotfjfbLx¿nfO{ jgdf s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpF5 / k|efjsf/L jg Joj:yfkg ug{ ;3fpF5 . o;n] e"pku|x k|0ffnLaf6 gkfOg] / ;/sf/x¿n] ;xh ¿kdf gkfpg] ;"rgf klg kfpg;S5 . ;|f]t M www.igc.org , www.globalforestwatch.org

www.sn.apc.org/sangonet

;d:ofsf] of] >[+vnfnfO{ /f]Sg jf sd ug{ s[lif pTkfbgsf] nflu afof]6]Sgf]nf]hL cyf{t\ s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg] k|ljlwn] ;3fpg;S5 eg] s[lifsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L, s[lif ahf/, tyf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;3fpg] ;"rgf / 1fg ;lhnf], ;:tf] / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kfpgsf] nflu cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 . pkof]uL k|ljlw, To;nfO{ pkof]u ug]{ tl/sf / Jojxf/sf] 1fg ;xL JolQmsf] xftdf k'¥ofpg;s] dfq} Tof] pkof]uL x'G5 / ;"rgf k|ljlwn] of] sfd a9L k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug{;S5 . jf:tjdf ufpFsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;a}eGbf ;:tf] / ;lhnf] nufgL 1fg xf] . o;n] g} vfBfGg, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, kf}li6s cfxf/, ;'/Iff clb ljsf;sf cfwf/ :yfkgf ug{ ;3fpF5 / ufpFdf afFRg] cfwf/ / :t/ a9fpg;S5 . cfw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] pkof]uL 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlw 5f]6f] ;dodf, ;lhn};Fu ;xL JolQmsf] xftdf k'ofpg ;3fpF5 . dflg; ;"rgf;DkGg ePkl5 dfq cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] nflu ;r]t / cu|;/ x'G5 .

u|fdL0f ljsf;df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf

ljsf;zLn b]zdf *) k|ltzteGbf w]/} dflg; ufpFdf a:5g\ . zx/sf] t'ngfdf ufpFdf vfg]kfgL, lzIff / :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, ;'/Iff, kf]if0f / vfBfGgh:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf] k|foM sdL x'G5 . hLjg si6s/ x'G5 . cNkfo'df d[To' x'G5 . ;'ljwfsf] vf]hLdf dflg;x¿ ufpFaf6 zx/lt/ cf]Ol/G5g\ / ;x/df klg cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] vfFrf] a9\5 . olb ufpFdf plrt ;dod} afFRgsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ / hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ;fwg / cj;/ kof{Kt dfqfdf k'ofpg ;lsPg eg] ufpF l/lQFb} hfg] / zx/x¿df hg;+Vofsf] rfk a9]/ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf k"jf{wf/ / ;]jfx¿ etfe'+u x'g] l:ylt cfpg;S5 . ufpF l/lQFbf Psflt/ zx/sf] cj:yf lau|G5 csf]{lt/ s[lif, ag, hn;|f]tnufotsf 22

ufpFn]x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt If]qdf kmfObf k'¥ofpg;S5 M lg0f{o k|lqmof M ufpFdf af6f] s'nf] agfpg], :yfgLo ;/sf/ r'Gg]b]lv lnP/ ;+;bdf k|ltlglw /f]Hgsf nflu ;d]t ;xL, pkof]uL, ;fGble{s / tfhf ;"rgfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . To:t} ufpFn]sf] hLjgsf cfly{s ;fdflhs kIf / eljionfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ sltko of]hgf, cfof]hgf / lg0f{ox¿ ufpFn]x¿n] g} lng'kg]{ x'G5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwn] l56f] / ;lhnf];Fu ;jf{+uk"0f{, ;d;fdlos / vf]h]sf] ;"rgf / 1fg pknAw u/fP/ ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;xL / 7f]; lg0f{o ug{ ;3fpF5 . ahf/sf] hfgsf/L M ls;fgx¿n] cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] ahf/ vf]Hg, k|bz{g ug{ / /fd|f] df]n kfpg kqklqsf, ˆofS; / 6]lnkmf]geGbf ;"rgf k|ljlw a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . ufpFsf pTkfbsx¿n] klg :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ljZj ahf/ kfpg;S5g\ . ufpFn] hgtfsf] ;zQmLs/0f M ufpFn]x¿sf] cfjfh, ljrf/, efjgf JoQm ug]{ cj;/ a9fP/ ufpFn]x¿nfO{ cfTdljZjf;, cfTd;Ddfg lbG5 / alnof] agfpF5 . kmn:j¿k ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;3fpm k'U5 . ufpFn]x¿ af]Ng yfn]kl5 :yfgLo lgsfob]lv gLlt lg0f{o tx;Dd k|efj k5{, ;'zf;g a9g] / k|hftGq alnof] x'g] ;Defjgf a9\5 . ;'ljwfljxLg÷kfvfk/]sf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ nfe M ;'ljwfljxLg ju{, vf; u/L afnaflnsf, dlxnf, ckf+u, blntx¿sf] nflu sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx¿, ljsf;, k|hftGq / dfgjclwsf/sf] nflu nl8/x]sf ;+3;+:yfx¿dfkm{t pgLx¿n] ck|ToIf kmfObf kfpF5g\ . /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ M ufpFdf 6]ln;]G6/ jf To:t} vfnsf] ;"rgf s]Gb| eof] eg] ltgn] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ lzIff / /f]huf/L nufot ljljw cj;/, ;]jf / • cfO{;L6Lsf] lj:tf/, o;;DaGwL pBdzLntf tyf cg;Gwfg, ;fy} ;"rgfsf] lgjf{w÷:jtGq k|jfxnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ jftfj/0f agfOg'k5{ . • ul/ax¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ ;3fpg'k5{ . • of] sfddf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Wofg cfslif{t ug'{ / pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u a9fpg'k5{ . • cfO{;L6Lsf af/]df cGt/f{li6«o d+rx¿df x'g] n]gb]g 5nkmndf ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf] cfjfhnfO{ alnof] agfpg'k5{ .

k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] plrt pkof]u / ;+/If0f x'g;Qm}g . ;fy} k/Dk/fut 1fg, k|ljlw / ;Lk, ;+:s[lt, efiff tyf dxTjk"0f{ dfgj ;+;fwgsf] lj:yfkg / nf]k klg x'ghfG5 . ;fdfgsf] ;"rgf lbG5g\ . ufpFsf o'jfx¿n] /f]huf/L kfpg] cj;/ a9\5 . s]Gb| cfkm}n] klg ;Lkd"ns tflndx¿ ;+rfng u/]/ :j/f]huf/sf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{;S5 .

ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf

l8kf6{d]G6 km/ OG6/g];gn 8]enKd]G6 -8LPkmcfO{8L_ gfds a]nfotL ;+:yfn] ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] dxTjsf] af/]df cWoog u/fPsf] lyof] . cWoogsf] lgisif{ 5 M != ul/aLsf] sf/0f cfwf/e"t ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sdLdfq} xf]Og . ul/aLsf w]/} tyf hl6n sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ . ul/ax¿ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] nflu / b}lgs u'hf/f ug{sf nflu geOgx'g] ;"rgfaf6 a+lrt x'G5g\ . cfkm"n] pTkfbg ug]{ dfn;fdfg / s[lif pkhsf] ahf/ efpaf/], :jf:Yo;DaGwL hfgsf/Laf/], ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] u7g / ltgLx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf tyf cfˆgf] clwsf/af/] pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . cfˆgf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ of]hgf agfpg] / lg0f{o ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ / tL ;+:yfx¿sf cfk;L zlQm;DaGwaf/] pgLx¿nfO{ s]xL klg yfxf x'Fb}g . cfˆgf] hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{;Sg] ;"rgf, lzIff / ljsf;sf ;Lkx¿;Dd pgLx¿sf] kxF'r x'Fb}g . pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t;fwg / ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ tyf ahf/;dIf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr x'Fb}g . cfDbfgL a9fpg] sfdaf/] hfgsf/L / o:tf cj;/x¿sf] ;"rgfdf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr g} x'Fb}g . @= ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf] k|jfxnfO{ a9fP/ ul/aL 36fpg] sfddf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'k5{ . xfnsf jif{x¿df w]/}h;f] OG6/g]6 / df]afOn kmf]gh:tf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df Wofg s]lGb|t ePtf klg ul/aLsf] lj?4 n8gsf nflu /]l8of] 6]lnlehgh:tf ;"rgfsf] ;fwgx¿ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ lsgls ul/a d'n'sx¿df df]afOn kmf]g / OG6/g]6eGbf /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg a9L Jofks dfqfdf km}lnPsf 5g\ . ;dfhdf ljljw ljrf/ x'sf{pg / ;"rgf k|jfx a9fpg 5fkf dfWodsf] klg dxTj 5 . Unf]an g]6js{ jf OG6/g]6df ghf]l8P klg sDKo'6/ ;dfhsf] x/]s c+usf] Ifdtf a9fpg] dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] . ljsf;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] / ul/aL 36fpg] sfddf gofF k|ljlwx¿n] ;"rgf / 1fgsf cfwf/e"t e"ldsfx¿nfO{ abNb}gg\, g t :yflkt ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf k|ljlwx¿nfO{ cf]em]ndf g} kf5{g\ . t/, ltgLx¿n] ;"rgf / 1fg km}nfpg, pknAw u/fpg, cfbfgk|bfg ug{ / k|efj a9fpg gofF cj;/x¿ l;h{gf u5{g\ . ufpFdf ;+rf/ k|0ffnL ;+rfng ubf{ ufpFn]x¿sf] ;xeflutf eof] eg] dfq pkof]uL aGg;S5 . cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ufpFn]x¿ cfkm}n] ug{;Sg] l:ylt sd} b]lvG5 . o;l:yltdf k/Dk/fut cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿;Fu cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d]nf u/fP/ pkof]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] pQm dfWod / cfdhgtf b'a} nfeflGjt x'g;S5g\ . dfWodx¿n] Od]n / OG6/g]6 dfkm{t ;:tf] / l56f] ;xL / ;fGble{s ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ eg] ufpFn]n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;"rgf dfUg / ufpFn] /]l8of] jf cGo ;fwgdfkm{t ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw ;a} ;d:ofsf] cr's cf}ifwL t xf]Og, t}klg o;n]

ul/a b]zx¿sf nflu tf/laxLg ;"rgf k|ljlw xfn} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf ;'ne ug{sf] nflu tf/laxLg k|ljlwdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . xn;fn} ljsl;t ePsf] of] jfo/n]; OG6/g]6 k|ljlwnfO{ ;+If]kdf jLkmL -jfo/n]; lkm8]ln6L_ cyf{t\ tf/ljxLg k|ljlwk|lt cg'/fu elgG5 . ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zx¿df b'u{d tyf 5l/P/ a;]sf ufpF / a:tfLx¿df vDaf uf8]/ tfdf]sf] tf/ tfg]/ 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg', cfly{s, ef}uf]lns, ;'/Iff tyf ljljw b[li6sf]0fn] clt sl7g / k|foM c;+ej ePsf] x'gfn] of] jLkmL k|ljlwn] tL b]zx¿df ;"rgf / 1fgsf] vf8n sd ug{ dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ clxn];Dd klg clwsf+z ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ tf//lxt k|ljlw ckgfpg s'/fdf bf]wf/df 5g\ . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] nflu jLkmL k|ljlwsf] pko'Qmtfsf] af/]df uPsf] h'gsf] cGTolt/ -@))#_ Go'of]s{df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;Dd]ngdf efulng] @)) eGbf w]/} ;xeuLx¿ ljsf;zLn ljZjsf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] tf//lxt OG6/g]6 cyf{t\ ljkmL ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|fyldstf 23

dfgj Ifdtf — 1fgsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{x¿sf] hdft tof/ kfg'{k5{ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw pkof]ustf{x¿sf] k|fljlws ;Lk a9fpg'k5{ . :yfgLo Joj;foLx¿sf] Jofj;flos sfo{s';ntf / Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf ;'b[ ug'{k5{ . gLlt — kf/bzL{ tyf ;do / If]q :ki6 tf]lsPsf] gLlt tyf k|lqmof tof/ kfg'{k5{ . :j:y / v'nf k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . gLlt nfu" ug{sf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9 agfpg'k5{ . Jofj;flostf — k'FhL jf nufgL tyf cGo cfly{s ;'ljwf ;lhnf];Fu k|fKt ug{;lsg] x'g'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o tyf :yfgLo ahf/df k'Ug] ;'ljwf x'g'k5{ . plrt s/ Joj:yf tyf ;DklQdf clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . Jofkf/ tyf cfly{s sf/f]af/ ;/n tyf s'zn÷;Ifd agfpg'k5{ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] dfu b]zleq} a9fpg k|]l/t ug'{k5{ . ljifoj:t' / pkof]lutf — :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ sfd nfUg], pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf / dfu cg';f/sf ;"rgf ;fdu|Lx¿÷ljifoj:t' tof/ kfl/g' k5{ . dflysf] /0fgLlts 9fFrf Ps} rf]l6 nfu" ug'{k5{ eGg] 5}g . ljsf;sf k|of;x¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf Jofjxfl/s ;Ldfx¿ a'‰g' clt cfjZos 5 . s'g} Pp6f If]qdf sfd u/]/ klg ljsf;sf nfex¿ gkfOg] t xf]Og, t/ ;a} c+unfO{ Ps} rf]6L kl/rfng ug{ ;lsof] eg] kmfObf w]/} x'G5 .

lbg'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt ePsf lyP . ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]zx¿aLr / ljsf;zLn b]zleq klg l8lh6n l8efO8 cyf{t\ 1fg / ;"rgfsf] vf8n 36fpg ljkmLsf] ljsf;df w]/} b]z / ;+:yfx¿ nfluk/]sf 5g\ . #= ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] JolQmut ;"rgfsf] vfFrf] k"/f ug]{b]lv :jf:Yo, lzIff, jftfj/0fh:tf ;fdflhs cfly{s s'/fx¿ ;fy} /fHo Joj:yfkg, cy{tGq, gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf cflbnfO{ kf/bzL{, pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ / :jR5 agfpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 . cWoogn] ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf k|ljlwn] v]Ng] e"ldsfnfO{ o;/L ;f/ ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 M != ;f] cWoogsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw -cfO{;L6L_ sf] kl/efiff o:tf] ul/Psf] 5 M o:tf] k|ljlw h;n] ljB'tLo ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ ;"rgf k|zf]wg / k|;f/ tyf ;+rf/ sfo{nfO{ ;xh agfpF5 . of] kl/efiffn] cfO{;L6Lsf ;Dk"0f{ If]q, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgb]lv k/Dk/fut / df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g;Dd tyf sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6nfO{ ;d]6\5 . @= of] k|ljlwdf nfUg] ljzfn vr{ / o;sf] hl6ntf;Fu ul/a hgtfnfO{ tTsfn k'¥ofpg'kg]{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfaLr olt 7"nf] lj/f]wfef; b]lvG5 ls bftf /fi6«x¿ bft[;+:yfx¿ ;fy} :jo+ ;xof]u kfpg] ul/a b]zn] klg o;df vr{ ug'{ plrt xf]nf egL s]xLn] z+sf JoQm u5{g\ . t/ s]xLn] eg] of] k|ljlw;Fu ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] eljio ufFl;Psf] b]V5g\ / ljZjdf a9\bf] l8lh6n l8efO8nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o k|of;af6 36fpg'k5{ egL hf]8 lbG5g\ . #= cWoogn] s] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 eg] cfO{;L6L cfkm}df ;fWo jf nIo xf]Og . l8lh6n l8efO8 36fpg' jf k|ljlwnfO{ km}nfpg'eGbf o;n] ul/aL 36fpg] cGt/f{li6«o nIf xfl;n ug{ slQsf] k|ult u5{ eGg] s'/fdf o;sf] ;kmntf gflkg'k5{ . t}klg, ul/ax¿sf] ;"rgf cfjZostf k"/f ug{' / ;"rgf– ;DkGg ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{' ul/aL 36fpg] k|of;sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f xf] . plrt 9+un] pkof]u u/]df ;"rgfsf] k|jfx a9fpg] / hgtfnfO{ ;an agfpg] sfddf cfO{;L6Lsf] lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . $= cWoogn] bft[;+:yfx¿nfO{ oL sfdx¿ ug{ l;kml/; u/]sf] 5M • ul/aLsf] ;"rgf / ;+rf/ kIfnfO{ d"n wf/df Nofpg' tyf ljsf; k|lqmofdf cfO{;L6Lsf] plrt pkof]u ug'{k5{ . • ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ /fli6«o /0fgLltdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .

ljkmLsf kmfObfx¿ ljkmLdf k|of]u x'g] 6«fG;ld6/n] s'g} klg vfnsf] 8]6f k7fpg nfO;]G; lng gkg]{ vfnsf] /]l8of] t/+usf] pkof]u u5{ . tL /]l8of] t/+ux¿ sDKo'6/ tyf c? oGqpks/0fx¿n] OGk|mf/]8 l/l;e/ kf]6{dfkm{t k|fKt u5{g\ . ljkmLnfO{ lgoddf afFWg;lsFb}g . of] pBf]u xf] / o;sf] :t/ ;+;f/e/ Pp6} x'G5 . o;n] a|f]8Jof08sf] OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf lbO/x]sf] 5 . oL rf/ u'0fx¿n] o;nfO{ ljZjel/ ;:tf] / lgSs} pkof]uL agfPsf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf x/]s ldg]6 #) hgf gofF u|xsx¿n] of] ljkmL k|ljlw ckgfpFb} 5g\ . 7"nf zx/L Onfsfdf ljkmL ;]jf ;j{AofkL / ;j{sflns x'Fb}5 eg] gofFgofF Joj;foLx¿ / Jofkf/sf cu'jfxn] of] k|ljlwnfO{ b|'t ultn] c+ufln/x]sf 5g\ . ljZj a}+ssf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ lgb]{zssf c'g;f/ of] k|ljlwsf] Ifdtf / ;kmntf ljsl;t b]zx¿df xf]Og ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df k/LIf0f x'g]5, lsgls tL b]zx¿df tf/ tfg]/ a|f]8Jof08sf] 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf lbg' lgs} ufx|f] 5 . ljkmLnfO{ ljkGg u|fdL0f Onfsfdf k'¥ofpg cfOnfUg] s]xL xfFsx¿ o:tf 5g\ M ufpFdf rflxg] oGqpks/0f, xf8{j]o/ k'¥ofpg' tyf u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/sf nflu lgSs} alnof / udL{ ;bL{ tyf ljifd xfjfkfgLdf klg sfd ug]{, d/Ddt ;Def/ ug{ ;lhnf] vfnsf alnof ;fdfgsf] cfjZotf x'G5 . o;afx]s tL pks/0fx¿ lemsfpgsf nflu nfUg] afwf c8rgx¿, h:t} dxFuf] eG;f/ dx;'n, ;fdfg lemsfpg k"/f ug'{kg]{ em+eml6nf] k|lqmof tyf eG;f/ sfof{nodf dlxgf}F em'nfpg] k|j[lQ h;n] ubf{ oGqpks/0fx¿ pkof]ustf{sf] xftdf kbf{;Dd lalu|;s]sf x'g;S5g\ . tf/ljxLg OG6/g]6 k|ljlwsf nfex¿nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ tfdf]sf] tf/sf] hfndf h]lnP/ ;+rf/ ug]{ hdfgfsf] cGTo eO;]sf] 5 . o;}n] ca tfdf]sf] tf/df cfwfl/t k"jf{wf/df nufgL ug'{sf] ;§f kmfOa/ clK6s g]6js{ lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . nufgLsf] b[li6n] ljkmL k|ljlwsf] nflu kmfOa/ clK6shlt vlr{nf] 5}g,

ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw k|j4{gsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfd

l8lh6n ckRo'{lg6L Olgl;Pl6e sfo{bnn] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult a9fpg] sfddf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] zlQmnfO{ pkof]u ug{sf nflu cfjZos /0fgLltsf] 9fFrf tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . oL kfFr j6f /0fgLlts If]qx¿sf] cfk;df 3lgi6 ;DaGw 5 . To;}n] ;a}df plQs} Wofg k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 . k"jf{wf/ — ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ;+hfn v8f ug'{k5{ . ;j{JofkL kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . ljsf;sf pRr k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg] sfo{qmddf s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . 24

/fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/l:yltsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;j{k|yd ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ :yfgLo jf /fli6«o ;Gbe{df s;/L pkof]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f a'‰g'k5{ . /0fgLltut sfo{qmdx¿aLrsf ldlxg ;DaGwx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'k5{ . o;df k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf e"ldsf v]Ng]x¿ tyf o;af6 nfe kfpg] jf k|efljt x'g]x¿ h:t} :yfgLo ;d'bfo, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L lgsfo tyf gLlh Jofj;flos If]q ;fy} ax'd'vL ;+:yf cflbsf] ;xeflutf, e"ldsf / argj4tf clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . afwf c8rg km'sfpg / gofF tyf df}lns ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;/sf/ k|d'vx¿sf] g]t[Tj cfjZos x'G5 . sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] cfˆg} vfnsf cfjZostf x'G5g\ . ltgsf cfjZostf cg'¿ksf k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf;, kl/dfh{g / cg's"ng ug{ tyf cfOnfUg] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o lghL pBf]ux¿n] Psh'6 eP/ sfd ug'{k5{ . ljsf; nIfcg'¿k ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fdf gful/s ;dfh hfu?s x'g'k5{ . df}lns tyf gjLg b[li6sf]0f tyf g]t[Tjaf6 ;sf/fTds kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf u/]/ dfq} ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ljsf;sf] sfddf nufpg;lsG5 . k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t cGo ;]jfx¿x¿ x'g\ . of] If]qdf g]kfnn] cg'ej xfl;n ul/ klg ;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] jiff}F{b]lv ;]gfdf tyf s'nL, b/afg, efF8f df‰g]h:tf sd cfDbfgL x'g] vfnsf sfddf nfvf}F g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ljb]zdf k7fP/ clxn] klg b]zsf] cy{tGqdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . olb Tof] hgzlQmnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dWod:t/;Ddsf] ePklg tflnd lbP/ k7fpg;lsof] eg] ltgLx¿sf] cfDbfgL w]/} u'gf a9g;S5 . b]zleq} klg cGo sfdsf] kfl/>ldssf] t'ngfdf sDKo'6/sf] sfd ug]{ hgzlQmsf] kfl/>lds w]/} 5 . c? vfnsf /f]huf/L a9fpgsf nflu w]/} nufgL, sRrf kbfy{, ahf/, oftfoft cflb rflxG5 eg] ;"rgf k|ljlwdf nufgL ug{ / o;;+a+wL Joj;fo ug{ w]/} nufgL rflxFb}g / ahf/, oftfoft, sRrf kbfy{sf] em+em6 klg x'Fb}g . s]xL sDKo'6/, 6]lnkmf]g nfOg, lah'nL / lbdfu eP k'U5 . o;af6 jftfj/0f b"lift klg x'Fb}g . g]kfnn] w]/} klxn]b]lv ko{6g / hnljB'tnfO{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf of]ubfg lbg;Sg] d'Vo cfwf/ dfGb} cfPsf] 5 . t/ clxn] cfP/ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fosf] ;+efjgf lgSs} a9]sf] 5 . lah'nL pTkfbg u/] klg a]Rgsf] nflu l5d]sL d'n'ssf] d'v tfSg'k5{ . ko{6gdf klg cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ;'/Iff, /f]usf] dxfdf/L cflbn] a]nfa]nfdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿sf] bfFhf]df ;"rgf k|ljlw a9L ;'/lIft / lg/fkb Joj;fo b]lvPsf] 5 . t];|f] cWofodf pNn]v ul/Psf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf rf/ k|sf/sf pkof]ux¿dWo] g]kfndf clxn] d'Vo ¿kn] tLg k|sf/sf] pkof]u b]lvPsf] 5 M ;"rgf ;+rf/ ug]{ k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf, ;"rgf k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf / ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pTkfbgdf . s]xL dfqfdf xf8{j]o/sf] pTkfbg / Jofkf/ klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljsf;zLn / cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿aLr Jofkf/ a9fpg] sfddf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]lutf lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6n] ;:tf] / l56f] ;+rf/ k|bfg ug]{ x'gfn] sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fldªb]lv lnP/ sfof{noLo sfdh:tf ;]jfx¿ ;d]t OG6/g]6 dfkm{t ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿df a]Rg ;S5g\ . g]kfnd} a;]/ o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf Jofkfl/s sDkgLx¿sf] sfd ul/lbg] ;]jfx¿sf] oxfF ;+rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;:tf] >dsf] sf/0fn] o:tf sfdx¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿lt/ cf]Ol/g] 7"nf]

tfklg of] cem} klg dxFuf] 5 . o;sf] :yfkgfdf eGbf ;+rfngdf w]/} vr{ nfU5 . o;}n] vr{ 36fpg ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿, ljsf;] lgsfox¿, ;/sf/L ;+/rgf / ;fdYo{ tyf ;/sf/L / lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf]nfO{ kl/rfng u/]/ o;nfO{ ;:tf], ;/n / ;j{;'ne agfpg ;lsG5 . -;|f]t M ;Dd]ngsf] l/kf]6{_

cWofo ^

g]kfnsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTj

;d'b| ;txb]lv &) ld6/b]lv *))) ld6/eGbf cUnf] e"agf]6, c;+Vo vf]nf gfnf, 8fF8fsfF8f cflb ljifd ef}uf]lns ;+/rgfn] ubf{ oftfoft / ;+rf/ ;'ljwfaf6 a+lrt, / cfk;df ljR5]lbtÙ ljzfn l5d]sLx¿sf] aLr cjl:yt x'gfn] e"/fhgLlts ¿kn] k/lge{/, ;d'b|L dfu{af6 a+lrt, pBf]u wGbfsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos vlgh tyf cGo k"jfwf{/x¿s]f cefjn] u|:t, o'uf}Fsf] ;fdGtL / lkt[;QfTds dfgl;stfn] kLl8t tyf ljljw hflt, hghflt tyf cflbaf;L / efiffefifL, wd{, ;+:s[lth:tf ljljwtfk"0f{ / c;dfg cGofok"0f{ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] ubf{ ljsf;df kl5 kb}{ uPsf] g]kfnn] s[lif qmflGt / cf}Bf]lus qmflGtaf6 kmfObf p7fpgg;Sg' :jefljs} lyof] . clxn] ef}uf]lns ljifdtf, e"/fhgLlts jfWotf, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cefj, e"kl/j]li7ttf, ;fdGtL dfgl;stf, cg]s k|sf/sf ljljwtf cflb afwfx¿n] 5]Sgg;Sg] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] ;fd" Pp6f ck"j{ cj;/ cfPsf]5 . of] jf:tljstf xf] ls clxn] klg clwsf+z g]kfnLx¿ ;kmf vfg]kfgL, kf]lifnf] cfxf/, u'0f:t/Lo lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfaf6 a+lrt 5g\ . ;fdfGo pkrf/ kfP lgsf] x'g;Sg] /f]u / ef]sn] aif]{gL ;}s8fF} dflg;x¿ csfndf d5{g\ . xhf/f}F dlxnf / afnaflnsx¿ ;'/lIft ¿kdf ;'Ts]/L x'gg;s]/ tyf s'kf]if0fsf] sf/0fn] Hofg u'dfpF5g\ . cfwfhlt g]kfnLn] cIf/ lrGb}gg\ . ;}s8f Psn] klg cvaf/ k9\b}gg\ . clxn] klg ;}s8f gAa] dflg;sf nflu ;"rgf / 1fg k|fKt ug]{ k|d'v ;|f]t dflg;dfq} xf] .PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] k|f/Dedf htftt} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kmfObfsf] s'/f rn]sf] a]nfdf g]kfnh:tf] cNk lzlIft / cNk ljsl;t b]zn] o;af6 s] / s;/L kmfObf p7fpg ;S5 eGg] k|Zg p7g' :jefljs xf] . cfO6Lsf] ;'ljwf pknAw x'Fb}df cyjf ljZjJofkL ;"rgf ;+hfn;Fu ;Dkls{t x'Fb}df hgtfsf g'gt]nsf ;d:of kSs} klg ;dfwfg x'Fb}gg\ . t/ ljZj;Dks{sf] clt dxTjk"0f{ dfWod OG6/g]6 / Od]n o:tf] ;fwg xf] h;n] ljsf; k|lqmofdf cgluGtL ;Defjgfx¿ pknAw u/fpF5 . ljsf;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] OGwg ;"rgf / 1fg xf] . OG6/g]6n] ;"rgf / 1fgnfO{ clt ;lhnf], ;:tf] / l56f] ultdf pknAw u/fpF5 .

ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/f dfgj ljsf;sf] nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]lutf / k|efj :ki6 x'Fbfx'Fb} klg of] s'/f la;{g' x'Fb}g ls s'g} klg k|ljlwsf] dfgj ;dfhsf ;a} c+un] ;dfg ¿kdf nfe kfpg ;Qm}ggg\ . s]xL c+u kfvf k5{g\ . k|ljlw :jo+ s'g} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xf]Og . To;nfO{ s;/L / s;sf] lxtdf pkof]u ul/G5 eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug]{ t dflg;n] l;h{gf u/]sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Joj:yfn] g} xf] . o;}n] ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6 nfeflGjt x'gsf nflu klg dfgj Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} cg's"n 25

sDKo'6/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] . bz jif{kl5 csf]{ hgu0fgf x'Fbf a]nfotaf6 csf]{ sDKo'6/, Tolt a]nfsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t cfOl;Pn @(%) NofOof] . To;df Ps d]ufafO6 ¥ofd, ^$) d]uf afO6sf] xf8{l8:s / *)) luuf afO6sf] :6f]/]h Ifdtf lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ oGq rf/ OsfOdf afFl8P/ ag]sf] lyof] . clxn]sf] sDKo'6/ rnfpg]x¿ Tof] sDKo'6/sf] Ifdtf / sfd ug]{ tl/sf ;'Gbf xfF:g;S5g\ t/ Tof] sDKo'6/ Tolt a]nfsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t sDKo'6/ dflgPsf] lyof] / rflxg]hlt sfd klg lbPsf] lyof] . Tof] sDKo'6/n] s]Gb|nfO{ yk bz jif{;Dd sfd lbof] . g]kfndf ;g\ !(&( df klxnf] dfOqmf] sDKo'6/ agfpg] d'lg zfSo ;Q/Lsf] bzssf] ;'?df a]nfotdf On]lS6«sn OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ug'{sf ;fy} sDKo'6/ sf] sv/f klg l;ls/x]sf lyP . !(&@ df g]kfn cfP/ ;/sf/L ;]jf ub}{ pgn] s]xL cg';Gwfg u/] . To;kl5 pgL 5fqj[lQ kfP/ k|mfG; uP . Tolt a]nf cfOaLPdn] dfOqmf]sDKo'6/ ahf/df Nofpg] k|of; ub}{ lyof] . k|mfG;af6 kms{Fbf pgn] sDKo'6/ agfpgsf nflu rflxg] ;fdfgx¿ cfkm";Fu} NofP . g]kfn cfPkl5 pgn] cfˆg} 3/sf] Pp6f sf]7fdf dfOqmf]sDKo'6/ agfP / blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;Dd]ngsf] cj;/df sf7df8f}Fdf k|bz{g u/] . !(*# df d'lg zfSon] b]jgfu/L lnlk agfP/ g]kfndf sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u a9fpg ;3fP . ToxL jif{ ds{G6fOn sDkgLn] sDKo'6/sf] sf/f]af/ ;'? u/]kl5 g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cwfl/t Jofkf/ ;'? ePsf] xf] . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ a9fPsf] 5 . a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿ 3/af/L a]r]/ ljb]zdf sfd ug{ ef}Ftfl/g' gkg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . ca g]kfnLx¿ ljb]zdf rf}sLbf/L ug]{ jf xf]6ndf efF8f df‰g] sfd gu/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;Lk l;s]/ 3/}df klg /fd|f] cfDbfgL x'g] hflu/ vfg;S5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ca xjfO{ ofotfoft, a}+s, 6]lnkmf]g, lah'nL, vfg]kfgL, 7"nf pBf]u Joj;fo, ko{6g, Jofkf/, c:ktfn, ljZjljBfno, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L sfof{no, dgf]/+hg pBf]u, oxfF;Dd ls wd{sd{df klg eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] pkof]u gePsf] jf ug{g;lsg] If]qsf] gfd lng ca d'l:sn eO;s]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf ;"rgf k|ljlw ca g]kfnsf] nflu zf]vsf] s'/f geP/ ckl/xfo{ s'/f ePsf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/, k|hftGq / ;'zf;g :yfkgf ug{ cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;xf/f lng k|]l/t ub}{ / ;3fpFb} 5 . :yfgLo lgsfob]lv dGqfno, lgjf{rg cfof]u, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, k|x/L, Gofofno cflb k|;fzg tyf hg;/f]sf/sf lgsfox¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/ ltgsf] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ckl/xfo{ dflgPsf] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf, b]zsf] /fhgLlt, k|zf;g, ljsf;, pBf]u, Jofkf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;+rf/, oftfoft, ljh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, dgf]/+hg, ;flxTo, snf, s[lif, ko{6g cflb ;Dk"0f{ sfddf clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 .

;+efjgf 5 . aflx/ jf ljb]z guO{ 3/d} a;La;L ul/g] 6]lnsDo'6, 6]nLjs{ jf 6]ln;le{; al9/x]sf] 5 . o;n] sDKo'6/sf] cufl8 a;]/ ljZjJofkL ;+hfn (www) sf] dfWodåf/f o;/L pknAw x'g] 1fg / ;"rgfsf] pkof]u cfd hgtfn] l;w} ug{ g;s] tfklg clxn] klg g]kfnnufot ljZjsf cg]s cNk ljsl;t b]zsf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / :yfgLo lgsfox¿ tyf pBf]uL Pj+ Joj;foLx¿n] Od]n / OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ljleGg vfnsf kmfObf p7fO/x]sf5g\ / Tof] kmfObf hgtfnfO{ klg k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . Psflt/ ljkGgtfn] k/fsfi6f gfWg yfn]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;DkGgtfn] 9f]sf 3R3RofO/x]sf] 5 . ljkGgtfnfO{ c:yfoL pkfo ckgfP/ 3kfpg] ls ;DkGgtfnfO{ 3/df a;fP/ ljkGgtfnfO{ ;bfsf] nflu nv]6g] < of] b'ljwf g]kfnsf] dfq} xf]Og g]kfnh:tf clwsf+z ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] klg xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlw jf cfO6L dfkm{t g]kfndf klg clxn] ljleGg If]qsf ;dembf/ tyf k|ltefjfg dflg;x¿n] cg]s nfe p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] sf/f]af/ ljZjahf/df km}nfO/x]sf5g\ . ljBfyL{, cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf j'l4hLjLx¿n] ljZj1fgsf] e08f/af6 ;xh, ;/n / ;:tf]df cd"No 1fg k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ . snfsf/, ;+uLtsf/, slj, ;flxTosf/, kqsf/ ;a}n] cfˆgf snfs[lt, uLt, ;+uLt, sfJo, ;flxTo, kqklqsf, cvaf/, lrq, rnlrq cflb kf7Ø, >Jo, b[Zo cflb dfWoddf cfwfl/t s[ltx¿ If0fe/df ljZjJofkL u/fpFb}5g\ . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL ;+:yfx¿ sf]xL klg of] k|ljlwsf] nfeaf6 a+lrt x'g rflx/x]sf 5}gg\ . cfO6L olt ;/n / ;:tf] dfWod aGb}5 ls o;sf] pkof]u ug]{ g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vof aflif{s ;}s8f @) eGbf w]/} b/n] a9\b}5 . ca o;af6 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf kmfObf glnPsf dflg;x¿ kfpg ufx|f] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fodf g]kfnn] hf]8 lbg'kg]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f s] 5 eg] g]kfnL pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] vkt jf ahf/ g]kfnleq cToGt ;Lldt 5 . oxfF 8fS6/ / OlGhlgo/x¿;d]t a]/f]huf/ aGg yfn]sf 5g\ . $@ k|ltzteGbf w]/} dflg; ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ax';+Vos g]kfnLx¿n] bfdL a:t' jf ;]jf pkef]u ug]{ ;+efjgf 5}g . ljZjsf] ;jf{lws hg;+Vof ePsf b'O{ l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] ;:tf] pTkfbgsf ;fd' g]kfnL dfnfdfgn] l5d]sL ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ux|f] ePsf] cg'ej ul//x]s} 5f}F . ctM g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ vf]Hg}k5{ . rfx] ljb]zdf sfdbf/ k7fpg] s'/fdf xf];\ jf c? k|sf/sf ;]jfsf] nflu . lagf oftfoftsf] em+em6 g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df :t/Lo / ;xh ¿kdf k'¥ofpg;Sg] pTkfbg ;ˆ6j]o/ / ;"rgf

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g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlw lelqPsf] ;g\ !(&! df xf] . Tof] ;fndf ePsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{ bf];|f] k':tfsf] cfO{aLPd !$)! sDKo'6/ NofOPsf] lyof] . o;df 8]6f e08f/0f ug{ 6]ksf] k|of]u x'GYof] / 8]6f OG6«L ug{ Kjfn k/sf k+rsf8{ k|of]u ul/GYof] . Tof] sDKo'6/ d]l;g lgSs} 7"nf] l;+u} sf]7fhqf] lyof] . Tof] d]l;gsf] lhDdf lng / ;+rfng ug{ /fli6«o 26

tfGg], gfr ufg, snf ;+:s[lt, ;flxTo cflb em08} ;a}h;f] sfdsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf] 5. tj/af6 k|of]u ug{ jf To:tf clen]vdf u}/ sfg"gL tj/af6 kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;/sf/, ;/sf/L lgsfo / JolQm ;d]tsf] ;/sf/L, Jofj;flos / Jofkfl/s sfd sf/jfxLdf ;d]t clwstd k|of]u ug{ u/fpg jf~5gLo ePsf]n], ===== ;+;bn] of] P]g agfPsf] 5 .Æ ljw]ossf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;f] P]g clxn] Oltxf; alg;s]s]f 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] b|'t ljsf;n] ubf{ clxn] ;f] P]gsf sltko s'/fx¿df c;fGble{s eO;s]sf 5g\ . P]gsf] cefjn] ubf{ g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, o;sf] pkof]u tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fo kl5 k/]sf] 5 tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cfwf/df x'g] ck/fwx¿ a9]sf 5g\ .

k|ljlwsf] ljZj dfglrqdf :yflkt ug'{ .Æ o;sf] /0fgLlt emg cfsfif{s 5 M æ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;~hfn -g]6js{_ nfO{ u|fdL0f If]q;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{, g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df :yflkt ug]{, cfufdL kfFr jif{leq ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jf (Software tyf Hardware) sf] lgsf;L ¿= !) c/a k'¥ofpg]===Æ cflb . ;fy} o;sf] sfo{gLlt lgSs} dxTjfsf+IfL 5 M æ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ;a}nfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIffÆ . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltsf] e"ldsfn] b]zsf] jf:tljstf a'em]sf] b]lvG5 M æg]kfnh:tf ljZjsf cNkljsl;t d'n'snfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, ko{6g, Jofkf/ cflb ljleGg If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlw sf] k|of]uaf6 tLa| ultdf ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; k|ljlwsf] Jofks lj:tf/af6 cfly{s ;'b[9Ls/0f, k|hftflGqs d"No tyf dfGotfsf] ljsf;, cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f Pj+ hgtfdf r]tgfsf] clej[l4 x'g uO{ hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ x'g] / cGttf]uTjf u/LaL lgjf/0fdf 7"nf] d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw g} g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lus ljifdtfdf sdL Nofpg] Ps ;zQm k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g]5 . cfufdL jif{x¿df ljZj dfglrqdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ / o; g]kfndf clxn] ;fgf] sf]7fdf sDKo'6/sf k"hf{x¿ hf]8g] b]lv lnP/ %)) hgfeGbf w]/} sd{rf/L /fv]/ pBf]u ug]{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL pBf]u jf sDkgLx¿sf] ;+Vof %)) gflw;s]sf] 5 . To:t}, ;fgf] sf]7fdf rf/kfFr j6f sDKo'6/ /fv]/ sDKo'6/sf] sv/f l;sfpg]b]lv lnP/ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfk|fKt kf7Øqmdcg';f/ tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof klg xhf/ gfl3;s]sf] cg'dfg 5 . g]kfndf sltko sDkgLx¿n] clxn] ljZj:t/s} PlKns];g ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ agfO/x]sf 5g\ . a}+s, Jofkfl/s sDkgL / ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] n]vf /fVg] :t/Lo ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ oxLF pTkfbg eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbgdf dfq ljz]iftf xfl;n u/]sf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof Ps bh{ghlt 5 eg] 3/d} a;]/ ljb]zL, cGt/f{li6«o sDkgLx¿sf] nflu ;ˆ6j]o/ agfOlbg] JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof klg w]/} 5 . sf7df8f}Fdf 8]9 nfveGbf w]/}n] OG6/g]6 / Od]n pkof]u ul//x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . sf7df8f}Fl:yt OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿af6 @% xhf/ u|fxsn] OG6/g]6 / Od]n ;]jf lgoldt ¿kdf lnO/x]sf 5g\ . OG6/g]6 / Od]n k|of]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof jflif{s @) b]lv #) k|ltzt;Dd al9/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf s'g} ljifodf lzIff jf tflnd xfl;n u/]sf sl/a @))) o'jfx¿ x/]s jif{ of] If]qdf k|j]z ub}{ 5g\ / tLdWo] em08} cfwf ljb]zdf hfg] u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . sltko o'jfx¿ oxLF a;]/ ljb]zL sDkgLx¿sf] nflu sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] lzlIft hgdfg; clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlw, ljz]if u/L sDKo'6/ lzIffk|lt lgSs} pT;'s / hfu?s b]lvG5 . ufpF7fpFdf sDKo'6/ tflnd s]Gb| v'n]s 5g\ . sDKo'6/ ghfgL /fd|f] sfd kfOGg eGg] efjgf alnof] x'Fb}5 . sDKo'6/ hfb"sf] afs;h:tf] sf}t'sdo a:t' geP/ hLjgdf / b}lgs Jojxf/df rflxg] pks/0f aGb}5 . ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf ca sDKo'6/sf] pkof]un] ubf{ k|efjsf/L aGg yfn]sf] 5 . ;f+;b, lhNnf / ufpFsf g]tfb]lv lnP/ hLjg ;fyL /f]Hg] sfddf klg sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ;3fpFb} 5 . hGd, d[To' btf{, /fxbfgL lng], s/ ltg]{, hUufhldgsf] clen]v /fVg], vfgf ksfpg], s[lif;+a+wL ;"rgf / 1fg kfpg], s[lif ahf/ a'‰g], dfn;fdfg a]Rg], ko{6sx¿nfO{

bzf}“ k+rjifL{o of]hgfsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd xfn rfn" bzf}F k+rjifL{o of]hgfdf ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ b]z ljsf;sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf lnP/ o;sf] ljsf;df lgSs} hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;f] of]hgfdf 3f]lift gLlt tyf sfo{gLltx¿sf] ;f/ o:tf] 5 M • ;fd'bflos txdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] kx'Fr ;"rgf ;]jfx¿df k'¥ofpg ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL lzIff tyf tflnd, ;f] k|ljlw;Dd kx'Fr / o;sf] pkof]uaf6 k'¥ofpg;lsg] ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/df pk/f]Qm tLg j6} kIfnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} ljsf; ul/g] 5 . lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . • ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ u/L s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf s[lifj:t'sf] d"No Pj+ cfk"lt{ l:ylt cflbaf/] dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf ;]jfx¿ u|fdL0f If]qx¿df klg ;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb|dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg hf]8 lbOg]5 . OG6/g]6df g]kfnL ljifoj:t' ePsf ;fdu|Lsf] clej[l4 ug]{ / g]kfnL snf, ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gfP ug]{ tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf ljifoj:t' :yfgLo efiffdf tof/ ul/g]5 . ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿df klg OG6/g]6 ;'ljwfo'Qm u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ub}{ nlug]5 . • ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu z}lIfs tflndx¿ k|j4{g ug{'sf ;fy} lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 . æ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ;a}nfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIffÆ eGg] Pp6f bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd agfOg]5 / qmdzM clgjfo{ ¿kdf ljBfnox¿df sDKo'6/ lzIffsf] k7gkf7g u/fOg]5 . ;/sf/L tyf lghL b'a} If]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf bIf hgzlQm tof/ ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL ljleGg txsf :t/Lo If]qdf kl5 kg]{ /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s l:yltdf 7"nf] cGt/ cfpg]5 . o:tf] l:yltn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg' ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf nflu klg ;xh ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . o; ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug;Sg] pRr ;Defjgf 5 . xfd|f] h:tf] cNkljsl;t /fi6«sf nflu o:tf] ;xof]un] /fli6«o ljsf;df 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] s'/f :ki6 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ l56f]eGbf l56f] ljsf; u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltsf] cfjZostf 5 .Æ gf} bkmfdf ljeflht ;f] gLltn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; lglDg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf k'¥ofO{ o;sf dfWodaf6 /f]huf/Ldf clej[l4 ug]{, 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh (Knowledge Based Society) sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, 27

g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0f, g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg, /]l8of] k|;f/ ;]jf ljsf; ;ldlt -/]l8of] g]kfn_, g]kfn 6]lnlehg, /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, rnlrq ;+:yfg, /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L dxfzfvf, k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn cflb lgsfox¿ k5{g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL gLlt, P]g, lgod agfpg], nfu" u/fpg] lhDdf lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfnosf] ePtf klg of] k|ljlwnfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ d'Vo cfwf/ b"/ ;+rf/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] dftxtdf kg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] b'O{ hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ :jb]zL z}lIfs ;+:fx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . • ;/sf/L lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg, ;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg tyf ljQLo Joj:yfkg / k|zf;lgs Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/ ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]u ul/g]5 . o; qmddf ljB'tLo k|zf;g k|ljlw -O uegf{G;_ nfO{ klg k|ofudf NofOg]5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u Jofks ug{ tLg jif]{ sfo{qmd agfO{ nfu" ul/g]5 . ;a} dGqfno, ljefu tyf sfof{nox¿nfO{ OG6/g]6af6 hf]l8g]5 / cGo lgsfox¿nfO{ klg OG6/g]6dfkm{t cfj4 x'g k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . • ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf o;;+a+wL k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf lgldQ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf pko'Qm :yfgx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ :yfkgf ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf ;+nUg Joj;foLx¿nfO{ dfucg';f/ b"/;+rf/ tyf ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 . • ljB'tLo Jofkf/ -Osd;{_, ljB'tLo lzIff -OPh's];g_, b"/:jf:Yo -Ox]Ny_, ljB'tLo x'nfs -Okf]:6_ cflbsf] k|j4{g / uf|dL0f If]qdf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 . b"/;+rf/ tyf ljB't ;]jf pknAw ePsf :yfgx¿sf lzIf0f ;+:yf / c:ktfnx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL ;]jfsf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . ljB't ;]jf pknAw gePsf :yfgx¿df klg ;f}o{ phf{sf dfWodaf6 ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf lbOg]5 . • /]l8of] 6]lnlehgnufot OG6/g]6 tyf OG6«fg]6sf] dfWodaf6 b"/lzIf0f -l8:6ØfG; nlg{ª_ k|0ffnL ;'? ul/g]5 . :s'n g]6, l/;r{ g]6, sd;{ g]6h:tf g]6jls{ª / ax'eflifs sDKo'l6ªsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . • b"/;+rf/ pkrf/ -6]lnd]l8l;g_, b"/ lzIf0f, b"/ k|zf]wg, tyf ljB'tLo Jofkf/sf] k|j4{gsf nflu cfjZos sfg'gL k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f /g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df af}l4s ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ -OlG6n]Sr'cn k|k6L{ /fO6_ sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu Joj:yf ePsf sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf] cfjZos ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . • b"/;+rf/ tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf;Fu ;+a+lwt oGqpks/0fx¿sf] u'0f:t/, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / nfu" u/fpg], • b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng stf{x¿nfO{ Ohfht lbPafkt lnOg] z'Nsx¿sf] lgwf{/0f / lgodg ug]{ . • b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] pks/0fx¿sf] u'0f:t/ hfFRgsf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ug]{, • ;]jf k|bfosx¿aLr jf ;]jf k|bfos / u|fxsx¿aLr ljjfb p7]df To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{, tyf • b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ckgfpg'kg]{ gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdaf/] ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{;\ M www.nta.gov.np

tyf 1fgdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ (Knowledge Based Industries) sf] :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . dflysf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu !% a'Fb] /0fgLltÙ tL /0fgLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ !& a'Fb] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt / #^ a'Fb] sfo{gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;f] gLltdf k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; kl/ifb, kl/ifbcGtu{t lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/g], tyf lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnocGtu{t /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;|f]t M www.most.gov.np /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt hlt;'s} cfsif{s eP klg To;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf lgSs} tLtf] 5 . gLlt ag]sf] tLg jif{ eO;Sbf klg To;nfO{ nfu" ug{sf] nflu rflxg] P]g sfg'g, lgodfjnL alg;s]sf] 5}g .

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;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;/sf/n] @)%& ;fnd} ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ / l8hL6n x:tfIf/ P]g, @)%& sf] th'{df u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:tfljt ;f] P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf elgPsf] 5 M æljB'tLo tYof+s cfbfg–k|bfgsf] dfWodaf6 jf cGo s'g} ljB'tLo ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 x'g] sf/f]jf/nfO{ e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft agfO{ ljB'tLo clen]vsf] l;h{gf, pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, ;+ro, k|jfx tyf ;Dk]|if0f k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf, ;Totf, cv08tf tyf ljZjzgLotfnfO{ k|dfl0fs/0f Pj+ lgoldt ug{, Joj:yf ug{ / ljB'tLo clen]vnfO{ cgflws[t • ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ h:t} ;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf;, pTkfbg tyf k|of]u;+a+wL pBf]u / ;]jf h:t} 8]6fOG6«L, l8lh6fOh];g, d]l8sn 6«fG;lqmK;g, sn ;]G6/, j]a sG6]G6 l8hfOg cflb ljsf;sf nflu cfGtl/s tyf j}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ rflxg] pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g]5 . • ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;f];+a+wL ;]jfx¿sf] Jofkf/, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf nflu zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;x¿df cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . • ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltåf/f lglb{i6 ;+:yfut ;+/rgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOg] 5 tyf u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf;sf nflu b"/;+rf/sf ;+/rgfx¿ ;"rgf k|ljlwd}qL -cfO6L k|m]08nL_ agfOg]5 . ;|f]t M www.npc.gov.np

;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt lgofds lgsfox¿ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] of]hgf / gLlt agfpg] k/fdz{bftf lgsfo xf] . o;n] /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifbsf] lgb]{zgcGtu{t gLlt / of]hgf tof/ kf5{ . cfof]un] ;/sf/nfO{ ah]6sf] afF8kmfF6 ug]{ sfddf klg ;'emfpm lbG5 . ;fy} ;/sf/n] u/]sf ljsf;sf sfd / of]hgfx¿sf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg klg u5{ . lj:t[t hgsf/Lsf nflu x]g';\ M www.npc.gov.np . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno ;+rf/ If]qsf] gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd agfpg] / nfu" ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] xf] . of] dGqfnocGtu{t x'nfs ;]jf ljefu, ;"rgf ljefu, d'b|0f ljefu, 28

:jb]zL / ljb]zL nufgLstf{x nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg], ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwdf Ps ktf Nofpg cfjZos sf]l8 (coding) / :t/ lgwf{/0f (Standardize) sf] Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug]{ . ;|f]t M ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)%& www.nta.gov.np

/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; kl/ifb ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltdf ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf kl/dfh{g, jflif{s k|ult ;dLIff / cfOkg]{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf ;fy} cfjZos cGo sfo{x¿ ug{ /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw kl/ifb u7g ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 . kl/ifbsf] cWoIfdf k|wfgdGqL, pkfWoIfdf lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno dGqL, tyf ;b:ox¿df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqL, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf / ;"rgf k|ljlw x]g]{ ;b:o, cy{, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{, sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo, hn;|f]t, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, sDKo'6/ lj1 k|ltlglw, ljZjljBfno÷/f]gfi6 -tLghgf_, sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfnsf cWoIf, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf cWoIo, lghL If]qsf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿ -tLghgf_, b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf cWoIf, tyf ;b:o ;lrjdf /fli6«o ;"rgf lj1fg s]Gb| (NITC) sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

;"rgf k|ljlw ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg k[i7e"ld

æg]kfndf 6«+s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf s/Lj cf7 bzs cufl8b]lv :yfkgf eO{ b"/ ;+rf/sf] >Lu0f]z ePsf] xf] . ljqmd ;Djt\ @))^ ;fndf cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf ;'? eP tfklg ljqmd ;Djt\ @)!@ ;fndf #)) nfOgsf] x:t ;+rflnt l;=lj= PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf ePb]lv dfq ;j{;fwf/0fsf] k|of]usf nflu 6]lnkmf]g pkof]udf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;nfO{ ult k|bfg ug{ @)!^ ;fndf æ6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ljefuÆ sf] u7g eO{ b"/;+rf/ ljsf; sfo{df qmdzM lj:tf/ x'Fb} @)#@ ;fndf g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf kl5 dfq r/0fa4 ¿kdf b"/;+rf/ If]qsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/n] ult lng yfn]sf] kfOG5 .Æ — /fli6«o b"/;+rf/ gLlt æg]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL l9n} u/L eof] . ;g\ !(!$ df k|fOe]6 a|f~r PS;r]~hsf ¿kdf DofUg]6f] ;]6x¿sf] k|of]u eof] . csf]{ jif{ v'nf tf/ nfOg k|0ffnLaf6 nfdf] b"/Lsf] ;~rf/ dfWod ;'¿ eof] . ;g\ !(^# df cd]l/ sL ;xof]udf :jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h k|0ffnL leqØfOPkl5 dfq g]kfndf cfw'lgs b"/;~rf/sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(^( df klxnf] r/0fsf] b"/ ;~rf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;'¿ eof] . ;g\ !((& ;Dd ljZj a}+sn] kfFrj6f C0f ;xof]u sfo{qmddfkm{t\ g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;3fof] . æo;} cjlwdf b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, @)@* cg';f/ ;g\ !(&% df g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf eof] . krxQ/} lhNnfdf 6]lnkmf]g nfOg k'Uof] . s]xL g]kfnLx¿n] ljz]if1tf klg xfl;n u/] . b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)!( n] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfsf nflu Psflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . t/ ;g\ !((& df 3f]if0ff ePsf] b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# n] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Psflwsf/sf] l:ylt tf]8]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ If]qnfO{ lgoldt ug{ tyf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfnsx¿nfO{ Ohfht k|bfg ug]{nufotsf sfddf ;dGjo ug{ æ/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ;dGjo ;ldltÆ u7g ul/Psf] 5 . lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] ;f] ;ldltdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;"rgf k|ljlw ljifo x]g]{ ;b:o pkfWoIf tyf /fli6«o ;"rgf lj1fg s]Gb (NITC) sf sffo{sf/L lgb]{zs, ;b:o– ;lrj 5g\ . ;b:ox¿df ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt @ hgf, cy{ dGqfno, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, ;"rgf k|ljlwlj1 @ hgf, sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfn / pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf k|ltlglwx¿ 5g\ .

/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ;dGjo ;ldlt ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ug{, o; If]qsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm ljsf; ug{, ;"rgf k|ljlw ljifosf] kf7Øqmd ljsf; ug{, lghL If]qdf ;~rflnt sDKo'6/ tflndsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ u/L :t/ lgwf{/0f Pj+ ;f]sf] cg'udg ug{ / cGo ljb]zL z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;DaGw ufF:g]h:tf dGqfnoaLr ;dGjo x'g g;s]df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; plrt ¿kdf x'g;Qm}g . x]g'{;\ M www.moic.gov.np

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno g]kfnsf] ljsf;df lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u a9fpg] nIf lnP/ @)%# h]7df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . dGqfnon] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u;Fu ldn]/ ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . ;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt P]g, tyf lgodfjnL th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDdf oxL dGqfnosf] xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltcg';f/ u7g ePsf] /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; kl/ifbsf] ;b:odf of] dGqfnosf dGqL / ;du| ¿kdf dGqfnosf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 . To:t}, kl/ifbsf] gLlt lgb]{zg / b}lgs sfd x]g]{ /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ;dGjo ;ldlt, /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ klg oxL dGqfnosf] ;/f]sf/df k5{ . x]g'{;\ M www.most.gov.np

g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0f

g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0f g]kfnsf] b"/;+rf/;DaGwL gLlt, P]g, lgod kfngf u/fpg] lgsfo xf] . b"/;+rf/ P]g @)%# tyf b"/;+r/ lgodfjnL @)%# cg';f/ o;sf] u7g @)%$ ;fndf ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / ;+rfngsf nflu cg's"n tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f tof/ kfg]{ p2]Zon] o;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ / cfdhgtfsf] nflu ;'ne tl/sfn] pknAw u/fpg' clw/fHoel/ ufpF tyf gu/ If]qdf cfwf/e"t b"/;+rf/;]jf pknAw u/fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg u/fpg] sfd ;'lglZrt u/fP/ pkef]Qmfsf clwsf/ / lxtsf] /Iff ug'{ tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf / ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] JolQm jf lgsfox aLr ;dGjo / :j:y k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ o;sf p2]Zo x'g\ . oL p2]Zox k"/f ug{sf nflu k|flws/0fn] lgDglnlvt sfd ul//xsf] 5 M lghL If]qsf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{x nfO{ Ohfhtkq lbg], b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug{

/fli6 o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb|

/fli6 o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| (National Information lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnocGtu{t 5 . cfjZostfg';f/ o;sf If]qLo / lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nox sf] :yfkgf ug{;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . o;n] ug]{ sfdx o; k|sf/ 5g\ M ;"rgfsf] 8]6f a}+s (Data Bank) sf kdf sfo{ ug'{sf ;fy}

Technology Center)

29

;/sf/L sfof{nox sf] sDKo'6/ clen]vLs/0f (Computerisation) / ljifoj:t' (Content) sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{, /fli6 o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; kl/ifb\ / /fli6 o ;"rgf k|ljlw ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf kdf sfd ug'{sf ;fy} ;"rgf lj1fg / ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL gLlt Pj+ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg], cg'udg Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ / lghL If]qn] u/]sf sfdx nfO{ lgodg ug]{ / oL sfo{x sf ;DaGwdf kl/ifb\df k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{, >L % sf] ;/sf/sf ;a} k|sf/sf sDKo'6/;DaGwL sfddf ;xof]u k' ofpg] . To:t} >L % sf] ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox sf] j]a;fO6 l8hfOg (Webste Design), cBfjlws (Update) Pj+ ;~rfng (Operation) ug{ ;xof]u k' ofpg] / /fli6 o :t/df ;a} lsl;dsf tYof \sx ; \sng u/L 8f6f l8kf]lh6/L (Data depository) sf kdf sfd ug]{, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] :j:y ljsf;sf nflu lgofds (Regulator) sf kdf sfd ug]{, tyf g]6js{ l8lh6nnfOh]zg !((& jL/u+h–/S;f}n lj l8lh6n clK6sn kmfOj/ ln+s :yfkgf !((& lh=P;=Pd= df]jfOn ;]jfsf] ;'?jft !((( /]l8of] k]lhË !((( P;=l8=Pr= dfO{qmf]j]e /]l8of] sfof{Gjog @))) g]b";+åf/f OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] ;'? @))) k]–kmf]g ;]jfsf] ;'? @))! ljz]if u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t le–:of6 / 8An'=Pn=Pn= ;]jf ;'?jft @))@ k"j{–klZrd clK6sn /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f ;'? @))# gofF gDal/+ª of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog @))# lk|k]8 df]afOn ;]jf ;'? @))#

Psflwsf/ sf] l:yltsf] cGTo eP/ lghL If]qn] k|j]z u/]sf] 5 .Æ — ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%&

g]kfndf b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf] emns -O:aL ;Djtdf_

sf7df8f}Fdf klxnf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg !(!# :jrflnt PS;r]~h !(#^ 6]lnu|fd ;]jfsf] :yfkgf !(%) PrPk\m l;Dkn]S; jfo/n]; !(%! klxnf] klAns PS;r]~h !(%! sf7df8f}+df klxnf] :jrflnt klAns PS;r]~h !(^# klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o /]l8of] ln+s -ef/t / kls:tfg_ !(^% k|yd !))) nfOg Ifdtfsf] :jrflnt PS;r]~h !(^% 6]n]S; ;'?cft !(&@ /fli6«o dfOqmf]j]e ln+s Aofsaf]g !(&% ;u/dfyf e'–pku|x s]Gb| :of6]nfO6 cy{ :6]zg !(*# l8lh6n PS;r]~h !(*$ cGt/b]lzo 6+«s ;]jfsf] ;'?cft !(*$ cGt/f{li6«o 6+«s ;]jfsf] ;'?cft !(*& cGt/f{li6«o u]6j] PS;r]~h !(** clK6sn kmfOj/ g]6js{ :yfkgf !((% OG6/g]6 ;]jf !((% ;Dk"0f{ 6«fG;ld;g g]6js{ l8lh6n g]6js{df kl/0ft !((^ cGt//fli6«o u]6 j] PS;r]~h :yfkgf !((^ le–:of6 ;]jfsf] ;'?cft !((^ ef/t / cGt/f{li6«o hut;Fu Wjlg tyf ;a} k|sf/sf 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{sf nflu ;+rf/ e"pku|x, Tof];Fu ;Dks{ u/fpg] e"pku|x s]Gb| cy{:6];g, 6«fG;ld;g ln+s, b]zJofkL dfOqmf]j]e d]g 6«fG;ld;g ln+s jf Josaf]g, :k/ ln+s, kmfOa/ clK6s tf/ cflb ljleGg ln+sx¿sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .

b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng k|0ffnL

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d"n cfwf/ b"/;+rf/sf] e"ldsf x'G5 . g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfddf lghL If]qsf] ev{/ev{/ k|j]z x'g yfn]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd of] ;]jf g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgs} Psflwsf/ / lhDdfdf 5 . g]kfndf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|0ffnLsf d'Vo rf/ c+u 5g\ M PS;r]+h, 6«fG;ld;g, PS;]; g]6js{ / oGqpks/0f .

;+rf/ e"pku|x

;+;f/df klxnf] 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ ;g\ !*&^ df 6]lnkmf]gsf cfljisf/s u|fxd a]nsf] 3/sf] Pp6f sf]7faf6 csf]{ sf]7faLr ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] ;+rf/ e"pku|x cnL{a8{ cGtl/Ifdf k7fPkl5 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ cGtl/Ifdf 3'ld/x]sf dfgj lgld{t e"pku|xsf] dfWodaf6 x'gyfNof] . kmn:j¿k clxn] uf]hLdf c6fpg] :of6nfO6 kmf]g / e"pku|xaLr l;w} ;Dks{ u/L ljZjsf] s'g} klg s'gfaf6 csf]{ s'gf;Dd lxF8bflxF8b}, uf8Ldf u'8b} jf xjfOhxfhdf p8b} 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f ug{ ;+ej ePsf] 5 . OG6n:of6, sf]D:of6 cflb ljleGg gfdsf Jofkfl/s :of6nfO6x¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . Pp6} :of6nfO6n] xhf/f}F 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ;+rfng ug{;Sg] ePsf] 5 . Jofkfl/s :of6nfO6x¿n] ljljw k|sf/sf ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f zx/af6 k|;fl/t 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd b]zJofkL / cGt/f{li6«o hutdf k|;f/ ug{, s]an ' 6]lnlehgsf] Joa;fo km}nfpg ;+ej ePsf] 5 . ;f/df ljZj g} Pp6f ufpFdf kl/0ft ug]{ -Unf]an len]h_ kl/sNkgf :of6nfO6s} b]g xf] . ;+rf/ e"pku|xsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf clxn] l8lh6n 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ eL:of6 -e]/L :dn Pkr{/ 6ld{gn_ n] Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq cflb ljleGg ¿ksf 8]6f k|;f/ ug]{ sfddf qmflGt NofPsf] 5 . cfw'lgs OG6n:of6 e"pku|xn] Ps} ;dodf Ps nfveGbf w]/} 6]lnkmf]g ;ls{6 ;+rfng ug{;S5 . e"pku|xsf] Ifdtf a9g'sf ;fy} k[YjLdf /x]/ Tof];Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ / :ynLo g]6js{df 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ cy{:6];gsf] Ifdtf klg lgSs} a9]sf] 5 .

PS:r]+h

@)%* ;fnsf] g[z+; b/af/ xTofsf08sf] cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf tTsfnLg o'j/fh lbk]Gb|n] df]afOn kmf]gdf sf];Fu / slt a]/ s'/fsfgL u/]sf lyP eGg] ;"rgf 6]lnkmf]g PS;]+haf6 yfxf ePsf] lyof] . PS:r]+hn] 6]lnkmf]g snx¿ lglb{i6 7fpFdf k'¥ofpgsf nflu ;Dks{ ln+s jf g]6js{x¿sf] aLraLrdf l:jlrª ug]{, u|fxsn] slta]/ kmf]g u¥of] eGg] l/s8{ /fVg] / lan agfpg] tyf b"/;+rf/ cfjfudgsf] lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd u5{ . g]kfndf xfn !^& PS;r]+h 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] s'n Ifdtf em08} ;f9] rf/ nfv 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] 5 eg] ;f9] tLg nfveGbf w]/} nfOg afFl8Psf] 5 . p2]Zo;lxt ;f]xL P]g cGtu{t g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f u7g ul/Psf] 5 . clxn];Dd cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgs} Psflwsf/ sfod 5 . ;g\ @))$ ;Dddf eg] ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf k|lt:kwf{ x'g]5 . æ;g\ !((% df g]kfndf lghL If]qsf] ;lqmotfdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;'¿ eof] . ;g\ @))) sf] cGTolt/ cfOk'Ubf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof Ps bh{g k'u]sf] 5 . k]lhª ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:Yffx¿sf] ;Vof a9]sf] 5 eg] ;]n'n/ df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf klg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] 30

;+rf/ e"pku|x;Fu g]kfnaf6 ;f]em} ;Dks{ ug]{ klxnf] cy{:6];g sf7df8f}F anDa'l:ylt ;u/dfyf e"pku|x cy{:6];g xf] . o;nfO{ g]kfn b"/;+rf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o u]6 j] jf d"n 9f]sf klg elgG5 . :of6]nfO6af6 c? b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿n] Wjlg k|;f/ jf OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] cj;/ gkfP;Dd ;+:yfgsf] nflu of] ;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/f ag]sf] 5 lsgls ;+:yfgsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} cfDbfgL x'g] cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g sn o;}dfkm{t ;+rfng x'G5 . 6]lnkmf]gsf] l:jlrª pks/0fn] s'g gDa/df kmf]g 8fon ul/of] eg] a'‰5 / Tof] gDa/sf] kmf]g jf u|fxs;Dd k'Ug] g]6js{x¿sf] af6f] vf]lnlbG5 . Pp6f zx/leqsf 6]lnkmfgx¿aLr ;Dks{ ug{ ;a}eGbf yf]/} g]6js{sf] pkof]u x'G5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g snsf] nflu ljleGg tx / k|ljlwsf g]6js{x¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . s]xL jif{cl3 ;Dd g]kfndf klg l:jlrª ug]{ sfd dflg;n] xftn] uYof]{ eg] ca ;a} l:jlrª :jrflnt ePsf] 5 h;nfO{ c6f]d]l6s PS;r]+h elgG5 . of] sfd ca sDKo'6/n] u5{ . cfw'lgs sDKo'6/sf] ;"rgf k|zf]wg ug]{ Ifdtf csNkgLo ¿kdf a9]sf] x'gfn] ca hlt;'s} 6f9fsf u|fxsx¿n] klg l;w} kmf]g 8fon ug{;S5g\ . 6]lnkmf]g nfOgx¿ w]/} Jo:t ePsf] / pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf l:jlrªdf hl8Psf] sDKo'6/n] sd Jo:t nfOg vf]h]/ l56f] ;Dks{ u/fpg ;xof]u klg u5{ . l:jlrª ug]{ sDKo'6/n] s'g kmf]g gDa/af6 s'g kmf]g gDa/df slt a]nf slt a]/ ;Dks{ u¥of] eGg] clen]v /fV5 . To;sf] lx;fa u/]/ lan tof/ kf5{ / cfjZos k/]sf] a]nfdf b'3{6gf, ck/fw / ck/fwL kQf nufpg] sfd klg ug{;S5 . cft+sjfb lj/f]wL cleofgf cd]l/sfn] cft+ssf/Lsf] :j/ lrGg] sDKo'6/ k|of]u u/]/ Tof] :j/ s'g l:jlrª cyf{t\ s'g z/xaf6 cfPsf] xf] egL kQf nufP/ sfjf{xL ug]{ Ifdtf xfl;n u/]sf] 5 / o;/L pknAw ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df sltko cj;/df k|Tofqmd0f klg u/]sf] 5 .

u/fpg yflnPsf] 5 . b'u{d :yfgdf / nfdf] b"/Ldf sf]clS;on s]a'n tfGbf nfUg] vr{ / c? hf]lvdx¿sf] bfFhf]df :of6]nfO6 kmf]gsf] vr{ lgs} sd x'G5 . o;sf] Pp6f sdhf]/L s] 5 eg] :of6]nfO6x¿ xhf/f}F lsnf]ld6/ dfly cGtl/Ifdf x'g] / /]l8of] t/+u ToxfF k'u]/ kms{g s]xL ;do nfUg] x'gfn] :of6]nfO6 k|0ffnLdfkm{t 6]lnkmf]g ubf{ s]xL a]/ /f]lsO{/f]lsO{ s'/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ctM o;nfO{ PstkmL{ k|;f/0fsf] nflu pko'Qm dflgG5 .

6«fG;ld;g

dfOqmf]j]e ln+s

k"j{—klZrd clK6sn kmfOa/ ln+s b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf{] tyf gjLgtd ;"rgf k|ljlw ;+rfng ug{;Sg] u/L :t/Lo agfpg k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{sf] ;Fu;Fu} clK6sn kmfOa/ tf/ lj5Øfpg] sfd wdfwd eO/x]sf] 5 . of] kl/of]hgf k"/f ePkl5 o;n] g]kfnsf] b"/;+rf/ If]qdf b|'t ultdf Ps} ;dodf xhf/f}F u|fxsx¿n] :j/ / 8]6f, lrq, rnlrq ;+k|]if0f ug]{ ljZj;gLo 6«fG;ld;g ln+s cyf{t km/flsnf] ;Dks{ dxfdfu{ pknAw u/fpg] 5 . clK6sn kmfOa/ tfdf]sf] tf/ xf]Og . jf:tjdf of] l;;fsf] 9'+u|f] xf] . o;sf leQfdf ;+s]tx¿ k|sfzsf] ultdf k|;f/ x'G5 . Pp6f dl;gf] tf/af6 Ps} ;dodf xhf/f}F ;+s]t k|;f/ x'g;S5 . cyf{t Pp6f tf/af6 xhf/f}F 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ;+rfng x'g;S5 . of] tf/ wfuf]eGbf dl;gf] x'G5 . n'uf l;pg] ;fwf/0f l;of]sf] Kjfndf o:tf w]/} tf/x¿ l5/fpg;lsG5 . 7"nf] dfqfdf Ps} ;dodf c;+Vo ;+s]tx¿ k|sfzsf] ultdf lagf afwf Jojwfg cfjfudg ug{;Sg] x'gfn] cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nflu Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq / ljleGg k|sf/sf 8]6f cf];f/k;f/ ug{ clK6sn kmfOa/ clt pko'Qm x'G5 . o;n] b"/;+rf/ pBf]udf ;fx|} vlr{nf] / k'/fgf] vfnsf tfdf]sf] tf/sf] clt pko'Qm ljsNk k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . clxn] klg sf7df8f}Fsf] l/ª/f]8;Fu;Fu} tyf zx/leqsf sltko PS;r]+hx¿ clK6sn kmfOa/af6 hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ;fy} g]kfn / ef/tsf ;LdfjtL{ gu/x¿ — jL/u+h / /S;f}n, lj/f6gu/ / kmf/la;u+h, sfs8leQf / cQf/L, e}/xjf / ;'gf}nL — aLr kmfOa/ clK6s dfkm{t b"/;+rf/ ;]jf pknAw eO/x]sf] 5 . w]/} 6f9f;Dd ;+s]t k|;f/ ug]{ csf]{ ;fwg /]l8of] t/+u xf] . sf]clS;on s]a'nsf] cfljisf/ x'gcl3 b'O{ dxfb]zx¿aLr ;+rf/ ug{ sd lk|mSj]G;Lsf w]/} zlQmzfnL n+u j]e /]l8of] t/+usf] pkof]u ul/GYof] . Ps k6sdf Pp6feGbf w]/} ;Dks{ ug{ ufx|f] x'GYof] . of] w]/} dxFuf] klg x'GYof] . o;sf] t'ngfdf pRr lk|mSj]G;Lsf] dfOqmf]j]e /]l8of] t/+uaf6 Ps} ;dodf w]/} hgfn] s'/f ug{;S5g\ . of] k|0ffnLdf tf/ grflxg] x'gfn] sf]clS;on s]a'neGbf of] ;:tf] x'G5 . :ynLo 6«fG;ld;g ln+sdf dfOqmf]j]e / sf]clS;on s]a'n ldnfP/ pkof]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns l:yltnfO{ clxn];Dd oxL pkfonfO{ pko'Qm dfg]/ b]zJofkL 6«fG;ld;g ln+s sfod ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] l5d]sL b]zsf sltko zx/x¿;Fu dfOqmf]j]e ln+sdfkm{t hf]l8Psf 5g\ . b]zleq b"/;+rf/ ;Dds{ sfod ug]{ sfd b]zsf d'Vo zx/x¿ — sf7df8f}F, lj/f6gu/, eb|k'/, jL/u+h, hgsk'/, /fhla/fh, e}/xjf, g]kfnu+h, kf]v/f, wgu9L dx]Gbgu/ cflb — nfO{ hf]8g] sfd dfOqmf]j]e d]g 6«fG;ld;g ln+sn] ul//x]sf] 5 . tL d]g 6«fG;ld;g ln+saf6 lhNnf, b'u{d If]q / ufpFsf PS;r]+hx¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/fpg] sfd :k/ ln+sn] u5{ . sltko cj:yfdf :k/ ln+s / PS;r]+h aLr ;Dks{ hf]8gsf nflu l/lk6/ :6];g jf 6fj/ agfOPsf x'G5g\ . 6«fG;ld;g ln+s tyf :k/ ln+s PS;r]+h;Fu

b]zleq / aflx/ b"/;+rf/sf] ;Dks{ dxfdfu{ M 6«fG;ld;g ln+s

Pp6f sf]7faf6 csf]{ sf]7faLr kmf]gdf s'/f ubf{ / g]kfnaf6 ljZjsf] csf]{5]pm cd]l/sfsf] s'g} zx/df s'/f ubf{ Wjlg / 8]6f cfjfudg ug{sf] nflu rflxg] k|;f/0f k|0ffnL km/s x'G5 . Pp6f sf]7faf6 csf]{ sf]7fdf kmf]g ubf{ jf 8]6f cfbfg k|bfg ubf{ Pp6f s]a'n tf/n] sfd ug{;S5 eg] cd]l/sfb]lv g]kfn;Dd Tof] sfd ubf{ sf]clS;on s]a'n, kmfOa/ clK6s s]a'n , dfOqmf]j]e / n+uj]e /]l8of] t/+u, ljleGg k|sf/sf /]l8of] ;+s]t k[YjLsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg k[YjLjl/kl/ 3'ld/x]sf ;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿, 6«fG;ld;g 6fj/, l/lk6/ 6fj/h:tf :ynLo 6]/]l:6«on_ ;+/rgfx¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . clxn] ljZjsf k|d'v zx/x¿nfO{ ;+rf/n] hf]8gsf nflu dfOqmf]j]e, sf]clS;on s]a'n, clK6sn kmfOa/ / ;+rf/ e"pku|xnfO{ ldnfP/ pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf ljleGg lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿, c+rn / If]qx¿aLr tyf pknAw u/fpg;SYof] . nfdf] b"/Lsf] nflu hldg / ;d'b|leq cf]5ØfOg] kmfOa/ clK6s s]a'n jf clK6sn kmfOa/ tf/ lgSs} pkof]uL dflgG5 . dfOqmf]j]e /]l8of] t/+u cUnf] 6]lnkmf]g 6fj/x¿dfkm{t dfq} xf]Og eL:of6h:tf ;+rf/ e"pku|x¿dfkm{t klg k|]if0f u/]/ b'u{d :yndf ;+rf/ ;]jf pknAw 31

rflxg] u'0f:t/sf] 5}g . kmfOa/ clK6s tf/ lj5Øfpg] sfd k"/f ePkl5 b]zsf] ;+rf/ d]?b08 dfOqmf]j]e ln+ssf] t'ngfdf lgSs} ;Ifd, ljZj;gLo / u'0f:t/Lo x'g]5 . of] kl/of]hgf cGtu{t k"j{df eb|k'/b]lv klZrddf ndxL;Dd / sf]xnk'/b]lv g]kfnu+h;Dd kmfOa/ clK6s tf/ la5ØfOg] 5 . o;sf] s'n nDafO *(! lsnf]ld6/ x'g]5 . ;fdfGotof of] tf/ k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{sf] 5]j}5]pm hldgeGbf 8]9 ld6/d'lg lj5ØfOg] 5, t/ s8f 9'+Uofg hldgdf Ps ld6/ tndfq} ufl8g] 5 . k'n / sNe{6 ePsf 7fpFdf alnof] hLcfO{ kfOkaf6 tf/ nlug] 5 . of]hgf k"/f ePkl5 eb|k'/b]lv emfkfsf] uf]bf/;Dd la5ØfOg] (% lsnf]ld6/ clK6sn tf/af6 @( j6f PS;r]+h hf]l8g] 5 . uf]bf/b]lv gjnk/f;Lsf] sfjf;f]tL;Ddsf] #@# lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf @* j6f PS;r]+h hf]l8g] 5g\ . clg sfjf;f]tLb]lv g]kfnu+haLr @&$ lsnf]ld6/ nfOgdf @@ j6f PS;r]+h x'g]5g\ . o;/L !* lhNnfsf &( j6f PS;r]+hx¿ / kf6g u]6 j]sf] Pp6f PS;r]+h / u/L *) j6f PS;r]+hx¿ / afsL PS;r]+hx¿ dfOqmf]j]eaf6 hf]l8P/ Pp6f alnof] /fli6«o ;Dks{ d]?b08 cyf{t\ Jofsaf]g 6«fG;ld;g ln+s tof/ x'g]5 . o;sf] ;b'kof]u ePdf b]zsf clwsf+z zx/x¿n] sf7df8f}Fs} h:tf] :t/Lo, e/kbf]{ / b|'t OG6/g]6 ;]jf kfpg]5g\ . kmn:j¿k b]zsf] ljsf;df o;n] alnof] 6]jf lbg]5 . ef/t ;/sf/sf] Ps ca{ #% s/f]8 cg'bfg ;xof]udf ef/tsf] ;L6LcfO{Pn sDkgLn] of] kl/of]hgf @))$ cu:6;Dd k"/f ug]{ nIf 5 . g]kfnsf] b"/;+rf/nfO{ e/kbf]{, :t/Lo / ;Ifd agfpg] of] of]hgf dxTjk"0f{ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o;sf af/]df ljleGg z+sf / cfnf]rgf klg ePsf] 5 . b]zdf JofKt lx+;fTds cfGbf]ngsf] rk]6fdf k/]/ clxn] Ps ;oeGbf w]/} b"/;+rf/sf 6fj/x¿ lau|]sf 5g\ / !( lhNnf k/Dk/fut 6«fG;ld;g ln+saf6 a+lrt eP/ tf//lxt eL:of6 / :of6]nfO6 kmf]g k|0ffnLsf] pkof]u ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . of] cj:yfdf hldgd'lg af6 nlug] olt dxTjk"0f{ nfOg s;/L ;'/lIft x'g;S5 eGg] k|Zgsf] ;lhnf] hjfkm 5}g . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf lg/Gt/ / lgs} l56f]l56f] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . ca s]xL jif{ tf//lxt b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLn] k|e'Tj hdfpg]5 eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf la:tf/ M gjf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] cGTo ;Dddf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf gk'u]sf dWodf~rn, klZrdf~rn, dWoklZrdf~rn tyf ;'b'/klZrdf~Rfn ljsf; If]qsf uflj;x¿df g]b";+n] cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ of]hgf 5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qdf lghL If]qjf6 b"/;+~rf/ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg]af/] g]kfn b"/;+~rf/ k|flws/0fjf6 sf/jfxL eO/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] s'g}klg efudf /x]sf JolQm tyf ;+:yfaf6 cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dfu ePsf] ^ dlxgfleq ;]jf lbg;lsg] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf d'Vo zx/x¿df 6]lnkmf]g dfu ePsf] ;ft lbgleq 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknJw u/fpg;Sg] kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ nIf /flvPsf] 5 . ;+:yfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jfnfO{ clw/fHoJofkL agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df al9 k|f]T;fxg ug]{Ù d'Vo d'Vo zx/x¿df a|f]8Jof08 Aofsaf]g ln+s :yfkgf ug]{ tyf pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ ;]jf / cfw'lgs k|ljlw leq\ofpFb} hfg] nIf /fv]sf] 5 . ;|f]t M g]=k"=;+ sf] k|sfzg -@)^) c;f/;Dd_

hf]l8Psf] x'G5 / PS;r]+haf6 sf]clS;on s]a'n jf tf/sf] dfWodaf6 3/3/df 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . Pp6f zx/leq b"/;+rf/sf nflu ;Lldt 6«fG;ld;g ln+ssf] cfjZostf k5{ eg] ljZjsf ljleGg s'gfaLr ;+rf/ ug{ ljleGg vfnsf 6«fG;ld;g ln+sx¿ rflxG5 . 6]lnkmf]gsf] b'O{5]pm aLr hlt w]/} b"/L eof] jf hlt w]/} r/0f / k|sf/sf 6«fG;ld;g k|ljlw / pks/0fsf] ;+nUgtf eof] l;Ugn -Wjlg / 8]6f_ sf] u'0f:t/ Tolt w]/} v:sg] x'gfn] l;Ugnsf] :t/ sfod /fVg To;sf] zlQm a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . 6«fG;ld;g ln+ssf pks/0f / k|ljlwx¿ s'g} 3/leqsf] nflu ;Ifd / pko'Qm x'G5 eg] s'g} cGtl/Ifdf pko'Qm x'G5g\ . sf]clS;on s]a'nnfO{ w]/} 6f9f k'¥ofpg vlr{nf] x'G5 / o;n] ;Lldt ;+Vofdf dfq ;+s]t k|;f/ ug{;S5 . h:t} klxnf] k6s cd]l/sf / o'/f]kaLr ;+rf/ ug{ ;g\ !(%^ df P6nfl06s dxf;fu/d'lg lj5ØfOPsf] sf]clS;on s]a'nn] #) Rofgndfq} 5 . e"pku|Lo ;+rf/ k|0ffnL lbglbg} ;:tf] x'Fb}5 . sd prfOdf cjl:yt nf] cla{6 :of6]nfO6n] ubf{ ca k"/} ljZj :yfgLo kmf]gsnsf] k|0ffnLdf hfg] t/v/df 5 . tf//lxt 6]lnkmf]gsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ :ynLo ;+/rgfdf nfUg] vr{ hf]lug] / of] k|0ffnL jf:tjdf ul/a b]zx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] s'/fsf] w]/}n] c8sn ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o:tf]df k'/fgf] tf/o'Qm k|0ffnLsf] nflu nufgL ug'{ jf To;dfly a9L e/ kg'{ pko'Qm b]lvFb}g . ;fy} xfn ef/sf] ;xof]udf alg/x]sf] of] kmfOa/ clK6s nfOgn] g]kfnsf] eGbf ef/tsf] a9L ;]jf ug]{ 5 eGg] sltkon] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . lsgls lbNnLnfO{ k"jL{ ef/t;Fu hf]8g pQ/ k|b]z / ljxf/nfO{ 5n]/ ;f]em} g]kfn eP/ pQ/L efudf tf/ k'¥ofpFbf e/tsf] xhf/f}F lsnf] ld6/sf] kmfOa/ clK6s lj5Øfpg] vr{ hf]luG5 . olb o:tf] xf] eg] ;"rgfsf] uf]kgLotf / ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] klg of] kl/of]hgf g]kfnsf] lxtdf gx'g;S5 . PS;]; g]6js{n] PS;r]+h / u|fxssf] kmf]gaLr ;Dks{ u/fpF5 . ;fdfGotof :yfgLo PSr]+hb]lv u|fxssf] kmf]g;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ sfd tfdf]sf] tf/n] u5{ . t/ ca /]l8of] l;Ugndf cfwfl/t df]afOn kmf]g, jfo/n]; nf]sn n"k, dfOqmf]j]e ln+s, /]l8of] k]lhªh:tf k|ljlwx¿ a9L ;:tf], ;lhnf] / e/kbf]{ x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . ufpFufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g PS;]; g]6js{sf] ¿kdf eLPrPkm, o'PrPkm, df6{;\ k|0ffnLx¿sf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;j{;'ne u/fpgsf nflu ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}lt g} PS;]; g]6js{sf] lj:tf/ xf] . o;df s'n nufgLsf] $) k|ltzt;Dd vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;'/Iff / b'u{d:ynsf] sf/0fn] xfn s]xL lhNnfdf ;f]em} :of6]nfO6af6 l;Ugn u|x0f / k|;f/ ug{;Sg] :of6]nfO6 kmf]gsf] pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 . oGqpks/0fx¿ tyf ltgnfO{ ;+rfng / Jojl:yt ug]{ k|0ffnL, lah'nL, jftfg's"ng cflb b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|0ffnLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ k|d'v c+u x'g\ .

b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] k|bfg ul//x]sf ;]jfx¿ M != cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf h8fg ePsf] PS;r]~h Ifdtf $,#$,)$# latl/t 6]lnkmf]g nfO{g ;+Vof #,^@,#%# ;+rflnt PS;r]~h ;+Vof !^& t/ b]zleqsf k|d'v gu/x¿aLrsf PS;r]+hx¿ dfOqmf]j]e ln+s sf] dfWodaf6 b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . of] k|0ffnL ljzfn dfqfdf :j/, lrq, rnlrq k|]if0f ug{sf nflu

lghL If]qsf b"/;+rf/ tyf cfO6L ;]jf k|bfosx¿ b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fsf] Psflwsf/af6 d'Qm u/]/ lghL If]qnfO{ klg ;xefuL agfpg 32

rnfpg;lsG5 . sG:6n];gsf] ;]jfdfkm{t (( b]zdf s'/fsfgL ug{;lsG5 . :of6nfO6 kmf]g ;+rfng ug]{ Ifdtf g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg;Fu klg 5 . To;n] clt cfjZos jf ;+s6 k/]sf] a]nfsf] nflu eg]/ &% yfg :of6]nfO6 kmf]g NofPsf] 5 . @)%( sf] :ylut ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf] cj;/df k|of]u ug{ egL tL ;]6 NofOPsf lyP .

cGt/f{li6«o bafjsf] kmn:j¿k g]kfn b"/;+rf/ P]g @)%# aGof] . ;f] P]gsf] cfwf/df s]xL lghL If]qsf sDkgLx¿nfO{ b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ePtf klg clxn];Dd sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5}g . b"/;+rf/ ;]jfn] k|bfg ug]{ EjfO; jf Wjlg k|]if0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;g\ @))$ ;Dd ;+:yfnfO{ dfq} 5 eg]/ ts{ cufl8 ;fl/P klg lghL If]qsf] k|j]zdf w]/} afwfx¿ 5g\ h;af/] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;d:of / xfFsx¿ zLif{s cWofodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk oxfF Ohfht kfP/ b"/ ;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ t/v/ ul//x]sf s]xL sDkgLx¿ / OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf sDkgLx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

/]l8of] k]lhª ;]jf M /]l8of] k]h/ uf]hLdf c6fpg] ;fgf] pks/0f xf] . k]h/ lng] JolQmnfO{ s;}n] s'g} 5f]6f] ;Gb]z, jf 6]lnkmf]g ug{ cfu|x u/]sf] ;Gb]z lbof] eg] k]h/df cfjfh cfpF5 jf sDkg cg'ej ug{;lsG5 . To;sf] ;fgf] kbf{df x]/]/ cfjZos lgb]{zg jf cg'/f]w yfxf kfOG5 . o;af6 PstkmL{ ;Gb]z k|fKtx'G5 . k]h/jfnfn] k]h/ sDkgLdf kmf]g u/]/ lj:t[t ;Gb]z kfpg;S5 jf ;fdfGo 6]lnkmf]gdfkm{t ;Gb]zbftf;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{;S5 . g]kfn /]l8of] k]lhª k|fln, ef6e6]gL -sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf nflu_Ù l;6L k]lhª ;le{;, sflnsf:yfg -sf7df8f}F pkTosf, k"jf{Frn, dWodf+rn / klZrdf+rn ljsf; If]q_, s]P6L OhL k]h k|fln, Go'/f]8 -sf7df8f}F / klZrdf+rn ljsf; If]q_, clUg k]lhª ;le{;, l8NnLahf/ -sf7df8f}F_, l8lh6n 6]Nsd OG6/g];gn k|fln sf7df8f}F_ n] pkTosf / aflx/sf nflu a]Unfa]Un} /]l8of] k]lhª ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ Ohfht lnPsf 5g\ .

8An'PnPn

g]kfnL / ef/tLo sDkgLx¿sf] nufgLdf v'n]sf] o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8 -o'l6Pn_ n] jfo/n]; nf]sn n"k 8An'PnPn_ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ Ohfht kfPsf] 5 . kf]xf]/ g} Ohfht kfPsf] of] sDkgLn] Ps jif{leq} sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf tLg lhNnfdf %&,!)) 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f ug]{ / c? b'O{ jif{leq pkTosfaflx/sf !@ j6f k|d'v zx/x¿ /fli6«o 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj !=%$ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'u]sf uf=lj=;=;+Vof !,&^! @= df]jfOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf h8fg l:jr Ifdtf -kf]i6–k]8_ &),))) h8fg l:jr Ifdtf -lk|–k]8_ $),))) latl/t df]jfO{n 6]lnkmf]g ;+Vof $),^!$ df]jfO{n ;]jf k'u]sf lhNnf @! -lk|–k]8 ;]jf lgs6 eljiodf g} ;+rfng x'g] ._ #= OG6/g]6 tyf O–d]n ;]jf M OG6/g]6 u|fxs ;+Vof @,#*& O–d]n u|fxs ;+Vof !,!%# $= ljz]if u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgf le–:of6 cfof]hgf le–:of6 6ld{gn h8fg ;+Vof %* ;+rflnt le–:of6 6ld{gn ;+Vof %$ ljtl/t 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ;+Vof & le–:of6af6 ;+rflnt PS;r]~h ;+Vof -hf]d;f]d_ ! 8An'= Pn= Pn= cfof]hgf 8An'=Pn=Pn= ;+rflnt lhNnf+ ;+Vof # -gjnk/f;L , ¿kGb]xL tyf slknj:t'_ 8An'=Pn=Pn= ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/Psf ufflj; ;+Vof %# 8An'=Pn=Pn= ;]jfjf6 ljtl/t nfO{g ;+Vof !@! 6]ln3gTj M gjf}F k~raifL{o of]hgfsf] cGtdf /fli6«o 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj k|lt !)) JolQm !=#% /x]sf]df bzf}F of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf /fli6«o 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj k|lt !)) JolQm @=& k'¥ofpg] nIf /flvPsf] 5 . o;df lghL ;]jf k|bfosaf6 pknAw x'g] 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g . df]jfOn 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj gjf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] cGt;Dddf cg'dflgt )=! /x]sf]df bzfF} of]hgfsf] cGt;Dddf )=^ k'¥ofpg] nIf 5 . o;df ;Defljt lghL df]jfOn ;]jf k|bfosaf6 pknAw x'g] ;]jf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g . ;+rfng ul//x]sf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] of] ;]jf pkof]u ug{yfn]sf 5g\ . of] kmf]gaf6 OG6/g]6 / ˆofS; klg

OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ -cfOP;kL_ g]kfndf OG6/g]6 / Od]n ;]jf ;+rng ug]{ sfddf lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿sf] lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] lgsfon] dfq} of] ;]jf yfn]sf lyP eg] g]kfndf of] ;]jf lghL If]qsf] cu'jf ;+:yf ds{G6onn] ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] @)%* b]lv of] ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ Ohfht lnPsf lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof !* k'lu;s]sf] 5 . tLdWo] !% hltn] ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfaflx/sf s]xL zx/L If]qdf klg ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ Ohfht kfPsf !* j6f ;+:yfx/dWo] !^ j6f ;+:yfx¿ sf7df8f}Fdf 5g\ . Pp6f kf]v/f / csf]{ w/fgdf 5 . cfwf bh{geGbf -kf]v/f, aL/u+h, e/tk'/, a'6jn, ag]kf, e}/xjf, lj/f6gu/, w/fg, O6x/L, latf{df]8, x]6f}F8f, g]kfnu+h_df 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] nIf lnPsf] 5 . o;n] ljt/0f ug]{ s'n 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;}s8f !% u|fdL0f If]qdf x'g] k|ltj4tf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fn] :jLs[t u/]sf] dx;'n b/ cg';f/ o;n] lng] w/f}6L / ;]jf z'Ns ;+:yfgn] xfn lng] eGbf s]xL sd x'g]5 . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] tf/ k'¥ofpg ufx|f] u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d Onfsfdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpgsf nflu k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf n'lDagL c+rnsf s]xL lhNnfdf tf//lxt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ef/tsf] lxdf+rn ˆo'rl/l:6s sDo'lgs];g lnld6]8 -PrPkm;LPn_ ;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] 5 . clxn] of] gd'gf kl/of]hgfsf] ¿kdf gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL / slknj:t'df ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . ;'?df of] k|0ffnL u'NdL, c3f{vfFrL / kfNkfsf ufpFx¿df klg nfu" ug]{ of]hgf lyof] t/ ;'/Iffsf sf/0fn] kxf8L lhNnfx¿df of] of]hgf nfu" ul/Pg . xfn of] k|0ffnLdf w]/} sdL b]lvPsf] 5 / u|fxsx¿ c;Gt'i6 5g\ . olb 33

s;}n] j]a;fO6 agfpg rfXof] eg] xf]l:6ª sDkgLn] Tof] j]a;fO6nfO{ rflxg] :k]; jf 7fpF pknAw u/fpF5 . w]/} ;fdu|L ePsf] jf lrq, lel8of] jf Wjlg;lxtsf] j]ak]h 5 eg] w]/} 7fpF d]ufafO6_ rflxG5 . cfjZos d]ufafO6sf] cfwf/df jflif{s xf]l:6ª z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . yf]/}n] b]zsf s]xL 7"nf, vf; u/L t/fO{ If]qsf zx/x¿df OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . pkTosf aflx/sf] Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;]jf pkTosfdfeGbf w]/} dxFuf] 5 . OG6/g]6 / Od]n ;]jf ;+rfngdf lghL If]qsf sDkgLx¿ cufl8 /x] klg tL sDkgLx¿ g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;xof]u lng afWo 5g\ . lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿n] cGt/fli6«{o sDkgLx¿nfO{ k};f lt/]/ cGt/f{li6«o ;]jf g]kfndf pknAw u/fPtf klg ;f] ;]jf ;f]em} :of6]nfO6af6 cfOP;kLsf] cfˆgf] g]6js{df hf]8g k|fljlws ¿kn] ;lhnf] ePklg sltko sfg'gL afwfx¿ 5g\ . EjfO; cyf{t\ Wjlg k|]if0f ug]{ Psflwsf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ dfq 5 . cfOP;dLx¿n] s]jn 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{kfpF5g\ . csf]{ k|d'v afwf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] xf] . cfOP;kLx¿sf] ;e{/b]lv u|fxsf] sDKo'6/;Dd ;fdfGo tfdf]sf] tf/, /]l8of] l;Ugn jf lnhnfOgdfkm{t ;Dks{ ug{ pgLx¿n] ;+:yfgsf] klAns l:jlrª 6]lnkmf]g g]6js{ -kLP;6LPg_ dfly e/ gk/L x'Fb}g . sf7df8f}F aflx/ OG6/g]6 Od]n ;]jf k'¥ofpg klg OP;kLx¿n] eL:of6 ls/fof lt/]/ lhNnfdf l:yt PS;r]+hx¿dfkm{t dfq u|fxs;Dd k'Ug;S5g\ . o;sf]nflu ;+:yfgn] tf]s]sf] z'Ns / lgodx¿ dfGg'kg]{] jfWotf 5 .

of] ;kmn ePdf klZrdf+rnsf !^ j6} lhNnfdf of] k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ of]hgf lyof] t/ o;af/] k'glj{rf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .

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:of6nfO6 cyf{t\ ;+rf/ e"pku|x;Fu ;f]em} ;Dks{ ug]{ :of6nfO6 kmf]g ;]jfsf] nflu g]kfndf b'O{ j6f ljb]zL sDkgL — sG:6n];g k|fln / PEsf] P;LOP; OG6/g];gn — n] Ohfht kfPsf 5g\ . sG:6n];gn] ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6;\sf] y'/fof :of6nfO6 6]lnsDo'lgs];g k|flnsf] :of6nfO6 ck/]6/af6 g]kfndf ;]jf ;+rfng u5{ eg] PEsf]n] P;LOP; OG6/g];gn lnld6]8, ad{'8f :of6nfO6 l;:6daf6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng u5{ . sG:6n];gn] @)^) a}zfv !^ ut]b]lv ;]jf ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . :of6nfO6 6]lnkmf]g ;]6sf] df]n clxn] em08} *% xhf/ k5{ / ;]jf z'Ns klg lgSs} rsf]{ 5 . k|ltsn z'Ns klg ;fdfGo 6]lnkmf]g snsf] bfFhf]df w]/} dxFuf] 5 . t/ k|fKt snsf] z'Ns nfUb}g . g]kfnleq s'/f ubf{ xfn s/;lxt ;fdfGotof k|ltldg]6 () ¿k}ofF z'Ns ltg'{ k5{ . a]Unfa]Un} d'n'ssf nflu km/skm/s kfFr j6f Jof08 k|of]u ug]{ / To;cg';f/ z'Ns klg km/s 5 . o;df lk|k]8 cyf{t\ lglZrt ;dosf nflu klxn] g} z'Ns ltg]{ Joj:yf klg 5 . clxn];Dd sG:6n];gaf6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf / b'u{d lhNnfdf sfo{qmd efof g]6 k|fln, sf7df8f}F ah| g]6 k|fln, sf7df8f}F ;}n'ª 86sd k|fln, w/fg km]jf g]6 k|fln, sf:sL ;|f]t M www.nta.gov.np

OG6/g]6 / Od]n ;]jf k|bfg ug{ Ohfht lnPsf cfOP;kLx¿ Soflk6n cgnfOg k|fln, sf7df8f}F ds{06fOn sDo'lgs];G; k|fln, sf7df8f}F jN8{ln+s sDo'lgs];G; k|fln, sf7df8f}F sDKo'6/Nof08 sDo'lgs];G; l;:6d ln, sf7df8f}F Pr6LkL sDo'lgs];g k|fln, sf7df8f}F lxdfnog cgnfOg k|fln, sf7df8f}F Unf]an OG6/g]6 ;le{;]h k|fln, sf7df8f}F Pe/]:6 g]6 k|fln, sf7df8f}F OGkmf]sd k|fln, sf7df8f}F cglnld6]8 g'ldl8of k|fln, sf7df8f}F g]6js{ 6]Sgf]nf]lhh k|fln, sf7df8f}F g]kfn u]6j] sDo'lgs];g k|fln, sf7df8f}F g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg, sf7df8f}F :Sjfo/ g]6js{ k|fln, sf7df8f}F ;ˆ6j]o/ lgof{tstf{x¿ tyf ;/sf/aLr ;dGjo ug]{5 . lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnocGtu{tsf] of] kl/of]hgfsf] kl/sNkgf em08} b; jif{cl3 ul/Psf] lyof] . sfe|] lhNnfsf] ag]kfdf em08} @@& /f]kgL hUufdf dGqfnon] pRr ultsf] 8]6f sDo'lgs];g ;'ljwf tyf u'0f:t/Lo OG6/g]6 ;]jf;lxtsf] k|:tfljt kfs{sf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd yfln;s]sf] 5 . kfs{ tof/ ePkl5 o;n] ;"rgf k|ljw pBf]u tyf Joj;foLx¿nfO{ rflxg] u'0f:t/Lo k"jfwf{/, ejgsf] nflu hUuf, e/kbf]{ ljh'nL, kfgL / b|'t ultsf] 6]lnkmf]g / 8]6f sDo'lgs];g ;]jf, ;ef–;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug]{ xn / ;'ljwfx¿, ef]hgfno, kfx'gf3/, a}+s, k':tsfno, cWoogsIf, Sna, dgf]/+hgsf] Joj:yf, k;n OToflb Ps} 7fpFdf pknAw x'g] 5 . cg'dlt k|fKt ug]{, eG;f/;DaGwL tyf ;/sf/L txdf ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfd oxLFaf6 x'g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL pBf]usf] ljsf; b|'t ultn] u/fpg], pRr Ifdtfsf] ;xhstf{sf]

eL:of6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ tyf u|fxsx¿ g]kfnleq eL:of6 k|of]u u/]/ 6]8f 6«fGkm/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfd ljleGg ;+rf/ ;+:yfx¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;afx]s sltko ljQLo sDkgLx¿ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿n] eL:of6 ;]jf lnP/ b]zel/sf cfˆgf sfof{nox¿aLr g]6js{ sfod u/]sf 5g\ . ds{G6fOn clkm; l;:6d k|fln, sDo'lgs];g P08 sDo'lgs]6 -g]kfn_ k|fln, jN8{ln+s sDo'lgs];G; k|fln, Unf]an OG6/g]6 ;le{;]h k|fln, g]kfn u]6j] sDo'lgs];g k|fln, OGkmf]sd k|fln, gfDr] g]6js{ k|fln, j]a ;km{ g]kfn sDo'lgs];g k|fln, :Sjfo/ g]6js{ k|fln / cglnld6]8 g'ldl8of k|flnn] u|fxx¿nfO{ eL:of6dfkm{t 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug]{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ nfO;]G; lnPsf 5g\ . eL:of6 k|of]u ug{sf] nflu hg'h'g 7fpF jf zx/df ln+s hf]8g] xf] tLtL 7fpFx¿sf] nflu a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht lng'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . kmn:j¿k s'g} a}+s jf cfOP;kLsf] g]kfnsf bz j6f zx/df zfvf 5g\ / tL 7fpFx¿df eL:of6dfkm{t ;]jf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'k¥of] eg] ;f] ;+:yfn] bz j6f nfO;]G; lng'k5{ . g]kfndf pkTosf aflx/ OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ cfOP;kLx¿, a}Fsx¿, s]xL 7"nf pBf]u / 7]s]bf/ sDkgLx¿n] w]/}n] u|fxsx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ / s]xLn] cfGtl/s k|of]usf] nflu eL:of6 ;+rfng ug]{ nfO;]G; lnPsf 5g\ .

j]a xf]l:6ª / l8hfOlgª sDkgLx¿ OG6/g]6 ;]jf hgtf;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfddf b"/;+rf/ k"jf{wf/ / cfOP;kLsf] e"ldsfkl5 j]a xf]l:6ª, j]a l8hfOlgª sDkgLx¿ ;fy} ;fOa/ Sofkm] / 6]ln;]G6/x¿sf] e"ldsf x'G5 . 34

¿kdf cfO6L kfs{sf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] xf] . o;df ljb]zL nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ klg nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 .

;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ cyf{t\ cfO6L kfs{ g]kfnaf6 ;ˆ6j]o/ lgsf;L ug]{ k|d'v p2]Zon] :yfkgf ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu kfs{n] e/kbf]{ pRr ultsf] 8]6f sDo'lgs];g ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] tyf cfO6L;DaGwL ;fdfg, ;]jf / xfn g]kfnsf cfOP;kLx¿n] cfcfˆg} u'0f:t/ agfpg nflu/x]sf 5g\ . cfO:kfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfddf /fli6«o u'0f:t/ -g]kfn :6f088{_ sfod ug]{ ;f]r agfPsf] 5 . cfO:kfgsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ of]hgf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] Pp6f OG6/g]6 PS;r]+h :yfkgf ug'{ xf] . of] PS;r]+h :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfnleq Od]n k7fpg cGt/fli6«o af6f], OG6/g];gn Jof08ljy, sf] pkof]u ug'{ kg]{5}g . g]kfnleqsf cfOP;kLx¿sf Od]n u|fxsx¿n] g]kfns} cfOP;kLsf] csf]{ u|fxsnfO{ k7fpg] Od]n ;f] PS;r]+hdfkm{t cfk;df cfbfgk|bfg x'g]5 . o:t} g]kfnleqsf j]a;fO6x¿ g]kfns} u|fxsn] x]g{ l56f] / ;lhnf] x'g]5 .

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• 8]6f sDo'lgs];g, cltcfjZos sDKo'6/ ;'ljwf, ;'ljwfo'Qm 38]/L, cGo cfjZos ;'ljwf / dgf]/+hgsf ;fwgh:tf k"jf{wf/x¿ tyf ;|f]tx¿sf] :yfkgf / Joj:yfkg ug'{Ù • ;ˆ6j]o/sf] ljsf;df nfUg], lgsf;L ug]{ / ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Joj;foLx¿nfO{ k}7f/L k|df0fLs/0f, ;ˆ6j]o/sf] d"Nof+sg, kl/of]hgf :jLs[lth:tf ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{ ;fy} tL Joj;foLx¿nfO{ k|ljlwsf] d"Nof+sg, ahf/ ljZn]if0f, ahf/ juL{s/0f, ahf/ ;xof]u cflb ;]jfåf/f ;3fpg] . Joj;foLx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] tyf ;ˆ6j]o/ k|ljlw / ;ˆ6j]o/ OlGhlgol/ªsf] If]qdf l8hfOg / ljsf; ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ tyf • ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]u–Joj;fosf] nflu ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ul/g] :jLs[lt / gLlt sfof{Gjog;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf ;fy} k}7f/L k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{, ;ˆ6j]o/ d"Nof+sg, k|df0fLs/0f cflb ljljw sfdx¿ Ps} 7fpFaf6 ug]{ . ;|f]t M www.most.gov.np j]a;fO6sf] xf]l:6ª w]/}h;f] cd]l/sfl:ylt ljzfn sDKo'6/x¿df ul/G5 . g]kfndf b'O{ bh{g hlt xf]l:6ª sDkgLx¿n] xfn of] ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . tL sDkgLx¿dWo] sltkon] 8f]d]g g]d cyf{t\ j]a;fOnfO{ lrgfpg] / kQfnufpg] 7]ufgf klg lbG5g\ . j]a l8hfOg/x¿n] j]ak]h agfpg] sfd u5{g\ . s'g} lrq gePsf] s]jn s]xL kf7Ø ;fdu|L dfq} ePsf] ;fdfGo j]ak]h klg x'g;S5 . lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg, uLt, ;+uLt ePsf] klg x'g;S5 . cfsif{s / k|efjsf/L j]ak]h agfpg bIf j]a l8hfOg/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . j]a;fO6 agfpg] sfd ;fdfGo tflnd lnP/ hf];'s}n] klg ug{;S5 t/ cfsif{s, :t/Lo, pkof]uL j]a;fO6 agfpgsf] nflu l8hfOlgªsf] cjwf/0f a'em]sf] / ;f] j]a;fO6sf] ljifoj:t' / p2]Zo /fd|/L cWoog cg';Gwfg u/]sf] l8hfOg/n] dfq ug{;S5 . g]kfndf em08} b'O{ bh{g j]a l8hfOg ug]{ sDkgLx¿ 5g\ h;n] cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] j]ak]h agfO/x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfn OG6/g]6 o'h;{ u|'k (NIUG)

g]kfndf OG6/g]6 / Od]n pkof]u ug{ OR5's dflg;x¿n] ;'?df ljrf/ ljdz{ ug]{ cgf}krfl/s ;d"xsf] ¿kdf ;g\ !((& df g]kfn OG6/g]6 o'h;{ u|'ksf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . o;n] gjfuGt'sx¿nfO{ gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg / o;sf] pkof]u ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ p2]Zon] tflnd klg ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf] lyof] . !((* df of] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf btf{ eP/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdfkm{t ;dflhs ;]jf / ljsf; ug]{ klxnf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw d"ns u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf aGof] . g]kfndf cgnfOg ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] sfddf of]ubfg lbg] jf To;df kx'Fr ePsfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfddf pTs[i6tf xfl;n ug]{Ù ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ OG6/g]6 / o;;Fu ;+a+lwt k|ljlws]f pkof]uaf/] 1fg a9fpg]Ù :yfgLo ljifoj:t'df :yfgLo efiffdf ;fdu|L tof/ kfg{ k|]l/t ug]{Ù g]kfndf On]S6«f]lgs k|sfzg ug]{ d+r pknAw u/fpg] tyf ;fwf/0f g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;dfwfgx¿df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;3fpg] of] ;+:yfsf k|d'v p2]Zo x'g\ . g]kfn OG6/g]6 o'h;{ u|'kn] cfˆgf] p2]Zo k"lt{ x'g] u/L !((* df OGb|]0fL "INDRENI" gfds lgMz'Ns OG6/g]6 ;]jf :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] ;:tf] b/df OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfo{qmd /fv]sf] lyof] . OGb|]0fLsf] p2]Zo :yfgLo kmf]g]sn u/]/ cGt/f{li6«o sfd ug'{ lyof] . o;n] g]kfng]6 NepalNet gfds ljsf;d"ns g]6js{ ;+rfng ug{ klg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;|f]t M www.nepaliug.org.np

;fOa/ Sofkm], 6]ln;]G6/ / ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿ ;fOa/ Sofkm]sf] d"n cy{ o:tf] skmL xfp; jf rd]gf u[x xf] hxfF k};f lt/]/ OG6/g]6 x]g]{ Joj:yf x'G5 . OG6/g]6df dflg;x¿n] Rof6 k|f]u|fdaf6 jf Od]n k7fP/ 5nkmn, s'/fsfgL ug]{ cef}lts -er'{cn_ rf}tf/LnfO{ klg ;fOa/ Sofkm] elgG5 . clxn] g]kfndf ;a}h;f] zx/L If]qdf / s]xL u|fdL0f If]qdf klg cfdhgtfnfO{ OG6/g]6 ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfd rd]gf/lxt ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿ / stfst} 6]ln;]G6/x¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfk;L k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿sf] z'Ns pNn]vgLo ¿kn] 36]sf] 5 . pkTosf aflx/sf sltko zx/x¿df ;d]t k|lt306 @) ¿k}ofF lt/]/ OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{;lsg] ePsf] 5 . s]xL ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿n] hgtfdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr ;'ne u/fP/ ;"rgf / 1fgdf kx'Fr a9fpg] p2]Zon] ufpFdf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ :yfkgf ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox¿n] :yfgLo lgsfox¿ uflj;, gu/kflnsf tyf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u a9fpg] kl/of]hgf yfn]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] ufpFufpFdf !%)) ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 .

;+a+lwt ;+3;+:yf sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g g]kfn

(CAN)

sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfn, ;+If]kdf Sofg, sf] :yfkgf !((@ l8;]Da/df ePsf] xf] . of] gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo gePsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . o;df sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt Joj;foLx¿, ljz]if1x¿, lgdf{tfx¿ tyf ;+3;+:yfx¿ 5g\ . Sofgsf] p2]Zo sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / k|j4{g ug{ tyf sDKo'6/ lj1fg;DaGwL ;fIf/tf / ;Lk ljsf; ug{ cfjZos sfo{gLlt agfpg ;xof]u ug'{ xf] . o;n] cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿;Fu ;DalGwt JolQm, ;+3;+:yf tyf sDkgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;'ljwfx¿ lbnfpg] / pgLx¿sf] xs /Iff ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . ;fy} cfˆgf ;a} ;fwf/0f, ;+:yfut tyf dfgfy{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u / ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' klg o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{, sDKo'6/ lzIff / tflndsf] ;dGjo

cfO6L kfs{ 35

sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf] :s'n ckm Dofg]hd]06sf] OPdaLP klxnf] ;]d]:6/sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] u/]sf] cWoogsf] glthfcg';f/ /fli6«o / ljZjJofkL cy{tGqsf] ;Gbe{df Jofj;flos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ /fd|f] bIftf xfl;n u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] Jofj;flos hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] u'0f:t/Lo tflnd / :t/Ls/0fsf] vfFrf] 5 . o;sf] nflu

a9fpg] / :t/Ls/0f ug{], sDKo'6/ Joj;fodf nfu]sfx¿aLr ;dGjo a9fpg,] uf]i7L, sfo{zfnf, 5nkmn tyf tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf tyf ;+rfng ug{] tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg], sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf b]zleq / aflx/sf sfd ug]{ ;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlw cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, lgsf;L, k}7f/L / /fli6«o gLlt agfpg] sfddf ;3fpg] cflb ultljlw o;n] ul//x]sf] 5 . Sofgn] x/]s jif{ ;"rgf k|ljlw k|bz{gL u/]/ g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] r]tgf km}nfpg / of] k|ljlwnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbO/x]sf] 5 . ;|f]tM www.can.org.np

OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx¿

hgzlQmM lzIff / ;Lk

;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& n] cfufdL kfFr jif{sf nflu g]kfnsf nflu jflif{s lgDg:t/Lo tLg xhf/, dWod:t/Lo Ps xhf/ / pRr:t/Lo tLg ;o hgzlQmsf] vfFrf] kg]{ cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))) b]lv @)!@ ;Ddsf nflu s/La %) xhf/ pRr bIftf;lxt s'n Ps nfv #@ xhf/ hgzlQm cfjZos kg]{ csf]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . oL s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ k|:6 p2]Zo / sfo{qmd;lxt hgzlQm ljsf; sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjog u/L /fli6«o kl/sNkgf ;fsf/ kfg'{kg]{ s'/f ;f] gLltn] cf}FnofPsf] 5 . sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g g]kfnsf cg';f/ clxn] xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/, g]6jls{ª, OG6/g]6, 8]6f k|f];]l;ª, lzIff tyf tflnd, 8]:s6k klAnl;ª cflb ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ljljw If]qdf bz xhf/eGbf w]/} dflg;x¿ nfu]sf 5g\ . sDKo'6/ tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx¿ Ps xhf/hlt 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} cgnfOg k/LIf0f ;'ljwf / b"/lzIff sfo{qmd klg ;'? ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(&! df hgu0fgfsf nflu bf];|f] k':tfsf] æd]g k|]mdÆ sDKo'6/ - cfOaLPd !$)!_ leqØfPkl5 g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt hgzlQm ljsf;sf] sfd klg yflnPsf] xf] . lghL If]qn] ;g\ !(*@ df sDKo'6/ k|of]u tyf tflnd pknAw u/fpg yfn]sf xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt;+a+wL sfo{kqcg';f/ g]kfndf k|fljlws lzIffsf] yfngL ;g\ !($) sf] bzssf] ;'¿df g} ePsf] eP klg On]lS6«sn Ol~hlgol/ªsf] k7gkf7g eg] ;g\ !(^) sf] bzssf] dWolt/ ;'¿ eof] . To;sf] em08} @% jif{kl5 OlGi6Ro"6 ckm Ol~hlgol/ª\n] On]S6«f]lgS; tyf On]lS6«sn Ol~hlgol/ª ljifodf :gfts :t/sf] k9fO yfNof] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf Psflt/ lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 eof] eg] csf]{lt/ sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnonufotsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL k7gkf7g ;'? u/] . pRr:t/sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw lzIffsf nflu o'jfx? ljb]zdf hfg] rng 5Fb}5 . clxn] b]zleqsf rf/j6f ljZjljBfnox¿df a;]{gL em08} kGw| ;o ljBfyL{x¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n ul//x]sf 5g\ . s]xL cGt/f{li6«o Voflt kfPsf k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] klg g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] tflnd lbP/ pRr:t/Lo hgzlQmsf] vfFrf] k"/f ub}{5g\ . ljb]zL ljZjljBfnox¿;Fu ;DaGwg k|fKt u/]/ ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL lzIff lbg] sn]hx¿ klg v'ln/x]sf 5g\ . cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s tflnd sfo{qmd

(ISPAN)

g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yf …OG6/g]6 ;le{; k|f]efO8;{ P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfnÚ, ;+If]kdf cfO:kfg g]kfndf OG6/g]6sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df k|efj kfg{;Sg] ljifox¿df 5nkmn ug]{ d+rsf] ¿kdf ;g\ @))! df u7g ePsf] xf] . o;sf] d"n p2]Zo ;j{;fwf/ 0fsf] lxtdf OG6/g]6sf] k|j4{g ug'{, ljZjdf OG6/g]6sf] tLj| ultdf eO/x]sf] ljsf;sf] cg'¿k g]kfndf klg To;sf] kmfObf k'¥ofpg] ultljlwx¿ ug'{, OG6/g]6 Joj;fodf Jofkfl/s p2]Zodfq geP/ ;]jfsf] efjgf klg xf];\ eGg] xf] . ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ ufpFufpFdf klg e]l6G5g\ . o:tf clwsf+z k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] lbg] tflndn] hgtfdf sDKo'6/k|lt ?lr / ;"rgf k|ljlwaf/] r]tgf hufP tfklg ltgn] k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] w]/}h;f] tflnd /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/x¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ vfnsf eg] 5}gg\ . l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf g]kfndf lzIffdf nufgL ;du| ¿kdf yf]/} 5 .cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df nfu]sf j}1flgs tyf Ol~hlgo/x¿sf] ;+Vof g]kfndf ;aeGbf yf]/} 5 . cGo d'n'sx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw If]q / vf;u/L ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]unfO{ h'g pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf 5g\ g]kfnn] lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6 nfe lngsf nflu of] If]qsf] lzIffdf nufgL ga9fOx'Fb}g . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lzIffdf :ki6 ¿kdf b]lvg] sdhf]/L s] xf] eg] o;sf] ljsf; of]hgf lagf eO/x]sf] 5 / lzIffdf u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f / lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfosf] cefj 5 . kmn:j¿k ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] cfcfˆg} Ifdtfcg';f/ tflnd lbO/x]sf 5g\ . ;du|df g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwl;t ;DalGwt hgzlQmsf] l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . o'jf k':tfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf cfslif{t ug{ / o;df l6sfO/xg w]/} sfd ug{ afsL 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt;DaGwL sfo{kqdf æ;a}sf nflu sDKo'6/Æ sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ;a} ljBfyL{, lzIfs, k|zf;s tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIff k|bfg ug]{, 5flgPsf ljBfno tyf SofDk;x¿nfO{ æ;]G6/ km/ PlS;n]G;Æ sf ¿kdf ljsf; u/L gd"gf ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb|sf] e"ldsf v]Ng lbg] / ;g\ @))% ;Dddf OG6«fg]6 tyf OG6/g]6dfkm{t ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf b"/ lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ljBfnox¿ tyf !) hf]8 b'O{ sfo{qmdx¿df sDKo'6/ lzIff clgjfo{ ug]{, /fli6«o z}lIfs ;~hfnsf] :yfkgf ug]{, ;"rgf k|ljlw lzIff;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ ;~hfnsf] s]Gb|Lo gf]8nfO{ z}lIfs ;"rgf k'nsf] ¿k lbg], / ¿lr /fVg] If]qnfO{ lhNnf tyf If]qLo :t/df o; ;~hfndf nufgL ug{ cg'dlt lbg] s'/fx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ , h'g lgSs} dxTjfsf+IfL b]lvG5 .

cWofo *

g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u sxfF s;/L / s'g ¿kdf eO/x]5 egL ug]/ ;fWo 5}g . ufla;b]lv dGqfno;Dd, k|fylds ljBfnob]lv ljZjljBfno;Dd, ;fgf k;nb]lv l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/;Dd, a; oftfoftb]lv xjfO oftfoft;Dd, gl;{ª xf]db]lv lzIf0f c:ktfn;Dd, leQ]klqsfb]lv 6]lnlehg;Dd, cfo{3f6b]lv kz'kltsf] k"hf;Dd, 3/sf] efG;fb]lv 36

kmf]gdf dfq xf]Og /]l8of]df klg s'/f ul//x]sf 5g\ . PkmPd /]l8of]sf] ;+Vof /fhwfgLdf b; / aflx/ kGw| u/L klRr; k'lu;s]sf] 5 . of] cem} ylkFb} 5 . To:t} 6]lnlehg :6];gsf] ;+Vof klg a9b}5 . ufpFufpFdf 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd x]g{;lsg] ePsf] 5 . oL ;a}n] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;';"lrt x'g, af]Ng, ljrf/ kf]Vg / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf efu lng pS;fpFb}5 . v'nf, kf/bzL{ / cgj/t 5nkmn g} k|hftGqsf] cfTdf xf] . ;+rf/ljxLgtfn] cljZjf;, e|d l;h{gf u5{ / k|hftGq cf]OnfpF5 . leGg leGg ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf dflg;x¿aLr hlt w]/} ;+rf/ eof] plt w]/} k|hftGq df}nfpF5 . ;fy} b'O{ ;+:s[ltsf] e]6n] ljsf;sf] ult tLa| x'G5 .

tf/] xf]6n;Dd, /fhgLlt, cy{tGq, ;dfh;]jf, wd{sd{, s[lif, Jofkf/, b}lgs Jojxf/ ;j{q eO/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwn] /f]huf/sf] cj;/, ljb]z Jofkf/, ljsf;sf] ult, /fHo zf;gsf] bIftf, kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj, ahf/, gful/s ;]jf, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] If]q / u'0f:t/ a9fO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf vf; u/L lgof{t Jofkf/df o;sf] ;a}eGbf a9L pkof]u eO/x]sf]5 . To:t} cGt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o / :yfgLo ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿n] o;sf] clwstd kmfObf p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . lzIff, ko{6g, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ;'zf;g, k|hftGq, dfgjclwsf/, :jf:Yo, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;dfh ;]jfsf] If]qdf o;sf] pkof]u eO/xsf] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u g]kfndf ;"rgf / 1fg k|;f/ ug]{ ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf, :jb]z / ljb]zdf pknAw u/fpg] ;"rgf k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf, ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbg u/]/ ljb]zL d'b|f leq\ofpg] sfddf / s]xL dfqfdf xf8{jo] /sf] lgdf{0f, P;]lDalnª / Jofkf/df — rf/ k|sf/n] — eO/xsf] 5 . g]kfndf Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u s'gs'g If]qdf s;/L eO/x]5 / o;sf ;+efjgfx¿ s;/L al9/x]5g\ eGg] emns tnsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿n] lbg;S5g\ M

cfd;+rf/df nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw

OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwfn] ubf{ ;+;f/el/ g} kqsf/x¿n] clwstd kmfObf lnPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t;Dd k'Ug, ;"rgf ;+sng, n]vg / k|]if0f ug{ lgSs} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k kqsf/x¿sf] ;Lk a9b}5 / w]/} kqsf/x¿ ca lk|mnfG;/ cyf{t\ :jtGq kqsf/ aGb}5g\ . csf]{ k|efj, ljZj >d ;+u7gsf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/, dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof kqsfl/tfdf a9]sf] 5 . ca klqsfdf ;dfrf/ n]v jf kmf]6f] k7fpgsf] nflu x'nfs, ˆofS; jf dflg;sf] k|of]u ug'{ kb}{g . sDKo'6/df tof/ kf/]sf] ;fdu|L kne/d} ljleGg ldl8ofnfO{ k7fpg ;lsg] x'gfn] kqsf/ tyf n]vsx¿ Pp6fdfq klqsfdf afFlwg rfxGgg\ . Ps} rf]l6 w]/} ldl8ofdf k7fpg;Sg] ePsf]n] kqsf/, :tDesf/, n]vsx¿nfO{ o;n] lgSs} kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og pgLx¿n] ljZjsf] s'g} klg efuaf6 ;+rfng x'g] ldl8ofsf] nflu n]Vg jf tL ldl8ofn] v6fPsf] sfd ug{;S5g\ . oL ;'ljwfx¿af6 efiff cg'jfbsx¿n] klg nfe p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . lr7L;Fu} s;}n] df]afOn kmf]g / s;}s;}n] ;fgf] sDKo'6/ klg af]s]/ hfG5g\ . sDKo'6/df Od]n kfpg] / k7fpg] Joj:yf x'G5 . ufpFdf k'u]/ x'nfsLn] sDKo'6/df 6]lnkmf]gsf] tf/ jf df]afOn kmf]g hf]8]/ Od]n rnfpF5 / sDKo'6/ rnfpg ghfGg] ufpFn]x¿sf] ljb]z / zx/af6 cfPsf lr7L k9]/ ;'gfOlbG5 . s;}sf] hjfkm n]Vg' k¥of] eg] p;}n] n]v]/ k7fOlbG5 . olb s'g} ufpFn]n] aflx/ a;]sf cfkmGt;Fu kmf]gdf s'/f ug{ rfXof] eg] x'nfsLn] df]afOn kmf]g ug{ lbG5 . oL sfd u/]afkt x'nfsLn] ufpFn];Fu z'Ns lnG5 . clxn] sf7df8f}Fsf lzlIft / ;DkGg dflg;x¿;Fu x'nfsaf6 lr7L k7fpFbf slt k};fsf] l6s6 6fF:g'k5{ eg]/ s;}n] ;f]Wof] eg] sd}n] ;xL hjfkm lbg;Snfg\ lsgls pgLx¿n] vfddf lr7L /fv]/ l6s6 6fF;]/ x'nfsaf6 gk7fPsf] w]/} eof] . vfdsf] sfd lajfx j|tjGw tyf ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdsf] lgDtf] afF8g] sfddf dfq} ;Lldt ePsf] 5 . zx/af;Lx¿ lr7L xf]Og Od]n k7fpF5g\, s'/fsfgL xf]Og Rof6 u5{g\ . plxn] o'jf / lszf]/x¿ u'Rrf 808Llaof] tf; v]n]/ ;do kmfNy] eg] clxn]sf o'jf / lszf]/x¿ 306f}F Rof6 u5{g\ jf OG6/g]6sf] er'{cn ;+;f/df dUg x'G5g\ . g]kfn clw/fHoe/ ljtl/t 6]lnkmf]g nfOg tLg nfv ;Q/L xhf/ k'lu;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] dtna lbglbg} rf/kfFr nfv dflg;x¿ cfk;df s'/fsfgL u5{g\ . o'uf}Fb]lv gaf]nL a;]sf g]kfnLx¿ ca af]Ng yfn]sf 5g\ . ef}uf]lns aGwg, oftfoftsf] sl7gfO, hflt, wd{, ;+:s[lt, efiff / ;+:sf/sf] aGwg km's]sf] 5 . hftLo, eflifs, n}+lus, wfld{s e]befj cGt gtf]l8P klg ;+rf/df tf]l8Psf] 5 . tf]l8Fb}5 . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf] nflu cflbslj efg'eQmn] gu/]sf] sfd ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ub}{5 .

;+rf/sf] ;+;f/df

s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn a9\b}5

plxn] x'nfsLx¿ ufpFdf lr7L afF8g hfFbf emf]nfel/ lr7L / sfut d;L snd af]s]/ hfGy] . lr7L afF8]kl5 s;}n] hjfkm k7fpg vf]Hof] eg] x'nfsLn] ufpFn]n] eg]cg';f/ p;}sf] efsfdf lr7L n]lvlbGYof] . o:tf] ug]{ x'nfsLn] ufpFdf /fd|} :jfut ;Tsf/ kfpFYof] . clxn] ef/tsf ufpFx¿df x'nfsLx¿ Jofj;flos tflnd tyf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ga9fO x'Fb}g ;fy} tflndk|fKt hgzlQmnfO{ b]zleq} /f]s]/ /fVg pko'Qm /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ cfjZos 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] bIftf a9fpg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw lzIffdf k|j]z ug{ / j[lQ ljsf; ug{ cfwf/e"t k|df0fLs/0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] ;f] cWoogn] ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx¿sf] nflu ;'emfOPsf dfkb08x¿dWo] u'0f:t/ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg, ;]jf of]hgfsf] k|lqmof, ;]jfsf zt{x¿df ;xdlt, ;|f]t / ;]jfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg, ;]jf pknAw uf/fpg] sfd, u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cg'udg, ;xL sfd / sd{rf/L tflnd k5{g\ . cWoogn] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw tflnd;Fu ;+a+lwt ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿– af/] k"jf{wf/ tof/ kfg{, lgoGq0f, lgodg / cg'udg ug{ Pp6f alnof] lgofds lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L / lghL If]q ldn]/ To:tf] lgsfo u7g x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] P]glgod nfu" u/fpg] lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng' / lghL If]qn] k/LIf0f tyf :t/Ls/ 0fsf] ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;3fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fy} g]kfndf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf nflu hgzlQm pTkfbg ug'{ g]kfnsf] nflu dfq xf]Ogljb]zsf] nflu klg xf] eGg] s'/f la;{g' x'Fb}g . eLcf]cfOkL -EjfO; cf]e/ OG6/g]6 k|f]6f]sn_ k|ljlw w]/} k|rlnt 5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] eLcf]cfOkL k|of]u u/]/ sDKo'6/af6 ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]gdf :j/ ;fg]{ Joj:yf u/]kl5 6]lnkmf]gaf6 sDKo'6/df, sDKo'6/af6 6]lnkmf]gdf / kmf]gaf6 kmf]gdf s'/f ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . kmn:j¿k OG6/g]6 ;]jf lnPsf s'g} klg sDKo'6/af6 ljb]zdf kmf]g ug{;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu www.dialpad.com / www.mediaring.com h:tf j]a;fO6x¿sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . dflg;x¿ OG6/g]6, Od]n / 37

ug{ yfnsf] lyof] . clxn] o;n] ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g 5fKg aGb ul/;sf] 5 / ;Dk"0f{ ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gx¿ tyf kmf]6f]x¿ cfˆgf u|fxsx¿nfO{ g]6js{dfkm{t pknAw u/fpF5 . g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf 6]lnkmf]g / sDKo'6/ pkof]u u/]/ z'Ns lt/]/ /f;;sf] ;dfrf/ x]g{;lsG5 . sflGtk'/ l;6L sn]hn] l/kf]6{/x¿sf nflu ;lhnf] ;ˆ6j]o/ tof/ kf/]sf]5 . o;sf] pkof]u u/]/ ;Dafbbftfx¿n] ;+slnt ;dfrf/nfO{ sDKo'6/df n]v]/ kmf]6f] klg ;Fu} /fv]/ tTsfn} cfˆgf] ldl8of sfof{nodf k7fpg;S5g\ .

;"rgf k|ljlwn] b]zleq dfq} xf]Og ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg b]zdf a;]sf dflg;x¿;Fu ;:tf]df s'/fsfgL ug{ ;Dej agfPsf] 5 . of] k|ljlwnfO{ OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gL elgG5 . k|rlnt 6]lnkmf]g pkof]u u/]/ g]kfnaf6 cd]l/sfdf kmf]g ug'{k¥of] eg] em08} @)) ¿k}ofF nfU5 eg] OG6/g]6af6 6]lnkmf]g ubf{ !) ¿k}ofFdf ug{ ;lsG5 . OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 :j/ k7fpg] sfd ;g\ !((% b]lv ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng x'g yfn]sf] xf] . o;sf] nflu pkof]u ul/g] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; lgSs} b|'t ultn] eO/x]sf] 5 ;fy} ljleGg vfnsf ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ klg pkof]udf cfPsf] 5 . :j/nfO{ c? 8]6f;Fu ld;fP/ OG6/g]6 dfkm{t cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ j]a;fO6df :j/ / rnlrq klg /fVg;lsg] ePsf] x'gfn] l;4fGttM x/]s sDKo'6/ /]l8of] :6];g / 6]lnlehg :6];g x'g;S5 . ca /]l8of] g]kfn, sflGtk'/ PkmPd, aLaL;L sf] 6]lnlehg / /]l8of]sf ;dfrf/ / d'Vo sfo{qmdx¿ OG6/g]6df klg ;'Gg / x]g{;lsG5 . OG6/g]6n] klqsf, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgsf] sfd ug{ yfn]kl5 cfd;+rf/sf] kl/efiff, e"ldsf / cfrf/ ;+lxtfaf/] k'glj{rf/ ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . s'g} klg ;dfrf/ cvaf/df 5flkg'eGbf klxn] ljZjsf s'g} klg efudf a;]/ x]g{ k9\g ;lsg] ePkl5 cfd;+rf/sf k/Dk/fut dfWodx¿sf] dxTj 36\g' :jfefljs xf] . ;'?df sDKo'6/, ˆofS;, :Sofg/, Od]n, Go'hu|'k, l8:s;gh:tf gofFgofF cf}hf/x¿n] kqsf/x¿nfO{ l/kf]l6{ª, ;Dkfbg / ldl8of pTkfbg ug{ ;3fof] h;nfO{ sDKo'6/ Pl;:6]8 hg{lnhd elgG5 . ;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ldl8ofnfO{ clt b|'t ultdf Ps} k6sdf c;+Vo nIfdf k'¥ofpg / kf7s, >f]tf jf bz{sx¿af6 l56f] / 7"nf] kl/df0fdf k|ltlqmof kfpg dbt u¥of] eg] clxn] cfP/ k/Dk/fut cfd;+rf/sf] kl/b[Zodf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 ul/g] gofF vfnsf] cfd;+rf/ — Ohg{lnhd, OG6/g]6 hg{lnhd, cgnfOg kqsfl/tf cflb — ljleGg ¿kdf k|fb'ef{j ePsf] 5 . o;n] Psflt/ k/Dk/fut ldl8ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;3fPsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ To;sf] dxTj 36fPsf] klg 5 .

cfd;+rf/sf] cy{ abln+“b}5 @)%* h]7 !( ut] /fhb/af/df ePsf] xTofsf08sf] a]nfdf g]kfndf OG6/g]6nfO{ ;dfrf/sf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf ;a}eGbf w]/} pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . To; a]nf aLaL;L, ;LPgPg / g]kfn leqs} s]xL cgnfOg Go'hdf dfq} xf]Og JolQmut ¿kdf klg cfkm"v'zL, dgu9Gt ;dfrf/x¿ j]a;fO6df /flvPsf lyP . s;};Fu OG6/g]6 hf]l8Psf] sDKo'6/ / sDKo'6/ rnfpg] s]xL vf; ;Lk eof] eg] p;n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] s'/f zAb cIf/, Wjlg, lrq tyf rnlrq;lxtsf] cfˆg} ;+rf/ dfWod agfP/ tTsfn ljZjel/ km}nfpg;S5 . o;sf] dtna xf] ;"rgf k|ljlw cfkm} cfd;+rf/ ag]sf] 5 . s'g} ;fj{hlgs jf kl/jfl/s 36gf eof] ls To;sf] ;dfrf/ / kmf]6f] j]a;fO6df /fVg] rng g]kfndf klg ;'? eO;s]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6df kx'Fr ePsf] sf]xL klg dflg; cfkm} ;+jfbbftf, ;Dkfbs / k|sfzs klg aGg;S5 . OG6/g]6df kf7Ø ;fdu|Ldfq} xf]Og Wjlg / rnlrq klg /fVg ;lsG5 . o;/L hf];'s}n] /]l8of] / lel8of] k|;f/0f ug{;S5 . g]kfnleqaf6 k|sflzt klxnf] OG6/g]6 DoflUhg ;fOa/ g]kfn , www.cybernepal.com.np xf] . o;sf] ;'?jft clegj s;h" / bLk+s/ s;h"n] dfr{ !((* b]lv u/]sf x'g\ . o;df g]kfnsf] dgf]/+hg pBf]u, l;g]df, ;+uLt, g]kfn ;'Gb/L;DaGwL hfgsf/Lx¿, lkmNdsnfsf/x¿sf] kmf]6f] lel8of] / g]kfnL uLtx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . oxfFaf6 sltko g]kfnL ufosx¿sf] uLt ;'Gg;lsG5 . g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Pp6f k|d'v cfOP;kL jN8{ln+sn] ;fOa/ g]kfn j]a;fO6 OG6/g]6df /fVg ;3fPsf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo g]kfndf gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ nf]slk|o agfP/ o;sf] pkof]u a9fpg' xf] . ;|f]t M b sf7df08f} kf]:6 b}lgs, !* dfr{, !((* g]kfnaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] kf]6{n / j]a;fO6x¿ w]/} 5g\ . t/ tL ;a}nfO{ klqsfsf] bhf{df /fVg ldNb}g . sltkon] lgoldt ¿kdf gjLs/0f u5{g\ eg] sltkon] dlxgf}F;Dd klg af;L ;dfrf/, hfgsf/L /fv]sf x'G5g\ . g]kfndf cgnfOg kqsfl/tfsf] ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ kIf s] 5 eg] g]kfnsf ax';+Vos ;+rf/sdL{x¿ ;"rgf k|ljlwaf/] cgle1 5g\ / sDKo'6/df w]/}sf] kx'Fr 5}g . sltko k|sfzgx¿n] /x/ u/]/ j]a;fO6 /fv]sf 5g\ . t/ o;sf] af/]df hfGg] / o;df nfu]sfx¿n] klg lhDd]jf/L dx;'; u/]/ hfFu/;fy a]nfa]nfdf j]a;fO6df ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿ gjLs/0f ub}{gg\ . kmn:j¿k lgoldt ¿kdf ;dfrf/sf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf j]a;fO6sf] pkof]u ug]{ g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vof ;fx|} yf]/} 5 .

cgnfOg kqsfl/tf

t'?Gtft'?Gt} ;dfrf/, lrq, rnlrq tyf Wjlg ;+;f/el/ km}nfpg;lsg] tyf o;df ;]G;/ nufpg g;lsg] ePsfn] OG6/g]6 kqsfl/tf k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfeGbf zlQmzfnL / k|efjsf/L ;flat ePsf] 5 . aLaL;L, ;LPgPgh:tf rf}la;} 306f 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f ug]{ ;+:yfx¿n] klg j]a;fO6 /fv]/ lg/Gt/ ;dfrf/ k|jfx ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf klg uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, sflGtk'/ k|sfzg, sfdgf k|sfzg cflb kqklqsf k|sfzg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿n] cfcfˆgf] j]a;fO6 /fv]/ cgnfOg k|sfzg ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ltgLx¿n] lgoldt lg:sg] cvaf/ klg j]a;fO6df /fVg] u/]sf 5g\ . clxn] g]kfnsf sltko b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs tyf dfl;s klqsfx¿ j]a;fO6df x]g{;lsG5 . g]kfnaflx/ g]kfnLx¿n] g]kfn;+a+wL ;dfrf/ ePsf] j]a;fO6 /fv]/ cgnfOg kqsfl/tf ;'? u/]sf] w]/} eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf OG6/g]6sf] ;'?jft ug]{, s'g} klg ljifodf cg';Gwfg u/L n]Vgsf] nflu ;+a+lwt ljifosf xhf/f}F j]a;fO6 pknAw 5g\ . g]kfndf klg hgu0fgf, lgjf{rg, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u, k|x/L, ;]o/ dfs]{6, Jofkf/, ahf/ efpm cflb ljleGg ljifodf ;+a+lwt lgsfox¿, cg';Gwfg tyf cWoog ;+:yfx¿n] j]a;fO6df hfgsf/L /fv]sf] x'gfn] g]kfnL kqsf/x¿nfO{ klg ca cg';Gwfgsf] nflu w]/} ;lhnf] eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] Psdfq ;dfrf/ ;ldlt /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltn] @)%# kmfu'g & ut]b]lv cfGtl/s ¿kdf g]6jls{ª u/]/ k"jf{Frnsf] lj/f6u/sfof{no;Fu / sfof{noleq ;dfrf/ ;+k|]if0f tyf u|x0f

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;"rgf /fVg;S5 . cfd;+rf/df u]6lsk/ x'G5, cyf{t\ To;df k|sflzt k|;fl/t x'g] ;fdu|L nlIft ju{sf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 x'Fb}g s]nfP/ /flvPsf] x'G5 / s;}n] o;sf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] x'G5 . j]a;fO6sf] nIo :ki6, ;Lldt / u}/lhDd]jf/ x'g;S5 . o;df h;n] h] dg nfUof] Tof] ;fdu|L /fVg;S5 . o;nfO{ /f]Sg ufx|f] 5 . j]a;fO6df dflg;x¿ k|foM 5f]6f] ;dfrf/ jf hfgsf/L, 36gfsf] ;dfrf/, xf8{Go'h k9\5g\ . ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] jf cYof{OPsf] ;dfrf/ k9b}gg\ . kmntM j]a;fO6n] ubf{ d"n wf/sf ldl8ofn] klg ;dfrf/sf] cy{ nufpg] jf ljZn]if0f ug]{ e"ldsf 36fpFb}5g\ . OG6/g]6af6 k|ltlqmof÷lkm8Jofs k7fpg ;lhnf] x'g] x'gfn] kf7sx¿sf] lkm8Jofs kfOg] dffqf / ult a9]sf] 5 . 7"nf 6]lnlehg sDkgL / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cu'jf pBdL ds{G6fOnn] !((( sf] cu:6df g]kfndf klxnf] cgnfOg kqsfl/tf ;'? u/]sf] xf] . To;sf] www.nepalnews.com ljb]zdf klg lgSs} nf]slk|o 5 . of] j]a;fO6dfkm{t g]kfnsf @) j6f b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs tyf dfl;s klqsfx¿ klg x]g{;lsG5 . o;df g]tfx¿sf] /fli6«o dxTjsf efif0f, ah]6 efif0f klg ;'Gg;lsG5 / 5f]6f5f]6f lel8of] ;dfrf/ klg x]g{;lsG5 . g]kfndf /fhb/af/ xTofsf08sf] ;dfrf/ k|]if0f ug]{ sfddf cgnfOg kqsfl/tfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] . OG6/g]6dfkm{t ul/g] kqsfl/tf O–kqsfl/tf, O– k|sfzg, cgnfOg kqsfl/tfnfO{ b'O{ efudf afF8g;lsG5 . Ps vfnsf] kqsfl/tfdf ljleGg kqklqsfaf6 ;dfrf/ / cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ lnP/ /flvG5 . l;+u} klqsf klg o;df /fv]sf] kfOG5 . t/ csf]{ vfnsf] klqsfn] s]jn cfkm}n] vf]h]/ NofPsf] ;dfrf/ / ;fdu|L j]a;fO6df /fV5 . g]kfnGo'h jf:tjdf j]a klqsf xf], ;fy} of] Go'h kf]6{n klg xf] . o;n] cfkm}n] :jtGq ¿kn] ;+sng / ;Dkfbg u/]sf ;dfrf/sf ;fy} ljleGg klqsfsf ;dfrf/ klg lbG5 . o;sf ;+of]hs bLk]z /f0ffsf cg';f/ b}lgs $),))) eGbf w]/} dfl;x¿n] of] j]a;fO6 x]5{g\ . tLdWo] ;}s8f !% g]kfnleqaf6 x]g]{x¿ x'G5g\ . o;sf ;Dkfbs ef]nf /f0ffsf cg';f/ o;df rf}la;} 306f ;dfrf/ gjLs/0f ul/G5 . ljb]zdf a:g]x¿sf] nflu of] j]a klqsf g]kfnsf] ;dfrf/sf] e/kbf]{ ;|f]t ag]sf] 5 . -;|f]t M Ct'/fh ;'j]bL, b /fOlgª g]kfn b}lgs, % h'g, @))#_ ljb]zaf6 ;+rflnt ljleGg cgnfOg klqsfx¿dWo] cd]l/sfdf sfo{/t g]kfnL kqsf/x¿sf] ;+:yf g]klnh cd]l/sg hg{ln:6 P;f]l;P;g -gfhf_ n] jfl;+U6gaf6 ;+rfng u/]sf] g]kfnLkf]:6, www.nepalipost.com, lgs} pkof]uL cgnfOg klqsf xf] . of] g]kfnL efiffdf 5 . o;df cd]l/sfdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;dfrf/sf ;fy} g]kfnsf dxTjk"0f{ ;dfrf/, l6Kk0fL tyf n]vx¿ tyf ;flxlTos ljwfsf ljljw ;fdu|Lx¿ klg /flvPsf 5g\ . gfhfsf cWoIf tyf o;sf ;Dkfbs lul/z kf]v/]nsf cg';f/ o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo cd]l/sfdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿aLr g]kfnsf] efiff, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f hf]ufpg' xf] . o;sf] ;'?jft cu:6 @))! df ePsf] xf] . ;Dkfbs kf]v/]nsf cg';f/ b}lgs @))) eGbf w]/} dflg;x¿n] of] j]a;fO6 x]5{g\ . -;|f]t M Ct'/fh ;'j]bL, b /fOlgª g]kfn b}lgs, @( d], @))#_ sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw pkof]u u/]/ k|hftGqnfO{ alnof], lbuf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg] ljlw O8]df]qm];L xf] . To:t}, k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hgtfk|lt ;+j]bgzLn / lhDd]jf/ agfO{ ltgLx¿sf] sfd sfjf{xL kf/bzL{ agfpg / e|i6frf/ 36fpg] sfdnfO{ Oueg]{G; elgG5 . k|hftflGqs c+ux¿ -;/sf/, lgjf{lrt

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• k|fljlws tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g;Fu ;fd~h:o sfod ug{ tyf k|zf;gsf] sDKo'6/ k|0ffnL / pks/0fx¿sf] clwstd k|of]u u/L sfuh/lxt k|zf;gsf nflu hgzlQm ljsf; ug'{, • ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/o'Qm agfpg' tyf hgtfn] lgMz'Ns hfgsf/L / tYofª\s kfpg;Sg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{, • ;/sf/L sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL agfpg' . k|hftGq / ;'zf;gsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u slt Jofks If]qdf x'g;S5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug'{ ufx|f] 5 . t}klg oxfF s]xL jf:tljstf / s]xL kl/sNkgfdf cfwfl/t pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't 5g\ M hgdt a'‰g M clxn] ljleGg cgnfOg klqsfx¿ / j]a;fO6x¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf k|Zg /fv]/ ;+lIfKt pQ/ lbg cg'/f]w u5{g\ / j]a;fO6df lbOg] pQ/sf] cfwf/df s'g} klg ljifodf hgdt s] 5 egL n]V5g\ . /fhgLlts bndfq xf]Og Jofkf/L tyf pBf]uLx¿n] klg o;af6 nfe kfpF5g\ . nf]slk|o pDd]åf/sf] rog M r'gfjdf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] pDd]åf/ 5fGgsf nflu dtbftfx¿;Fu cfˆgf] j]a;fO6dfkm{t cg'/f]w ug{;S5g\ . dflg;x¿n] Od]n jf OG6/g]6af6 cfkm"n] /f]h]sf pDd]åf/sf] gfdsf] ;'emfj k7fpg ;S5g\ . k|hftflGqs k|lqmof ckgfP/ pDd]åf/ 5fGbf dtbftfx¿sf] dgdf kf6L{k|lt ;Ddfg a9\5 / lgjf{rg kl/0ffd klg ;sf/fTds x'g;S5 . hgtfsf] cfjfh ;+;bdf M ;f+;bx¿n] j]a;fO6dfkm{t ;+;bdf 5nkmn eO/x]sf] ljifoaf/] cfkm\gf dtbftfsf] dt a'em\g;S5g\ . clwsf+z ;f+;bx¿n] oxL ljlw ckgfP/ cfˆgf] lgjf{rg If]qsf hgtfsf] dt a'em]/ ;+;bdf dtbfg ug{ yfn] eg] hgtfsf] lxt x'g] ljw]osx¿ kl/t x'g yfN5g\ . hglj/f]wL ljw]osx¿ ldlNsFb} hfG5g\ .

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sDKo'6/ k|of]u ug]{ klxnf] uflj; nlntk'/, % a}zfv -/f;;_ – nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] ;}+a' ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt k|zf;sLo sfd sf/jfxL l56f]5l/tf] / e/kbf]{ tl/sfn] ;DkGg ug{ sDKo'6/ k|ljlw ;+rfng ug]{ clw/fHosf] klxnf] uflj; ePsf] 5 . pQm uflj;sf cWoIf cd[t v8\sfsf cg';f/ uflj;df n]vf / u|fdL0f clen]v /fVg, k|zf;sLo sfd ug{ / :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ OG6/g]6 Od]nnufot ljljw ;"rgf ;'ljwf lbg sDKo'6/ k|ljlw ;+rfng ul/Psf] xf] . ;|f]t M sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)%& a}zfv, ^ lhNnf k|zf;g sfo{no wgs'6fn] OG6/g]6 j]a;fO6 www.dhankutacdo.com vf]nL sfof{noaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf;'ljwf / lhNnfsf] kl/ro To;df /fv]sf] 5 . of] j]a;fO6df lhNnfsf] P]ltxfl;s / ko{6sLo :ynsf] kl/ro, k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 lbOg] ;]jf;'ljwf / tL ;]jf;'ljwf lnFbf ckgfpg'kg]{ k|lqmof, ckf+u;DaGwL ;+3;+:yfsf] ljj/0f /flvPsf] 5 . ;f] sfof{noaf6 xfn;Dd ljtl/t kf;kf]6{sf] ljj/0f, sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kmf]6f];lxtsf] kl/ro ;d]t /flvPsf] 5 . sfof{nosf k'/fgf gi6 x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf kmfOnx¿af6 ^))) gful/stf ljj/0f ;fy} bz xhf/ /fxbfgLsf] ljj/0f oxfFsf] sDKo'6/df /lv;lsPsf] 5 . ca ljZjsf] h'g;'s} s'gfaf6 hf];'s}n] klg wgs'6fnfO{ lrGg ;lsG5 / k|zf;g sfof{nosf ;'ljwf tyf s'g} sfd ug'{k¥of] eg] cfjZos kg]{ sfuhftaf/] yfxf x'G5 . ;|f]t M sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)^), c;f/ @! o:t} u/L clw/fHosf s]xL lhNnf, gu/kflnsf tyf uflj;x¿sf] clen]v, gful/stf, /fxbfgL, hGd tyf d[To' btf{ cflb clen]vx¿ sDKo'6/df /fVg] / cgnfOg ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu d'Vo ¿kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmn] ljleGg kl/of]hgfdfkm{t ;3fO/x]sf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]g, 40

rfxg]x¿sf nflu l56f], 5l/tf] / ;lhnf] x'g;Sg] atfOPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ tyf cg'lrt sfo{ u/L clVtof/sf] b'/kof]u u/]sf] ljifodf k/]sf] ph'/Lsf ;+DaGwdf eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLx¿sf af/]df ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf kqsf/, tyf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt lgsfodf hfgsf/L k'¥ofO e|i6frf/lj?4 hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ clek|fon] pQm a'n]l6g k|sflzt ug{ yflnPsf] cfof]usf ;x;lrj lbg]zxl/ clwsf/Ln] atfpg'eof] . a'n]l6gdf e|i6frf/;DaGwL n]vsf cltl/Qm cfof]usf] sfo{If]q sfo{k|0ffnL, e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{sf] lrgf/L, k|]; rrf{, cfof]usf ultljlwx¿, e|i6frf/;DaGwL d'2fdf cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL lg0f{ox¿ tyf e|i6frf/;DaGwL ljb]zL ;dfrf/;d]t ;dflji6 5g\ . ;fy} pQm a'n]l6gdf e|i6frf/ cg'lrt sfo{sf af/]df sf/jfxL cl3 j9fpg] pkfox¿ klg lbOFb} hfg] ;x;lrj clwsf/Ln] atfpg'eof] . j]a;fO6 tyf a'n]l6gdfkm{t e|i6frf/ ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L /fVg rfxg] sfg'gsf ljBfyL{x¿ / To; ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxg]n] ;d]t nfeflGjt aGg;Sg] atfOPsf] 5 .

ljh'nL, vfg]kfgLsf] dx;'n M g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf u|fxsx¿n] cfˆg] dfl;s ljn OG6/g]6af6 x]g{;S5g\ . cGo sltko ;+:yfgx¿n] u|fxsx¿sf] lan OG6/g]6df /fv]sf 5g\ / sf]8 gDa/ k|of]u u/]/ lan x]g{ / e'Qmfg ug{;lsG5 .

sf:sL dfnkf]tdf æcgnfOgÆaf6 sfd ;'? b'O{ jif{sf] k|of;kl5 sf:sL dfnkf]tdf sDKo'6/ …cgnfOgÚ af6 sfd ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . k'/fgf 98\8fnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L ;a} sfd sDKo'6/ cgnfOgaf6 ;? ug]{ of]hgf ;/sf/n] sf:sL / eQmk'/sf b'O{ dfnkf]t sfof{nodf Ps};fy ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . wld/fn] vfPsf / Roflt+b} uPsf bzsf}F cl3sf ;|]:tfaf6 8f6f OG6«L ug{ Ps jif{ nfu]sf] lyof] . )%* r}tb]lv g} 8f6f /fVg] sfd ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . To;sf nfludfq} Psbh{g k|fljlws sd{rf/L vl6Psf lyP . klxnf] r/0fdf sDKo'/6/af6 …xs x:tfGt/0fÚ ;DjGwL sfdx¿ ;'? ul/g] / kl5 hUuf /f]Ssf, wgL k'hf{ k|df0fkq ;d]t To;}af6 lk|G6 u/]/ lbg] of]hgf 5 . e";"rgf tyf clen]v ljefun] b]zel/sf hUuf Pp6} sf]7fdf a;]/ x]g{ ;lsof];\ eGg] p2]Zo /fvL o:tf] sfo{qmd ;'? u/fPsf] xf] . o;nfO{ cGo lhNnfdf klg yk ul/+b} nluPsf] 5 . o; jif{ bh{geGbf a9L lhNnfx¿df sDKo'6/ ck/]6/sf] b/aGbL lbP/ sfd ;'? u/fOPsf] 5 . sf:sL / eQmk'/df …gd'gfÚ sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ;'? ul/Psf] xf] .

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lghfdtL ;]jf M lghfdlt lstfavfgfn] g]kfnsf nueu 8]9 nfv sd{rf/Lx¿dWo] em08} Ps nfv sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljj/0f -l;6/f]n kmfd{sf] cfwf/df_ sDKo'6/df /fv]sf] 5 . ;?jf a9'jf, lgj[lQe/0f cflbsf] n]vf ;a} 5n{u+ ¿kdf x]g{;lsG5 . sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if M sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if, g]kfnu+h zfvfdf sDKo'6/ cgnfOg ;]jf ;'? ePkl5 sf]ifaf6 ;fk6L lng rfxg] ;+rostf{x¿nfO{ dfu kmf/d btf{ u/fPsf] s]xL ldg]6leq} ;fk6L k|fKt ug{;Sg] ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf] 5 . cgnfOg ;]jfsf] ;'?jftaf6 ;+rostf{sf] vr{, ;do / ofqfsf] hf]lvddf /fxt k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] s'/f sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if g]kfnu+h zfvfn] hgfPsf] 5 . sf]ifsf kfFr j6f zfvfdWo] of] ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf] g]kfnu+h t];|f] zfvf xf] / of] ;'ljwf ;j{k|yd utjif{sf] dlxgfdf kf]v/f zfvfdf ;'? ePsf] lyof] . cgnfOg ;]jfsf] dfWodaf6 dWo klZrdf+rn / ;'b"/ klZrdf+rn If]qsf ;+rostf{ sd{rf/Lx¿n] lx;fa stfa x]g]{, ;fk6L jf cly{s e'QmfgL lng /fhwfgL wfpg'kg]{ jf zfvf sfof{nodf ;Dks{ u/L s]Gb|af6 lgsf;f slxn] cfpF5 eg]/ s'/]/ a:g'kg]{ ;d:of ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . -;|f]t M uf]/vfkq b}lgs, @)%*, ebf} @$_ o:tf] ;'ljwf ca c? If]qdf klg ;'? ePsf] 5 . sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]ifn] j]a;fO6df ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] vftf /flvlbPsf] 5 . sf]8 gDa/ k|of]u u/]/ s;}n] klg cfˆgf] vftfdf slt /sd hDdf eof] egL x]g{;S5 . e|i6frf/Lx¿dfly sfjf{xL M ef/tdf txNsf 86 sd www.tahelka.com n] ;Qf?9 bnsf g]tfn] 3'; lnO/x]sf] b[Zo b]vfOlbFbf ToxfFsf] /fhgLlts If]qdf lgSs} 7"nf] xnrn ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] k|efj cem} x/fPsf] 5}g . ToxfF e|i6frf/ ug]{ sd{rf/L, Jofkf/L / cGo lgsfox¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] w]/} j]a;fO6x¿ 5g\ . g]kfndf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6 www.akhtiyar.org.np df y'k|} pkof]uL ;fdu|L /fv]sf] 5 . o;df e|i6frf/sf] sfjf{xLdf d'2f rnfOPsf / rln/x]sf dflg;x¿sf] gfd / d'2fsf] ljj/0f v'nfOPsf] 5 . ds{G6fOn / s]g6/ sDo'lgs];gn] eL:of6af6 OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;'? u/]kl5 dx]Gb|gu/df OG6/g]6 ;]jf lng] ;+:yf / kl/jf/x¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]vgLo ¿kdf a9]sf] 5 tyf sDKo'6/

;|f]tM sn'rGb| Gof}kfg] sflGtk'/ @)^) ;fpg #

gful/s ;]jf M xfn;Dd s]xL gu/kflnsf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6df gful/sx¿nfO{ lbOg] ;]jfsf] ljj/0f / kmf/fdx¿ /fv]sf 5g\ . OG6/g]6 dfkm{t hGd d[To' btf{, a;fO;/fO, ljjfx btf{ kmd{ e/]/ k7fpg / hjfkm kfpg ;lsG5 . gful/stf tyf ljleGg sfdsf] l;kmfl/; klg OG6/ g]6af6 lng;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] j]a;fO6 www.bharatpurmun.org.np / x]6f}F8f gu/kflnsfsf] j]a;fO6 www.hetaudamun.org.np x]g{ ;lsG5 . oL a]j;fO6dfkm{t gu/af;Lx¿n] 3/d} a;La;L sDKo'6/af6 gu/kflnsfn] lbg] ;]jf ;'ljwf lng;lsG5 . gu/kflnsfnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ b:t'/ ltg{;lsG5 / hGd, d[To', lax], ;+a+wljR5]b, a;fO;/fO btf{ cflb sfd u/fpg rflxg] kmf/fd eg{;lsG5 . o;af6 gu/kflnsfx¿sf] sfo{s'zntf a9g'sf ;fy} bIftf, kf/blz{tf / lhDd]jf/L klg a9g;S5 / gful/sx¿n] l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jf kfpg;S5g\ . clVtof/df Od]ndfkm{t ph'/L lbg ;lsg] sf7df8f}+, kmfu'g ^ ut] . sxLF st} e|i6frf/ ePsf] jf cGo clgoldttf ePsf] kfOPdf ca clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ Od]ndfkm{t hfgsf/L, ph'/L jf ;'/fsL lbg;lsg] ePsf] 5 . ph'/L lbg] jf cfof]usf sfd st{Jo / cGo lqmofsnfkx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] cfof]uåf/f vf]lnPsf] www.akhtiyar.org.np nfO{ cfh ;fj{hlgs ul/Pkl5 ;f] ;'ljwfsf] hf] sf]xLn] klg pkof]u ug{;lsg] atfOPsf] 5 . pQm j]a;fO6df cfof]usf] ;+/rgf If]qclwsf/, e|i6frf/ ;DaGwdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfgx¿sf] hfgsf/L / e|i6frf/;DaGwL ;dfrf/;d]t /flvPsf] cfof]udf jl/i6 OlGhlgP/ cf]dw/fgGb /fhf]kfWofon] atfpg'eof] . ;fy} pQm j]a;fO6df cfof]un] s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] af/]sf] hfgsf/L / cfof]uaf6 ePsf sfd sf/afxLx¿sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ /flvg] hfgsf/L >L /fhf]kfWofon] lbg'eof] . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfn] kbf{ k5fl8 a;]/ e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttf ug]{sf] af/]df ;'/fsL lbg 41

cGofok"j{s y'lgof] jf s;}sf] dfgjclwsf/ xgg eof] eg] Gofo lbnfpgsf nflu ;+;f/sf s'gfsfKrfaf6 ;+a+lwt b]zsf] ;/sf/ k|d'v;dIf xhf/f}F nfvf}F cg'/f]wkq Od]naf6 k'U5 . dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+:yfx¿sf] j]a;fO6n] ljz]if ;fdu|Lx¿ /fv]/ ;f] ljifonfO{ rrf{df NofpF5g\ .

lzIffk|lt cfsif{0f lgSs} a9]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/ tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx¿, k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof klg pNn]vgLo ¿kdf a9]sf] 5 . Ps bh{g hlt klqsfdf sfd ug]{ em08} b'O{ bh{g kqsf/x¿n] :yfgLo k|lzIf0f s]Gb|d} tflnd lnP/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . @)^) c;f/b]lv lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] sfof{nodf klg cljlR5Gg OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . lhNnfsf lah'nL / 6]lnkmf]g gk'u]sf uflj;x¿nfO{ bf];|f] r/0fdf /fv]/ ToxfF ;f}o{ zlQmaf6 j}slNks ljh'nL lgsfNg] / 6]lnkmf]g nfOg k'¥ofpg] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/jfbL cfGbf]ng M :yfgLob]lv cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd dfgjclwsf/ sf] xgg, cGofo cTofrf/sf] lj/f]wdf /fli6«o tyf ljZjJofkL hgdt tof/ ug]{, zf]lift kLl8tx¿sf] lxtdf sfd ug{sf] nflu ;xof]u h'6fpg], ;df p2]Zo ePsf ;+:yf / sfo{qmdx¿aLr ;xof]u / ;dGjo ug]{, g]6jls{ª ug]{, ljz]if p2]Zosf nflu k}/jL ug]{ tyf ljleGg vfnsf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cTolws pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf sltko dfgjclwsf/afbL ;+:yfx¿n] cfGtl/s lx+;f tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw tyf ;Demf}tfsf] kfng eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] Od]n Go'h a'n]l6gdfkm{t dfgjclwsf/sf] cg'udg / dxTjk"0f{ 36gfx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbO/fv]sf] 5 . OG;]sn] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6 www.insec.org.np df dfgjclwsf/;+a+wL cWoog cg';Gwfgsf glthfx¿ / ljljw ;fdu|L /fVg'sf ;fy} Od]n a'n]l6gdfkm{t dfgjclwsf/ xgg\sf 36gfsf tfhf hfgsf/L / ;DalGwt cGo ultljlwx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 . l;leS6 www.cvict.org.np, dfgjclwsf/ tyf k|hftflGqs cWoog s]Gb| www.cehurdes.org.np cflb ljleGg dfgjclwsf/;Fu ;+a+lwt ;+:yfx¿n] cfcfˆgf] Od]n a'n]l6g tyf j]a;fO6 dfkm{t b]zsf] dfgjcwlsf/sf] l:yltsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbP/ r]tgf hufpg] / k}/jL ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .

;"rgf k|ljlw k|of]u ug]{ cu'jf lhNnf M s+rgk'/

dxfsfnLkfl/ g]kfnsf] bf]wf/frfFbgL uflj;df ;d]t s+rgk'/ lhlj;n] OG6/g]6 k'¥ofO;s]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] ultdf kl5 k/]sf] ;'b"/ klZrdf+rnsf] ;a}eGbf klZrdsf] lhNnf s+rgk'/n] ;'zf;gdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]udf pkTosfaflx/ gd'gf b]vfPsf] 5 . s+rgk'/ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sDKo'6/af6 x'G5 / ;a} sDKo'6/sf] g]6jls{ª ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf tyf uflj;x¿sf] gS;f, ljleGg hfgsf/L, hGd tyf d[To', ljjfx, a;fO;/fO btf{, hUufsf] ljj/0f cflb ljljw hfgsf/L sDKo'6/df /flvPsf] x'gfn] of]hgfx¿ agfpg / gful/sx¿nfO{ ;]jf ;'ne u/fpg ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . dx]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsf / ;a} uflj;sf] g]6jls{ª u/]/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ of]hgf cGtu{t @)%* df3;Dddf cf7 j6f uflj;nfO{ OG6/g]6df hf]l8;s]sf] lyof] . afF8g] / kfpg] cj;/ cfPsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf] ult klg crfgs a9]sf] 5 . clxn]sf] o'udf k/nf]s ;'wfg]{ 1fgn] dfq} afFRg;lsGg . afFRgsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfd, ;Lk / 1fg tyf b}lgs hLjgdf kfng gul/gx'g] s'/fx¿ olt w]/} eO;s] ls ca k':t}gL jf afh]n] gfltnfO{ afa'n] kgfltnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k/Dk/fut 1fgn] afFRg d'l:sn 5 . v]tLkftL, kz'kfng, ahf/, lzIff,:jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, pBf]u Joj;fo cflbsf] If]qdf k/Dk/fut 1fgn] sfd grNg] eO;s]sf] 5 . ljb]zdf efF8f df‰g jf b/afgL ug{ hfg] lbg klg ca w]/} afsL 5}g . ;"rgf, 1fg / ;Lk geO{ ljb]zdf ;fdfGo sfd kfpg klg ufx|f] eO;ssf] 5 . of] l:yltdf ;}s8f ;f7L cgk9 g]kfnLnfO{ k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] cIf/ lrgfP/ lzlIft agfpg w]/} ;do / cs"t ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . of] xfFs ;fdgf ug{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] dfq ;S5 . cfw'lgs dfgj ljsf;sf tLg k|d'v nIf — cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{, ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg] / ;'vdo hLjg — k|fKt ug{ ;"rgf / 1fgsf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 . 1fg / ;"rgf k|;f/, u|x0f, k|zf]wg, ;+sng ug]{ ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ;fwg cfw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] k|bfg u/]sf] x'gfn] clxn]sf] ljsf;sf s'g} klg k|of;, gLlt, of]hgf, kl/of]hgf, cfof]hgf, sfo{qmd cflbdf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ ldNb}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf gePsf] ljsf; kl/of]hgf, ljsf;] ;+:yf tyf sfo{qmdsf] sNkgf klg ug{;lsFb}g . JolQmsf] JolQmTj ljsf;b]lv lnP/ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, eflifs, tyf lzIff, :jf:Yo, ef]hg, ;'/Iffnufot dfgj hLjgsf] nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] u'0f:t/Lo kl/k"lt{sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwn] of]ubfg lbO/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0fb]lv :yfgLo sfo{qmd ;+rfng / ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 .

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dlxnf, afnaflnsf, blnt, pk]lIft ju{x¿dfly x'g] lx+;f cGofo cGofrf/sf] lj/f]w ug]{ / kLl8tx¿sf] p4f/ ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf] kIfdf ck/fw cg';Gwfg / lgoGq0f M gSsnL x:tfIf/, x:tn]vg cflb kQf nufP/ ck/fw lgoGq0f ug]{ sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlw lgSs} cufl8 5 . k|x/L / k|zf;gn] ck/fwL kQfnufpg, ck/fwLx¿sf] kmf]6f] / ;"rgf tTsfn ljZjJofkL ¿kdf km}nfpg / k|df0f k/LIf0f ug]{ sfddf lgSs} pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . a}+sx¿n] klg gSsnL d'b|f / r]sdf ul/Psf] x:tfIf/ hfFRg] sfddf o;sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . cGofosf] lj/f]w M s]xL ;docl3 /f;;sf] ;|f]t pNn]v ub}{ Pp6f ;dfrf/ 5flkPsf] lyof] h;df sf7df8f}F d?6f]nsf l8NnL t'nfw/n] w]/} sfof{nox¿df Od]n k7fP/ aL P08 aL c:ktfnsf] l;sfot u/]sf lyP . Od]ndf pgsL cfdf lrgLlx/fnfO{ ;fdfGo h/f] cfP/ c:ktfndf nu]sf] / ef]ln kN6} s'g} tof/Llagf ltgsf] zNolqmof ul/Pkl5 ltgsf] lgwg ePsf] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . cr]n s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lbg] ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, lghL ;+:yf, :jf:y ;]jf, lzIf0f ;+:yf cflbaf6 s;}dfly cGofo eof] jf ;xL 9+un] ;]jf kfPg eg] kLl8t kIfn] pkef]Qmfsf lxtsf nflu ;+rflnt j]a;fO6x¿ dfkm{t cfˆgf] s'/f :ki6 kfg{;S5 . kLl8t kIfn] Od]naf6 xhf/f}F JolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] sfd g]kfndf klg ;'? eO;s]sf] 5 . s'g} b]zdf kqsf/nfO{

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lzIffsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw M 1fg u|x0f, ;+sng / k|;f/ ug'{ g} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] ;a}eGbf a9L pkof]u lzIff If]qdf x'g' :jefljs / ckl/xfo{;d]t 5 . lzIff / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] s'/f ubf{ b'O6f s'/f Wofgdf /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 M lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / ;"rgf k|ljlw l;sfpg lzIff . ca v]tLkftL, n'uf l;pg], skfn sf6g]h:tf ;fdfGo ljifob]lv lnP/ hl6ntd ljifosf] k9fOdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] x'gfn] k|fylds ljBfnob]lv ljZjljBfno;Dd, sv/f l;Sg]b]lv uxg cg';Gwfg ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tf clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf zx/L If]qsf, vf; u/L lghL ljBfnox¿df sDKo'6/ lzIff clgjfo{h:t} alg;s]sf] 5 . csf]{lt/ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fo, pTkfbg, ;]jf ;+rfng cflb sfdsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL, dWod tyf pRr k|fljlws lzIffsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o;sf] nflu klg g]kfnsf sn] xf] . o;sf] df]n ;f9] b'O{ 8n/ lyof] . rf/ nfveGbf w]/} dflg;x¿n] of] k':ts df]n lt/]/ 8fpgnf]8 u/]sf lyP . t/ pgsf] bf];|f] pkGof; b Knfg]6 Oa'ssf] ¿kdf Tolt ;kmn ePg . Oa's ;kmn eof] eg] n]vsx¿ / kf7sx¿sf] ;f]em} ;Dks{ / n]gb]g x'g] x'gfn] gfd rn]sf n]vsx¿sf] nflu k|sfzssf] cfjZostf gx'g;S5 . Oa'ssf] klxnf] cjwf/0fut 9fFrf !($% df tof/ kl/Psf] lyof] . Tolt a]nf sDKo'6/sf] ljsf; ev{/ ;'? ePsf] lyof] . !(&) sf] bzsdf cd]l/sfsf] :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0fkq, ljlnod ;]S;lko/sf gf6sx¿ cflb dxTjk"0f{ kf7Ø ;fdu|Lsf] sDKo'6/Ls[6 ¿k tof/ kfg{ k|f]h]S6 u'6]gau{ yflnPsf] lyof] . !(() df ;f]gL skf]{/];gn] ;L8L /f]daf6 k':ts k9\g] pks/0f agfPsf] lyof], t/ Tof] ahf/df rn]g . jN8{jfO8j]a ;'? ePkl5 On]S6«f]lgs kf7Ø ;fdu|Lx¿ w]/} ;+Vofdf pknAw x'gyfNof] . !((* df xftdf lnP/ k9\gldNg] klxnf] Oa's pks/0f aGof] . o;df !),))) k[i7 kf7Ø ;fdu|L c6fpFYof] . -;|f]t M dfOqmf];ˆ6 OGsf6f{ OG;fSnf]lkl8of, @))@_ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] Ok':tsfno M cd]l/sf / a]nfotsf ljZjljBfnox¿ / k':tsfnox¿n] cgnfOg k':tsfno cyf{t\ OnfOa|]/L ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . www.fathom.com j]a;fO6df /flvPsf] of] Ok':tsfnodf cgnfOg ;Dks{ u/]kl5 k':tsx¿ x]g{, k9\g, / ;fg{;lsG5 . of] cgnfOg lzIff ;|f]tdf n]Sr/ ;'Gg, n]v, 44

cGtjf{tf{x¿ / k|bz{gx¿ x]g{ tyf lgMz'Ns ;]ldgf/df efu lng ;lsG5 . ;+;f/sf sltko k':tsfnox¿n] sfut/lxt k':tsfnosf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] k':tsfno la|l6; sfplG;nsf] k':tsfnodf klg k]k/n]; nfOa|]/L ;'? ePsf] 5 . lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª / cgnfOg Snf; M g]kfnsf] s'g} sIff sf]7f jf ;ef sIfdf a;]sf ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx¿ jf jQmf / >f]tfx¿ tyf cd]l/sf jf s'g} b]zsf] sIff sf]7f jf ;ef sIfdf a;]sf ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx¿ jf jQmf / >f]tfx¿n] Ps csf]{nfO{ x]g{ / k|Zgf]Q/ ug{;Sg] k|0ffnLnfO{ lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª elgG5 . b"/lzIffsf] nflu of] clt pkof]uL k|ljlw xf] lsgls o;dfkm{t Ps hgf lzIfsn] ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf sltko sIffx¿df Ps} ;dodf n]Sr/ ug{ / ljBfyL{x¿;Fu ;jfn hjfkm ug{;S5 . ljleGg :yfgdf a;]sf a'l4hLjLx¿ tyf kqsf/x¿ / g]tfx¿aLr k|ToIf s'/fsfgL u/fpg] of] lgSs} pkof]uL ;fwg xf] . o;af6 oftfoft / xf]6nx¿df x'g] vr{ hf]luG5 / ;dosf] art x'g] s'/f t 5Fb}5 . g]kfnL efiffdf of]hgf, gLlt, P]g, sfg'g, lgodfjnL, sfo{kqx¿ tyf ljleGg pkof]uL ;fdu|Lx¿ j]a;fO6df /fv]sf 5g\ . j]a;fO6df zAbsf]z / Jofs/0f klg kfOG5 . t/ g]kfnLdf clxn];Dd ;f] k|of; ePsf] 5}g . s'g} klg k':ts cfˆgf] sDKo'6/df 8fpgnf]8 u/]kl5 To;nfO{ rfx]sf] a]nfdf x]g{ / g]6js{dfkm{t c?nfO{ k7fpg;lsG5 . sfutdf 5flkPsf k':tssf] t'ngfdf Oa'ssf w]/} kmfObf 5g\ . sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df Ps} k6sdf w]/} Oa's vf]n]/ pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . n]vs, kqsf/ tyf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] Ps} rf]6L ljZjsf]if, l/kf]6{x¿, sfo{kqx¿, gLlt / P]gsfg'gsf k':tsx¿ sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df vf]n]/ x]g{ / cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf pkof]u ug{ tyf ;Fu;Fu} sDKo'6/df n]Vg Pj+ ;Dkfbg ug{;S5g\ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ emf]nfel/ ux|'Fuf] u/L k':ts af]Sg'kb}{g . ljBfnodf ePsf] sDKo'6/ / g]6js{ pkof]u u/]/ kf7Øk':ts tyf cgluGtL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ /f]hL/f]hL pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . OG6/g]6df pknAw Oa'sx¿ s'g} lgMz'Ns 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsG5 eg] s'g} k};f lt/]/ dfq pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k':ts 5fKg gkg]{ x'gfn] k|sfzssf] vr{ klg hf]luG5 . n]vsx¿n] ;lhn};Fu cfˆgf] s[lt OG6/g]6df /fVg;S5g\ . gjf]lbt n]vsx¿sf nflu of] yk ;'ljwf xf] . Oa'ss} nflu ljz]if vfnsf] sDKo'6/ klg ag]sf] 5 . of] sDKo'6/ lstfah:t} cfsf/sf] xNsf x'G5 . of] pks/0f af]s] kl5 emf]nfel/ lstfa af]Sg'kb}{g . o;nfO{ OG6/g]6df hf]8]/ rfx]sf] j]a;fO6 x]/]/ k':ts jf cg';Gwfg ;fdu|L vf]Hg ;lsG5 . cgnfOg k':ts k9\g klg ;lsG5 / OG6/g]6af6 k':ts 8fpgnf]8 u/]/ ;'/lIft u/L rfx]sf] a]nfdf k9\g klg ;lsG5 . o;df ;}s8f}F k':ts c6fpF5 ;fy} o;df Pp6f zAbsf]z klg x'G5 . o;sf] kfgf kN6fpg' kb}{g . lSns ug]{ lalQs} s'g} klg k]h jf ljifodf t'?Gt} k'luG5 . Oa'ssf sdhf]/ kIfx¿ klg 5g\ . w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df k9g ufx|f] nfUg;S5 . kf7Ø ;fdu|LnfO{ l8lh6n ¿kdf 9fn]/ k|bz{g ug]{ / 8fpgnf]8 ug]{ k|ljlw, ;ˆ6j]o/ rfF8}rfF8} km]l/g;S5 . gofFgofF sDKo'6/df k'/fgf] ;ˆ6j]o/ gx'g;S5 . Oa'ssf] df]n, n]vs:j, kf7Ø;fdu|L rf]l/g] tyf ;ˆ6j]o/sf] :t/Lo dfgssf] cefj cflb sf/0fn] 7"nf k|sfzsx¿n] Oa's k|sfzg ug{ Tolt w]/} rf;f] b]vfPsf 5}gg\ . pkGof;sf/ :6]kmg ls+u cfkm}n] dfr{ @)))df Oa'ssf] ¿kdf k|sfzg u/]sf] pkGof; /fOl8ª b a'n]6 Ps} k6s

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em08} bz j6f sDkgLx¿n] hd{gL, g]b/Nof08, k|mfG;, hfkfg, cd]l/sf, a]nfot nufotsf b]zx¿df ;ˆ6j]o/ / d]l8sn 6«fG;lqmK;g tof/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf lgdf{0f ul/Psf ;ˆ6j]o/ c?lt/sf] t'ngfdf () k|ltzt;Dd ;:tf / …OSj]NnL u'8Ú ePsf sf/0f o:tf] pBddf nufgL ug{ ljb]zLx¿ pT;'s x'Fbfx'Fb} klg s/ 5'6 gePsf sf/0f To:tf] sfg'g kv]{/ a;]sf 5g\ . sf]7fdf sDKo'6/ /fv]/ l;w} ;ˆ6j]o/ lgof{t ug]{ JolQmx¿n] ljlwjt btf{ ePsf sDkgL a/fa/s} sf/f]af/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . OG6/g]6af6 k7fOPsf] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] /]s8{ gx'g] x'Fbf s;n] slt …pTkfbgÚ k7fof] / To;afkt slt /sd k|fKt x'G5 eg]/ df]6fdf]6L cg'dfg dfq} ug{;lsG5 . ljb]zLn] lt/]sf] k};f g]kfnL sDkgLx¿n] ljb]zL a}+sdf / fVg] jf To;sf] ;§fdf dfn;fdfg lemsfpg] ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . ev{/} cfPsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw P]gn] -ljw]os <_ ;ˆ6j]o/nfO{ lgof{tof]Uo a:t'sf] ;"rLdf /fvL )=% k|ltzt eG;f/ z'Ns tf]s]sf] 5 . o;n] sDkgLnfO{ s/ 5Ngaf6 /f]Sg;S5 t/ JolQmnfO{ eg] c;/ kfg{;Sb}g . —uf}/j/fh pkfWofo, lxdfn va/ klqsf, ! – !% df3, @)%& 5nkmn ug]{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpF5 . of] j]a;fO6 :jf:Yo;+a+wL ljljw ;"rgf / 1fgsf] e08f/ g} xf] . o:tf 6]lnd]l8l;g;+a+wL cg]sf}F j]a;fO6 / kf]6{nx¿ OG6/g]6df e]§fpg;lsG5 .

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æd]l;gn] k9\g, ;Rofpg tyf ;Dkfbg ug{] u/L d]l;gleq /flvPsf] jf l/s8{ ul/Psf] lgb]{zg, tYof+s, Wjlg jf lrq g} ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . o;cGtu{t s'g} a:t' jf ;]jfsf] cfjZostf– ljZn]if0f, ;+:yf jf pBf]u Joj;fosf] Joj:yfkg jf k|0ffnLsf] uxg ljZn]if0f, k|0ffnL l8hfOlgª, ;f+s]lts juL{s/0f -sf]l8ª_, k/LIf0f, clen]vg, Kofs]lhª, u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf sfof{Gjog h:tf pk– k|lqmofx¿ k5{g\ . ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbgsf ljljw sfd cGtu{t Kofs]h ul/Psf ;ˆ6j]o/x¿, s;}sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ag]sf -6]n/d]8_ ;ˆ6j]o/ tyf sDKo'6/;Fu} cfPsf -ODa]8]8_ ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ 3/]n' tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df a]Rgsf] nflu ;'wf/ jf ljsf; ug]{ sfd klg k5{ . ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pkof]u u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d"Nodf clej[l4 ug'{ g} ;ˆ6j]o/ k|of]u jf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;]jf xf] . 8]6f OG6«L, l8lh6fOh]zg, d]l8sn 6«fG;lqmK;g, sn ;]G6/, j]a sG6]G6 l8hfOg nufotsf s'/f ;"rgf k|ljlw ;]jf;Fu ufFl;Psf 5g\ .Æ — ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt tyf /0fgLlt;+a+wL sfo{kqx¿, /f=of]=cfof]u, af6 . ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]un] ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbg tyf k|of]u b'a}nfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . of] pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt a:t' lgof{t ug{ ef}lts oftfoft rflxFb}g . ljb]zL d'b|f sdfpg / /f]huf/L lbnfpg clxn] of] pBf]un] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb}5 . of] pBf]un] jftfj/0f ljgfz ub}{g . ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbg pBf]usf nflu cToGt bIf hgzlQm rflxG5 . g]kfndf lghL If]qn] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf; tyf k|of]usf] If]qdf k|j]z u¥of] / ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ;"rgf k|ljlwhGo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Jofkf/, tflnd, 8]:s6k k|sfzg, j]a k|sfzg, ;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf;, ;Nnfxsf/ ;]jf h:tf Joj;fox¿ lgs} km:6fP . l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf g]kfnn] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] lgsf;L lgSs} klxn] yfn]sf] lyof] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno / g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fnfO{ ;3fpg ljZj a}ª\sn] ;g\ !((* df ;"rgf

OG6/g]6 ;]jf / ;fOa/ Sofkm]

g]kfndf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof Psb]lv 8]9 nfv k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Ohfht kfPsf !* j6f cfOP;kLx¿dWo] !% j6fn] of] ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] /fhwfgLaflx/ klg eL:of6sf] dbtn] of] ;]jf pknAw u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] OG6/g]6 u|fxs -Psfp06 xf]N8/_ ;+Vof @% xhf/ gfl3;s]sf] 5 . Ps hgf u|fxssf] kf;j8{af6 w]/}n] OG6/g]6 k|of]u ug]{ / ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿n] klg u|fxsx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6 pkof]u u/]sf] ;dosf] lx;fan] z'Ns lnP/ ;]jf lbg] x'gfn] OG6/g]6 pkof]u stf{sf] ;+Vof 8]9 nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] xf] . clxn] OG6/g]6sf] u|fxs z'Ns c;Lldt -cglnld6]8_ pkof]usf] nflu jif{sf] bzxhf/ ¿k}ofFsf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5 . 47

Sofd/fb]lv lnP/ cfˆgf] 3/v]t;d]t OG6/g]6dfkm{t laqmL ug{ j]a;fO6df /fVg;S5 . Osd;{df ;fdfg / ;]jf pTkfbs tyf pkef]QmfaLr ;f]em} ;Dks{ / sf/f]af/ x'g] x'gfn] aLrsf Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{ gfkmf jf sld;g Vjfpg' kb{}g . lj1fkg vr{ sd x'G5 . 3/ axfn / oftfoftsf] vr{ x'Fb}g . kmn:j¿k ;fdfg / ;]jfsf] df]n sd x'G5 . uLt, rnlrq, tyf cGo ;]jf cflb cef}lts a:t'x¿ t'?Gt} u|fxs;dIf k'¥ofpg;lsG5 . s[ifs tyf ;fgf sn ;]G6/ Joj;fodf csf]{ 7"nf] vt/f k|ljlwsf] ljsf; xf] . ef]ln af]n]sf] s'/f n]Vg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePkl5 tyf oftfoft, a}Fs lx;fa, ahf/ efpm cflbaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] sfd ldl;gn] g} :jrflnt ¿kdf ug{ yfn]kl5 ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf sn ;]g6/x¿sf] pkof]u ug'{gkg]{ cj:yf cfpg;S5 .

clxn] /fhwfgL aflx/sf 7"nf, vf; u/L t/fO e]ssf, zx/x¿df u|fxsx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/, Od]n, OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwf lbg] s]Gb|, ;"rgf s]Gb| jf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿ w]/} ;+Vofdf v'n]sf 5g\ . k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ z'Ns klg 36]/ em08} @) ¿k}ofF k|lt306f ePsf] 5 . sltko ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿ / 7"nf sfof{nox¿n] cfOP;kLx¿af6 lnh nfOg lnP/ OG6/g]6 rnfO/x]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] sfof{nodf cljlR5Gg OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pknAw 5 .

sn ;]G6/

sn ;]G6/ g]kfndf km:6fO/x]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fo xf] . sn ;]G6/df ljb]z, vf; u/L cd]l/sf / o'/f]kaf6 s'g} sfd ug]{, ;"rgf jf ;]jf lbg] cg'/f]w jf cfb]z k|Kt x'G5 / oxfFsf] sDkgLn] cfb]zcg';f/sf] sfd ul/lbP afkt k};f kfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, cd]l/sfdf s;}nfO{ xjfOhxfhsf] ofqfsf] ;do tflnsf rflxof] eg] p;n] ;+a+lwt xjfOhxfg sDkgLdf kmf]g u5{ jf Od]n k7fpF5 . cd]l/sfdf To:tf] ;f]wk'5sf] hjfkm lbgsf] nflu ToxLFsf] dflg;nfO{ hflu/ lbP/ /fVg' eGbf g]kfnh:tf] ;:tf] hgzlQm kfOg] b]zsf] s'g} sDkgLnfO{ To:tf ;f]wk'5sf] hjfkm lbg] lhDdf lbg' w]/} ;:tf] k5{ . To;}n] To:tf hfgsf/L vf]Hg] ;f]wk'5– kmf]gsn jf Od]nsf] hjfkm g]kfns} sDkgLn] lbG5 . o;afkt g]kfnsf] sn ;]G6/n] xjfOhxfh sDkgLaf6 k};f kfpF5 . yf]/} zAbdf eGg'kbf{ sn ;]G6/sf] sfd ;d'b|kf/Lsf sDkgLx¿sf] nflu g]kfnaf6 ul/g] ;]jf xf] . o;sf] nflu dWod bhf{sf] hgzlQm eP k'U5 . hLkLP; ;]jfdf k[YjLeGbf !! xhf/ dfOndfly l:yt e"pku|xn] zx/ tyf a:tLdf /x]sf l/l;e/x¿nfO{ ;+s]t k7fpF5 . kfNt' ufO{a:t', s's'/ la/fnf jf uf8L cflb bfdL ;fdfgdf em08} %) u|fd tf}nsf] ;]G;/ pks/0f h8fg ul/G5 . ;]G;/ pks/0fnfO{ z/L/leq h8fg ug'{ kb}g 3fF6Ldf em'08ØfO lbP k'U5 . df]afOn kmf]g;Fu kmf]gsf] 6fj/n] 6]lnkmf]g l;Ugn k|;f/ u/]em}F ;]G;/n] k|;f/ u/]sf] l;Ugn l/l;e/ 6fj/n] u|x0f u/]/ :of6]nfO6df k7fO/xG5 . ;]G;/n] k7fPsf] ;+s]tsf] ;do / lbzfsf] cfwf/df :of6]nfO6n] u|xssnfO{ kfNt' hLjhGt' / uf8L sxfF 5 eGg] ;xL hfgsf/L lbG5 . clxn] o;sf] k|of]u s]6fs]6Lx¿, j[4j[4f tyf dfgl;s cj:yf l7s gePsf dflg;x¿sf] nflu klg ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . of] ;]jf k|bfg u/]afkt ;]sdn] s's'/ kfns u|fxsx¿af6 btf{z'Ns $# 8n/ / dfl;s z'Ns & 8n/ lnG5 . s's'/ x/fP/ ;f]wk'5 ubf{ k|lt ;f]wk'5sf] @ 8n/ lnG5 .

6]lnjs{ M 3/af6 clkm;sf] sfd

sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 3/d} jf sDKo'6/ ePsf] 7fpFdf -js{:6];g_ a;]/ sfd u/fpg] k|0ffnLnfO{ cgnfOg js{, OsDo'6, 6]lnsDo'6, 6]lnjs{ cflb ljleGg gfd lbOsf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo kmfObf uf8L r9]/ clkm;df hfFbf cfpFbf nfUg] vr{ / ;do, jftfj/0fdf t]n / w'jfFn] x'g] k|b"if0f 36fpF5 . ;fy} clkm;sf] axfn / ;+rfng vr{ sd x'G5 . cgsn ;kf]6{ vf]Hg]x¿n] l56f] ;]jf kfpF5g\ . k'm;{tsf] ;do a9\5 . cf/fd;fy sfd ug{;lsG5 . lrGtf / wk]8L sd x'G5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿df 6]lnjs{sf] k|rng lgs} al9/x]sf] 5 . lgoldt hflu/]x¿ klg 3/df a;La;L clkm;sf] sfd ug{yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfnh:tf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf sf/0fn] w]/} x8tfn / aGb eO/xg] 7fpFdf 6]lnjls{ª lgs} pkof]uL b]lvG5 . 6]lnsDo'6sf nflu ;fdfGotof sDKo'6/ / cfjZos ;ˆ6j]o/, df]8]d / 6]lnkmf]g nfOg, / ;+rf/ ;'ljwf rflxG5 . 6]lnsDo'6 cN5L nfu]/ ckgfOg] k|0ffnL xf]Og . o;df lgDg s'/f x'g'k5{ M lbOPsf] sfd ;dodf k"/f x'g'k5{ / k|efjsf/L 9+un] x'g'k5{ . 3/df a;]sf] sd{rf/L sfdsf] a]nfdf pknAw x'g'k5{ jf cgsn ;]jf vf]Hg]n] tTsfn ;]jf kfpg'k5{ . 3/df klg clkm;df h:t} k"/f ;do lbg'k5{ . ;fdfGotof clkm; / 3/aLr lgSs} b"/L x'g'k5{ .

hLkLP; M x/fPsf] s's'/b]lv ufl8;Dd vf]Hg ;xfos

agdf rg{ uPsf] ufO{ x/fof] ls < 3/df kfn]sf] s's'/ la/fnf] sxfF uof] < kfs{ ul//fv]sf] sf/ s;n] nUof] < oL s'/fsf] hjfkm vf]Hg hf]vgf x]/fpg hf]ltif jf wfdL emfFqmLsxfF hfg' kb}{g ca . hLkLP; cyf{t\ Unf]an kf]lh;lgª l;:6daf6 ca x/fPsf] s'g} klg a:t' t'?Gt} kQf nufpg ;lsg] ePsf]5 . hfkfgsf] clkm; tyf 3/df ;'/Iff ;]jf lbg] sDkgL ;]sdn] :of6]nfO6sf ;xfotfn] rNg] hLkLP; k|0ffnL nfu" u/]/ cfˆgf u|fxsx¿sf] x/Psf] kfNt' hfgj/ b]lv bfdL dfn;fdfg kQf nufP/ pgLx¿sf] lrGtf x6fOlbg] ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] 5 . /sd :yfgfGt/0f ug{', 8«fˆ6 agfpg', 6«fen;{ r]s vl/b laqmL ug'{ tyf cGo k|sf/sf a}+lsª sf/f]af/ ug'{ xf] . g]kfnsf sltko a}+sx¿n] u|fxsx¿nfO{ a}+sdf wfpg' gkg]{ u/L Oa}+lsª jf OG6/g]6af6 a}+lsª sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;'ljwf lbg yfn]sf 5g\ . t/ pko'Qm sfg'g / k"jf{wf/sf] ckof{Kttfn] ubf{ Oa}+lsª clxn] k|f/lDes cj:yfd} 5 .

pBf]u Jofkf/sf] If]qdf Osd;{÷ljB'tLo Jofkf/ Osd;{ cyf{t\ On]S6«f]lgs Jofkf/ OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ul/g] cfly{s sf/f]af/ xf] . o;af6 ljleGg dfn ;fdfg / cef}lts ;]jfsf] vl/blaqmL ug{;lsG5 . Osd;{df j]a;fO6df dfn ;fdfg, tyf ;]jfx¿sf] u'0f:t/, df]n / cGo ljj/0f cIf/, lrq jf rnlrqsf] ¿kdf lbOG5 / To;nfO{ x]/]/ OR5's u|fxsn] OG6/g]6af6} ;f] ;fdfg jf ;]jf vl/b ug{ c8{/ lbg;S5 . u|fxsn] a}+ssf] sf8{ k|of]u u/]/ e'QmfgL u5{ / ljqm]tfn] pko'Qm dfWod jf ;fwgaf6 dfn;fdfg u|fxssxfF k'¥ofpF5 . rnlrq, uLt, ;+uLt, l6s6 a'lsª ug]{, jf cGo dgf]/+hsf ;]jf, Oa's, ;"rgf ;]jf, sn;]G6/, ladf, sfg'gL ;]jf, 3/hUuf lsga]rsf] bnfnL cflb cef}lts a:t' jf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] / e'QmfgL ug]{ sfd OG6/g]6af6} ;DkGg x'G5 . s'g} klg JolQm Pp6f sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwfsf] cfwf/df cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/L aGg;S5 . p;n] cfkm";Fu ePsf] t/ cfkm"nfO{ sfd gnfUg] lstfa, sDKo'6/,

O;lkª÷;fOa/ k;n g]kfndf klg k;ndf guOsg k;ndf ePsf ;fdfg /f]hL/f]hL lsGg] Osf8{ jf a}+ssf] qm]l86 sf8{af6 k};f ltg]{ / ;fdfg 3/ jf sfof{nod} a'lemlng] O;lkª ;'? ePsf] s]xL jif{ 48

bafa k/]/ wgL /fi6«x¿n] o;df c+s"z gnufpnfg\ eGg ;lsFb}g . ctM o;n] ljZjdf JofKt wgL / ul/a b]zx¿aLrsf] vf8n 36fpF5 ls a9fpF5 eGg] s'/f clxn] g} lglZrt ¿kdf eGg;lsGg . t} klg clxn] o;n] g]kfnh:tf ljkGg b]zx¿sf nflu ljZjahf/df Jofkf/ ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o'Pg8LkLn] ufpF gu/ ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdcGtu{t g]kfnsf s]xL lhNnfdf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿nfO{ j]a;fO6 agfOlbP/ Osd;{nfO{ a9fpg ;3fO/x]sf] 5 .

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;fy} pgLx¿ ljZj;gLo x'g'k5{ . o:tf dWo:yx¿ ljBfno, Sna, u};;h:tf :yflkt ;+:yfx¿sf] cu'jfOdf :yfkgf ug{ klg ;lsG5 . uflj;h:tf hglgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/n] klg ;+rfng ug{;S5g\ . x'nfs, 6]lnkmf]g sfof{no, kL;Lcf]x¿n] klg dWo:ysf] e"ldsf v]Ng;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'u]sf] x'nfsdf Ps b'O{ j6f sDKo'6/ /fv]/ dfl;s jf k6s] z'Ns lnP/ ;}of}F JolQmnfO{ Od]n Psfp06 ;+rfng ug]{ ;'ljwf lbg;lsG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw eg]s} sNkgfzLn dl:tissf] pkh ePsf] x'Fbf ;lqmo, l;h{gzLn lbdfun] :yfgLo cfjZostf / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df gofFgofF ;]jf ;+rfng ug{;S5 .

dWo:yx¿sf] e"ldsf g]kfndf ufpFufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg kL;Lcf] k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] 5 h;cg';f/ ufpFdf s;}sf] kmf]g cfof] eg] p;nfO{ af]nfOlbg] / s;}n] kmf]g ug'{k¥of] eg] kL;Lcf]df cfP/ kmf]g ug]{ ul/G5 . of] k|0ffnL g]kfndf ;kmn b]lvPsf] 5 . o:t} Joj:yf ;"rgf k|ljlw cfdhgtf;Dd k'¥ofpgsf nflu klg ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn] zx/L If]qdf ;fOa/Sofkm]dfkm{t cfdpkef]Qmfx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] k|0ffnLnfO{ dWo:ytf k|0ffnL eGg;lsG5 . cfdhgtf;Dd ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L sDKo'6/ / Od]n ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg s:tf] vfnsf] dWo:y k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s'/f cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo x'g;S5 . t}klg c? b]zsf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df dWo:yx¿sf] ljz]iftf / s]xL ;+efljt 9fFrfx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug'{ a]; xf]nf . o:tf dWo:yx¿ ;s];Dd :yfgLo x'g'k5{ . :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfly{s cj:yfn] wfGg;Sg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . hgtfsf] cfjZostf k"/fug]{ / cfjZostf a'‰g;Sg] x'g'k5{ .

6]ln;]G6/ M uf“pn]nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf;zLn b]zsf clwsf+z hgtf cfkm}n] sDKo'6/ /fv]/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . vf; u/L ufpFdf a:g], ul/a / c+u|]hL k9g n]Vg g;Sg] dflg;x¿n] clxn] OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug]{ ;Defjgf b]lvFb}g . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nfeaf6 6f9f /fVg' jf j+lrt ug'{ cGofo xf] . clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L OG6/g]6nfO{, ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df cfdhgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg] k|efjsf/L dfWodsf] ¿kdf 6]ln;]G6/ pkof]uL dfGg yflnPsf] 5 . o;af6 ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g ;+rfng ub}{ yf]/} ;dod} w]/}nfO{ ;+rf/ ;'ljwf lbg;lsG5 . o;/L s'g} ;d'bfo jf ufpFnfO{ cfw'lgs ;+rf/ ;'ljwf lbg] pkfonfO{ ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ s]Gb| jf 6]ln;]G6/ klg eGg] ul/G5 . 6]ln;]G6/ ljsf;zLn b]zsf ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] / o;af6 nfe lbnfpg] pkfo xf] . 6]ln;]G6/ o:tf] s]Gb| xf] hxfF sDKo'6/, 6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;, /]l8of] cflb ;+rf/sf] ljleGg ;'ljwf pknAw x'G5 . ToxfF ufpFn]x¿n] 6]lnkmf]gsf ;fy} ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw, vf; u/L OG6/g]6sf] ;/n tyf ;'ljwfhgs 9+un] pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . o;df b"/lzIff klg ;dfj]z x'g;S5 . clzlIft tyf sDKo'6/ rnfpg ghfGg] dflg;n] klg sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvg] lrqsf] cfwf/df cfkm}n] sDKo'6/ rnfP/ jf s;}sf] dbtn] cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] hfgsf/L lng, ljb]zdf a;]sf cfkmGtx¿;Fu kqfrf/ s'/fsfgL ug{;S5 . o;sf] nflu p;n] clnslt z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . ufpFn]x¿nfO{ of] k|ljlw pkof]u ug{ cEo:t agfpgsf nflu st} st} of] ;]jf l;Q}df klg pknAw u/fOPsf] x'G5 .

cfd hgtfsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw

>Ln+sfsf] sf]6dn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df /]l8of] / OG6/g]6sf] kx'FrnfO{ ld;fOPsf] 5 . >f]tfx¿n] kmf]g u/]/ jf lr7L k7fP/ u/]sf] k|Zg jf cg'/f]wcg';f/sf] hgsf/L /]l8of] sfo{qmd k|:t'tstf{n] j]a;fO6df x]/]/ >f]tfx¿nfO{ rflxg] ;"rgf /]l8of]dfkm{t k|;f/0f u5{g\ . j]a;fO6df ePsf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ufpFn]n] a'‰g] u/L JofVof ug]{ sfddf jlsn, 8fS6/ cflb ljz]if1x¿sf] dbt lnOG5 . ;fGble{s :yfgLo ljifoj:t' s;/L pknAw u/fpg] eGg] s'/fsf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f kf]08]r]/Ldf rnfOPsf] ;"rgf k;n OGkmf];k xf] . k/LIf0fsfndf :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ s]s:tf hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf cfjZos x'G5g\ egL klxrfg ul/;s]kl5 ufpFsf :jo+;]jsx¿n] :yfgLo 8]6fa]; jf ;"rgf e08f/ tof/ kf/] . To;df sd cfDbfgL x'g] ufpFn] u[x:ysf nflu ;/sf/n] ;+rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmdaf/] hfgsf/L, s[lifsf nflu rflxg] dn tyf lapsf] efpm, ljleGg ahf/df cgfhsf] efpm, afnLsf] ladf / kl/jf/ ljdf of]hgfx¿af/] hfgsf/L, wfg / pv' afnLnfO{ ls/faf6 hf]ufpg] of]hgf, c:ktfn, 8fS6/, kz'lrlsT;sx¿ / ljz]if1x¿sf] kmf]g 8fO/]S6/L, /]n / a;sf] ;do tflnsf, kz':jf:Yo, tyf kz'kfngaf/] hfgsf/L /flvPsf lyP . 6]ln;]G6/ pkof]uL agfpgsf nflu /fVg'kg]{ s]xL ljifoj:t' M • ;/sf/L ;]jf, ;'ljwf, of]hgf cflbaf/] hfgsf/L . • hGd, d[To' btf{ ug]{ ;'ljwf . • hg;+Vof, s[lif pTkfbg, l;+rfO, lzIff, of]hgf OToflb ;a} k|sf/sf tYof+s / lg/Gt/ gjLs/0f . • ljb]zdf /f]huf/L, ;]gfdf etL{, ;/sf/L hflu/af/] hfgsf/L . • ljb]zaf6 jf zx/af6 ufpFdf k};f k7fpg] Joj:yf . • s[lif ahf/, pTkfbg a]rlavg, k/Dk/fut tyf gofF k|ljlw, lap, dn, ahf/ efpm, df};d, s[ifssf cGo cfjZostfx¿af/] hfgsf/L . • zx/ ahf/, ljb]zdf lzIffsf] cj;/af/] hfgsf/L . • ufpFsf] jflif{s tyf k+rjifL{o ;/sf/L, :yfgLo of]hgf / ah]6sf] hfgsf/L .

cWofo (

cfdhgtfsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw

g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltn] ;g\ @)!) ;Dd ;a}sf] nflu sDKo'6/ lzIff eGg] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df clt dxTjfsf+IfL /0fgLlt th'{df u/]tf klg o;leq lglxt p2]Zo cfdhgtfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nfe lng;Sg] t'Nofpg' xf] eGg] s'/f emlNsG5 . ;/sf/n] bzf}F k+rjifL{o of]hgfdf !%))) dflg;nfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIff lbg] nIf /fvL sfd ;'? ul/;s]sf] 5 g]kfndf cfdhgtf ;dIf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kxF'r guGo 5 / o;sf] d"n sf/0f b"/;+rf/sf] k"jf{wf/sf] cefj ;fy} r]tgf / lzIffsf] sdL xf] eGg] s'/f af/+af/ pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . of] l:yltdf ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ sDKo'6/ rnfpg l;sfpg ;lsFb}g g t ;a}sf] 3/3/df sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . t/ cfd hgtfnfO{ of] k|ljlwaf6 nfeflGjt u/fpg cGo pkfox¿ 5g\, h;sf] k|of]u g]kfnh:tf ljkGg / sd lzlIft hgtf a:g] b]zx¿df eOx/sf] 53

• kf7Ø, >Jo tyf rnlrqdf lg/If/n] klg a'‰g ;Sg] u/L 8]6fa]; :yfkgf / ;+rfng . • oftfoft, a;sf] ;do tflnsf . • dxTjk"0f{ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ . ljleGg ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ljleGg df]8]nsf 6]ln;]G6/x¿sf] k/LIf0f tyf pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . st} o;nfO{ 6]ln;]G6/, st} ;fOa/ Sofkm] t st} ;fOa/ lsof]:s gfd lbOPsf] 5 . sltko ;kmn ePsf 5g\, sltko Jofkfl/s lx;fan] 3f6fdf rn]sf 5g\ . s]xL t ko{6sx¿sf] nflu dfq} pkof]u eO/x]sf 5g\ . 6]ln;]G6/x¿ s'g} ;fgf / lghL Joj;foLn] rnfPsf 5g\ eg] s'g} kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ;xfotfaf6 rn]sf 5g\ . lghL Joj;foLn] rnfPsf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ gfkmf x'g] jf vr{ wfGg ;lsg] 7fpFdf Jofkfl/s lx;fan] rnfOPsf x'gfn] ltgLx¿ ;DkGg o'jf u|xsx¿sf] kx'Frdf eP klg vf; ufpFn] hgtfsf] cfly{s tyf ef}lts kx'Fraflx/ 5g\ . ltgn] pknAw u/fpg] ljifj:t' klg :yfgLo cfjZostfcg';f/sf x'Fb}gg\ . o;sf] ljk/Lt, aflx/L ;xfotfaf6 rnfOPsf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ cfly{s ¿kn] k|foM lbuf] geP klg ufpFsf ul/a ;d'bfosf nflu pkof]uL b]lvPsf 5g\ . ljsf;] ;+:yfåf/f jf ltgsf] dbtn] rnfOPsf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ a9L ul/a / kfvfk/]sf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ nlIft ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ;fy} ltgn] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ rflxg] ljifoj:t', tflnd, ;Lk, ;fdflhs tyf :jf:Yo / lzIff ;]jf cflbdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . o;sf] ljk/Lt gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zon] rnfOPsf Jofj;flos 6]ln;]G6/ tyf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿sf] k|efj u|fdL0f If]qdf gx'g' :jfefljs xf] lsgls ufpFdf gfkmf x'Fb}g . ljBfno tyf SofDk;x¿n] klg 6]ln;]G6/ rnfPsf b]lvG5g\ . ljBfno ejgdf / ToxLFsf lzIfs, ljBfyL{ jf sd{rf/Lx¿af6 rnfOg] x'gfn] o;sf] ;+rfngdf sd vr{ nfU5 . ;fy} ljBfnon] kf7Øqmddf ;"rgf k|ljlw ljifo ;dfj]z u/]/ yk ;]jf k|bfg ug{;S5 . sd vr{df tflnd rnfpg;lsG5 . t/ o:tf 6]ln;]G6/x¿n] ufpFn]x¿sf nflu cfˆgf] 9f]sf vf]Ng] pbf/tf b]vfpg' k5{ . ;d'bfo;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ tyf :yfgLo hgtfsf nflu pkof]uL tyf ;fGble{s ljifoj:t' pknAw u/fpgdf Wofg lbg' k5{ . lbuf]kg, ;:tf] / k|efjsfl/tfsf] lx;fan] ;d'bfo / ljBfnosf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df ;+rflnt 6]ln;]G6/x¿ a9L k|efjsf/L x'g;S5g\ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ cfdhgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg] / pgLx¿sf] lxtdf pkof]u ug]{ w]/} pkfox¿ 5g\ . sfd / p2]Zo x]/]/ ljleGg tl/sf ljleGg sfddf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ToxL tl/sf a9L ;kmn x'G5 h;df :yfgLo ljifoj:t' w]/} x'G5 , ax';+Vos lg/If/ / ul/a hgtfsf nflu klg rflxg], pgLx¿sf] ?lr / cfjZostf ;+u d]n vfg] / pgLx¿s} efiffdf ljifo j:t' x'G5 . eg]/ 8/fpg' kb}{g . rfx]sf] ;dodf OG6/g]6af6 ;dfrf/ ;'Gg;S5g\ . To:t} g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt x'g] sltko g]kfnL / c+u|]hL efiffsf b}lgs / ;fKtflxs cvaf/x¿ OG6/g]6 dfkm{t ljZjel/ k9g ;lsG5 . oxL k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ b'u{d ufpFx¿df ;+rfng ul/g] 6]ln;]G6/, cl8of] 6fj/, ;"rgf s]Gb| cflbdfkm{t ufpFn]x¿n] klg cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;"rgf / 1fg vf]Hg, kfpg, / pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] kfn' df ;+rflnt ;"rgf k|ljlw kl/of]hgfn] o'jfx nfO{ cfkm\gf] / ufpFsf] eljiosf] af/]df 5nkmn ug{ / of]hgf agfpg nufpg] ;Defjgf b]vfPsf] 5 .

ljZjel/sf o'jfx nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ul7t ljZjJofkL OG6/g]6 o'jf d~r Dof08]6 km/ b km\o'r/ / jN8{Eo' OG6/ g];gn ldn]/ gjnk/f;Ldf b'O6f, bf8=, w'lnv]n / kfn' df PsPs 7fpFdf OG6/g]6o'Qm ;+rf/ s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ lgwf] u/] . kfn' df klxn]b]lv ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ sfo{qmdn] ;fd'bflos >j0f s]Gb| -cl8of] 6fj/_ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] x'gfn] kfn' o;sf nflu lgSs} pko'Qm lyof] . of] sfo{qmdsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf s] 5 eg] o;df k|ljlwnfO{ ;fwgsf] kdf dfq pkof]u ul/G5 . k|ljlwnfO{ s] sfddf nufpg] eGg] lg0f{o ;d'bfon] g} u5{ . ;j{k|yd ljleGg 7fpFsf o'jfx nfO{ e]nf u/fP/ 5nkmn rnfOof] . sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df kx'Fr ePkl5 s]s] sfd ug{;lsG5 eGg] 5nkmn eof] . ;d'bfosf] lxtdf sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 egL hfg]kl5 ca cfcfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] nflu s'gs'g sfd ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ / sfo{qmd agfpg] lhDdf klg o'jfx s} lyof] . pgLx nfO{ s;}n] klg ;d'bfosf] enfOsf] nflu of] sfd ug'{k5{ eg]/ nfb]gg\ . ;d'bfosf] eljio / b}lgs hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ s'/fx s]s] x'g\ . ;+rf/n] o;df s] k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/fx ;d'bfosf o'jfx n] cl8of] 6fj/ rnfpFbfb]lv g} cg'ej ug{ yln;s]sf lyP . ;dfhsf cu'jf tyf k|f}9x ;Fu ;d'bfosf nflu dxTjk"0f{ / lg0ff{os s'/fx df o'jfx n] ;+jfb rnfpg] of] dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ lyof] . ;/;kmfOb]lv s[lif, lzIff, ehg, uLt, gf6s, rnlrq cflb ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / dgf]/+hgfTd ;fdu|L . dtbftf gfdfjnL . hUuf hldg / dfnkf]tsf] nut tyf lt/f] ltg]{ Joj:yf . vfg]kfgL lah'nL cflbsf] dx;'n ltg]{ Joj:yf .

u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb|;+a+wL ;/sf/L of]hgf

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] bzf}F of]hgf cjlwel/df b]zsf ljleGg ufpFdf kGw|;o u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb| vf]Ng] nIf /fv]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr ;j{;fwf/0f;Dd k'¥ofO{ o;sf] dfWodaf6 /f]huf/L a9fpg], 1fgdf cfwfl/t Joj;fo a9fpg], s[lif ahf/ la:tf/ ug]{ cflb p2]Zon] oL s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug{ nfluPsf x'g\ . k|To]s s]Gb|df b'O6f sDKo'6/, b'O6f l8lh6n Sofd/f, Pp6f :Sofg/, Pp6f lk|G6/, Pp6f kmf]6f]skL d]l;g, Pp6f ˆofS; d]l;g / Ps nfOg 6]lnkmf]g x'g]5 . oxfF /flvg] sDKo'6/df g]kfnL lnlk / g]kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 . o;n] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ Od]n, OG6/g]6, 6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;sf] ;'ljwf lbg]5 . ;'?df afSnf] a:tL ePsf] / 6]lnkmf]g / lah'nLsf] ;'ljwf k'u]sf ufpFdf o:tf s]Gb|x¿ vf]lng]5g\ . ;f] kl/of]hgfsf] k/LIf0f sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] o'Pgl8kLsf] ;xof]udf …ljsf;sf nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwÚ cu'jf kl/of]hgf ;+rfng ub}{5 . of] kl/of]hgf cf]vn9'+uf, ;'g;/L, kj{t, 8f]6L, bfª, 88]Nw'/f, g'jfsf]6, c5fd / a}t8L u/L gf} lhNnfsf !% uflj;df nfu" ul/g] 5 . s]Gb|sf] ;+rfng tLg ;b:oLo ;"rgf kl/rfng ;dGjo ;ldltn] ug]{5 . ;ldltdf 6]ln;]G6/ Dofg]h/, k|fljlws / ;d'bfosf ;b:o x'g]5g\ . :yfgLo zf;g P]gcg';f/ ;ldltsf] lgo'lQm lhlj;n] ug]{5 . o;afx]s ufpFdf Pp6f 6]ln;]G6/ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt x'g]5 h;df ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ?lr /fVg] :yfgLo dflg;x¿ x'g]5g\ . -;|f]t M uf]/vfkq b}lgs, @)^) c;f/ ^_

;"rgf k|ljlw / ;fd'bflos ;+rf/sf] d]n

54

cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw / k/Dk/fut ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d]nn] rdTsf/L k|efj pTkGg ug{;S5 . ufpFsf cl8of] 6fj/, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] OG6/g]6dfkm{t tfhf va/ lnP/ ufpFdf ;'gfpg;S5g\ . sltko PkmPd :6];gx¿n] g]kfndf of] sfd ul/x]sf 5g\ . clxn] /]l8of] g]kfn / sflGtk'/ PkmPdn] k|;fl/t u/]sf ;dfrf/x¿ j]q;fO6df /fVg] ul/Psf] x'Fbf >f]tfx¿n] ;dfrf/ 5'6\nf

hgtfnfO{ kmfObf x'g] s'/f 5g\ eg]/ 5nkmn rnfpF5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] ljsf; s;/L x'G5 / cfDbfgL s;/L a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df gofFgofF ljrf/x¿ Nofpg yfn]sf 5g\ . t/ of] kl/of]hgf ;d:of/lxt eg] 5}g . af/+af/ ljh'nLsf] nfOg sfl6G5 sDKo'6/ lalu|/xG5 . d/dt ug{sf nflu a]nfa]nfdf sDKo'6/ af]s]/ sf7df8f}F k'¥ofpg'k5{ . sDKo'6/ s;/L rnfpg] eGg] pko'Qm tflndsf] cefj ;a}sf] ;d:of xf] . pgLx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6 rnfpg] tflnd lbOPsf] eP tfklg cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ljifo s;/L vf]Hg] jf ;r{ OlGhgsf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] tflnd lbOPsf] 5}g . o;n] ubf{ Pp6f ljifo vf]Hg w]/} ;do nfU5 . vr{ w]/} x'G5 . Pp6f dfq} 6]lnkmf]g nfOg / Ps ;]6 dfq} sDKo'6/ ePsf] 7fpFdf w]/} hgfn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] nflu s'g'{kg]{ x'g;S5 jf aflx/af6 cfpg] 6]lnkmf]g /f]lsg;S5 . ;d:of cfPkl5 ;dfwfg klg x'Fb}u5{ . kfn'ªsf o'jfx¿n] ef]u]sf] ;d:of / pgLx¿n] u/]sf] gofF sfdaf6 c? ufpF7fpFsf c;+Vo o'jfx¿n] kmfObf p7fpg;S5g\ . tf; / Sof/daf]8{ v]n]/ laTg] ;do 6f9f6f9fsf ckl/lrt dflg;x¿;Fu kl/ro a9fP/ tyf cfˆgf] / ufpFn]sf nflu pkof]uL hfgsf/L h'6fP/ ;b'kof]u ug{;lsG5 . cfˆgf ljrf/, cfjfh / klxrfg ca ufpFdf dfq ;Lldt g/xL ljZjel/ km}lnPsf] yfxf kfPkl5 kfn'ªsf o'jfx¿sf] lxDdt lgSs} a9]sf] 5 . ;|f]tM kfn'ª :6f]/L, uf}/j/fh pkfWofo, g]kfnL 6fOD;, @$–#) cu:t, @))@

;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u

ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] :yfgLo hgtfsf nflu 6]ln;]G6/sf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . ufpFn]nfO{ cfjZos ;"rgf 1fg / dgf]/+h lbg] dfq} xf]Og ufpFn]n] vf]h]sf] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] dfWod jf bf]xf]/f] ;+rf/ dfWodsf] ¿kdf xfn ljZjsf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;fd'bflos /]l8of] lgSs} k|efjsf/L / nf]slk|o aGb}5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]un] ubf{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;/n, ;:tf] / k|efjsf/L klg ag]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/df :6'l8of] M lr7Lkq jf kf08'lnlk, n]v cflb n]Vg] / sfo{qmd tyf l/s8{x¿ ;"rLj4 tyf juL{s/0f ug]{h:tf ;fdfGo sfddf sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u w]/} klxn]b]lv x'g yfn]sf] xf] . /]l8of] :6'l8of]sf] e08f/ jf cfsf{Oadf ;+slnt uLt, ;+uLt, cGtjf{tf{ cflb l/s8{ ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] y'k|f]af6 rflxg] s'g} ljifo jf ;du|L km]nf kfg{ sDKo'6/n] ;lhnf] kf/]sf] 5 . ;a} ;fdu|Lsf] OG8]S; -;"rL_ / Sof6nu sDKo'6/df /fv]sf] v08df ;DalGwt ljifosf] af/]df ;+lIfKt ;"rL / ljj/0f ;fy} ;f] ;fdu|L sxfF slt gDa/sf] 6]kdf 5 eGg] hfgsf/L;d]t t'?Gt} yfxf kfpg;lsG5 . sDKo'6/af6 sfo{qmd pTkfbg M l8lh6n /]lsl8{ªn] ubf{ Sof;]6 6]kdf x'g] vr{ 36]sf] 5 / :j/sf] u'0f:t/ a9]sf] 5 . s'/fsfgL, ;+uLt, ;fp08 Okm]S6, lh+un cflb /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf nflu rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|L sDKo'6/sf] Pp6f xf8{l8:sdf /fVg;lsG5 . Ps} kN6 !% hgf;Dd sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿n] a]Unfa]Un} sDKo'6/ 6ld{gn rnfP/ Pp6f xf8{l8:sdf ePsf ;fdu|L /f]Hb} sfo{qmddf ld;fpg, sfo{qmd agfpg / ;Dkfbg ug{;S5g\ . tof/ ePsf] sfo{qmd xf8{l8:sdf /fv]kl5 olt ah] of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug'{ eg]/ sDKo'6/nfO{ cfb]z lbg;lsG5 . :6'l8of]df sd{rf/L ga;] klg sfo{qmdx¿sf] >[+vnf qmlds ¿kdf k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L oGqpks/0fsf] vr{ / dflg;sf] d]xgt 36]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] / OG6/g]6sf] d]n M :jf:Yo, s[lif, jf jftfj/0f– ;DaGwL ;"rgf OG6/g]6af6 k|fKt u/]/ tyf :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x¿, s[lif sfo{qmdsf cu'jfx¿ jf ;fdfGo ufpFn]x¿nfO{ OG6/g]6dfkm{t k|ljlws ljz]if1x¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/fP/ s'g} ljifo jf ;d:ofaf/] /]l8of]dfkm{t 5nkmn u/fpg ;lsG5 . ljleGg ;d'bfox¿nfO{ Pscsf{;Fu ;Dkls{t u/fP/ pgLx¿nfO{ sfd nfUg] ljifox¿df jf ;d:of / ;dfwfgx¿sf af/]df cgnfOg 5nkmn rnfpg ;lsG5 . :jf:Yo tyf cfDbfgL a9fpg] ljljw ljifodf pgLx¿n] sfo{qmd agfO;s]sf lyP . sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df kx'Fr ePkl5 :yfgLo o'jfx¿sf] hfFu/ emg a9Øf] . cleefjsx¿n] klg cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ of] sfddf xf}:ofP . kRrL; hgfsf] ;d"xdf clxn] !% b]lv @% jif{;Ddsf o'jfx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] !! hgf k'?if 5g\ eg] ax';+Vos dlxnf 5g\ . of] kl/of]hgfdf dlxgfsf] b'O{ kN6 ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ e]nf eP/ cl8of] 6fj/df k|;f/0f ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] pTkfbg tyf OG6/g]6af6 g]6jls{8+ ug]{af/] 5nkmn u5{g\ . :yfgLo hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu s:tf] sfo{qmd cfjZos 5 tyf s'gs'g j]j;fO6df :yfgLo

>Ln+sfdf /]l8of]dfkm{t uf“pn]x¿sf] OG6/g]6df kx'“r sf]6dn] ufpF g} ufpFsf] a:tL ePsf] em08} !%))) hg;+Vof ePsf] lgjf{rg If]q xf] . oxfFsf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfgLo dflg;x¿ / OG6/g]6sf] d]n u/fOlbg] k|efjsf/L ;fwgsf] ¿kdf /]l8of]nfO{ pkof]u ug]{ gf}nf] / df}lns k/LIf0f ynf] ag]sf] 5 . of] /]l8of] :6];gn] x/]s lbg æ/]l8of]af6 OG6/g]6 ljr/0fÆ /]l8of] a|fplhª b OG6/g]6_ sfo{qmd k|;f/ u5{ . sfo{qmd k|;f/ eO/x]sf] a]nfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] sfo{qmd k|;f/sx¿n] /f]lhPsf] j]a;fO6df pknAw ;"rgfaf/] 5nkmn ug]{ / To;sf] cy{ nfpg] / JofVof ug{] sfd u5{g\ . o;df c+u|]hL efiff a'‰gg;Sg] / cfkm}n] ;Lw} OG6/g]6 rnfpgg;Sg] dflg;x¿sf nflu OG6/g]6df pknAw ;"rgfnfO{ ;lhnf];Fu :yfgLo efiffdf a'emfpg] / OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] ul/G5 . >f]tfx¿n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] s'g} ljifosf] ;"rgf lbg cg'/f]w ug{;S5g\ . ahf/ efpmsf] 36a9, s[lif, ul/aL 36fpgsf nflu cfjZos ;Lk / pkfo, cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s z}lIfs ;fdu|L, :jf:Yo pkrf/, cf}ifwL cflbaf/] hfgsf/L ljz]if pkof]uL ;"rgf x'g\ . o'g]:sf] / >Ln+sf ;/sf/sf] of] cu'jf kl/of]hgfn] JolQmut ¿kdf ;Lw} jf cfkm}n] OG6/g]6 ljr/0f ug{ rfxg] dflg;x¿sf] nflu klg OG6/g]6 Sofkm]df lgz'Ns OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] kxF'r tyf b'O{ j6f sDKo'6/ 6ld{gn pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} /]l8of]n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿n] k|foM cg'/f]w u/]sf ;"rgfx¿sf] hfgsf/Lsf] e08f/ -8]6fa];_ klg tof/ kfb}{5 . o;df ;+slnt hfgsf/L w]/}h;f] :yfgLo efiffdf, :yfgLo ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos / :yfgLo ?lrcg';f/sf x'G5g\ . OG6/g]6df kfOg] tof/L ;"rgfx¿ :yfgLo dflg;x¿sf nflu Tolt pko'Qm gx'g] x'gfn] :yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/ 8]6fa]; tof/ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . ;fef/ M sDo'lg6L /]l8of] Xof08a's, 55

Wjlg cflb /]s8{ ug{ ;lsG5 . cl8of] Sof;]6 / lel8of] Sof;]6sf] bfFhf]df of] w]/} ;:tf] / pTkfbg ug{ ;lhnf] klg 5 . uLt ;'Gg] Sof;]6nfO{ ;"rgf / 1fg lbg] ;'Gg] klqsfdf kl/0ft u/]/ cfdhgtfnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofP em}F lkmNd x]g]{ / uLt ;'Gg] ;L8LnfO{ klg 6]lnkmf]g nfOg gk'u]sf t/ ljh'nL k'u]sf 7fpFdf ;"rgf / 1fg km}nfpg] sfddf k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfon] gu/af;L jf ufpFn]x¿nfO{ lbg] ;]jfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L tyf hGd, d[To', a;fO;/fO btf{, gful/stf jf /fxbfgLsf] l;kmfl/; cflb uflj;n] lbg] ;]jfsf] nflu rflxg] kmf/fdx¿ ;L8Ldf /fv]/ afFl8of] eg] ;L8L 8«fOe ePsf sDKo'6/x¿dfkm{t hgtfn] hfgsf/L kfpg / kmfd{ e/]/ lk|G6/af6 5fk]/ yf]/} ;dod} ;DalGwt lgsfodf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . ;f] lgsfon] klg sDKo'6/df /flvPsf] clen]vsf] cfwf/df cfjZos ;]jf tTsfn e/]/ jf ;L8Laf6} ;f/]/ gful/sx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbg;S5 . OG6/g]6 rnfpg c+u|]hL a'‰g}kg]{ jfWotf ePsf] cj:yfdf ;L8Ldf g]kfnL efiffdf sfd ug{;lsg] x'gfn] klg c+u|]hL ga'lemg] ufpF7fpFsf nflu of] Joj:yf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g;S5 . ufpF / lhNnfsf] ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf ;"rgf / 1fgsf e08f/x¿ -8]6f a];_ tyf dGqfno;Ddsf] cfjZos hfgsf/L ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofpg ;L8Lsf] k|of]u ug{' pko'Qm pkfo x'g;S5 . o;/L dGqfno, ljefu / ;+a+lwt nfOg Ph]G;Lsf ;"rgf / tYof+sx¿ ;L8Laf6 ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofpg' w]/} ;/n, ;:tf] / l56f] klg x'G5 . 6]lnkmf]g jf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf gePsf 7fpFdf of] tl/sf pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L x'g;S5 . ul//x]sf 5g\ . To:t} sDo'lgs];g sg{/n] sf7df8f}Fsf cvaf/x¿sf k|d'v ;dfrf/ 6]lnkmf]gaf6 k9]/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] / cGo PkmPd :6];gx¿dfkm{t ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . of] sfd OG6/g]6af6 cem} Jofks ¿kdf / k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug{;lsG5 . ufpF3/df sf7df8f}Faf6 k|sflzt x'g] cvaf/sf ;dfrf/x¿, vf;u/L /fhglts 36gf / ljZn]if0f yfxf kfpg] lgSs} pT;'stf x'G5 . k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 of] ?lr :ki6 ¿kdf a9]sf] xf] . @)%( ;fn c;f]hkl5 /fhgLlts ultljlwdf cfdhgtfsf] ?lr cem} a9]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6sf] dfWodn] sf7df8f}Faf6 dfq xf]Og lhNnfsf ;b/ d'sfdx¿af6 k|sflzt x'g] ;dfrf/kq k"/} cvaf/ jf dxTjk"0f{ k[i7 jf v08nfO{ :Sofg u/]/ jf l8lh6n Sofd/faf6 j]ak]hdf /fv]/ tTsfn} ;j{JofkL agfpg;lsG5 . PkmPd /]l8of], cl8of] 6fj/ jf h'g;'s} ldl8ofn] klg To;nfO{ k'gM k|rf/ k|;f/ u/]/ cfdhgtf;Dd tTsfn tL ;fdu|L k'¥ofpg;S5g\ .

o'g]:sf], @))! zx/sf cvaf/ ufpFdf M sf7df8f}Faf6 k|sflzt x'g] cvaf/x¿sf k|d'v ;dfrf/ oxfFsf PkmPd :6];gx¿n] Psflaxfg} 3/3/df k'¥ofP/ b]zsf] /fhgLlts tyf cGo ultljlwaf/] cfdhgtfnfO{ ;"lrt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ sfd ;fd'bflos /]l8of] sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6;Fu ld;fpg' ufpFn]x¿;dIf k'Ug] /fd|f] pkfo xf] . /]l8of] :6];gdf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf 5 eg] sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿sf] rf;f]sf ljifox¿sf] hfgsf/L OG6/g]6sf] ljzfn e08f/df vf]Hg;S5g\ . ;fy} OG6/g]6df pknAw ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] p7fPsf ljz]if k|Zg jf lh1f;fx¿sf] pQ/ lbg klg ;S5g\ . o;/L 6]lnkmf]g hf]8g] sNkgf gu/]sf 3/x¿df ;d]t OG6/g]6sf] nfe k'¥ofpg;lsG5 . sfo{qmd pTkfbgdf OG6/g]6sf] ;xof]u M sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf nflu /]l8of] :6];gn] OG6/g]6af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf ;"rgfsf] ljzfn e08f/ kfpg;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, w/}h;f] ;dfrf/bftf ;+:yfx¿ / cgnfOg cvaf/x¿ OG6/g]6df kfOG5g\ . To:t} ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;/ sf/L lgsfox¿, ljZjljBfnox¿ cflbsf ;"rgf kfpg;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy}, OG6/g]6af6 :jf:Yo, lzIff, dlxnf clwsf/h:tf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ljifox¿ / >Jo sfo{qmdx¿ klg ;fg{ -8fpgnf]8_ / /]l8of]af6 k'gM k|;f/0f ug{;lsG5 . OG6/g]6dfkm{t ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;f6f;f6 ug{;S5g\ . jg jN8{, Unf]an /]l8of] ;le{; tyf P–OGkmf]hh:tf ;]jfx¿n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6df cGo pTkfbsx¿sf] /]l8of] sfo{qmd /fVg lbG5g\ h'g sfo{qmd c? pTkfbsx¿n] klg pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . To:t} c? pTkfbsx¿n] /fv]sf sfo{qmdx¿ klg cGo pTkfbsx¿n] pkof]u ug{ / k|;f/ ug{;S5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfˆg} j]a;fO6 /fv]/ cfˆgf]af/] hfgsf/L lbg;S5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]dfkm{t 6]ln;]G6/ M ufpFn] 6]ln;]G6/ cyf{t\ ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] p2]Zo ufpFn]x¿sf] nflu ;"rgf kfpg;Sg] ynf] agfpg' xf] . oxfF l;Q}df jf s]xL z'Ns lt/]/ ufpFn]x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ . o;nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g;Fu hf]l8of] eg] o;sf] k|efj a9\5 . ufpFn]x¿n] /]l8of]af6} cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] jf dfu]sf] ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ . o:tf] 6]ln;]G6/n] OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g / ˆofS; ;]jf, lel8of], cl8of]–leh'cn ;fdu|L / k':tsfno ;'ljwf klg lbg;S5 . s'g} 6]ln;]G6/n] Sof;]6 / l/s8{x¿ a]Rg], lel8of] / cl8of]–leh'cn pks/0fx¿ ef8fdf nufpg] 8]:s6k klAnl;ª / kmf]6f]skL ;]jf lbg]h:tf sfdx¿ ug{;S5g\ . o;/L 6]ln;]G6/nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg;lsG5 . 6]k jf cl8of] Sof;]6df e/]/ ufpFufpFdf k7fpg] uy]{ . k/b]zdf a;]sf cfkmGt;Fu 6]kdf af]n]/ lr7L ;Gb]z cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ pkfo lg/If/x?sf nflu pkof]uL dfWod ag]sf] 5 . clxn] klg ^) k|ltzt ufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g k'u]sf] 5}g . 6]lnkmf]g k'u] klg OG6/g]6 rnfpg sl7gfO k/]sf 7fpFx¿df cgnfOg ;+rf/sf] ljsNkdf ;L8L /f]d k7fpg / ljqmL ljt/0f ug{;lsG5 . cgk9x¿nfO{ ;'gfpg / cdhgtfsf nflu ;fGble{s / pkof]uL ;"rgf / 1fg pgLx¿n] a'‰g] efiff / z}nLdf ufpFdf k'¥ofpg æ;'Gg] klqsfÆ -cl8of] Sof;]6_ / lel8of] Sof;]6 k|of]u u/]h:t} OG6/g]6df /flvg] ;fdu|L / To;n] lbg] ;]jf cflb ;L8Ldf /fv]/ sDKo'6/ ePsf hf];'s}n] kflg pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;L8L /f]ddf xhf/f}F kfgf / kf7Ø ;fdu|L, lrq, rnlrq,

6LeL s]a'n, OG6/g]6 / /]l8of]sf] d]n

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf /]l8of]dfq o:tf] ;fwg xf] h;sf] ;a}eGbf w]/} pkof]u ul/a hgtfn] ug{;S5g\ . /]l8of]sf] k/Dk/fut Ifdtf / e"ldsf a9fpg] sfddf OG6/g]6n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb}5 . :yfgLo cfjfhnfO{ ljZjJofkL agfpg] sfd l8lh6n /]l8of] k|;f/0f, sDKo'6/ k|;f/0f tyf s]a'n 6LeLsf] tf/dfkm{t /]l8of] k|;f/0f cflb k|ljlwn] ul//x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ OG6/g]6dfkm{t :j/ k|;f/0f ug]{ ;'ljwfn] ubf{ OG6/g]6 hl8t x/]s sDKo'6/ /]l8of] ;]6 aGg;S5 eg] csf]{lt/ j]a;fO6 ;+rfng ug]{ x/]s JolQm jf ;+rfnsn] cfˆgf] :j/ sfo{qmd OG6/g]6dfkm{t k|;f/0f ug{;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} clxn] cfP/ g]kfndf klg s]a'n 6LeL ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] s]a'ndfkm{t OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf lbg;Sg] Joj:yf x'Fb}5 . tL s]a'ndfkm{t /]l8of] k|;f/ ubf{ 56

;fnsf] c;f/;Dddf g]kfnsf ^^ lhNnfsf !!)@ uflj;df em08} @% xhf/ kl/jf/ jf sfof{non] ;f}o{ phf{sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;f}o{ phf{sf] dfu lbglbg} al9/xs]f 5 . g]kfndf clxn] lah'nL gk'u]sf ufpFx¿df klg ;f}o{ zlQm pkof]u u/]/ pHofnf] kfg]{, 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g ;+rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn k|rlnt ;f}o{ zlQm pTkfbg k|ljlwdf lbgel/ hDdf ePsf] lah'nL a]6«Ldf ;+sng u/]/ ;fFem pkof]u ul/G5 . xfn lah'nL gk'u]sf sltko b'u{d lhNnfdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;f}o{ lah'nLaf6 sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 / cGo ;+rf/ ;]jf pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofpg / o;af6 hgtfnfO{ kmfObf lbnfpgsf nflu ;f}o{ phf{sf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 . dfnlbE;sf] !)=@& / a+unfb]zsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L )=%% -ljZjs} ;a}eGbf sd_ 5 eg] pQ/L l5d]sL b]z lrgsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L @$=(* 5 . g]kfnleq klg sf7df8f}F pkTosf / aflx/sf] b"/;+rf/sf] l:yltdf sxfnLnfUbf] leGgtf 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof @#)))))) dWo] ;}s8f !% eGbf sd hg;+Vof zx/L If]qdf a:5g\ . sf7df8f}F pkTosfleq em08} @) nfv df cyf{t\ s'n hg;+Vofsf] ( k|ltzt a:5g\ / b'O{ s/f]8 b; nfv dflg; pkTosf aflx/ a:5g\ . t/ sf7df8f}Fdf a:g] ( k|ltzt hg;+Vosf] lx:;fdf s'n 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] ^* k|ltzt k5{ eg] (! k|ltzt hg;+Vofsf] nflu s]jn #@ k|ltzt 6]lnkmf]g nfOg pknAw 5 . o; lx;fan] sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L @# k|ltzt 5 eg] pkTosf aflx/sf] 6]ln8]lG;6L )=!$ k|ltztdfq} 5 . ^) k|ltzt ufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g k'u]sf] 5}g . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] df]afOn kmf]g Ifdtf &) xhf/ nfOg 5 . o;dWo] ;fpg d;fGt;Dd $) xhf/ nfOg afFl8;lsPsf] 5 . $) xhf/dWo] sf7df8f}Fdf #% xhf/ / aflx/ % xhf/hlt df]afOn kmf]g afFl8Psf] 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTofleq OG6/g]6 / Od]n pkof]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof 8]9 nfv gfl3;s]sf] 5 eg] pkTosf aflx/ OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] cj:yf l67nfUbf] 5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ Ohfht kfPsf !* j6f ;+:yfx¿dWo] !^ j6f ;+:yfx¿ sf7df8f}Fd} cjl:yt 5g\ . afsL b'O{dWo] Pp6f kf]v/f / csf]{ w/fgdf 5 . tLdWo] !% hltn] ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . cfwf bh{geGbf yf]/}n] b]zsf s]xL 7"nf, vf; u/L t/fO{ If]qsf zx/x¿df OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . pkTosf aflx/sf] Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;]jf pkTosfdfeGbf w]/} dxFuf] 5 / u'0f:t/ w]/} tNnf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ;+rflnt s'n j]a;fO6x¿dWo] ;}s8f (% eGbf w]/} j]a;fO6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf JolQm, ;+:yf, sDkgL tyf cGo lgsfox¿sf] 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosf / aflx/sf] aLr b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwfdf ePsf] of] e]befjsf] vf8n / ;du|df /fli6«o ¿kd} b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] bogLo l:yltsf] nflu b]zsf] ljifd ef}uf]lns l:ylt, ul/aL, rsf]{ z'Ns cflb ljleGg sf/0fx¿ atfOPtf klg o;sf] nflu b"/;+rf/;+a+wL lgoGq0fsf/L gLlt g} k|d'v ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] b"/;+rf/sf] lat]sf] bz jif{sf] Oltxf; s]nfpg] xf] eg] of] s'/f 5n{Fu x'G5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] d]?b08 g} b"/;+rf/ ePsf]n] b"/;+rf/sf] lgoGq0fsf/L gLltsf] k|ToIf k|efj g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df k/]sf] :ki6 5 . ;"rgfsf] vf8n ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]zx¿aLr dfq xf]Og Pp6} b]z / ;d'bfoleq klg ljleGg ju{x¿sf] aLrdf klg of] vf8n a9\bf] 5 . b]zsf] ;du| / Gofok"0f{ ljsf;sf] nflu of] vf8n 36fpg' clt cfjZos 5 .

slQ klg yk vr{ pks/0f jf nfO;]G; rflx+b}g / s]a'neGbf em08} @%–#) ld6/k/ ;Dd /]l8of] ;'Gg;lsG5 . oL k|ljlwx¿n] cfdhgtf;dIf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr ;/n, ;:tf] / u'0f:t/Lo x'g] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g .

cgnfOgsf] ljsNk ;L8L /f]d

lghL If]qdf PkmPd /]l8of] k|;f/0f ug]{ k|fjwfg gx'Fbf;Dd sltko ;+:yfx¿n] hgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;"rgf, ;dfrf/ / ljljw ljifosf 1fgsf/Lx¿ ;'Gg]

cWofo !) ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg ;d:of / xf“sx¿

kx'“r / pkof]u g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u a9fP/ b]zdf ul/aL 36fpg ;3fpg' dflgPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu cfdhgtf;dIf ;"rgf k|ljlw k'¥ofP/ dfq} x'Fb}g hgtfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTjk|lt ;r]t u/fP/ hgtfnfO{ o;sf] pkof]u ug{;Sg] agfpg'k5{ . csf]{ zAbdf, Psflt/ ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ cfdhgtfsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg] xfFs 5 eg] csf]{lt/ hgtfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{;Sg] Ifdtf lbnfpg' k/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw cyjf OG6/g]6sf] d'Vo cfwf/ g} b"/;+rf/ ePsf] x'gfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] d"n xfFs g} b"/;+rf/ / ljh'nLsf] pknAwtf xf] .

l8lh6n l8efO8 cyf{t\ ;"rgfsf] vf8n ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug{;Sg] / g;Sg] dflg;x¿, ;d'bfox¿, b]zx¿ / Pp6} b]zleqsf ljleGg efux¿sf] aLrdf cGt/fn jf vf8n dfgj Oltxf;df gofF s'/f xf]Og . t/ of] vf8n clxn] cfP/ ce"tk"j{ ¿kdf al9/x]sf] 5 . k|ljlwsf] c;dfg kx'Fr / pkof]un] ljZjsf clwsf+z dflg;x¿nfO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nfex¿af6 a+lrt u/fpFb}5 . OG6/g]6 / Od]nh:tf gofF ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf k|ljlw / ;fwgx¿ k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] / g;Sg]x¿aLrsf] vf8nnfO{ hgfpgsf] nflu clxn] æl8lh6n l8efO6Æ zAbfjnL sf] k|rng al9/x]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/, b"/;+rf/, On]S6«f]lgs pks/0f, lah'nLh:tf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;+rfngsf k|d'v k"jf{wf/x¿sf] pknAwtf, ltgdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr / pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf s'g} ;dfhdf l8lh6n l8efO8 slt km/flsnf] 5 egL gfKg] s]xL cfwf/ x'g\ .

;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u

;"rgf k|ljlw rnfpg] phf{ lah'nL xf] . lah'nLlagf sDKo'6/, Od]n, OG6/g]6 tyf b"/;+rf/sf pks/0fx¿ rNb}gg\ . t/ g]kfndf nueu ;os8f aL; kl/jf/n] dfq} lah'nL pkef]u ug{ kfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u s;/L x'g;S5 < cGtl/Ifdf klg lah'nL k7fpg ldNb}g, t}klg ToxfF :yflkt xhf/f}F e"pku|xx¿n] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . e"pku|xnfO{ lah'nLsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ sfd To;df hl8Psf ;f}o{ Kofgnn] u5{ . g]kfndf 3fdaf6 lah'nL lgsfn] / ladfg:ynsf ;+rf/ pks/0f ;+rfng ug]{ sfd klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf eb|k'/ ljdfg:yndf ul/Psf] pNn]v kfOG5 . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] klxnf] kN6 !(&$ df bdf}nLdf 3fd lah'nLsf] k|of]u u/]sf] xf] . ;/sf/n] 5}6f}F k+rjifL{o of]hgfb]lv ;f}o{ phf{df hf]8 lbPsf] xf] . xfn ;/sf/ n] aL; jif]{ gjLs/0fLo phf{ gLltcg';f/ ;f}o{ phf{ k|j4{gsf nflu C0f, cg'bfg / k|ljlws ;xof]u lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . of] sfddf ljb]zL ;+:yfx¿n] klg ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . @)^) 57

P]g / gLlt hlt ;'Gb/ b]lvP Jofjxfl/s kIf eg] lgSs} s'¿k b]lvG5 . lsgls p2]Zox¿, vf; u/L :j/ ;+rf/ -EjfO; sDo'lgs];g_ ;+nUgtf / ;]jfsf] pbf/Ls/0f / ljljlws/0f cem} Psflwsf/leq lg;fl:;Psf] 5 .

k|ljlw / pks/0fdf kx'“rdf c;dfgtf kmf]g ug{ b'O{ lbg lxF8]/ vf]6fªaf6 ef]hk'/ cfpg'kg]{ jfWotf -sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)^) ;fpg @^_, aofln; xhf/ x'DnLnfO{ Pp6f 6]lnkmf]g -:k];6fOd b}lgs @)^) h]7 &_, gAa] xhf/ ef]hk'/af;L ;+rf/ ;]jfaf6 a+lrt -sflGtk'/ b}lgs @)%( ebf} @&_, Ps sn kmf]g ug{ tLg lbgsf] ofqf Û -sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)%( ebf} @*_, 6]lnkmf]g ug{ 306f}F nfOg a:5g\ d':tfª\uLx¿ sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)%( c;f]h %_, ls;fgn] klg OG6/g]6 rnfP/ Jofkf/ ug'{kg]{ -uf]/ vfkq b}lgs @)%& d+l;/ @(_, ;f9] tLg jif{leq k|To]s uflj;df b'O{ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'Ug] -g]kfn ;dfrf/kq b}lgs, @)%^ d+l;/ !^_, ;+rf/ ;Dks{ ljR5]b ePsf !( lhNnfdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ul/g] -uf]/vfkq b}lgs, @)%( c;f]h @(_, ljB't\ ;'ljwf kfO/x]sf afx| xhf/ u|fxs cft+ssf sf/0f xfn ljB't\ ;]jfaf6 a+lrt -uf]/vfkq b}lgs, @)%( c;f]h !*_, Aof6«L gkfpFbf /]l8of] ;'Ggaf6 /f]NkfnL a+lrt -sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)%( c;f]h !_, b'O{ ca{ kGw| s/f]8 ljB't\ dx;'n afsL -:k];6fOd b}lgs_ . o:tf ;dfrf/ zLif{sx¿ g]kfnsf cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿df b}lgsh;f] b]Vg kfOG5 . l;+ufk'/df df]afOn kmf]g pkof]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof @))# h'gdf *) k|ltzt gfWof] . tf/jfnf kmf]g pkof]u ug{]x¿sf] ;+Vof $%=( k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] s'n hg;+VofdWo] cfwfeGbf w]/} dflg; a:g] Plzof dxfb]z clxn] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ;a}eGbf km:6fpFbf] ahf/ ag]sf] 5 . ;jf c/j hg;+Vof gfw]sf], pQ/sf] l5d]sL lrgdf df]afOn kmf]g pkof]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof !% k|ltzteGbf w]/} k'lu;s]sf] 5 eg] Ps c/aeGbf w]/} hg;+Vof ePsf] blIf0fsf] l5d]sL ef/tdf klg df]afOn kmf]g / ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf ce"tk"j{ ljsf; eO/xsf] 5 . lrgsf] xf8{j]o/ pBf]u / ef/tsf] ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]usf] ljsf;n] ;"rgf ;dfhsf] l;h{gfdf w]/} cl3 a9]sf hfkfg / cd]l/sfnfO{ ;d]t lrlGtt agfpg yfn]sf] 5 . ljsl;t d'nsx¿sf] s'/} 5f8f}F ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf s]xL jif{cl3 ;Dd g]kfneGbf kl5 k/]sf] ef/t klg clxn] b"/;+rf/sf] If]qdf g]kfneGbf lgSs} cufl8 al9;s]sf] 5 . @)^) c;f/;Ddsf] tYof+scg';f/ g]kfnsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L cyf{t\ !)) hgf dflg;sf] nflu !=%^ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg pknAw 5 ;fs{ ;+u7gsf c? b]z, e'6fgsf] @=*$, ef/tsf] #=(*, kfls:tfgsf] @=$*,

klg To;sf] gLltn] lnPsf / lghL If]qsf] klg ;+:yfgs}

b"/;+rf/ lghL If]qdf, Jojxf/df xf]Og sfutdf

b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Psflwsf/af6 d'Qm u/]/ lghL If]qnfO{ klg ;xefuL agfpg] k|of; / cg'ej lgs} lttf] 5 . lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf lagf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / cfdhgtf;Dd kx'Fr x'gg;Sg] s'/f lglZrt eO;s]kl5 ;fy} ljZjLs/0fsf] nfe cfdhgtfdf k'¥ofpg b"/;+rf/nfO{ pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0f ug'{kg]{ ljZjJofkL bafa cfPkl5 g]kfnn] klg cGt/f{li6«o d+rx¿df em08} bz jif{cl3b]lv b"/;+rf/sf] lghLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f / ;s];Dd sd lgoGq0f ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfpFb} cfPsf] xf] . t/ ;/sf/L k|ltj4tf sfutd} ;Lldt 5 jf b]vfj6L ¿kddf dfq 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu @)%& ;fnsf] ;'?lt/} g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|lws/0fn] v]tfg ;d"xn] ef/tLo sDkgL;Fu ldn]/ u7g u/]sf] :kfO; ;]n g]knfnfO{ df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ cg'dlt lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . t/ lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gx'Fb} g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3n] ;f] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gu/fpg e]befjsf] dfgl;s vf8n b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwfsf] afwfnfO{ gLlt, P]g / lgod agfP/, gofF k|ljlw / nufgL leq\ofP/ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPnf t/ g]kfndf b"/;+rf/dfq xf]Og ;du|df ;"rgf k|ljlws} ljsf;df afwf k'¥ofpg] k|d'v sf/s tTj ef}lts eGbf klg dfgl;s xf] h'g xfd|f] ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ / lkt[;QfTds lrGtgdf u8]/ a;]sf] 5 . g]kfndf kl/jf/leq, ;dfhdf / ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;a} sfof{nox¿df jl/i7tfqmdsf] Pp6f l;F9L -xfO/fsL{_ 5 h'g l;F9L ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf] If]qdf klg nfu" x'G5 . of] l;F9Ldf ;a}eGbf al/i7;Fu ;a}eGbf w]/} s'/f, ;"rgf jf 1fg ePsf] jf x'g'k5{ / p;}sf] lgoGq0fdf ;a} ;"rgf / 1fg x'g'k5{ . ;/sf/L sfof{nodf PdP k9]sf] d'lvof / aLP k9]sf] xflsd x'g'x'Fb}g . s'g} ljifo klg xflsdn] eGbf dftxtsf sd{rf/Ln] w]/} hfGg' jf hfg]sf] x'g' x'Fb}g . o;}n] g]kfnsf sfo{nox¿df sDKo'6/x¿sf] g]6jls{ª u/]/ ;"rgf / 1fgsf] kmfOn jf e08f/ ;a}n] b]Vg;Sg] u/L jf pkof]u ug{;Sg] u/L /fVg' xflsdx¿sf] nflu ;xh eO;s]sf] 5}g . dGqfnoleq, dGqnox¿aLr / dftxtsf ljefu / sfof{nox¿sf aLr g]6jls{ª c;kmn x'g' jf sfd gug'{sf] k5fl8 Pp6f d"n sf/0f oxL xf] . g]kfnsf sfof{nox¿df sDKo'6/ cfPsf] w]/} jif{;Dd klg Tof] rnfpg] lhDdf 6fOlk:6s} 7flgof] . xflsd, ;'Aaf jf v/bf/n] sDKo'6/ rnfpg' ckdfg 7fGg]x¿ g]kfndf cem} klg 5g\ . clxn] klg sltko xflsdx¿ cfˆgf] Od]n clkm;sf] sDKo'6/df grnfP/ 3/sf] sDKo'6/df rnfpF5g\ . of] xflsdL / ;fdGtL ;f]r gTofu];Dd ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] oy]i7 nfe kfpg] ;+efjgf 5}g .

;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg ;d:of / xf“sx? nflu g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fsf] u7g ePsf] s'/f b"/;+rf/gLlt df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)%^ sf] p2]Zo M /fi6«n] cËLsf/ u/]sf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f Pj+ v'nfkgsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k b"/;+rf/ If]qdf klg pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt nfu" u/L lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf pRr:t/Lo, e/kbf]{ Pj+ plrt ;]jf z'Nsdf ljleGg lsl;dsf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfx¿ ;j{;'ne jgfpg' b"/;+rf/ gLltsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 . jt{dfg / eljiosf] dfusf] k"lt{, Jofks tyf ;j{;'ne kx'Fr -o'lge;{n PS;];_, u|fdL0f tyf b'u{e If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf, cfly{s bIftf, k"+hL nufgLdf ;'b[9Ls/0f, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g, k|lt:kwf{af6 u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf k|bfos /f]Hg cj;/ lbg], :jR5 cGt/cfj4tf cyf{t\ ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] Ps csf{sf pks/0f aLr pko'Qm :yfgx¿df :jR5 cGt/cfj4tf -OG6/ sg]S;g_ cflb p2]Zo ;f] gLltsf] /x]sf] 5 .

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;d:ofx¿ gLlt, P]g lgod / Jojxf/ aLrsf] vf8n b"/;+rf/ P]g, @)%# M b"/;+rf/sf] If]qdf pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt ckgfpg, o; If]qsf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/sf] sfo{df lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutf u/fpg tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfx¿ ;lhn} / plrt d"Nodf pknJw u/fpg] p2]Zon] b"/;+rf/ P]g, @)%# 58

v]tfg ;d"xsf] egfOcg';f/ bz nfv u|fxsnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] pgLx¿n] ;f] of]hgfdf bz s/f]8 ¿k}ofF vr{ ul/;s]sf lyP . cbfntdf d'2f k/]sf] / km};nfkl5 ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] lk|mSj]G;L ljt/0f dxfzfvfn] lk|mSj]G;L lgwf{/0f ug{ cf7 dlxgf;Dd em'nfPsf] x'Fbf sDkgL 3f6fdf uof] . cGTodf ;a} s'/f ldn]kl5 ;/sf/n] yk 8]9 s/f]8 ¿k}ofFsf] a}+s Uof/]06L dfUof], h'g s'/f klxn] pNn]v g} lyPg . kmn:j¿k v]tfg ;d"xn] Tof] kl/of]hgfnfO{ :ylut u¥of] . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fsf] egfOcg';f/ ;f] ;d"xn] bz jif{kl5 b'O{ v/a ¿k}ofF gjLs/0f b:t'/ a'emfpg] egL lgSs} a9L /sd sa'n u/]sf] x'Fbf ;/sf/n] ;'?df ;f] sDkgLaf6 s]xL k|ltj4tf rfx]sf] xf] . :kfO;n] ;'?df of] s'/f d+h'/ u/] klg kl5 of] ;t{ k"/f ug{;s]g . kmn:j¿k sDkgLsf] cfly{s l:ylt ga'‰bf;Dd nfO;]G; /f]lsPsf] 5 . t/ of] s'/f lglZrt 5 ls :kfO; ;]n g]kfnn] a]nfd} sfd ug{ kfPsf] eP clxn] g]kfnsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] :t/ a]Un} eO;Sg] lyof] . o;}aLr g]kfn / ef/tsf sDkgLx¿sf] ;fem]bf/ ;+:yf o'gfO6]8 6]Nsd lnld6]8n] 8An'PnPn k4ltdf cfwfl/t tf//lxt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ cg'dlt kfPsf] klg jif{ lbg lalt;s]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] nfO;]G; / lk|mSj]G;L afkt z'Ns clg u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] nflu;d]t u/L em08} bz s/f]8 ¿k}ofF a'emfO;s]sf] atfPsf] 5 . To;n] u/]sf] cfDbfgLdf $ k|ltzt s/ / @ k|ltzt u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf; s/ nfUg]5 . sDkgLn] g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] xfnsf] b/eGbf ;:tf]df cGt{/fli6«o, cGtb]{zLo 6«+ssn / :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] 3f]if0f ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;}aLr of] sDkgLn] lnld6]8 df]laln6Lsf] Ohfht lnP/ cglnld6]8 df]laln6L k|0ffnLsf] pks/0f h8fg u/L clgoldttf u/]sf] cf/f]kdf sDkgL dfly sfjf{xL x'g] ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . -g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, @)^), ;fpg & ut]_ . o;n] ubf{ of] sDkgLn] klg lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ s'/fdf z+sf p7]sf] 5 . lng'k5{ . o;/L nfOg lnFbf cfOP;kLx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf, g]b";+ / ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf z'Nsx¿ ltg'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, @)%* h]7df ;/sf/n] cfOP;kLx¿dfly ljleGg s/ a9fPkl5 cfOP;kL jN8{ln+sn] ;f9] rf/ d]ufafO6 8]6f j;f/k;f/ ug{;Sg] Jof08ljysf] pkof]u u/]afkt ?= b'O{ s/f]8eGbf w]/}sf] ljb]zL d'b|f e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ eof] . klxn] ljb]zL d'b|f e'Qmfg ;'ljwf lbPafkt tLg k|ltzt z'Ns ltg'{ kYof]{ eg] Tof] z'Ns a9fP/ !% k|ltzt ul/of] . o;/L ?= ^ nfvhlt lt/]sfn] ?= !% nfv ltg'{kg]{ eof] . o;/L cfOP;kLx¿n] ljb]zL sDkgLnfO{ ;]jf lnPafkt z'Ns, ;f] z'Ns ljb]zL d'b|fdf ltl/lbPafkt # k|ltzt -a9fP/ !% k|ltzt ul/Psf]_ 6L8LP; z'Ns, s'n cfDbfgLsf] $ k|ltzt /f]oN6L, !) k|ltzt d"No clej[l4s/ -Eof6_, @ k|ltzt u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf; z'Ns, clg d'gfkmfdf @% k|ltzt cfos/ a'emfpg'k5{ . @)%& ;fnsf] sflt{sdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno / cfOP;kLx¿aLr lk|mSj]G;Lsf] pkof]usf] cfwf/df Ohfht gjLs/0f b:t'/ lng]af/]df ljjfb p7]sf] lyof] . s]xL jif{cl3 dGqfno / cfOP;kLx¿aLr ^$ lsnf] afO6 k|lt;]s]08nfO{ Ps EjfO; Rofgn dfg]/ k|ltjif{ lk|mSj]G;L nfO;]G; z'Nsafkt #) xhf/ ¿k}ofF / To;sf] %) k|ltztsf b/n] gjLs/0f z'Ns lng] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . o;aLr cfOP;kLx¿sf] ;]jf Joj;fo

NofOPsf]Ù ;f] P]gn] b"/;+rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ cfw'lgstftkm{ pGd'v u/fPsf] tyf P]gsf] p2]Zocg'¿k g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ljsf;sf] ultdf tLj|tf Nofpg b"/;+rf/ g]6js{ ;+rfns / ;]jf k|bfosx¿af6 :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf ;]jf ;+rfng u/fpg] sfdsf]

;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg ;d:of / xf“sx? ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf cfOP;kLx¿ ;fy} b"/;+rf/nufot ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;fgfltgf ;]jf lbg] JolQm tyf ;fgf Joj;foLx¿dfly ;/sf/ / ;+:yfgsf] Jojxf/n] b"/;+rf/ eg]sf] ;+:yfgsf] Psnf}6L ;DklQ xf] / o;df s;}sf] klg e"ldsf ;+:yfgnfO{ ;Xo 5}g eGg] :ki6 b]vfpF5 . ;/sf/ / ;+:yfgn] cg]s k|sf/sf] cfly{s tyf sfg'gL af]em nfb]/ OG6/g]6 ;]jf cfdhgtfsf] nflu b'n{e t'NofPsf] 5 . ;+:yfg cfkm}n] klg OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;+rfng u/]/ k|lt:kwf{df pq]sf] 5 . ;+:yfg / lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿aLr k|lt:kwf{ kxndfg / l;s'6]aLr s':tLsf] v]nh:t} xf] . 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lbg] Ifdtf eP/ klg ;+:yfgn] cfOP;kLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] dfu]hlt 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lbO/x]sf] 5}g . clxn] !* j6f cfOP;kLx¿n] ;+rfng u/]sf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|of]u ubf{ 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] pkof]u u/]afkt ;+:yfgnfO{ em08} #% s/f]8 cfDbfgL x'G5 . of] cfDbfgLdf cfOP;kLx¿sf] b]gnfO{ ;/sf/ / ;+:yfg b'a}n] laNs'n} a]jf:tf u/]sf 5g\ . o;df cfOP;kLx¿sf] lx:;fsf] t sNkgf klg ul/Psf] 5}g . 6]lnkmf]g dx;"n ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf ;:tf] eGg] ;+:yfgsf] unt bfaL 5 . l5d]sL b]z ef/td} df]afOn kmf]gsf] dx;"n g]kfnsf] eGbf w]/} ;:tf] eO;s]sf] 5 . To;dfly g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ z'Nsdf ;/sf/n] @^=% k|ltzt s/ lnG5 . of] s/ ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf dxFuf] xf] . cfOP;kLx¿n] Jof08ljysf] nflu a]Un} / :yfgLo PS;]; g]6js{sf] nflu a]Un} z'Ns ;+:yfgnfO{ ltg'{k5{ . ef]ln ;+:yfgnfO{ sDkgLdf kl/0ft u/] klg p;s} k"jf{wf/x¿ pkof]u ug'{kg]{ jfWotf /x];Dd s'g} klg cfOP;kLn] To;sf] k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g . o;sf] nflu t p;sf k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{ afOkf; u/]/ ;f]em} ljb]z / u|fxs;Fu ;Dks{ ug{;Sg] k|ljlw gckgfO{ ;'v} 5}g . b]zdf b"/;+rf/nfO{ lgodg ug]{ :jtGq lgsfo g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fnfO{ ljleGg ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ Ohfht lbg] clwsf/ / k|bfosx¿aLr ljjfb p7]df lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . t/ k|flws/0fsf] u7g ;/sf/n] ug]{, d'Vo ;]jf k|bfos b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg ;/sf/ sf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] cwLgdf x'g] clg dGqfnosf] ;lrj g} ;+:yfgsf] cWoIf x'g] Joj:yfn] ubf{ aflx/ hlt pbf/ b]vfpg vf]h] klg jf:tjdf k|flws/0f ;/sf/ / ;+:yfgsf] lxtljk/Lt hfg g;Sg] :ki6} 5 . k|flws/0fsf] lj?4 cbftndf ph'/L gnfUg] / s'g} klg ph'/L ;/sf/;dIf dfq} ug{ kfOg] k|fjwfg ePsf] x'gfn] To:tf] ph'/Lsf] s'g} cy{ b]lvFb}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg lbof] . @)%* cyf{t\ Ps jif{kl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;f] l/6 vf/]h ul/lbof] . olb lg0f{o ug]{lalQs} cg'dlt kfPsf] eP ;ft dlxgf leq :kfO; ;]nn] cflxn] g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] lbPsf] ;'ljwfeGbf w]/} ;'ljwfx¿ ePsf] df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . 59

dGqfnon] tLg jif{leq ljleGg txsf %) xhf/ dflg;nfO{ /f]huf/Ld"ns sDKo'6/ k|lzIf0f lbg] nIf ah]6sf] cefjdf gf} xhf/ dflg;df ;Lldt ePsf] 5 . !%)) ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ kfFr jif]{ sfo{qmd b'O{ jif{ laTbf !& ufla;df gd'gf sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ;Lldt 5 .

a9]sf]n] ltgLx¿n] lk|mSj]G;L Ifdtf a9fP/ b'O{ d]uf afO6 k|lt;]s]08;Dd k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . dGqfnon] cfOP;kLx¿n] a9L lk|mSj]G;L k|of]u u/]sf]n] a9L /sd ltg'{k5{ eGg] c8fg lnPsf] lyof] . dGqfnon] eg]cg';f/ lk|mSj]G;Lsf] z'Ns ltg]{ xf] eg] Ps d]uf afO6 lk|mSj]G;L k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ cfOP;kLn] em08} ;f9] rf/ nfv ¿k}ofF Ohfht gjLs/0f z'Ns ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 egL cfOP;kLx¿ eG5g\ . 5fn ug]/ k};f sdfpg] / OG6/g]6nfO{ hgtfsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg afwf kfg]{ of] klg Pp6f tl/sf b]lvG5 . 6]lnkmf]g, Od]n tyf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u ul/a hgtfsf] nflu xf]Og . of] dWod / pRr ju{sf] nflu xf] . pgLx¿n] ;'ljwf kfPeg] hlQ klg s/ ltg{;S5g\ eGg] ;f]r ;/sf/ / ;+:yfgsf] b]lvG5 . hgtfn] ;'ljwf kfpg\, b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eof] eg] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ / cj;/ a9]/ b]znfO{ g} kmfObf x'G5 eGg] b"/b[li6sf] cefj 5 . ;+:yfgsf] ultljlw b"/;+rf/ ;]jf lghL If]qnfO{ lbg] elgP klg s]jn jfo/n]; nf]sn n"k -8An'PnPn_ h:tf] ;Lldt df]laln6L k|0ffnLdfq lbOg] x'gfn] b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] df]afOn kmf]gsf] t'ngfdf To;sf] cfsif{0f gx'g] s'/f :ki6 5 . o;af6 klg ;/sf/ / k|flws/0fsf] nflu ;+:yfgsf] lxt g} ;jf]{kl/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn]sf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ s;}n] OG6/g]6 k|of]u u5{ eg] p;n] :jtM ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿ pkof]u ul//x]sf] x'G5 h'g s'/f cfOP;kLx¿nfO{ klg yfxf gx'g;S5 . t/ P]gdf b"/;+rf/sf Od]n÷OG6/g]6, lel8of] 6]S:6, ˆofS; d]n, cl8of] sGk|m]lG;ª, nf]sn 8]6f sDo'lgs];gh:tf ljljw ;]jfx¿ Pp6} k|ljlwaf6 lbg;lsg] x'gfn] tL ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht lng'kg]{ Joj:yf laNs'n} cJofjxfl/s b]lvG5 . gofF k|ljlwcg';f/ ca cfOP;kLx¿n] ;+:yfgsf] s'g} k"jf{wf/ / ;]jf pkof]u gu/L sg cfˆg} tf//lxt g]6js{ jf s]a'n 6]lnlehgh:tf] tf/af6 OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{;Sg] k|ljlw cfO;s]sf] 5 t/ o;af/]df sfg"g / gLlt df}g 5 . of] k|ljlwsf nflu ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] yk nufgL ug{'k5{ t/ u|fxsx¿n] ;:tf]df l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jf kfpg;S5g\ . eL:of6sf] pkof]u g]kfnh:tf] ef}uf]lns ljifdtfePsf] b]zsf] nflu a/bfg g} xf] t/ o;sf] Ohfht b:t'/ / 7fpFklR5] a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht lng'kg]{ k|fjwfg sDd/ efFRg] vfnsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb s'g} cfOP;kLn] g]kfnsf %) j6f gu/kflnsfdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ rfx]df To;n] %) j6f nfO;]G; lng'k5{ / k|To]s nfO;]G;afkt To;n] tL;tL; nfvsf] b/n] !% s/f]8 ¿k}ofF b:t'/ a'emfpg'k5{ . clg oGq pks/0fsf] nflu nufgL sxfFaf6 h'6fpg] < t/ ;/sf/n] eL:of6sf] nflu Ohfht lbP afkt s]xL kfgf sfutafx]s s]xL vr{ ug'{ kb}{g . s] of] 5fn ug]/ k};f sdfpg] sfdh:t} ePg / < k+rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ ljsNk/lxt dflgPem}F b"/;+rf/sf] nflu g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ lglj{sNk ;]jfk|bfos jf k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf h;/L ljsf; ul/of] Tof] 9fFrf / dfgl;stf cem} klg km]l/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;fFRr} g} ul/aL 36fpg] sfddf pkof]u ug]{ xf] eg] of] 9fFrf / dfgl;stf TofUg' klxnf] cfjZostf xf] .

afO; s/f]8sf] ;Qnkf6L <

ag]kfdf @@ s/f]8 ¿k}ofFdf ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ aGg nfu]sf] w]/} jif{ eO;Sof] . o;sf] nflu clxn];Dd ;ft s/f]8 ¿k}ofF vr{ eO;s]sf] 5 / of] jif{ 5 s/f]8 ¿k}ofF 5'6ØfOPsf] 5 . cfO{6L kfs{ eg]sf] jf:tjdf o:tf] cef}lts ;+/rgf xf] h;leq /x]/ sfd ug]{ ljleGg lgsfox¿n] Pp6f ljz]if Joj:yf, g]6js{, tyf lgod sfg'gcGtu{t /x]/ sfd u5{g\ / /fHon] lbg] ;'ljwf tyf cGo ;|f]tx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf] xsbf/ x'G5g\ . o;sf] nflu kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf] ef}lts ;+/rgfleq a:g' cfjZos 5}g . of] t ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d"n cjwf/0ffs} lvnfkm xf] . 6]lnjs{sf] o'udf ef]ln of] ef}lts kfs{ afO; s/f]8sf] ;Qnkf6Ldf kl/0ft gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . a? of] ah]6 b"/;+rf/sf] lj:tf/ / ljsf;df jf OG6/g]6 pkof]ustf{x¿nfO{ ;'ljwf lbg] sfddf vr{ u/]sf] eP pNn]vgLo pknlAw x'g;SYof] . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] :t/Lo lzIff lbg] p2]Zo lnP/ ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿n] w]/} k6s k|of; ul/;s]sf 5g\, t/ :ki6 gLlt / b[li6sf]0fsf] cefj / dGqfnox¿aLr ;dGjon] ubf{ k|foM ;a} lg/fz eO kms]{sf 5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrddf ef/tn] agfO lbg] elgPsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw cWoog ;+:yfg klg clglZrt cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ ljw]ossf] ljrNnL Û

;/sf/n] @)%& ;fnd} æljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ / l8hL6n x:tfIf/ P]g, @)%&Æ sf] th'{df u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:tfljt ;f] ljw]osdf æljB'tLo :j¿kdf ul/Psf] x:tfIf/ -l8lh6n l;Ug]r/_ nfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ub}{ ljB'tLo clen]vx¿nfO{ sfg'gL dfGotfÆ k|bfg ug]{Ù ljlgdo clwsf/ kqx¿, crn ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0f ug]{ lnvtx¿, o:tf] ;DklQdfly xs jf :jfldTj hgfpg] lnvtx¿, jf/];gfdf, lkm/fbkq, k|ltpQ/kq, jf o:t} cGo k|sf/sf cbfntL sf/afxLdf k|of]u x'g] lnvtx¿ tyf k|rlnt sfg'gn] ljB'tLo :j¿kdf /fVg gx'g] egL :ki6 tf]s]sf lnvtx¿afx]ssf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿df ljB'tLo clen]v sfg'gL ¿kdf dfGo x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . sd{rf/Lsf] lxt;Fu a9L hf]l8Psf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o PS;r]+hdf s]xL cGt/f{li6«o txsf Jofkf/L / sd{rf/Lsf] dflkmof xfjL eO/x]sf] cg'dfg klg a]nfa]nfdf ul/G5 . k|flws/0fn] u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] nflu s]xL k|ltzt s/ ;]jf k|bfosx¿af6 p7fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 t/ Tof] sf]ifsf] ;+rfng s;n] ug]{ eGg] :ki6 5}g . s'g} If]q ljz]if jf s'g} u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;sf] gfddf s'g} sDkgL ljz]ifnfO{ cg'lrt nfe k'¥ofpg sf]ifsf] b'¿kof]u x'g] ;+efjgf 5 . xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/df ! k|ltzt eG;f/ dx;'n b/ s]jn lzIff If]qsf] nflu / cfO6L kfs{df cjl:yt pBf]ux¿sf] nflu ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 . cfO6L kfs{sf] cl:tTj g} gePsf] cj:yfdf of] slyt eG;f/ ;'ljwf klg b]vfj6L g} 5 . ;a} 36gfjnLnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfndf b"/;+rf/nfO{ lghLs/0f / pbf/Ls/0f ug]{ k|of;x¿ cGt/f{li6«o hutnfO{ b]vfpg] d's'08f] dfq xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . dxTjfsf+IfL ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt Û

;"rgf k|ljlw Joj;fodfly 9f8 ef“Rg] s/ cfOP;kLx¿n] u|fxsx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbgsfnflu tyf cGt/f{li6«o g]6js{;Fu ;Dks{ u/L 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf nflu ljb]zL sDkgLx¿;Fu :of6]nfO6 ;]jf lnPsf x'G5g\ . g]b";+af6 6]lnkmf]g nfOgnufot w]/} k|sf/sf ;]jfx¿ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw 60

;d]t pkef]u u/]afkt ljleGg k|sf/sf s/ lt/fpg] k|j[lQ sltko /fHo tyf ;/sf/x¿df b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] ljw]osn] sDKo'6/ ;fdu|Ldf cglws[t kx'Fr, sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf Iflt k'¥ofpg] sfo{ -Xoflsª_, ljB'tLo :j¿kdf u}/sfg'gL s'/f k|sfzg ug]{, uf]kgLotf e+u ug]{ sfo{nfO{ sDKo'6/ ck/fw dflgPsf] 5 . o:tf ck/fwx¿df s;'/sf] uDeL/tf x]/L bz xhf/b]lv kGw| xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf tyf Ps dlxgfb]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x'g;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t}, ljB'tLo clen]v / l8lh6n x:tfIf/x¿ sfg'gL ¿kdf dfGo x'gsf nflu clwsf/k|fKt lgsfoaf6 k|df0fLs/0f u/fpg'kg]{ / o:tf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfon] Ohfhtkq lng'kg]{ Joj:yf;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;a} k|sf/sf Goflos cbfntx¿df sDKo'6/;DaGwL ck/fwx¿sf] ljifodf ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf GofofwLzx¿sf] sdLnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ 5'§} ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ GofofwLs/0f :yfkgf ul/g] Joj:yf;d]t ;f] ljw]osdf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} g]kfnaflx/ a;]/ sDKo'6/, sDKo'6/ k|0ffnL jf sDKo'6/ g]6js{ k|0ffnLdf Iflt k'¥ofpg] g]kfnL jf u}/g]kfnLnfO{ o:tf s;'/df d'2f rnfO{ ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf klg ;f] ljw]osdf ul/Psf] lyof] . Tof] ljw]os P]g gagLsg ljw]ossf] ¿kd} lanfof] . kmn:j¿k g]kfnsf] Osd;{ dfq} xf]Og g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; g} w]/} k5fl8 ws]lnof] . P]gsf] cefjdf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df cfwfl/t Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] nfeaf6 ;/sf/ / Joj;foLx¿ b'a} kIf a+lrt x'g' k/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;"rgf k|ljwsf] If]qdf ck/fw a9]sf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ ;/sf/n] kl/dfh{g;lxt gofF ljB'tLo Jofkf/ P]g NofpFb}5 . t/ of] gofF P]g klg klxn]sf] h:t} hl6n efiffdf ePsf] / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kl/jt{gzLn rl/qnfO{ ;d]6\g g;s]sf] cfnf]rgf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . klxn]sf] ljw]osn] ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ tyf ;fOa/ ck/fwnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] lyof] eg] gofF cfpg] ljw]os ljB'tLo sf/f]af/df a9L s]lGb|t ePsf] l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] 5.

æd'n'sdf JofKt xTof, lx+;f, cft+s / ef}lts ;+/rgf Wj+;sf sf/0f l;lh{t cGof}n, clglZrttf, cefjdo jftfj/0f, ah]6 / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj Pj+ dxTjfsf+IfL sfo{qmd / kl/jlt{t ;/sf/L /0fgLltn] ubf{ ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltn] cfzfltt ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] hgfPsf] 5 .Æ — /f;;, @)^) ;fpg !&, uf]/vfkq b}lgs, ;fpg !* . æcfpFbf] kfFr jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljZj dfglrqdf :yflkt ug]{Æ kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& c;kmn ePsf] ;DalGwt dGqfnon] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . gLlt ag]sf] tLg jif{ eO;Sbf klg gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ P]g sfg'g, lgodfjnL / cfjZos k"jf{wf/ v8f x'g g;Sg'Ù ;g\ @)@) ;Dd k"0f{ ;fIf/tfsf] nIf /fv]sf] b]zdf ;g\ @)!) ;Dd k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIff lbg] p2]Zo lng'Ù kfFr jif{leq cfO6L ;ˆ6j]o/ / xf8{j]o/sf] lgsf;L !) lalnog ¿k}ofF k'¥ofpg] nIf lng' cflb s'/fx¿ g} g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt slt dxTjfsf+IfL / cJofjxfl/s 5 eGg] k|dfl0ft ug{ kof{Kt 5 . s'/f lyof] eg] ;'ljwf;DkGg ;+:yfg / x/]s k"jf{wf/sf] nflu ;+:yfgs} d'v tfSg' kg]{ jf ljleGg k|sf/sf s/ / b:t'/ ltg'{kg]{ lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿sf] nflu of] 3fts sbd klg x'g;SYof] . ;/sf/n] lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] gLltsf] ljk/Lt ;+:yfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg yfn]sf] eGg] cf/f]k klg cGo cfOP;kLx¿n] nufP . ;d:of d"No 36fPsf] eGbf klg cGo cfOP;kLx¿n] ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ ;+:yfgs} 6]lnkmf]g nfOg / cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ pkof]u ug'{ kg]{ x'gfn] ;+:yfg :jo+ k|lt:kwL{ ag]kl5 ;+:Yffgn] c? cfOP;kLx¿nfO{ ;'ljwf lbG5 ls lbFb}g eGg] d"n s'/f xf] eGg] pgLx¿sf] egfO lyof] ;+:yfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg yfn]sf] s]xL lbg leq} OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] z'Ns 36]/ dfl;s ? &%) ;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿ ;+ul7t eP/ cfOP;kL g]kfn u7g u/] . pgLx¿n] OG6/g]6sf] c;Lldt pkof]usf] z'Ns k|ltdlxgf ?= !^)) eGbf g36fpg] / olb s;}n] 36fPdf ?= krf; xhf/ hl/jfgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . cfk;df d"No 36f36sf] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{nfO{ /f]Sg / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ 36\g glbg of] sbd p7fOPsf] eGg] cfOP;kLx¿sf] egfO lyof] . t/ pkef]Qmfx¿sf] nflu of] k|lt:kwL{ df]ndf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf kfpg] cfˆgf] xs vf]l;Psf] 36gf lyof] . o;n] pkef]Qmx¿sf] clwsf/ vf]l;of] . cfOP;kLx¿n] u'6aGbL u/L d"No lgwf{/0f u/]sf], sf6]{lnªsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fn] 5fglag u¥of] . rf/ dlxgfkl5 @)%& sf] bz}F / ltxf/sf] pknIfdf cfOP;kLx¿ cfkm}n] $) k|ltzt;Dd OG6/g]6 z'Ns 36fP/ sf6]{lnª cGTo u/] . clxn] pkTosfaflx/ klg s]xL zx/L Onfsfdf k|ltdlxgf ;f9] ;ft ;o ¿k}ofFdf c;Lldt OG6/g]6 pkof]u ;'ljwf kfOg] u/]sf] 5 . clxn] klg ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLsf] jflif{s cfosf] t'ngfdf OG6/g]6 z'Ns w]/} dxFuf] 5 . To;dfly OG6/g]6 k|of]u ubf{ nfUg] 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n t 5Fb}5 .

cfOP;kLx¿sf] c3]{nf] < @)%& a}zfvdf g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] klg OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg yfn]kl5 lghL If]qaf6 ;]jf lbO/x]sf cfOP;kLx¿ eml:sP . ;+:yfgn] h'g b/df OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg yfNof] Tof] b/ lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿sf] b/eGbf lgSs} ;:tf] lyof] . ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] ;+:yfgn] cfˆgf k|z:t k"jf{wf/x¿sf] pkof]u u/L sd d"Nodf ;]jf lbg] /0fgLlt pkef]Qmfsf] nflu :jfut of]Uo ;+:yfgk|lt pQ/bfloTj eg] k6Ss} gb]lvPsf] / u|fxsx¿n] sd{rf/Lx¿af6 Go"gtd ;'ljwf;d]t kfpg g;s]sf] u'gf;f] a9\b} uPsf] 5 . — g]kfn ;dfrf/kq b}lgs, @)^) h]7 @# ut] .

;+3n] 6fj/ d/dt ug{ bz nfv ;xof]u ug]{ nDh'ª, @# h]7 – dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0faf6 Ifltu|:t b"/;+rf/sf] l/lk6/ 6fj/ tTsfn dd{t ;'? eP pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 nDh'ªn] !) nfv ¿k}ofF ;xof]u ug]{ ePsf] 5 . of] lhNnf 8]9 jif{b]lv ;Dks{ljxLg 5 . ;+:yfgn] clxn];Dd 6fj/ agfpg ;'? gu/]kl5 ;+3n] d/dtsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ ePsf] xf] . ====== — sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)^) h]7 @$ ut] .

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] e"ldsf / k|j[lQ

xfjf / kfgLh:t} k|sfz, Wjlg / /]l8of] t/+u k|s[ltsf lx:;f x'g\ . o;sf] nflu s'g} klg hLjn] z'Ns ltg'{ kb}{g . kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw x'g] a:t' jf ;]jfx¿nfO{ klg cefj u/fpg]Ù tL j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{ u/fpg]af/]df cg]s k|sf/sf lgodx¿ agfP/ lgoGq0f ug]{Ù tL j:t' pTkfbs tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfosx¿af6 Ohfht b:t'/ tyf ljleGg k|sf/sf s/x¿ p7fpg], ;fy} pkef]Qmf / pkof]ustf{x¿nfO{

df]afOn kmf]g ;+rfng cg'dltlj?4 l/6 vf/]h :kfO; ;]nn] tLg dlxgfleq ;]jf ;'? ug]{

61

g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df pNn]vgLo pknlAw x'g] cfzf ug{;lsG5 .

sf7df8f}F, @# ;fpg – lghL If]qnfO{ df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf ;+rfngsf nflu b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fn] lbPsf] c'gdlt /2 ug{ k/]sf] ph'/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] vf/]h u/]sf] 5 . ===== GofofwLz åo s]bf/gfy pkfWofo / /fh]Gb|/fh gfVjfsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 l/6 vf/]h ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . ===== ;+3n] lgj]bgdf of] ljifo sd{rf/L / ;+:yfgsf] lxt;Fu ufFl;Psf] pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . of] kIfdfly l6Kk0fL ub}{ pkfWofon] eGg'eof], æ;+:yfgsf] lxt ;fj{hlgs lxt gx'g klg ;S5, To;}n] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] bfjL :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsPg .Æ of] k|flnsf] g]kfnL ;fem]bf/ v]tfg ;d"xsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /fh]Gb|s'df/ v]tfgn] ca !) — !% lbgdf cg'dltkq lng] / To;sf] sl/a tLg dlxgfdf ;]jf ;'? ug]{ hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . t/ g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf k|jQmf lx/0os'df/ e§/fO{n] To; k|flnn] ltg]{ eg]sf] @) ca{ ¿k}ofFsf] 6'Fuf] gePsf] / !) jif{leq ;]jf ;+rfng x'g] ljZjf;;Dd gnfu]sf]n] cg'dltkq lbg gx'g] wf/0ff JoQm ug'{eof] . — sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)%*, ;fpg @$ ut] . dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf;;Fu} lgoGq0fsf/L k|j[lQ 36b} uP/ sNof0fsf/L / ;fj{hlgs lxt, pbf/Ls/0f tyf pkef]udf ;dfg clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffn] dfGotf kfpg yfn]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k clxn] lzIff kfpgsf nflu pRr hftsf] x'g' clgjfo{ 5}g, j]b jf zf:q k9]df z"b| jf gf/Lsf] sfgdf kUn]sf] l;;f vGofpg] lgod 5}g, /]l8of] ;]6 /fVg Ohfht kq lng' kb}{g . x'nfs ljefun] lghL If]qn] s'l/o/ ;le{; rnfpg kfpGg eGb}g . g t Od]ndf /f]s nufP/ vfdd} l6s6 6fF;]/ lr7L k7fpg'k5{ eG5 . ul/aL 36fpg, pBf]uwGbf / Jofkf/, ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf] ult a9fpgÙ zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ / k|hftGq alnof] kfg{ tyf ;dfh, /fHo / hLjgsf cgluGtL sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u clxn] ckl/xfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . o;}n] g]tf, gLlt lgdf{tfb]lv lnP/ ufpF:t/sf ;r]t tyf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] u'0f ufpg / o;sf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ eGg yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] kIfdf olt Jofks hgdt ag]/ ax';+Vos ;r]t hgtfaf6 z'esfdgf JoQm eP klg o;sf] ljsf; rfx]h:tf] x'g;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf] sf/0f gLlt, P]g, lgodb]lv lnP/ b]zsf] /fhgLlts tyf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt tyf cfly{s cj:yf, s/, b:t'/, ah]6, hgtfsf] Ifdtf / r]tgfsf] sdLh:tf ;}of}F sf/0fx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . t/ hlt nfdf] ;"rL tof/ kf/] klg ;"rLsf k|To]s zAbn] Pp6} zAbnfO{ cf}FNofO/x]sf] x'G5 — lgot .

;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg] pkfox?

g]kfnL efiff a'‰g] sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df g]kfnL efiff clxn] k9]n]v]sf dflg;x¿ klg sDKo'6/sf] cufl8 a:g jf OG6/g]6 rnfpg xRsg'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f efiff xf] . OG6/g]6df pknAw x'g] (% k|ltzt eGbf w]/} hfgsf/L c+u|]hLdf x'G5 . g]kfnL efiffdf Ps k|ltzt ;"rgf klg OG6/g]6df kfOGg . sDKo'6/ ;+rfng ug]{ ;a} ;ˆ6j]o/ / sdf08x¿ c+u|]hLdf rN5g\ . c+u|]hLdf ;+rf/ ug{;Sg] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vof !) k|ltzt hltdfq} 5 . Tof] klg zx/L If]qdf s]lGb|t 5 . ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf g]kfnnfO{ 5f8]/ c? b]zdf c+u|]hx¿n] rf/ ;o jif{;Dd zf;g ubf{ c+u|]hL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L tyf /fHox¿aLr cGt;{DjGwsf] efiff agfPsf] x'gfn] ef/t, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z / >Ln+sfdf c+u|]hL efiff a'‰g] / af]Ng]x¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} 5 . x'g t c+u|]hL efiff cf}klgj]lzs bf;Tjsf] k|tLs / cjz]if xf] eg]/ k|foM w]/}n] luNnf u5{g\ t/ clxn] oxL s'/f tL b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] ;xfos ag]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;+rf/lagf /fi6«sf] ljsf; xF'b}g / cGt/f{li6«o ;Dk{ssf] d"n efiff c+u|]hL xf] eGg] s'/f tLtf] ;To xf] . @)@* ;fndf nfu" ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lzIff gLltn] c+u|]hL efiffnfO{ ;s];Dd b'?T;fxg u/]sfn] klg clxn] b]zdf c+u|]hL efiffdf ;+rf/ ug{;Sg] hgzlQmsf] sdL ePsf] xf] . clxn] k5'tfP/ s]xL x'g] t xf]Og t/ efiffsf] of] ;d:ofaf6 kf/ kfpg b]zn] 7"n} df]n r'sfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . csf]{lt/ g]kfnL efiff a'‰g] ;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf; ug{] k|of; klg ;kmn x'g;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf] Pp6f d'Vosf/0f t ahf/sf] sdL g} xf] . g]kfnleq ;ˆ6j]o/ a]Rg] ahf/ ;fx|} ;Lldt 5 . g]kfnL efiffdf pTkflbt ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pTkfbgsf] vr{ klg p7g;St}g . g]kfnL efiff a'‰g] / g]kfnL efiffdf lbPsf] cfb]z cg';f/ sfd ug]{ PlKn]s];g ;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg ljz]if of]hgf / cg'bfg ;xof]usf] vfFrf] 5 . dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfnon] g]kfnL efiffdf rNg] ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbgdf cu'jfO u/]tf klg of] rng rNtLdf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;a} ;fIf/ g]kfnLn] sDKo'6/ rnfpg jf OG6/g]6df g]kfnL efiffdf /flvg] kf7Ø ;fdu|Ldf ljs[lt x6fP/ Ps¿ktf Nofpg hlt;s]sf] rfF8f] Pp6f Jofks k|of; yfNg'kg]{ :ki6 5 . jf:tjdf l5d]sL b'O{ b]zx¿df eGbf w]/} klxn] g]kfndf sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u / o;;DaGwL sf/f]af/ ;'? ePsf] xf] . t/ clxn] ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]udf ef/t / xf8{j]o/ pBf]udf lrg ljZjd} cu|0fL :yfgdf k'lu;s]sf 5g\ eg] g]kfn kl5 kb}{ uPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; gx'g'df ;d:ofsf] d"n r'/f] lgoGq0fsf/L k|j[lQ g} xf] . o;n] ubf{ oxfF ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fo, Jofkf/ cflbsf] ck]lIft ljsf; x'g;s]g, ljb]zL nufgLstf{x¿ klg efUg] l:ylt cfof] . jf:tjdf clxn] g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; lghL If]qsf s]xL pT;fxL JolQmx¿sf] nugzLntfsf] e/df s5'jfsf] ultdf eO/x]sf] 5 . ;j{;'ne, ;/n / ;:tf] k|ljlwnfO{ klg cg]s lgod sfg'gsf] hfnf]df afFw]/ To;sf] pkof]u cfdhgtfsf] kxF'reGbf w]/} 6f9f, ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu b'n{e agfP/ b:t'/ / s/sf] ef/Ln] cg'knEo agfP/ cfDbfgLsf] ;lhnf] ;|f]t agfpg] k'/fgf] dfgl;stf jf k|j[lQ sltko ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df cem} klg sfod 5 . b]zn] ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6 nfe kfpgg;Sg'df of] k|j[lQ

P3f/ dlxgfsf] af]g;kl5 8]9 s/f]8sf] eQf dfu

dfcf]jfbL ultljlwsf sf/0f u|fdL0f If]qdf /x]sf b"/;+rf/ ;+/rgfx¿ tf]8kmf]8 eP/ nfvf}F hgtf 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{af6 j+lrt eO/xsf] ;dodf af]g; / k|f]T;fxgsf] gfddf !! dlxgfsf] tna a/fa/sf] /sd lng ;kmn g]kfn b";;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] n'ufeQf Pjd\ jflif{s pT;jsf] gfddf yk Ps s/f]8 ¿k}ofFsf] dfu /fVb} ;+:yfgsf dxfk|jGwsnfO{ bafa lbPsf 5g\ . ======= ;+:yfgsf] $& s/f]8 ^$ nfv %) xhf/ ?lkofF a/fa/sf] ef}lts ;+/rgf tf]8kmf]8 eP/ xfn;Dd klg & xhf/ & ;o @) nfOg 6]lnkmf]g k|efljt ePsf] cj:yfdf tnaeQfafx]s @# s/f]8 #* nfv @% xhf/ # ;o !( ¿k}ofF ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] cltl/Qm ;'ljwf of] cfjdf kfpg] ePsf 5g\ . bz}F vr{;d]t u/]/ Ps jif{eGbf klg a9Lsf] /sd lng] sd{rf/Lx¿df gLltn] b"/;+rf/sf] If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{;s]df 62

/ ;dfhdf n]vg– ;xof]uL -:qmfOa_ sf] k|rng ePem}F sDKo'6/– lg/If/sf nflu OG6/g]6 ;xof]uL JolQm / ;+:yfx¿sf] hdft tof/ ug'{k5{ .

d'Vo afws b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg xf] h;n] OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gdfly /f]s nufpgfsf ;fy} lghL If]qnfO{ b"/;+rf/ ;+rfng ug{ lbFg' x'Fb}g eg]/ sd{rf/L ;+u7gn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ph'/L u5{ . æ;+:yfgsf] lxt ;fj{hlgs lxt gx'g klg ;S5Æ eg]/ cbfntn] :ki6 km};nf u/]kl5 klg ;+:yfgsf] lxtnfO{ g} clxn] klg ;jf]{kl/ g} dfg]/ sfd eO/xs]f 5 h;n] ubf{ k"/} d'n's ljsf;sf] 7"nf] cj;/af6 j+lrt x'g' kl//x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] af6f]df ;a}eGbf ufx|f] / d"n uf}F8f] / uN5]F8f] oxL g} xf] . /fhgLlts ;+sNk / cfFl6nf] g]t[Tjlagf of] uN5]F8f] kf/ ug{ c;+ej 5 . t/ of] uN5]F8f] kf/ gu/L g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f ca n's]sf] 5}g .

3fd, kfgL, xfjf / dnaf6 lah'nL

xfn g]kfndf em08} @) k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df dfq} lah'nL k'u]sf] 5 . Tof] klg w]/}h;f] zx/LIf]qdf ;Lldt 5 hxfF s'n hg;+Vofsf] !% k|ltzteGbf yf]/} dflg; a:5g\ . ct ufFpdf 3fd, xfjf kfgL / uf]j/Uof; af6 ljh'nL lgsfNg] j}slNks pkfosf nflu ;s];Dd w]/} cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

g]kfnL j]a;fO6 nf]slk|o agfpg]

g]kfndf j]a;fO6 agfpg] nx/ rn]sf] 5 / of] k|lti7fsf] ljifo klg ag]sf] 5 . t/ j]a;fO6 lsg < o;sf] nlIft bz{s sf] xf] < o;sf] p2]Zo s] xf] < egL /fd|/L ga'emL sltkon] /x/s} e/df / s;}n] bftf ;+:yfn] lbPsf] e/df j]a;fO6 /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . cvaf/, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgsf] lglZrt kf7s, >f]tf tyf bz{s ju{ / ef}uf]lns If]q x'G5, t/ j]a;fO6 ljZjJofkL x'G5 . j]a;fO6 h'g efiffdf agfOPsf] 5 Tof] efiff hfGg] ljZjsf] s'g} klg efudf a:g], s'g} klg cfly{s, ;fdflhs, wfld{s ;d'bfosf dflg;n] Tof] j]a;fO6 x]g{;S5 . To;}n] ljZjJofkL bz{snfO{ a'emfpg s:tf] efiff, s:tf] z}nL / s:tf] l8hfOg k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljZjdf em08} 5 s/f]8 dflg;x¿n] OG6/g]6 k|of]u u5{g\ . j]a;fO6sf] ;+Vof klg s/f]8 gfl3;s]sf] cg'dfg 5 . bz{snfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ s'/f j]a;fO6df ePg eg] ju/sf] afn'jfsf] s0fem}F j]a;fO6 eL8df x/fpg;S5 . To;}n] j]a;fO6 6SnSs b]lvg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . ;fy} j]a;fO6 x]g{ yfn]kl5 bz{s csf]{ j]a;fO6df ghfcf];\ eGgsf nflu j]a;fO6sf] ljifoj:t', l;+uf/k6f/ tyf k|:t'lt plQs} nf]Eofpg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . g]kfnL j]a;fO6x¿sf] a]Un} klxrfg u/L rfx]sf] j]a;fO6 x]g{;Sg] agfpg g]kfn ;+a+wL l;+uf] kf]6{n jf ljifo / If]qcg';f/ kfFr ;ft j6f kf]6{n -PsLs[t j]a;fO6_ agfpg' cfjZos 5 . j]a;fO6 lg/Gt/ gjLs/0f jf ck8]6 ul//fVg' k5{ . hlt k6s x]/] klg pxL cg'xf/ / ljifoj:t' b]lvg] j]a;fO6af6 bz{sx¿ lbSs x'G5g\ . j]a;fO6df k9g}kg]{ ljz]if ;fdu|L ge} af;L j]a;fO6df sf]xL klg kms{g rfxGgg\ . clxn] j]a l8hfOlgªsf ;fy} j]a /fOl6ª k|ljlw klg cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . klxn] /fd|f] n]vgsf] nflu ;+lIfKt / ;/n -;6{ P08 l;Dkn_ n]Vg] lgod lyof] eg] ca csf]{ Pp6f P;, :jL6 ylkPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ j]a n]vg ;+lIfKt -a'Fbfa'Fbfdf_, ;/n -;a}n] a'‰g;Sg] efiff / z}nLdf_, clg k9'Fk9'F nfUg] ld7f] x'g'k5{ .

b"/;+rf/ If]q ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf M Pp6f lemgf] cfzf Û

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ ljBdfg b"/;+rf/ gLlt ckof{Kt ePsf] x'Fbf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnon] ljZj a}+ssf] ;xof]udf kfFr jif]{ b"/;+rf/ ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgfn] b]ze/df l56f] / tTsfn b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpgÙ lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf k"jf{+rnsf %#$ uflj;df sDtLdf b'O{ nfv 6]lnkmf]g nfOg pknAw u/fpgÙ dGqfno cGtu{tsf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf a9fpg tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfdf lghL If]qnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ /0fgLlt tof/ ul/g] 5 . dGqfnon] b"/;+rf/ gLlt @)^! th'{df ub}{5 . ;f] kl/of]hgf / k|:tfljt OsGk|m]G; tyf dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h -kf7Ø, Wjlg / rnlrqsf] ¿kdf_ k|sfzg cflb sfdaf6 Okqsfl/tfnfO{ cfsif{s / pkof]uL agfpg;lsG5 . g]kfnsf cgnfO{g klqsfx¿n] ug{;Sg] / ug'{kg]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfd xf] sf7df8f}Faf6 lg:sg] kqklqsfx¿ Psflaxfg} j]a;fO6df /fv]/ pkTosf aflx/ sf kf7sx¿;dIf k'¥ofpg' . pkTofsfaflx/sf kf7sx¿ sf7df8f}Fsf] ;dfrf/ yfxf kfpg x'?Ss} u5{g\ . sf7df8f}Faf6 laxfg} lg:sg] cvaf/x¿sf dxTjk"0f{ c+z jf l;+u} cvaf/ klg OG6/g]6df /fVg;lsG5 . j]a;fO6df /flvPsf tL cvaf/sf ;fdu|Lx¿ :yfgLo PkmPd /]l8of], s]a'n 6LeL ;]jf k|bfosx¿, cl8of] 6fj/ tyf kqklqsfx¿n] klg cfd >f]tf jf kf7s;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd u5{g\ . :yfgLo ;+rf/ dfWodx¿;Fu / lj1fkg Ph]G;Lx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ of] sfdnfO{ lbuf] / gfkmfd"ns klg agfpg;lsG5 .

OG6/g]6 gk'u]sf] 7fp“df ;L8L /f]d g]kfnsf clwsf+z ufpFx¿ 6]lnkmf]glaxLg ePsf x'gfn] of]hgf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:tf hg;/f]sf/sf ljleGg cfof]u dGqfno, ljefu, lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nox¿, ljsf;] sfof{nox¿, nfOg Ph]G;Lx¿, :yfgLo lgsfo tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] j]a;fO6df /flvg] ;fdu|Lx¿ ;L8L /f]ddf /fv]/ ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofP/ ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t lbOg] k|hftGq, ;'zf;g, ljsf;, :jf:Yo cflb ljljw hfgsf/L, r]tgf / ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . c+u|]hL efiff j'‰g g;Sg] clwsfz+ g]kfnLsf nflu g]kfnL efiffdf lgld{t ;L8L a9L pkof]uL klg x'G5 .

cgnfOg kqsfl/tfnfO{ cem pkof]uL agfpg]

OG6/g]6df klqsf /fVb}df bz{sn] x]5{ eGg] 7fGg' x'Fb}g . cgnfOg klqsfx¿n] bz{ssf] ;+Vof a9fpg lgoldt k|rf/ k|;f/ / ljleGg sfo{qmd ug'{k5{ . bz{ssf] k|Zgf]Q/, lh1f;f :tDe, ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿nfO{ sfdnfUg] s'/f, pgLx¿sf] ;Gb]z, hgdt ;+sng, Kofgn jf u|'k l8:s;g, a]nfa]nfdf ;+rfng / lbuf]kgsf] nflu :yfgLo ;+:yf jf lghL If]qnfO{ lbg' Jofjxfl/s x'G5 . 6]ln;]G6/x¿n] 3/axfn hf]ufpg jf ufFpsf cu'jfx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg] lgotn] klg uflj; ejg, :s'n jf s'g} ;fj{hlgs ejgdf /fVg ;S5g\ . t/ pkof]lutf, lbuf]kg,

OG6/g]6 ;xof]uL -:qmfOa_

g]kfndf (( k|ltzteGbf w]/} dflg;x¿ sDKo'6/– lg/If/ 5g\ . () k|ltzt hgtfn] c+u|]hL efiff a'‰g;Qm}gg\ . cgk9x¿sfnflu k9\g n]Vg ;3fpg cbfntdf n]vgbf;÷/fO6/ 63

:yfgLo g]t[Tj / Ifdtfsf] ljsf;

cfDbfgL / ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] ahf/ If]q jf dflg;x¿ w]/} cfpg], cfjthfjt a9L x'g] 7fpFdf 6]ln;]G6/ /fVg'k5{ .

u|fdL0f Onfsfdf ;"rgf k|ljlw sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . s'g} klg ;d'bfosf] ;"rgf cfjZostf / pko'Qm ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] af/]df ;a}eGbf a9L ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ yfxf x'G5 ctM lbuf]kgsf] nflu klg o;sf] dxTj 5 . dflg;x¿nfO{ ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ;Lk l;sfP/ tyf ;/n / ;'ne k"jf{wf/ tof/ kf/]/ dfq} ljkGg ;dfhx¿n] cfˆg} ;+rf/ dfWodx¿dfly a9L lgoGq0f ug{;S5g\ . o;/L pgLx¿ cfˆgf] eljiodfly a9L lgoGq0f ug{;Sg] x'G5g\ . of] l:yltsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;/sf/L, lghL, :yfgLo, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o, ljleGg kIf jf sf/s jf kfqx¿aLrsf] ;femf k|of; cfjZos x'G5 .

oGqpks/0f / ;'ljwfsf] lg0f{o

6]ln;]G6/df /flvg] oGqpks/0f / ;'ljwfx¿ ;a} 7fpFdf Ps} k|sf/sf] jf a/fa/ /fVg' cfjZos / Aofjxfl/s b]lvFb}g . st} 6]lnkmf]gsf] a9L pkof]u x'g;S5 . st} ˆofS; rflxFb} grflxg;S5 . st} lk|G6/ / kmf]6f]skLsf] b'¿kof]u x'g;S5 . glhssf] ahf/df sltko ;]jf ;:tf]df kfOg;S5g\ . ctM :yfgLo cfjZostf, pkof]u / IfdtfnfO{ a'em]/ :yfgLo hgtfs} ;xdltcg';f/ s] slt ;'ljwf /fVg] eGg] lg0f{o ul/g'k5{ .

ljz]if1sf] ;Nnfx tyf :yfgLo ;xof]u / ;+sNk

a]nfa]nfdf aGb eO/fVg] ce/kbf]{ lah'nL, cg'ko'Qm 6]lnkmf]g k|0ffnL, xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ km]g]{ jf d/dt ug]{ ;'ljwfsf] cefj, ;"rgf k|ljlwn] lbg] ;]jfaf/] ufpFn]x¿sf] cgle1tf jf cljZjf;, :yfgLo hgzlQm / ;+rfngsf] nflu ;|f]t ;fwg / Joj:yfkgsf] sdL cflb afwf Jojwfgx¿ kf/ ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt ljz]if1 / :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xdlt ;fy} :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ;+sNk lnP/ 6]ln;]G6/ ;'? u/] dfq ;kmn x'g;S5 .

;s];Dd w]/}sf] kx“'rdf ;/sf/n] !% ;o ufFpdf 6]ln;]G6/ :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;+:yfx¿n] clxn] g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfP/ ljsf;, k|hftGq / ;'zf;gsf] ultljlwnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ljleGg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . dGqfnob]lv uflj;;Dd ltgLx¿n] ;3fO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ ljleGg ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo gx'gfn] e|d, bf]xf]/f] sfd / ljs[lt klg pTkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 . ltgLx¿n] dGqfnob]lv lnP/ :yfgLo lgsfo / ;fd'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿;Fu klg ldn]/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug'{k5{ / s]Gb|Lo eGbf :yfgLo Ifdtf / ;Lk a9fpg a9L hf]8 lbg'k5{ .

nufgL

/fhgLlts cl:y/tf / g]t[Tj txdf k|ljj4tfsf] sdLn] ubf{ ljb]zL 7"nf tyf :jledfgL Jofkfl/s lgsfox¿ g]kfndf nufgL ug{ cfP/ klg kms{g' k/]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRr lzIff lbg] ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{ cfPsfx¿ kms]{/ uPsf 5g\ . clxn] g]kfnsf ljleGg sn]h / ljZjljBfnodf kl9x]sf %))) hlt ;"rgf k|ljlwsf :gftsx¿n] b]zleq sfd gkfpg] cj:yf cfpg] ;+efjgf 5 . o'jfx¿nfO{ :j/f]huf/ agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fodf nufpg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu g]kfnsf a}Fsx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw k|j4{g ug]{ vfnsf] C0f lbg] of]hgf ;+rfng ug'{k5{ . ;s];Dd cfO6L ljsf; a}Fs :yfkgf ug'{k5{ .

Osd;{sf] ljsf;sf] nflu

klxnf] sfd t On]S6«f]lgs sf/f]af/nfO{ dfGotf lbg] / o;;+a+wL ck/fw /f]Sg] sfg'g aGg' cfjZos 5 . To;f] ePkl5 cgnfOg ljqmL ljt/0f / e'QmfgL ;Dej x'G5 . Osd;{ dfkm{t cfh{g u/]sf] ljb]zL d'b|f b]zdf leq\ofpg] / a}Fsdf /fVg]af/]df pbf/ gLlt Nofpg'k5{ . Jofkfl/s j]a;fO6sf] lgoldt ck8]6 x'g'sf ;fy} To;dfkm{t a]lrg] ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ . Pp6f sDkgLn] 7Uof] eg] ;a} j]a;fO6k|lt ljZjf; u'D5 .

gof“gof“ pkof]ustf{x¿ klxn] cg'dfg} gul/Psf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿ 6]ln;]G6/sf pkof]ustf{ aGg ufp“sf] nflu zx/sf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿sf] pkof]u t/fO{sf clwsf+z ufFpx¿ zx/LIf]qsf] glhs ePsf] / kxf8L Onfsfdf klg zx/ / ufpFjLr glhssf] ;DjGw ePsf] x'gfn] zx/L If]qdf ePsf ;'ljwfx¿af6 ufFpn]x¿n] nfe lnO/x]sf 5g\ . xfn sltko zx/x¿df ;+rflnt ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿df u|fdL0f o'jfx¿ em'lDfPsf b]lvG5g\ . of] k|j[lQnfO{ a9fP/ zx/LIf]qdf ;+rflnt ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿nfO{ ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dlGjt u/L sfd ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . x'nfsn] ufFpdf lr7L afF8]em}+ lab]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿sf] Od]n zx/sf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿, x'nfsx¿, ufFpdf rn]sf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ dfkm{t ufFpdf jf sDKo'6/ gePsfx¿sxfF k'/\ofpg] / k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . zx/df l:yt ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿nfO{ of] sfdsf] lhDdf lbg;lsG5 . 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf gePsf ufpFdf sfd ug]{ kl/of]hgf jf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿n] klg zx/sf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿;Fu ldn]/ Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{;S5g\ .

b"/;+rf/ dx;'ndf lx:;]bf/L / lgMz'Ns OG6/g]6

OG6/g]6 / b"/;+rf/ Pscsf{sf] kof{ojfrL zAbh:t} eO;s]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6 k|of]u a9g' eg]sf] b"/;+rf/sf] k|of]u / cfDbfgL a9g' xf] . ctM ljleGg b]zdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg] sDkgLx¿n] b"/;+rf/ dx;'nsf] lx:;f kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;/L b"/;+rf/sf] cfDbfgLn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf wflgg] dfq} xf]Og gfkmfd} rNg yfn]kl5 OG6/g]6 lgMz'Ns x'g' :jfefljs xf] .

Ps sfd b'O{ dGqfno

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, ;fOa/ sfg'g agfpF5 ./fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| oxL dGqfnosf] cGtu{t 5 . csf]{lt/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d]?b08 b"/;+rf/sf] gLlt, P]g, lgod agfpg] b]lvlnP/ lk|mSj]G;L, eL:of6 cflbsf] Ohfht lbg] / sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] lhDdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno cGtu{t k5{ . b"/ ;+rf/ k|flws/0f / ;+:yfg oxL dGqfnosf] dftxtdf 5 . Pp6} If]q b'O{ dGqfnon] x]g]{ k|jwfg ePsf] x'Fbf sltko ljifodf lj;+ult / cK7Øf/f] klg k/]sf] 5 . ctM ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL ;a} sfd Pp6} dGqfnocGtu{t /fVg' Jofjxfl/s tyf k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

x'nfsdf Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;]jf

cGt/f{li6«o b"/;+rf/ ;+3 -cfO{6Lo"_ sf] ;'emfj

ljh'nL / 6]lnkmf]g k'u]sf x'nfs sfof{nox¿df OG6/g]6 hl8t sDKo'6/ /fv]/ u|fxsx¿nfO{ Go'gtd z'Ns lnP/ Od]n Psfp06 vf]Ng] ;'ljwf lbOg'k5{ .

OG6/g]6 k|j4{gsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o b"/;+rf/ ;+3 cfO{6Lo"_ n] u/]sf b'O{ ;S5g\ . h:t}, zx/af6 dfn;fdfg 64

• Pp6f zx/df w]/} cfOP;kLx¿n] ;]jf lbFbf Pp6f OG6/g]6 PSr]Fh KjfOG6 :yfkgf u/]/ Pp6f eL:of6 k|of]u u/]/ w]/}n] ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . • k|efjsf/L tyf :yfgLo ¿kn] ;fGble{s÷pkof]uL ljifoj:t' tof/ kfg'{ k5{ . ljifoj:t' :yfgLo efiffdf g} ljsl;t / k|j4{g ug'{k5{ . ;fy} ;d'bfo :jo+n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] / ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . ;d'bfox¿sf] Ifdtf a9fP/ pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆg} ljifoj:t' tof/ kfg{;Sg] agfpg'k5{ . ;'?df :yfgLo ljifoj:t' pTkfbg, gd'gf k|bz{g ug{ cg'bfg ;xof]u lbg'k5{ . ;fy} af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ / k|ltlnlk clwsf/;+a+wL sfg'gnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu" u/fpg'k5{ . • lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ tyf ;dfh;]jL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljz]if ;x'lnot b/df OG6/g]6 rnfpg] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . • OG6/g]6dfkm{t 6]lnkmf]g ug]{ ;'ljwfdfly nufOPsf] /f]s t'?Gt} x6fpg'k5{, lsgls g]kfnh:tf] b]zsf nflu of] k|ljlw lgSs} pkof]uL, pko'Qm / ;:tf] k|ljlw xf] . • OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u a9fpg ;/sf/n] ;fIf/tf tyf ljh'nLsf] pTkfbg / pkef]u a9fpg] gLlt / sfo{qmd Nofpg'k5{ . OG6/g]6sf] ljsf;nfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;;Fu hf]8\g'k5{ . cWoogx¿n] g]kfnh:tf] b]zdf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u a9fpgsf nflu s]xL 7f]; ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . !((( sf] cS6f]j/df ul/Psf] cWoog, æRofn]Gh]h 6' b g]6js{ OG6/g]6 km/ 8]EnKd]06Æ / gj]Da/ @))) df ul/Psf] cWoog æb OG6/g]6 k|md b 6k ckm b jN8{ M g]kfn s]; :68LÆ df lbOPsf ;'memfjx¿sf] cf;o / ;f/ o; k|sf/ 5 M • ;/sf/sf] dflyNnf] txdf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u a9fpg'k5{ . • OG6/g]6sf] pkof]lutfaf/] hgr]tgf a9fpg] sfo{qmd rnfpg'k5{ . • lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg'k5{ . ;/sf/n] lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL agfpg t vf]h]sf] 5 t/ k"/} lhDdf lbg vf]h]sf] 5}g . lghL If]qnfO{ k"0f{ Ifdtfsf] /fli6«o b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ cg'dlt lbg'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o sn, EjfO; 6]lnkmf]g, 8An'PnPn, df]afOn cflb ;a} vfn] ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ cj;/ gkfP;Dd cGt/f{li6«o nufgLstf{x¿n] nufgL ub}{gg\ . g]kfndf 6]08/n] g} ;/sf/sf] gLlt / lgot emNsfpF5 . ;+:yfgn] ul//fv]sf] sfddWo] s]xL sfd ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ 6]08/ sn gu/L k"0f{ k|lt:kwL{ ;+rfnssf] nflu 6]08/ sn ug'{k5{ . k|flws/0fnfO{ a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ tyf u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] nflu lbg'kg]{ z'Nsx¿ ;s] x6fpg'k5{, g;s] 36fpg'k5{ . • cfwf/e"t b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ahf/ ;s];Dd w]/} vfnsf Joj;foLx¿sf nflu vf]Ng'k5{ . OG6/g]6 Joj;foLx¿, cfOP;kLb]lv ;fOa/ Sofkm];Dd ;fgf7"nf ;a} vfnsf Joj;foLx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ b'x'gf ufO{ 7fGg' x'Fb}g . clxn] nfu" ul/Psf cg]s s/ tyf Ohfht / gjLs/0fsf em+eml6nf k|lqmofx¿ x6fP/ OG6/g]6 Joj;foLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'k5{ . • 6]lnkmf]g s'/fsfgLsf] t'ngfdf OG6/g]6df w]/} a]/;Dd 6]lnkmf]gsf] pkof]u x'G5 . ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]g nfOg pkof]u u/]/ OG6/g]6 rnfpFbf 6]lnkmf]gsf] k|rlnt dx;'neGbf sd dx;'n lng] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

lemsfpg] :yfgLo Jofkf/L tyf ufpFsf] pTkfbg zx/df a]Rg n}hfg] Jofkf/Lx¿, ufpFaf6 zx/df sfd ug{ dhb'/ hDdf ug]{ 7]s]bf/, 7]s]bf/nfO{ kv]{/ a:g] dhb'/x¿, lg/Gt/ cfO6L k|of]u ug]{ cfuGt'sx¿, gofF of]hgf, kl/of]hgf jf ;+:yfsf] sfof{no cflb . s]jn ;+rf] la;+rf] hfGgsf] nflu dfq} 6]ln;]G6/ :yfkgf ug'{ lemFuf dfg{ aGb'ssf] Joj:yf ug'{h:t} xf] .

;"rgf / 1fgsf] ljs]lGb|t / ;'ne e08f/sf] lgdf{0f

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljz]iftf g} 1fg / ;"rgfsf] ;j{;'netf xf] . o;}n] ;/sf/L, z}lIfs, Jofj;flos, :jf:Yo;+a+wL tyf c? s'g} klg ljifo / If]q;Fu ;+a+lwt ;"rgf / 1fgsf] e08f/ -8]6f a];_ s]Gb|Ls[t jf Ps}7fpFdf jf ;Lldt JolQmsf] lgoGq0fdf x'g'x'Fb}g . ;s];Dd w]/} j]a;fO6df /fVg'k5{ . o;/L ;a} tx / Ifdtfsf pkof]ustf{ – JolQm / ;+:yfx¿ – n] 1fg / ;"rgf kfpg / pkof]u ug{;S5g\ .

k/Dk/fut k|ljlwx¿sf] pkof]u ;"rgf / 1fgnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df dfq e/ gk/]/ /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, lel8of], s]a'n 6LeL, cvaf/h:tf k/Dk/fut ;+rf/ dfWodx¿sf] klg pkof]u ug'{k5{ . leGg k|ljlwx¿sf] d]naf6 ag]sf] ;+s/ k|ljlw -xfOla|8_ sf] pkof]u tyf gofF / k'/fgf k|ljlwx¿sf] d]naf6 l;h{gf ePsf gofF k|0ffnLx¿n] k|efjsf/L, :yfgLo vr{n] wfGg;Sg] / ;an agfpg] vfnsf ;+rf/sf ;fwgx¿ pknJw x'g;S5g\ . ;fgf] kl/df0f, sd vr{, ;d'bfod'vL tyf ;]G;/l;keGbf aflx/ x'g' cflb u'0fx¿ gofF dfWodsf kmfObfx¿ x'g\ .

tf//xLt b"/;+rf/ k|ljlwdf hf]8

ca df]afOn kmf]gaf6 Od]n / OG6/g]6 rNg yfn]sf] 5 . ef]lnsf] ul/asf] 6]lnkmf]g df]afOn kmf]g g} xf] . lgs6 eljiodf u|fdL0f g]kfnsf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|0ffnL tf//xLt b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t x'g] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g . df]afOn / :of6]nfO6 kmf]gn] sDKo'6/sf] klg sfd ug{ yfNg]5 . ctM b"/ ;+rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL of]hgf agfpFbf of] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPg eg] ;|f]t / ;fwg dfq} v]/ hfg] 5}g b]z g} ljsf;sf] ultdf kl5 kg]{5 .

aflx/L ;xof]u :yfgLo ;d'bfo;“u g]kfndf sfo{/t /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox¿, bft[;+:yfx¿ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;] vf]Ng ;3fpg'k5{ . hgtfnfO{ lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/df 6]lnkmf]g / OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg] ;dfh;]jL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/ tyf bft[;+:yfx¿n] cg'bfg / cGo ;xof]u lbg'k5{ . • OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg]x¿aLr :j:y k|lt:kwf{ u/fP/ o;sf] b/ 36fpg'k5{ . • cfOP;kL / b"/;+rf/ ;]jf lbg] ljleGg ;+:yfx¿aLr tyf ;+:yfg;Fu klg cfk;df b"/;+rf/ / OG6/g]6 cfbfgk|bfg, PSr]Fh ug]{, s]lGb|o Joj:yf x'g' clt cfjZos 5 . • lnh nfOgsf] dx;'n nfut d"Nocg';f/ x'g'k5{ . • xfn eL:of6 ;+rfngsf] nflu Ohfht b:t'/ lgSs} dxFuf] 5 / ljleGg :yfgsf] nflu a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht lng'k5{ . kmn:j¿k eL:of6dfkm{t b"/;+rf/ ;+a+wL ljljw ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ ;Defjgf sd 5 . eL:of6sf] nflu w]/} 7fpFsf] nflu Pp6} Ohfht lnP k'Ug] x'g'k5{ . nfO;]G; k|lqmofdf ePsf afwf c8rg x6fP/ l56f]5l/tf] agfpg'k5{ . 65

• cfOP;kL gePsf lhNnfaf6 cfOP;kL ePsf zx/x¿sf ;e{/x¿dfkm{t OG6/g]6 rnfpFbf ;fwf/0f jf sd 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . • OG6/g]6 sg]S;g z'Ns lng'sf] ;§f cfOP;kLx¿n] :yfgLo kmf]gsnsf] dx;'nsf] lx:;f kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . • OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf l;w} pkof]u ug{g;Sg] ;d'bfox¿sf nflu 6]ln;]G6/ ljt/0f, 8]6fa];;dIf kx'Fr tyf tflndsf] nflu ul/G5 . OG6«fg]6 OG6/g]6;Fu cfj4 x'g klg ;S5 gx'g klg ;S5 . o;nfO{ OG6«fg]6 elgPsf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] o;df OG6/g]6df h:t} j]a k]hx¿ x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} o;df OG6/g]6df pkof]u ul/g] j]a a|fph/h:tf sltko ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ pkof]u x'G5 . Od]n sDKo'6/ lj1fgdf Od]n On]S6«f]lgs d]n jf On]S6«f]lgs ;fwgaf6 k7fOg] x'nfssf] 5f]6s/L ¿k xf] . o;df OG6«fg]6 jf OG6/g]6dfkm{t 8]6f jf kf7Ø ;fdu|L Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csf]{ sDKo'6/df k7fOG5 . Od]n k|of]ustf{x¿n] :yfgLo g]6js{, /fli6«o g]6js{ jf ljZjJofkL g]6js{dfkm{t ;Gb]z / 8]6f b'|t ultdf k7fpg;S5g\ . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf Od]nsf] Jofks k|rng ;'? ePsf] xf] . On]S6«f]lgS; ljB'tLo s0f cyf{t\ On]S6«f]gsf] k|jfxsf] cfwf/df x'g] ;"rgf jf 8]6f pTkfbg, k|;f/0f÷ljt/0f, k|fKt tyf e08/0f÷;+sng ug{ pkof]u ul/g] On]S6«f]lgs pks/0fx¿, k|foM On]S6«f]lgs ;ls{6;Fu ;DalGwt pks/0fx¿sf] lgdf{0f, l8hfOlgª tyf k|of]u ug]{ ljBf . o:tf ;"rgf jf 8]6fleq >JooGqdf ;'lgg] :j/ / ;+uLt tyf lel8of] jf 6]lnlehgdf b]lvg] b[Zonufot sDKo'6/df x'g] cg]s k|sf/sf 8]6f klg kg{;S5g\ . Prl6PdPn Prl6PdPn cyf{t\ xfOk/6]S:6 dfs{ck Nof+Uj]h xf] . j]ak]h agfpg o;sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o;n] kf7Ø ;fdu|L, lrq, Wjlg / rnlrq cflbnfO{ hf]8\5 . ljZjel/sf j]a;fO6x¿, Pp6} j]a;fO6sf klg ljleGg k]hx¿, Ps} k]hsf klg ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿aLr ;Dks{ -ln+s_ ufF:g] sfd o;}n] u5{ . o;}af6 jN8{jfO8j]adf pkof]u x'g] xfOk/6]S:6 8s'd]06 agfOG5 . Pgfnu Pgfnu oGq pks/0f jf ;+s]t h;sf] ef]N6]h, WjgL cflb u'0f lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . ef]N6]h jf WjgLh:tf u'0fx¿ lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] :jefj ePsf oGq pks/0f jf ;+s]t;Fu ;DalGwt ;+rf/ k|0ffnL . sDKo'6/ sDKo'6/ o:tf] oGq xf] h;n] tLg j6f sfd u5{ M o;n] ;'lgof]lht, ;'ul7t tyf lgolGqt ;"rgf ;fdu|L lnG5, Tof] ;fdu|LnfO{ To;nfO{ lbOPsf] lgod cg';f/ k|zf]wg u5{, clg pTkfbgsf] ¿kdf kl/0ffd lbG5 . s;{/ sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvg] ljz]if ;+s]t h:t} ‰ofk‰ofk ul//xg] ;f]emf] jf t];f]{ wsf{, rf}sf]0f, tL/sf] 6'Kkf], cfF}nf cflb lrgGx . s;{/ lsaf]8{, dfp; jf sndsf] 6'Kkf] cflbsf] O;f/f jf rfndf rN5 .

elgG5 . cfOP;kL s'g}, :yfgLo, s'g} /fli6«o, s'g} cGt/f{li6« x'G5g\ . cfO6L ;"k|, ;"rgf k|ljlw . Og\kmd]{;g 6]Sgf]nf]hL . ;"rgf jf hfgsf/LnfO{ k|fKt ug]{, e08f/ jf ;+sng ug]{, k|zf]wg ug]{ / ;+rf/ jf k|;f/ ug]{ On]S6«f]lgs tl/sf, pkfo jf ;fwg . o;df ljleGg k|ljlwx¿sf] Ps} kN6 pkof]u ul/G5 . o;leq sDKo'6/;Fu ;+a+lwt xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/ / cGo pks/0fx¿sf ;fy} b"/;+rf/ / ;"IdOn]S6«f]lgs k|ljlwx¿ k5{g\ . OG6/PlS6e dflg;x¿ jf oGqpks/0fx¿aLr cfk;df ;+rf/ jf ;xsfo{ . dflg; / SDKo'6/aLr ;"rgf jf cfb]z cfbfgk|bfg . lsaf]8{ jf cGo OGk'6 l8efO;sf] dbtn] sDKo'6/ k|of]ustf{sf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ sfd u/fpg] k|0ffnL . OG6/g]6 OG6/g]6 sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;+hfnx¿sf] klg ;+hfn jf g]6js{x¿sf] ljZjJofkL g]6js{ xf] . of] ;+hfndf cfj4 ;a} sDKo'6/x¿n] ;+;f/sf] s'g} s'gfdf eP klg Pscfk;df ;+rf/ ug{, 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{;S5g\ . o;dfkm{t ;+;f/e/df ePsf OG6/g]6df hf]l8Psf sDKo'6/x¿df ePsf c;+Vo 1fg, ;"rgf / ;]jfx¿sf] hfgsf/L kfpg j]a;fO6 / Od]ndfkm{t pknAw ug{ / u/fpg ;lsG5 . clt b|'t ultsf] b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLlagf OG6/g]6 rNg;Qm}g . ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf ljleGg b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLx¿ / tL k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4 s/f]8f}F Jofkfl/s, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, z}lIfs, dgf]/+hgfTds, cfd;+rf/ sf g]6js{¿ ldn]/ OG6/g]6 rN5 . OG6«fg]6 OG6«fg]6 :yfgLo sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;+hfn xf] . s'g} vf; ;+:yf jf sfof{noleq ;"rgfsf] ;femf pkof]u jf cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu o;sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;sf] pkof]u kmfOn jf 8s'd]06x¿ / ;ˆ6j]o/x¿

;fGble{s Pj+ kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL

l8lh6 l8lh6 eg]sf] ;fdfGo cy{df c+s xf] . o;n] ! b]lv ) ;Ddsf bz j6f cfwf/e"t c+s a'emfpF5 . sDKo'6/ afOg/L l8lh6sf] cfwf/df rN5 . afOg/L l8lh6 eg]sf] ! / ) xf] . sDKo'6/df h]hlt 8]6f jf ;"rgf /flvG5 Tof] log} b'O{ c+sdf x'G5 . cIf/, zAb, Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq ;a} log} b'O{ c+sdf x'G5g\ . sDKo'6/n] 8]6f, ;+sng, k|zf]wg, k|]if0f ug]{ sfd ;a} ! / ) d} u5{ . x]g'{;\ afOg/L l8lh6 . l8lh6n l8efO8 xfn k|rngdf /x]sf clwsf+z sDKo'6/n] 8]6f jf ;"rgfnfO{ b'O{ c+s ! / ) sf] ¿kdf dfq a'‰g, ;+u|x ug{ / v]nfpg;S5 . l8lh6df dfq ;+rfng x'g] x'gfn] of] k|ljlwnfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlw elgPsf] xf] . To;}n] clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ljZjdf b]lvPsf] c;dfgtf jf vf8nnfO{ l8lh6n l8efO6 eGg yflnPsf] 5 . l8lh6n l8efO8 zAbfjnLn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;fwg, pks/0f / pkof]udf s'g} b]z jf ;dfhsf] kx'Frdf c;dfgtfnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;leq sDKo'6/ ;+rfng ug]{ pks/0f / k|ljlwx¿, b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwf, On]S6«f]lgs pks/0fx¿, ;"rgf k|ljlw ;+rfng ug{;Sg] hgzlQm, lzIff, tflnd, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Ifdtf / jftfj/0fnufot ljleGg s'/f k5{g\ . 8]6f tYof+sfTds hfgsf/L, s'g} k|of]u jf k/LIf0faf6 jf ;j]{If0faf6 lx;fa u/]/ jf lgisif{sf] ¿kdf k|fKt ul/Psf] tYo / c+s, k|f/+les hfgsf/L . c+s, kf7Ø, lrq, Wjlgh:tf sDKo'6/n] ;+sng / k|zf]wg ug{ ldNg] u/L k|fKt sDKo'6/df k|zf]wgsf] nflu pkof]u ul/g] tYof+s . 8]6fx¿sf] d]naf6 ;"rgf aGg;S5 . Go'hu|'k OG6/g]6df s'g} vf; ljifodf 5nkmn rnfpgsf] nflu ;+rflnt d+r . o;df ;+a+lwt ljifodf n]v /rgf / ;f] n]vdfly l6Kk0fL tyf yk hfgsf/L x'G5 . Go'hu|'ksf ;b:ox¿n] cfcfˆgf] ljrf/ jf k|ltlqmof yKb} hfG5g\ . s'g} Go'hu|'k ;Lldt ;b:ox¿sf]

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nflu x'G5 eg] s'g} OG6/g]6sf pkef]Qmf hf];'s}n] efu lng ldNg] vfnsf x'G5g\ . kf;j8{ sDKo'6/ k|0ffnL, vf; u/L g]6js{ / dxTjk"0f{ kmfOn, sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu uf]Ko ;+s]t jf kf;j8{sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . u|fxs jf pkof]ustf{n] p;nfO{ lbOPsf] cIf/ jf ;+s]tx¿ 6fOk u/]kl5 dfq} sDKo'6/ jf g]6js{df k|j]z kfOG5 . kf]6{n OG6/g]6df, c? j]a;fO6sf] ln+s / ljleGg k|sf/sf] hfgsf/L pknJw u/fpg] j]a;fO6 . sf]clS;on s]a'n s]a'n 6]lnlehg / sDKo'6/ g]6js{df k|of]u x'g] Ps lsl;dsf] tf/ . sf]cflS;on tf/sf] kmfObf s] 5 eg] o;n] ;fdfGo tf/n] eGbf /fd|f];Fu clt pRr lk|mSj]G;Lsf] t/+u k|]if0f ug{;S5 . lrk lrknfO{ dfOqmf]lrk klg elgG5 . of] c4{ ;'rfns kbfy{af6 ag]sf] pks/0f xf], h;df Pp6f On]S6«f]lgs ;ls{6 x'G5 . Pp6f On]S6«f]lgs ;ls{6df cfk;df h]lnPsf ;}of}F, xhf/f}F jf s/f8f}F 6«flGh:6/x¿ / cGo clt;"Id On]S6«f]lgs lx:;fx¿ x'g;S5g\ . o;nfO{ cfO{;L cyjf OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6 klg elgG5 . cfw'lgs sDKo'6/sf] cfwf/ oxL lrk xf] . o;sf] n3' cfsf/n] ubf{ sDKo'6/ l56f], ;fgf] / ;:tf] x'G5 . lrksf] ljsf; lg/Gt/ x'Fb}5 . x/]s 8]9 jif{df lrksf] Ifdtf b'O{ u'gf x'Fb}5 . kmn:j¿k sDKo'6/sf] Ifdtfsf] klg lg/Gt/ ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . Rof6 6]lnkmf]gdf pxL ;dodf af]n]/ s'/f u/]h:t} sDKo'6/sf] dfWodaf6 pxL ;dodf (real time) n]v]/ s'/fsfgL ug'{ . o;df ;xefuLx'g]x¿ dWo] k|To]sn] s]xL zAb jf jfSo sDKo'6/df 6fOk u/]/ OG6/ sL lyRbf tL zAb jf jfSo c? ;xefuLx¿sf] sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvG5 . clg c? ;xefuLx¿n] cfcfˆgf k|ltlqmof o;} u/L 6fOk u/]/ cGo ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k7fpF5g\ . o;/L b'O{ jf w]/} hgfaLr Ps} ;dodf 5nkmn, ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 . Rof6?d Rof6 ubf{ ljifosf] cfwf/df 5'6\ofOg] ;d"x . x]g'{;M Rof6 . 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]+h ;a} 6]lnkmgx¿ hl6n l:jlrª k|0ffnLdf hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no jf PS;r]+h elgG5 . o;n] 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{ ug'{kg]{ gDa/sf] 6]lnkmf]g;Fu ;Dks{ ul/lbG5 . 6]ln;]G6/ 6]ln;]G6/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw;dIf cfdhgtfsf] kxF'r pknAw u/fpg] ;femf :yfg xf] . 6]ln;]G6/sf] d'Vo sfd hg;fwf/0fnfO{ OG6/ g]6;dIf kx'Fr a9fP/ pgLx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6dfkm{t k|fKt x'g] ;]jf pkof]u ug{ ;3fpg' xf] . clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L OG6/g]6nfO{, ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df cfdhgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg] k|efjsf/L dfWodsf] ¿kdf 6]ln;]G6/sf] cjwf/0ff lgSs} pkof]uL dfGg yflnPsf] 5 . ul/a / clt sd cfo ePsf b]zx¿sf nflu 3/3/df sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g;Dks{ clt dxTjfsf+IfL s'/f x'g;S5 . t/ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g ;+rfng ub}{ yf]/} ;dod} w]/}nfO{ ;+rf/ ;'ljwf lbg ;lsG5 . o;/L s'g} ;d'bfo jf ufpFnfO{ cfw'lgs ;+rf/ ;'ljwf lbg] pkfonfO{ ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ s]Gb| (C3) / 6]ln;]G6/ klg eGg] ul/G5 . eL:of6 eL:of6 e"pku|x k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] Jofj;flos ;+rf/ ;]jf ug]{ ;/n pks/0f xf] . cGtl/Ifdf ljleGg p2]Zon] ljleGg prfOdf ljleGg Ifdtfsf xhf/f}F e"pku|xx¿ :yfkgf ul/Psf 5g\ . tLdWo] Jofkfl/s p2]Zo cyf{t\ b"/;+rf/, 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f cflb ;]jf lbP/ axfn lng] e"pku|xx¿n] s]a'n 6]lnlehg k|0ffnLsf ;fy} 3/sf] 5fgfdf hl8Psf l8; PG6]gfdfkm{t 3/3/df 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd k'¥ofpg] sfd u5{g\ .

eL:of6 cyf{t\ e]/L :dn Pk/r/ 6ld{gn gfds e"pku|xn] ljleGg k|sf/sf Jofkfl/s sfd, h:t} a}+sx¿aLr, ;+:yfx¿aLr tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf k|0ffnLx¿aLr l8lh6n 8]6f l/n] ug]{ sfd u5{ . o;af6 k|;fl/t x'g] ;+s]t u|x0f ug{ hl6n vfnsf] k"jf{wf/ rflxFb}g, ;fgf] / ;/n pks/0f ePk'U5 . dlN6ldl8of kf7\o, Wjlg, lrq, Plgd];g, rnlrqsf] d]n . x]g'{;\ xfOk/ ldl8of d]lnª ln:6;\ s'g} Pp6f gfd jf zLif{s cGtu{t ;"lrj4 ul/Psf gfd / Od]n 7]ufgfx¿sf] ;"rL . d]lnª ln:6df gfd ePsf] s'g} u|fxsn] d]lnª ln:6sf] gfddf Od]n k7fof] eg] ln:6df gfd ePsf ;a}sxfF Tof] Od]n :jtM k'U5 . df]8]d sDKo'6/nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g;Fu s'/fsfgL u/fOlbg] pks/0f df]8]d xf] . df]8]d zAb df]8'n]6/ / l8df]8'n]6/ b'O{ zAb ldnfP/ 5f]6ØfP/ agfOsf] zAb xf] . sDKo'6/ l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf sfd u5{ t/ 6]lnkmf]g Pgfnu k|0ffnLdf sfd u5{ . leGgfleGg} k|0ffnLdf sfd ug]{ x'gfn] sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]gn] l;w} 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Qm}g . df]8]dn] l8lh6n ;+s]tnfO{ Pgfnu ;+s]tdf / Pgfnu ;+s]tnfO{ l8lh6n ;+s]tdf kl/0ft u/]/ b'O{ a]Unfa]Un} k|0ffnLnfO{ cfk;df 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{;Sg] agfpF5 . df]lg6/ sDKo'6/n] u/]sf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd cIf/, lrq jf rnlrqsf] ¿kdf b]vfpg] pks/0f . o;nfO{ l:qmg klg elgG5 . o'cf/Pn ljZjel/ km}lnPsf cgluGtL j]a;fO6 / ljifox¿dWo] s'g sxfF 5 egL kQfnufpgsf] nflu o'cf/Pn -o'lgkmd{ l/;f];{ nf]s]6/_ sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;nfO{ jN8{jfO8j]adf ePsf] 8s'd]06sf] 6'Fuf] jf 7]ufgf eg] x'G5 . o;nfO{ OG6/g]6 P8«]; klg elgG5 . of] 7]ufgf ePkl5 ;f] j]a;fO6df ePsf] s'g} klg 8s'd]06;dIf tTsfn} k'Ug jf x]g{ / ;'Gg ;lsG5 . h:t} M http://www.cypernepal.com.np kmfOa/ clK6s ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf ;"rgfnfO{ l;;f jf Knfl:6sssf] kl;gf] vf]qmf] tf/af6 k]|if0f ug]{ k|ljlw x]g';\ M clK6sn kmfOa/ kmfOa/ clK6s s]a'n ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;"rgf jf 8]6fnfO{ t/+u jf n]h/ ls/0f÷k|sfzsf] ¿kdf k|]if0f ul/g] z'4 l;;f jf Knfl:6sn] ag]sf] wfuf]eGbf dl;gf] vf]qmf] g/d tf/ . afO6 8]6fsf] Pp6f OsfO . k|foM cf7 la6sf] Ps afO6 x'G5 . o;n] j0f{dfnfsf] Pp6f cIf/nfO{ hgfpg ;S5 . !)@$ afO6 a/fa/ Ps lsnf]afO6 / !)@$ lsnf]afO6 a/fa/ Ps d]ufafO6 x'G5 . To:t} !)@$ d]ufafO6 a/fa/ Ps luufafO6 x'G5 . afOg/L l8lh6 sDKo'6/ k|0ffnLn] sfd ug]{ cfwf/e"t ) / ! sf] c+ssf] hf]8f . x]g'{;\ l8lh6, la6 / afO6 . la6 afOg/L l8lh6 jf b'O{ hf]8f c+ssf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] ;+lIfKt zJb . sDKo'6/n] k|zf]wg ug{]÷sfd ug]{ jf v]nfpg] ;"rgfsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] OsfO . Pp6f la6df olt yf]/} hfgsf/L x'G5 ls dflg;sf] nflu Tolt ;fy{s x'Fb}g . cf7 j6f la6 ldn]/ Pp6f afO6 aG5 . Ps afO6n] s]xL ;"rgf lbg;S5 , h:t} j0f{dfnfsf] s'g} cIf/ . a"6 sDKo'6/ vf]Ng] k|lqmof . a|fph/ j]ak]h a|fph ug{sf] nflu agfOPsf] ;ˆ6j]o/ jf k|f]u|fdnfO{ a|fph/ / j]a j|fph/ klg elgG5 . a|fph ug'{ eg]sf] j]ak]h x]g'{ k9g', ;'Gg' xf] . a|fph ug'{nfO{ st} ;lkm{ª / st} PS:Knf]l/ª klg elgG5 . Aof08ljy sDKo'6/ lj1fgdf Jof08ljy eGgfn] b'O{ sDKo'6/aLr lgwf{l/t ;dodf k|]if0f ug{;lsg] 8]6fsf] kl/df0f eGg] a'lemG5 . Jof08ljynfO{ /]l8of] t/+usf] ;Gbe{df ;fOsn k|lt;]s]08df gflkG5 eg] sDKo'6/df afO6 k|lt;]s]08sf] PsfOdf gflkG5 . h:t} % s]aLkL cyf{t\ 67

x'G5 eg] s'g}df s]xL lglZrt cIf/ jf zAb n]v]kl5 dfq} nuckm x'G5 . lngS; of] Ps k|sf/sf] sDKo'6/ ck/]l6ª l;:6d xf] . o;sf] ljsf; o'lgS; gfds clt zlQmzfnL ax'pkof]uL tyf w]/} k|sf/sf] sfd ug]{ ck/]l6ª l;:6daf6 ePsf] xf] . lngS;sf] pkof]u g]6jls{ª, ;ˆ6j]o/sf] ljsf;nufot ljljw k|sf/sf sfddf ul/G5 . c? dxFuf ck/]l6ª l;:6dsf] bfFhf]df o;nfO{ ;:tf] dflgG5 . o;sf] ljljw pkof]lutf / ;j{;'netfn] ubf{ of] ljZjel/ nf]slk|o aGb}5 . ;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg]x?sf] 7"nf] ;+Vofn] o;nfO{ ckgfpFb}5g\ . lngS;nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf xf8{j]o/;Fu sfd ug{;Sg] agfpgsf nflu w]/} sfdx? eO/x]sf 5g\ . lj+8f]h sDKo'6/ lj1fgdf lj+8f]hsf] cy{ ljZjk|l;4 ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbs dfOqmf];ˆ6 skf]{/];gn] ahf/df NofPsf] k;{gn sDKo'6/ ck/]l6ª l;:6d xf] . o;n] sDKo'6/ k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ lsaf]8{sf] ;§f dfp;h:tf] tfs]/ lSns u/] k'Ug] ;lhnf] pks/0f pknAw u/fP/ sDKo'6/ rnfpg lgSs} ;lhnf] agfOlbof] . lj+8f]h cfpgeGbf klxn] sDKo'6/ rnfpg dfOqmf];ˆ6s} l8:s ck/]l6ª l;:6d MSDOS hfGg'kYof]{ . lj+8f]h clxn] ;+;f/d} ;a}eGbf k|rlnt sDKo'6/ rnfpg] k|0ffnL ag]sf] 5 . o;n] sDKo'6/ k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ sDKo'6/df sfd ug]{ /dfOnf] jftfj/0f lbPsf] 5 . xfOk/ldl8of kf7Ø, lrq, Wjlg / rnlrqh:tf ljljw dfWodx¿nfO{ Ps} ;+/rgfdf ;+ul7t u/]/ pkof]u ug]{ gofF tl/sfnfO{ xfOk/ldl8of elgG5 . o;df sDKo'6/, ;L8L/f]d / OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} ;L8L/f]d jf j]ak]hsf] ln+s jf xfOk/ln+s pkof]u u/]/ ljleGg dfWodsf ljleGg ljifo x]g{, ;'Gg ;lsG5 . of] k|ljlwn] ubf{ s'g} klg ljifosf] s'g} klg dfWoddf k'Ugsf] nflu Pskl5 csf]{ u/L qmd};+u kfgf kN6fpg' kb}{g . lSns ug]{ lalQs} h'g ljifo jf zAb rflxof] To;df k'Ug ;lsG5 . xfOk/ln+s s'g} Pp6f xfOk/6]S:6 8s'd]06df ePsf zAb, jfSo, lrGx, ;+s]t ljifo / cGo xfOk/6]S:6 8s'd]06df ePsf kmfOn / c? ;du|Lx¿aLrsf] ;Dks{nfO{ xfOk/ln+s elgG5 . s'g} 8s'd]06df ePsf] xfOk/6]S:6sf] ;+s]tnfO{ dfp;n] lSns u/]/ Tof] ;Dks{n] ;+s]t ug]{ 8s'd]06df ;lhn} k'Ug;lsG5 . xfOk/ln+ssf] zAb jf ;+s]t c?eGbf a]Un} /+udf / lrGg ;lhnf] u/L agfOPsf] x'G5 . Tof] zAb jf lrGxdfly s;{/ n}hfFbf To;sf] /+u jf ?k km]l/G5 jf s;{/sf] ?k km]l/P/ xftsf] cf}+nf h:tf] b]lvG5 . xf8{j]o/ sDKo'6/ oGq pks/0f / Tof];Fu ;+a+lwt kf6{k'hf{, ;fdu|L . xf8{ j]o/ ef}lts a:t' xf] h;nfO{ 5'g rnfpg prfNg;lsG5 . xf]dk]h s'g} klg j]a;fO6sf] klxnf] k]hnfO{ xf]dk]h elgG5 . o;n] ;f] j]a;fO6 / To;df ePsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] af/]df a'emfpF5 . o;df k|foM ljifo ;"lr /flvG5 / o;nfO{ j]a;fO6sf] kl/ro jf ;f]s]; dflgG5 . l:jlrª b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLdf, 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{ ubf{ h'g gDa/sf] nflu kmf]g ul/Psf] xf] Tof] gDa/df 6]lnkmf]g sn ;Dks{ ul/lbg] Joj:yf . ;f] sfd ug{sf nflu PS;r]+hdf hl8t l:jlrª pks/0f . ;"rgf 8]6f jf hfgsf/L / tYof+sx¿nfO{ ;+sng / k|zf]wg u/L ;'ul7t, ;fy{s / pkof]u ug{;lsg] cfsf/df 9flnPkl5 ;"rgf aG5 . ;'ul7t / pkof]uL ;"rgf ;xL, ;fGble{s, k"0f{, ;:tf], ;Totfsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsg], ljZj;gLo / rflxPsf] a]nfdf kfpg;lsg] x'G5 . ;"rgfnfO{ cIf/x¿df, c+sx¿df, lrqdf, rnlrqdf / WjgLdf k|:t't ug{;lsG5 . ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ rNtLsf] efiffdf Og\kmd]{;g ;'k/xfOj] eGgfn] ljBdfg OG6/g]6 / o;nfO{ ;+rfng

k|lt;]s]08 % lsnf]afO6sf] ultn] 8]6f k|]if0f . sDKo'6/x¿ 6]lnkmf]gsf] tf/, sf]clS;on s]a'n jf /]l8of] t/+u, dfOqmf]j]eaf6 cfk;df ;Dkls{t ul/Psf x'g;S5g\ . yf]/} ;dodf w]/} 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ w]/} Jof08ljy Ifdtf elgG5 . er'{cn l/ofln6L sDKo'6/n] agfpg] jf b]vfpg] o:tf] j:t' jf b[Zo h'g sDKo'6/ k|of]ustf{x¿n] x]g{ cg'e"lt ug{;S5g\ t/ Tof] j:t' jf b[Zosf] ef}lts cl:tTj x'Fb}g . o;nfO{ cef}lts jf:tljstf eGg;lsG5 . j]ak]h jN8{jfO8j]adf /flvPsf 8s'd]G6 . o;df kf7\o, lrq, Plgd]zg / rnlrq x'g ;S5 . j]a;fO6 OG6/g]6df b]lvg] kf7Ø, lrq, Wjlg / rnlrqsf kmfOnx¿sf] ;+sng . j]a;fO6 y'k|} j]ak]h cyjf Pr6LPdPn 8s'd]G6x¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] x'g;S5 . j]a;fO6 Pp6f ;fgf] kbf{df c6fpg] klg x'G5 / l;+u} k':tsfno hqf] ljzfn klg x'g;S5 . ;ˆ6j]o/ sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd tyf lgb]{zgx¿ h;n] sDKo'6/ xf8{j]o/nfO{ sfd ug{ nufpF5 . ;ˆ6j]o/ d'Vo b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M sDKo'6/nfO{ sfd u/fpg] l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/ cyjf ck/]l6ª l;:6d / PlKns];g ;ˆ6j]o/ h;n] dflg;x¿n] ljleGg p2]Zocg';f/ sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u ug{;Sg] t'NofpF5 . h:t} lx;fa ug]{ sfdsf nflu :k|]8l;6, lr7Lkq, n]v /rgf n]Vgsf nflu j8{ k|f];];/ cflb . oL afx]s klg ljleGg sfd / p2]Zon] agfOPsf cg]sf}F k|sf/sf ;ˆ6j]o/ x'G5g\ . ;fOa/ On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/ g]6js{ vf; u/L OG6/g]6sf] d]naf6 ag]sf] ;"rgf k|0ffnL jf kl/j]z . ;fOa/ Sofkm] sDKo'6/o'Qm Sofkm] jf xf]6n hxfFaf6 u|fxsn] OG6/g]6 / Od]n pkof]u ug{;S5 . ;fOa/g]l6S; hLljt j:t'sf] :gfo'tGqh:tf lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] cWoog u/]/ To;};Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] k|0ffnL On]S6«f]lgs / oflGqs pks/0fx¿df ljsl;t ug]{ af/]df cWoog . ;fOa/g]l6S;n] hLljt / lghL{j j:t'aLr ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿sf] t'ngf u5{ . -o:tf k|0ffnLx¿ s'g} Pp6f hLjsf], ;d"xsf] jf ;dfhsf] klg x'g ;S5 ._ ;fOa/:k]; ljlnod luA;gn] cfˆgf] pkGof; Neuromancer (1982) df kl/sNkgf u/]sf] jf:tljsh:t} u/L cg'ej ug{;lsg] cef}lts÷cjf:tljs ;+;f/ . o:tf] cjf:tljs b'lgofF hxfF sDKo'6/sf] dfWodaf6 OG6/g]6h:tf ;+hfnx¿dfkm{t k|j]z u/]/ ToxfF ePsf ;"rgf, 1fg, dfgf]/+hg cflb cg'ej ug{, k|fKt ug{ e08f/0f / k|]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . OG6/g]6h:tf] Pscfk;df ;Dks{df ePsf sDKo'6/x¿sf] dfWodaf6 dflg;x¿n] cfk;df cGtlqmof ug]{ jftfj/0fnfO{ ;fOa/ :k]; elgG5 . ;fOa/ :k];sf] Pp6f d'Vo u'0f s] xf] eg] b'O{ hgfaLr ;+rf/df b"/Lsf] s'g} dtna x'Fb}g . o'h/ g]d ;+rf/sf] ;+hfndf s'g} JolQmnfO{ lrGgsf nflu pkof]u ul/g] gfd jf 7]ufgf . Od]n jf OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{n] cfˆgf] kl/rosf nflu k|of]u ug]{ gfd jf 7]ufgf . nucg÷nuOg sDKo'6/ k|of]ustf{n] s'g} sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u ug{, sDKo'6/ g]6js{df k|j]z kfpg, jf c? oGqpks/0fsf] pkof]u ug{ cg'dlt kfpgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] cfb]z nucg jf nuOg xf] . nucgdf k|foM k|of]ustf{sf] cfˆg} df}lns gfd jf o'h/g]d / kf;j8{ x'G5 . o'h/g]d / kf;j8{ lrg]kl5 dfq} sDKo'6/ jf g]6js{n] k|j]z lbG5 . nuckm nuckm sdf08 sDKo'6/ jf g]6js{sf] sfd aGb ug]{ sbd dfq} xf] . nucg u/]/ vf]n]sf] sDKo'6/ jf g]6js{ nuckm gu/L 5fl8of] eg] csf]{ k|of]ustf{n] nucg gu/L cyf{t\ o'h/g]d / kf;j8{ k|of]u gu/L sDKo'6/ / g]6js{ rnfpg;S5 . ljleGg pks/0f jf k|f]u|fdcg';f/ nuckm ug]{ tl/sf km/s x'G5 . s'g}df dfp;n] kbf{df b]lvPsf] s'g} ;+s]t jf zJbnfO{ lSns ug]{lalQs} nuckm 68

ug{ rflxg] k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{ hgfpF5 . o;leq lghL g]6js{x¿, cgnfOg ;]jfx¿ OToflb klg k5{g\ . Og\kmd]{;g ;'k/xfOj] cyf{t\ ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ eGg] zAbfjnL ;j{k|yd ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf e"tk"j{ pk/fi6«klt cn uf]/n] k|of]u u/]sf lyP . pgn] of] zAbfjnL b"/;+rf/ sf] o:tf] pRr Jo08ljynfO{ hgfpg k|of]u u/]sf lyP h;n] ;+;f/sf ;a} dflg;nfO{ ;a} dflg;;Fu hf]8\5 / h;n] ;+rf/sf ;a}vfnsf dfWodx¿ — kf7Ø, lrq, >Jo / rnlrq — cf];f/k;f/ ug{ ;S5 . ;"rgf o'u sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/ Jofks dfqfdf ;"rgf kfpg / k7fpg ;lsg] ;donfO{ ;"rgf o'u eGg] ul/G5 . dfgj Oltxf;sf] jt{dfg ;do b}lgs hLjgb]lv lnP/ /fi6« / ljZjs} cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts If]qdf ;"rgfsf] dxTj / pkof]lutf al9/x]sf] ;do xf] . eljioljbx¿ eG5g\ clxn] t ;"rgf o'usf] k|f/Dedfq ePsf] 5 . ;+rf/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] b'lgofFdf ;+rf/ eGgfn] Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csf]{ sDKo'6/;Dd jf sDKo'6/x¿sf] aLrdf 6]lnkmf]g, dfOqmf]j]e l/n], :of6]nfO6 ln+s jf s]a'n tf/h:tf ;+rf/sf] s'g} dfWodåf/f 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 . xfOk/6]S:6 kf7Ø, lrq, Wjlg, rnlrq cflbnfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]8\g] k|0ffnL . xfOk/6]S:6sf] d2tn] Pp6f ;fdu|Laf6 csf]{ ;fdu+|Ldf ;lhn};Fu k'Ug ;lsG5 . jN8{jfO8j]asf] o;} k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 . df]lg6/df b]lvg] s'g} ;fdu|Ldf lSns ug]{ lalQs} To;;Fu ;DalGwt csf]{ ;fdu|Ldf k'luG5 .o;/L ln+s u/]/ /flvPsf] ;fdu|LnfO{ xfOk/ln+s elgG5 .

Technologies, Poverty and Empowerment, Andrew Skuse, July 2001, Social DevelopmentDepartment, Department for International Development, London, UK. Information Technology for Development: IT Policy and Stretgy Papers for Nepal, National Planning Comission, 2001. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Delux 2002 The Internet from the top of the World: Nepal Case Study, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 2000. The Singnificance of Information and Communication Technologies for Reducing Poverty, Phil Marker, Kerry McNamara, and Lindsay Wallace, January 2002, DFID, UK Understanding e-Governance for Development, Richard Heeks, 2001, Institute of Development and Policy Management, UK Websites: http://www.itu.int/ti/casestudies/nepal/nepal.htm http://www.techknowlogia.com http://www.itcd.net http://www.nepalmedia.org

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bzf}F k+rjifL{o of]hgf, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . b"/;+rf/ gLlt @)%^, >L %sf] ;/sf/ . g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt tyf /0fgLlt;DaGwL sfo{kqx¿, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . @)%* . g]kfnL b}lgs, ;fKtflxs tyf kflIfs kqklqsf -@)%# ;fnb]lv @)^) ;fpg;Ddsf_ . ljB'tLo -On]S6«f]lgs_ sf/f]af/ / l8lh6n x:tfIf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os, @)%&, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)%& , /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . j]a;fO6x¿ M ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno, ljefu, cfof]u, ;+:yfg tyf ljleGg lgsfosf j]a;fO6x/?, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf j]a;fO6x¿, Challenges to the Network INTERNET FOR DEVELOPMENT, Executive Summery, October 1999, ITU. Community Radio Handbook, Colin Fraser and Sonia Restrepo Estrada, UNESCO 2001. Computer Internet Multimedia Dictionary, Surendra Verma, University Press, India, 1998. Conference Proceedings: International Conference on Information Technology, Communications and Development, 29-30 November, 2001, Kathmandu, Nepal, Editors Gaurab Raj Upadhaya and Alfred Diebold, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Nepal Office. Digital Transforation A Framework for ICT Literacy: A Report of the International ICT Literacy Panel, Educational Testing Service2002. Information and Communication Technologies, Poverty and Development, Richard Heeks, 1999, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, UK. Infromation Communication

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